Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

EngineeringDesignandApplications

Prof.LiZhang
DepartmentofMechanical
andAutomationEngineering
TheChineseUniversityofHongKong

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Chapter 6
Design Modeling, Analysis,
and Optimization

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Learningobjectives
Learnhowtomodeladesign
Learnhowtooptimizeadesign

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Review
Whatwehavelearnt?
Problemdefinition
Conceptualdesign

Whatwewilllearn?
Preliminarydesign
Detaileddesign

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Designmodels
Model:
Aminiaturerepresentationofsomething;
Apatternofsomethingtobemade;
Anexampleforimitationoremulation;
Adescriptionofanalogyusedtohelpvisualizesomethingthat
cannotbedirectlyobserved;
Asystemofpostulates,dataandinferencespresentedasa
mathematicaldescriptionofanentityorstateofaffairs

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Questionstobeanswered:
Why doweneedamodel?
Whatdowewanttofind withthismodel?
Whatdataarewegiven?
Whatcanweassume?
How shouldwedevelopthismodel(i.e.,whatprinciples
wecanapply?)
Whatwillourmodelpredict?
Arethepredictionvalid?

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Questionstobeanswered(continue):
Canweverify themodelsprediction?
Canweimprove themodel?
Howwillweuse thismodel?

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Abstraction
Choosetherightlevelofdetailisthefirststepindesign
modeling
Questionstobeanswered:
Whyamodelisbeingdeveloped?
Whatistherightscale?
Whataretheinputsandoutputs?

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Abstraction(continue)
Onesystemcanhaveanumberofdifferentmodels.
Forexample,thebuilding

Model1:ahollowcolumn
Model2:astructurewithmanycolumns
Model3:astructurewithcolumns,floors,doors,windows,
Model4:astructurewithfloors,doors,windows,decorations,

Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Abstraction(continue)
Onemodelcanbeusedtomodelmanysystems.
Forexample,thespring

System1:abuilding
System2:aladder
System3:arungoftheladder,
System4:anatomicforcemicroscope
System5:anatomicbond

Themathematicalmodelofaspring:Hookeslaw:
F =kx

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designmodeling
Lumpedelementmodel
Inthenature,mostofthethingsarechaoticand/or
symmetricwithdistributedparameters.Forexample:
Acoastline
Afish

Mostofthemodelsusesimplelumpedelements.For
example:
Abeam
Aflow

Wewillfocusonlumpedelementmodels

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionanalysis
Physicaldimensionsandunits:

Modelparametersusuallycarryonphysicaldimensionsandunits
Choosingtherightunitisimportant
Primaryunitanddeliveredunit
Unitconversion

Anexample:Joule

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionanalysis(continue)
Significantfigures

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionanalysis(continue)
Dimensionalanalysis
Checkthematchofthedimensions
Usedimensionlessnumbers,forexample
=V0 /V1
BuckinghamsPitheorem:Derivedvariablescanbeexpressedby
primaryvariables
1 =(2,3,,nm)
where, n isthederivedvariablesandm theprimaryvariables.

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionalanalysis(continue)
Anexample:astepofaladder

P,Larechosenasthetwofundamental
quantitiesforthismodel.
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionalanalysis(continue)
Anexample:astepofaladder
Theprimaryvariables:FandL
Thederivedvariables:
1 p a1 Lb1
2 p a2 Lb2 E
3 p a3 Lb3 I
Pluginthephysicalvariables
1 F a1 Lb1 L
2 F a2 Lb2 F L2
3 F a3 Lb3 L4
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Dimensionalanalysis(continue)
Anexample:astepofaladder
Therefore,
1

L
L2 E
2
P
I
3 4
L
Thisimplies
1 2 3

L2 E I
4

L P L

EI
PL3

PL3

1 2 3 EI
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Physicalidealization
Inmanycases,physicalconditionscanbeidealized,
Forexample

Astringisweightless
Thewindresistanceisnegligible
Thependulumswingsinasmallangle

Then,translatethephysicalidealizationintoamathematicalmodel.

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Mathematicalapproximation
Forexample,when issmall:
cos 1

2
2!

... 1

1 cos 1 1
sin

3
3!

2
2!

...

2
2!

...

Linearizationisimportant.

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Conservationandbalancelaws(energyisneither
creatednordestroyed;quantitiesthatcrossa
definedboundarymustbebalanced)
Thequalitiesthatcrossadefinedboundarymustbe
balanced:
dN t
nin (t ) g (t ) nout (t ) c(t )
dt

generation

consumption

Ifthereisnotgenerationandconsumption(g=c=0),then
dN t
n (t ) n (t )
dt

in

out

Conservationlaw

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Mathematictools
Conservationandbalancelaws
(perhapsthemostfamiliarbalanceandconservationlaw)
Theconservationofmomentum

m
a

Theconservationofenergy
E (t )

1 2
mv
2

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladder
rung
Thebasicmechanics
Thefreebodydiagram
(FBD)

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Modelingasanelementarybeam

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Thedeflectionofthebeam:
PL3

C EI

Intheformofspringformula,F =kx,itis:
C EI
P 3
L

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Thebendingstressofthebeam:

PLh
2C I

MoreaccuratemodelingusingFiniteElement
Modeling(FEM)
Themodel
Theboundary

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Thesupportofthebeam(theboundarycondition)
Simplesupport
Fixedsupport

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Designcriteria
Minimizethemassofthematerialusedinordertoachievea
ladderthatislightinweight
Minimizethecostinordertoachieveaninexpensiveladder

Designconstraints
Maximaldeflection
max =CfL
Maximalstress
max

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Designexample
Thedesignofaladderrung(continue)
Designoptimization
Designvariables
Thecorrelation of
designvariables

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Preliminarydesignincludes
Formingthemodel
Choosingkeydesignparameters

Detaileddesignincludes
Solvingthemodel
Validatingtheresults

Weusetheladderdesignexampletodemonstrate

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign

Preliminarydesignconsiderations
Themainconsiderationsincludethedeflectionandstress
PL3

max C f L
48 EI
PLh f

8hI
S

where,S isthesafetyfactor
Thedesignvariablesarecorrelated
Oneconstraintmaybemoreimportantthantheother
Deflectionconstraintisusuallymoredifficulttoattain

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Preliminarydesignconsiderations(continue)
Assumethecrosssectionisrectangle,
bh 3
I
12

I:areamomentofinertia,

Furthermore,assumeb isaconstraint(thedesign
standard)
Wenowhavetwodesignvariables:E andh.
E materialproperty
h size(geometricalparameter)

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Designforstiffness
Thedesignconstraintonbending
PL3
Cf L
3
4 Ebh

Therefore
PL2
h
4 EbC
f

13

Checkformaterialstrength
2
PL 3PL 54 PC f

2
bL
8hl 2bh

13

2/3
E f

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Designforstiffness(continue)
Thematerialstrengthindimensionlessratio

54 PC 2f

S bL

E2 3

1
S
f

Materialindex
E2 3
MI s
f S

Validatewithasafetyfactor

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Designforstrength
Thestrengthconstraint
PL 3PL f

8hI 2bh 2
S

Therefore
1/ 2

3SPL

h
2b
f

Dimensionlessindexfordeflection

1/ 2

bL

L 54 P

3/ 2

E
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Designforstrength
Materialindex:
MI

3/ 2

Validatingwithasafetyfactor

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignI:minimizingthemass
Themassformula:
m bhL

where, isthedensity
Optimizationfunction:
1/ 2

27 SPbL3
h

min m min
8

1/ 2
f

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignI:
minimizingthe
mass(continue)
Identifyappropriate
materials:elastic
limitvs.density
Evaluateusing
utilityconstant,K
K

1f / 2
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignI:
minimizingthe
mass(continue)
Identifyappropriate
materials:Young
modulevs.density
Evaluateusing
utilityconstant,K
K

E1 3
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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignII:minimizingthecost
Thecostformula:
$ Cm m

where,Cm iscostperunitmass.
Optimizationfunction(forstrength andstiffness):
1/ 2

27 SPbL3
h

min $ min
8

1/ 3

Cm

1/ 2
f

Pb 2 L5 Cm
h

min $ min
4C E 1/ 3
f

Leftpart:rungstructuralfactor
RightpartwithoutCm:materials
index

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignII:
minimizingthecost
(continue)
Identifyappropriate
materials
Evaluateusing
utilityconstant,K

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignII:
minimizingthe
cost(continue)
Identifyappropriate
materials
Evaluateusing
utilityconstant,K

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignIII:realmaterial
Identifyappropriatematerialsbymass

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
DetaileddesignIII:realmaterial
Identifyappropriatematerialsbycost

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Remarks
Manysolutionsarepossible
Minimumdeflectandminimumcost

Manylimitationsareimposed
Impactforce

Differentkeydesignparameters
Thewidth

3SPL
2h 2 f

Theoptimizationmodel
3SPL2

min $ min
2
h

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Preliminaryanddetaileddesign
Remarks(continue)
Differentcrosssections

Theroleofstructureengineer

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Engineering Design and Applications (MAEG3920)

Questions?
Chapter 7: Communicating the Design through Models
and Prototypes
- Learnthebasicmethodsinbuildingmodelsandprototypes

Acknowledgement:
Prof.RuxuDu(MAEDept.) thepreviousinstructorofthiscourseforprovidinghislectureslides.
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