Balochi is a Northwestern Iranian language.

[3] It is the principal language of t

he Baloch people. It is also spoken as a second language by most Brahui. Balochi
is categorized as one of the Northwestern Iranian languages along with Kurdish.
Contents
1 History
2 Phonology
2.1 Vowels
2.2 Consonants
3 Grammar
4 Dialects
5 Writing system
5.1 Dr. Ghulam Qasim Mujahid Baloch Ph.D: 'Balochi orthography'
5.2 The Sayad Zahurshah Hashemi 'Urdu Arabic orthography'
5.3 Balochi Latin alphabet
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
History
Balochi is closely related to other Northwestern Iranian languages, such as Kurd
ish.
Phonology
Vowels
The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long vowels and three s
hort vowels.[4] The long vowels are /a?/, /e?/, /i?/, /o?/, and /u?/. The short
vowels are /a/, /i/ and /u/. The short vowels have more centralized phonetic qua
lities than the long vowels.
Southern Balochi (at least as spoken in Karachi) also has nasalized vowels, most
importantly /??/ and /?/.[5]
Consonants
The following consonants are common to both Western Balochi and Southern Balochi
.[6] The place of articulation of the consonants /s/, /z/, /n/, /?/ and /l/ is c
laimed to be alveolar in Western Balochi, while at least the /?/ is claimed to b
e dental in Southern Balochi. The stops /t/ and /d/ are claimed to be dental in
both dialects.
Labial Dental Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatoalveolar Palatal
Velar Glottal
Stop
p b
t d
? ?
k g
?
Affricate
t?? d??
Fricative
s z
? ?[cn 1]
h[cn 2]
Tap
?
?[cn 3]
Nasal m
n
Approximant
w
l
j
Notes
Words with /?/ are uncommon.
Word-initial /h/ is dropped in Balochi as spoken in Karachi.
The retroflex tap has a very limited distribution.
In addition, /f/ is listed for Southern Balochi, but is found in few words. /x/
(voiceless velar fricative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding

to /?/ (voiceless uvular fricative) in Western Balochi; and /?/ (voiced velar fr
icative) in some loanwords in Southern Balochi corresponding to /?/ (voiced uvul
ar fricative) in Western Balochi.
Grammar
The normal word order is subject object verb. Like many other Indo-Iranian languages
, Balochi has split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subjec
t is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past t
ense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the ve
rb agrees with the object.[7]
Dialects
There are two main dialects among the Balochi language, one with the Legharis or
northern tribes and the other with the Mazaris or southern tribes.[8] The diffe
rences among the Mazaris dialect from that among the Maris, the Bugtis, the Sham
banis, the Kacchi Plains people and those of the Bolan Pass are slight and as su
ch are said to all be the same.[8] The grammatical terminations by the northern
tribes are less full and distinct than those in the southern tribes.[8]
Writing system
Before the 19th century, Balochi was an unwritten language.[9] The official writ
ten language was Persian,[9] although Balochi was still spoken at the Baloch cou
rts. British linguists and political historians wrote from with the Latin script
, but following the independence of Pakistan, Baloch scholars adopted Urdu Arabi
c script. The first collection of poetry in Balochi, Gulbang by Mir Gul Khan Nas
ir was published in 1951 and incorporated the Urdu Arabic Script. But it was muc
h later that Sayad Zahurshah Hashemi wrote a comprehensive guidance on the usage
of Urdu Arabic script and standardized it as the Balochi Orthography in Pakista
n. This earned Sayad Hashemi the title of 'the Father of Balochi'. Sayad's guida
nces are widely used in Eastern and Western Balochistan. In Afghanistan, however
, Balochi is written in a modified Arabic script based on what is used for Farsi
.
Dr. Ghulam Qasim Mujahid Baloch Ph.D: 'Balochi orthography'
? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?? ? ?? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ~? This o
rthography of Balochi script has been introduced in his Balochi pamphlet "Baloch
i Nama Qasim" published in 1987. The same alphabets have been published in his a
rticle "Balochki Mundh Likh" in monthly Balochi Nama, Dera Ghazi Khan, August Sept
ember 1991, Vol. 1, issue 1, Pp. 24.[10]
The Sayad Zahurshah Hashemi 'Urdu Arabic orthography'
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Balochi Latin alphabet
The following Latin-based alphabet was adopted by the International Workshop on
"Balochi Roman Orthography" (University of Uppsala, Sweden, May 28 30, 2000).[cita
tion needed]
Alphabetical order:
a b c d d e f g g h i j k l m n o p q r r s t t u v w x y z
ay aw (33 letters an
d 2 digraphs)
A/a
amb (mango), angr (grape), bagg (camel-caravan), sardar (Head man-noblema
n), namb (mist)
/
dr (wood), abba (father), rth (flour), bah (price), pdh (foot), ghah (coming)
, hn (them)
B/b
(be) bawar (snow, ice), bm (dawn), bgpn (gardner), baktwar (lucky)
C/c
(che) cattr (umbrella), bacc (son), knc (knife), Karc, Kulnc, Ckar, Blc
D/d
(de) dard (pain), drad (rainshower), drman (medicine), wdh (salt)

D/d
is same as R/r (re) so this latter is preferably used to simplify the or
thography.
E/e
e (this), cer (below), eraht (end of date harvest), pe raw (leader, forerun
ner), kamer (ploughshare)
F/f
(fe) To be used only in loan words where its use is inevitable, like Frns
(France), frmays (pharmacy),
G/g
(ge) gapp (talk), ganokh (mad), bgh (garden), bagg (herd of camels), pdagh
(foot), Bagdd (Baghdad)
G/g
(like ghaen in Perso-Arabic script) Only in loan words and in eastern di
alects: Ghair (Others), Ghali (Carpet), Ghaza (Noise).
H/h
(he) hr (flood), mh (moon), koh (mountain), mahr (rein), hon (blood)
I/i
(i) istl (star), ingo (here),gir (take), kirr (near),
/
() mmn (faith), r (milk), pakr (beggar), samn (breeze), gl (carpet)
J/j
(je) jang (war), janagh (to beat), jing (lark), ganj (treasure), sajj (ro
asted meat)
K/k
(ke) Kirmn (Kirman), krc (knife), nkho (uncle), gwask (calf), kasn (small)
L/l
(le) lp (stomach), gal (joy), ghall (party, organization), gull (cheek),
gul (rose)
M/m
(me) mt/ms (mother), bm (dawn), camm (eye), mastir (leader, bigger).
N/n
(ne) nn/nagan/naghan (bread), nokk (new, new moon), dann (outside), kwahn
(old), nkho (uncle)
O/o
(o) o tagh (to stop), o ng (swim), roc (sun), dor (pain), socagh (to burn)
P/p
(pe) Pdh (foot), ap (night), apd (bare-footed), gapp (talk), haptd (70)
Q/q
(q) Used in loan words, like Qbs
R/r
(re) Rustum (a name), rekh (sand), baragh (to take away), giragh (to get
), garragh (to bray), gurrag (to roar), arr (good), sarag (head), sarrag (a kind
of donkey's braying)
R/r
(re) rk (post), rukkl (famine), garr (urial), gurr (last), gurrag (to chop
).
S/s
(se) sarag (head), khass (someone), kasn (little), bass (enough), s (fire)
/
( e) ap (night), d (happy), me (sheep), uwnag (shepherd), wa (happy, tasty).
T/t
(te) taghard (mat), tahn (alone) ths (bowl), kiltt (kay), mastt (mosque), ba
tt (lantern)
T/t
(te) tung (hole), tllo (bell), batt (cooked rice), battg (eggplant).
U/u
u tir (camel), um (you), ustd (teacher), gu n (hunger), buz (goat)
/
(, sounds like the "oo" in English word "root") rt (thin), zrag (to take),
biz (take), dr (distant)
V/v
(ve) used in loanwords only, like in the English word service, very.
W/w
(we) warag (food, to eat), wardin (provision), dawr (abode), wdh (salt), k
awws (learned), hawa (wind)
X/x
(khe) Xud (God),
Y/y
(ye) yd (remembrance), yr (friend), yrah (eleven), biryn (meat in rice), rayd
yo (radio), yakk (one)
Z/z
(ze) zarr (monay), z (yesterday), muzz (wages), moz (banana), nazzkk (near
by), bazgar (tenant), Zor (power).
/
( e) and (tired), zindaghi (life), ng (bells), pa m (wool), ga ag (to swell), gu
(hungry), Mauz (waves).
Ay/ay (h)ayrn (surprise), ayrt (distribution), say (3), may (our), kay (who), uma
y (your)
Aw/aw kawr (river), hawr (rain), kissaw (story), dawl (sort), dawr (jump), awld
(off-spring), kawl (promise), gawk (neck).
References
Mikael Parkvall, "Vrldens 100 strsta sprk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages
in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrm, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds.
(2013). "Balochic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary A
nthropology.
"Eastern Iranian languages". Encyclopedia Iranica. "Baluchi, a North-Western Ira
nian language, is spoken chiefly in Pakistan, in the south-eastern corner of the

Iranophone area."
See Farrell (1990) for Southern Balochi (as spoken in Karachi, Pakistan, and Axe
nov (2006) for Western Balochi as spoken in Turkmenistan.
Farrell (1990).
See Axenov (2006) and Farrell (1990), respectively.
"Balochi" at National Virtual Translation Center. Archive copy at the Wayback Ma
chine
Dames, Mansel Longworth (1922). A text book of the Balochi language. Lahore: Gov
ernment Print of Punjab. p. 1.
Dames, Mansel Longworth (1922). A text book of the Balochi language. Lahore: Gov
ernment Print of Punjab. p. 3.
Mir Qasim Qaisrani Baloch (August/September 1991) Balochki Mundh Likh, Dera
Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, Monthly Balochi Nama, Vol. 1, Issue: 1, Pp. 24-25
Further reading
Phonology
Elfenbein, Josef (1997). "Balochi Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. Phonologies o
f Asia and Africa 1. pp. 761 776. ISBN 1-57506-017-5.
Grammar
Axenov, Serge. 2006. The Balochi language of Turkmenistan: A corpus-based gr
ammatical description. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Uppsala Universitet.
Barker, Muhammad A. & Aaqil Khan Mengal. 1969. A course in Baluchi. Montreal
: McGill University.
Collett, Nigel A. 1983. A grammar, phrase book, and vocabulary of Baluchi. A
bingdon: Burgess & Son.
Farrell, Tim. 1989. A study of ergativity in Balochi.' M.A. thesis: School o
f Oriental & African Studies, University of London.
Farrell, Tim. 1990. Basic Balochi: An introductory course. Naples: Instituto
Universitario Orientale, Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici.
Farrell, Tim. 1995. Fading ergativity? A study of ergativity in Balochi. In
David C. Bennett, Theodora Bynon & B. George Hewitt (eds.), Subject, voice, and
ergativity: Selected essays, 218 243. London: School of Oriental and African Studi
es, University of London.
Gilbertson, George W. 1923. The Balochi language. A grammar and manual. Hert
ford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
Gilbertson, George W. 1925. English-Balochi colloquial dictionary. Hertford:
Stephen Austin & Sons.
Jahani, Carina. 1990. Standardization and orthography in the Balochi languag
e. Studia Iranica Upsaliensia. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell Internat.
Jahani, Carina. 2000. Language in society: Eight sociolinguistic essays on B
alochi. Uppsala, Sweden: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
Korn, Agnes. 2009. Marking of arguments in Balochi ergative and mixed constr
uctions. In Simin Karimi, VIda Samiian & Donald Stilo (eds.) Aspects of Iranian
Linguistics, 249 276. Newcastle upon Tyne (UK): Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
External links
Western Balochi test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Southern Balochi test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Eastern Balochi test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Portal icon
Asia portal
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Languages portal
Collett, N. A. A grammar, phrase book and vocabulary of Baluchi: (as spoken
in the Sultanate of Oman). 2nd ed. [Camberley]: [N.A. Collett], 1986.
Dames, Mansel Longworth. A sketch of the northern Balochi language, containi

ng a grammar, vocabulary and specimens of the language. Calcutta: Asiatic Societ

y, 1881.
Mumtaz Ahmad. Baluchi glossary: a Baluchi-English glossary: elementary level
. Kensington, Md.: Dunwoody Press, 1985.
EuroBalci online translation tool
translate Balochi words to or from English,
Persian, Spanish, Finnish and Swedish
iJunoon English to Balochi Dictionary
UCLA Language Materials Project: Baluchi
a general overview of Balochi with
societal context and history of the language
Balochi language a website about the language
EuroBalci Baluchi alphabet, grammar and music
Wikisource-logo.svg "Baluchi". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
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y Dialects: The Baluchi language divides into two main dialects: Eastern Baluchi
and Western Baluchi. Within the Western dialect are three further key sub-diale
cts, Rakhshani and Sarawani (spoken in northern areas) and Makrani (spoken in th
e south). The Western dialect is the primary dialect and is used in literary Bal
uchi. Some scholars differentiate a third dialect, Southern Baluchi. However, mo
st linguists agree that Southern Baluchi does not constitute a third dialectal d
ivision and is, on the other hand, subsumed under the Western dialect.
Geographical Center: Province of Balochistan, Pakistan
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Baluchi (also spelled Balochi) is the principle language of Balochistan, a provi
nce of Pakistan. It is not, however, a national language nor does it have offici
al status. It is spoken in a number of other regions including Iran, Afghanistan
, India, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and East Afri
ca. Baluchi is classified as an Iranian language of the Indo-European language f
amily. It is closely related to Kurdish and Persian (Farsi). Other related langu
ages include Pashto, Dari, Tajik, and Ossetian.
LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION
Baluchi is an Indo-European language classified as a member of the Northwestern
branch of the Western Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian language family.
LANGUAGE VARIATION
The Eastern and Western dialects of Baluchi are sufficiently distinct, yet for t

he most part mutually intelligible. The Western dialect is strongly influenced b

y Persian, although the two languages are not intelligible. The dialect has both
considerably borrowed from and influenced a number of neighboring languages inc
luding Persian, Arabic, Pashto, and Turkmen. Western Baluchi is much less lingui
stically homogeneous than Eastern Baluchi, as there are three distinct sub-diale
cts within the Western dialect (Rakhshani, Sarawani, and Makrani) and no further
notable subdivisions concerning the Eastern variant. Eastern Baluchi has also b
orrowed from and influenced nearby languages such as Sindhi and Pashto, although
to a lesser degree than the Western dialects.
ORTHOGRAPHY
Prior to the 19th century, Baluchi was an unwritten language. The British introd
uced Baluchi in written form during the 19th century with a Roman script. In the
late 19th century, a substantial sect of scholars adopted the Naskh or Arabic s
cript, thus dividing the language community. Today, there is no standard orthogr
aphy. In Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan, Baluchi is written using the Arabic/Ur
du orthography. The Roman script is widely employed by Baluchi speakers outside
these countries.
LINGUISTIC SKETCH
The phonology of Baluchi is characterized by a phoneme inventory consisting of e
ight vowels, three diphthongs, and twenty-five consonants. Among the vowels, a l
ong/short distinction exists and is contrastive in the language. The use of retr
oflex articulations (gestures involving the tongue tip raised or curled towards
the back of the mouth) is a characteristic property of the Baluchi sound system
and is likely to have been influenced by the languages of India, especially Urdu
and Sindhi.
The word order of Baluchi, like many other Indo-Iranian languages, is SOV. The v
erbal system of the language is comprised of two voices (active and passive), fo
ur moods (indicative, interrogative, imperative, and subjunctive), two tenses (p
nb. morphologically, there is no formal distinction betwe
ast and present/future
en present and future forms in all verb forms with the singular exception of the
copula to be ), and two aspects (perfect, imperfect/continuative). Verbs agree wit
h their subjects in person and number. Complex or so-called light verb constructio
ns are productive in the language. In this construction, a nominal, adjectival,
or verbal element is followed by an auxiliary verb such as come , become , do , etc. In t
his way, the number of independent/monomorphemic verb forms in the language is r
educed somewhat.
Five cases are attested: nominative, accusative, dative, oblique, and vocative.
Linguists, however, disagree on the status of the Baluchi case-marking system. A
lthough in most circumstances, the assignment of case mirrors that of a Nominati
ve-Accusative language (subjects of both transitive and intransitive verbs surfa
ce in the nominative case), in the past tense, case marking is more akin to that
of an Ergative language. In this way, Baluchi patterns with other Iranian langu
ages that show a tense-related Nominative-Ergative split in their case-marking s
ystem (e.g. Pamir (Payne 1980) and Kurdish (Bynon 1980)). More specifically, the
nominative case may mark the subject of any intransitive verb in any tense. Lik
ewise, subjects of transitive verbs in the present/future tense show up in the n
ominative form. However, in the past tense, the subject of a transitive verb mus
t be marked with the oblique case and not the nominative. In other words, an Erg
ative-like case-marking pattern is found exclusively in the past tense. Furtherm
ore, transitive verbs in the past tense agree only with objects and not with the
ir subjects, as is typically the case. Most dialects of Baluchi, however, are on
the way towards abolishing the ergative construction. The varieties of Baluchi
spoken in Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, for instance, have neutralized this dist
inction already.
Gender and definiteness are not grammatically encoded in the morphology. Preposi

tions, postpositions, and circumpositions (adpositional-like morphemes that appe

ar both pre-nominally and post-nominally) are all attested, another distinguishi
ng grammatical property of the language. Dialects influenced by Persian tend to
favor the use of prepositions over postpositions, while those dialects in direct
contact with Indian languages prefer postpositions. At present, the use of post
positions is more prevalent than the use of prepositions.
ROLE IN SOCIETY
Among the countries in which Baluchi is spoken (Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Tur
kmenistan, and the Arab Gulf states), it is neither considered an official langu
age nor (for the most part) taught in the country s educational system. In 1989, P
rime Minister Benazir Bhutto gave permission for the use of Baluchi (among other
languages) in primary education in Balochistan. Despite this move, Baluchi lang
uage education has encountered numerous difficulties. There is a severe lack of
teachers; many parents object to Baluchi instruction, demanding their children l
earn more practical languages like English, Urdu, and Persian; and there is pres
sure from outside language groups seeking to have their languages taught instead
. In this way, education in Baluchi is effectively education in a second languag
e. The language is thus principally one of the home and the local community. At
present, courses in Baluchi language and literature are offered at the Balochist
an University in Quetta, the provincial capital. There are also several Baluchi
language publications in Pakistan, the two most prominent being Balochi (publish
ed in Quetta) and Labzank (published in Karachi), in addition to several newspap
ers. Additionally, there is a Baluchi Academy that publishes literary works in B
aluchi and supports the work of literary organizations. The Academy, however, re
ceives limited government funding. As a consequence, the creation, maintenance,
and enforcement of a single standardized language for all Baluchi people has pro
ven problematic. Literacy rates are quite low across the board (roughly 1-5% of
Baluchi are literate in the written language (Western Baluchi)). The media, howe
ver, plays a significant role in the standardization of the language and the int
elligibility of Baluchi among speakers of different dialects. Radio Zahedan broa
dcasts a daily Baluchi language program from the capital of the Sistan-va-Baloch
istan province, Zahedan.
HISTORY
The Baluchi language is said to have its origins in a lost language related to t
hose of the Parthian and Median civilizations, sometime between 200 B.C. and 700
A.D. Baluchi historical scholars have concluded that Baluchi s ancestor was neith
er Parthian nor middle Persian, but rather a lost language that shared a number
of properties with both. In this regard, Baluchi has no real affinity with the l
anguages of the Indian subcontinent and is quite distinct from other Iranian lan
guages of the Indo-European language family.
Baluchi was used solely as an oral language up until the 19th century. Prior to
this time, it was generally regarded as a dialect of Persian and there was no tr
adition of using it in writing. Prior to 1947, Persian and English were used as
official languages in Balochistan. In 1947, the independent Khanate of Balochist
an announced Baluchi as an official and national language. However, in 1948 with
the incorporation of Balochistan into the newly created Pakistan, Baluchi was r
eplaced by Urdu as the national language. Today, Baluchi is spoken in several di
fferent countries, but neither enjoys official status nor is used in the educati
on systems of the countries in which it is spoken.
REFERENCES
Barker, Mohammed Abd-al-Rahman and Aqil Khan Mengal. 1969. A Course in Baluchi.
Montreal: McGill University.
Bynon, T. 1980. From Passive to Ergative in Kurdish Via the Ergative Constructio
n. In E.C. Tsugott, R. Labrum, and S. Shephard (eds.), Papers from the 4th Inter
national Conference on Historical Linguistics, 151-161. Amsterdam: John Benjamin

s.
Collett, Major N.A. 1983. A Grammar, Phrase Book, and Vocabulary of Baluchi. Gre
at Britain: Burgess and Son (Abingdon) Ltd.
Farrell, T. 1995. Fading Ergativity? A Study of Ergativity in Balochi. In D.C. B
ennet (ed.), Subject, Voice, and Ergativity: Selected Essays, 218-243. London: S
chool of Oriental and African Studies.
Gilbertson, Major George Waters. 1923. The Balochi Language. A Grammar and Manua
l. Hertford: Stephen Austin and Sons Ltd.
Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Editor). 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fift
eenth Edition. Dallas: SIL International.
Jahani, Carina. 2000. Language in Society
Eight Sociolinguistic Essays on Baloch
i. Universitatis Upsaliensis (Uppsala University).
Khan, Naseer. 1984. The Grammar of Balochi Language. Balochi Acadamy Quetta.
Payne, J.R. 1980. The Decay of Ergativity in Pamir Languages. Lingua 51: 147-186
.