3/23/2009

Bones
A HARD SUBJECT

3/23/2009

Skeletal System
y 205+ bones
y Associated CT
{ Cartilage
{ Tendons
{ Ligaments
i
{ discs

Functions: Bone
y Maintain body shape

Because of hardness difficult to section

y Must decalcify or grind thin

y Protect internal organs, brain, spinal cord

y System of levers for the muscle system to act upon
y Mineral storage
g Ca2+ and Phosphorus
p
y Blood formation: hematopoiesis
y Surface features for muscle insertions and origins

Bone Anatomy
y Diaphysis
y Metaphysis
y Epiphysis

Proximal/Distal

y Epiphyseal line
y Periosteum
y Compact bone
y Spongy bone
y Articular Cartilage
y Medullary cavity
y Marrow
y Nutrient artery

3/23/2009

Compact/Sp0ngy Bone

SHAPES OF BONES
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sutural
Sesamoid

flat bone

Bone is a connective tissue

sutural bone

y Cells & extracellular matrix

y Matrix is mineralized support & protection
long bone

irregular
bone

y Calcium phosphate in form of hydroxyapatite

crystals
y ~50:50 organic/inorganic
y Can decalcify & tie in knots

sesamoid bone
(patella)

short bone
(carpals)

y Without organic: fragile

3/23/2009

Periosteum covers bones

Endosteum lines bone cavities

y (except at articulations cartilage)

y ~ 1 cell layer thick lining

y Outer fibrous layer

y Osteoprogenitor cells line marrow cavity &

y Inner, cellular layer with osteoprogenitor cells

trabeculae of spongy bone

y Collagen
g fibers from ligaments
g
& tendons g
go into

bone tissue at angle Sharpeys fibers

Bone Marrow
y Red bone marrow where blood cells are made
y As you grow, amount of red marrow doesn't increase

in proportion to bone growth Yellow marrow forms

y Lots o red in sternum, pelvis

A spot of yellow marrow within

Roasted bone marrow

3/23/2009

Mature bone

Compact Bone

y Osteons (Haversion systems): 4-20 lamellae with

central nerve, artery, vein

y Osteocytes trapped in matrix, connected to each

other by canaliculi (processes of osteocytes)

y Sometimes chain of 15

OSTEONS

Canaliculi between Osteocytes

3/23/2009

Osteocytes

Osteocyte with Cytoplasmic Extensions

y Mature bone cells that sit in lacunae

y Gap junctions between osteocytes provide nutrition

(15 cells in a row)

y Maintain bony matrix; long lived cells
y Stimulated by calcitonin (from thyroid); inhibited by

Parathyroid hormone

Osteocytes with Canaliculi

Photomicrograph of dried bone ground very thin.

The lacunae and canaliculi filled with air deflect
the light and appear dark, showing the
communication between these structures
through which nutrients derived from blood
vessels flow.

Compact Bone
y Osteons or Haversian systems.
y Osteons contain blood vessels, lymphatic

vessels, nerves, and osteocytes along with the

calcified matrix.
y Osteons are aligned in the same direction along
lines of stress - Lamellar bone.
y Osteons in spongy (trabecular) bone only in
very thick portions.

Collagen at alternating angles in lamellae

3/23/2009

Compact
Bone
&

Spongy Bone
y Rarely contains osteons.
y trabeculae surrounding red marrow spaces

Spongy
Bone:

Spongy bone

Bone is continuously remodeled

y Interstitial lamellae are found between osteons and

are remnants of previous concentric lamellae

Circumferential lamellae
y Inner & outer circumferences of shaft line rings in

Perforating canals (Volkmanns canals)

y Connect osteonal canals to one another

tree

3/23/2009

Blood supply to bone important

y nutrient foramina

Immature Bone
y Develops in fetus
y Doesnt have organized lamella nonlamellar,

woven bone
y Relatively more cells/area
y Stains darker more ground substance
y Adult: tooth sockets,

remodeling

Cells of Bone Tissue

Osteogenic cells:

3/23/2009

Osteoprogenitor cells
y From mesenchymal stem cells
y Resting cell that can transform into osteoblasts
y Found on inside/outside surfaces of bone, line

osteonal canals and blood vessels in bone

y bone-lining cells separate category in text, said to

be from osteoblasts, help osteocytes

y Flattened, elongate nuclei

Osteoblasts

Osteoblasts

y Synthesize organic components of matrix (collagen,

bone matrix proteins)

y Collagen forms osteoid: strands of spiral fibers that

form matrix not immediately calcified

y Influence deposit of Ca++, PO4

y Active vs. inactive osteoblasts (flat/cuboidal)
y Estrogen, PTH stimulate activity

Photomicrograph of endochondral ossification. In the upper region is a row of

osteoblasts with intense cytoplasmic basophilia, a feature to be expected in cells
synthesizing a glycoprotein (collagen). Note an osteoblast being captured in the bone
matrix (arrow). Between the layer of osteoblasts and the calcified bone matrix is a pale
region made of noncalcified bone matrix called osteoid.

Respond to mechanical stimuli

3/23/2009

Osteocytes discussed earlier

y Mature bone cell enclosed in

bone matrix
y In lacunae, but communicate

with other cells

y Often shrink in preparation
y Quiescent, formative, resorptive?

(M: Marrow cavity, Os: osteoid, CB: calcified bone matrix, C: caniculi, L: lamellae)

Osteoclasts

Eosinophilia lots of lyososomes

y Derived from monocytes; bone resorption

y Large, multinucleated, motile cells
y Secrete enzymes that digest matrix

Osteoclasts

10

3/23/2009

Osteoclast

Bone Resorption Acid first, then enzymes

y Ruffled border
y Clear zone filaments, few other organelles
y Basolateral region exocytosis of digested material

Bone remodeling
y Osteoclasts abundant where bone is changing
y 5-10% bone / year?
{ Vitamin D
{ Nutrition
{ Physical activity
{ Age, hormones

On this image, the

deepest red color
is bone while pink
represents either
fibrocartilage (i.e.,
collagen within
cartilage) or
mineralized
cartilage. The
central clearing
represents
p
the

Remodeling

invasion of bone into calcified cartilage. Osteoblasts are laying down new bone toward
the left of the upper boundary of this cavity. Osteoclasts are removing previouslyformed bone .

Bone Replacing Cartilage

Remodeling Bone

11

3/23/2009

Internal remodeling

X-ray of bone ground to 200 m

y Light = dense (mineralized)
y Interstitial lamellae light
y Bone = dynamic!

Lamellae deposited periphery inward

Physiologic aspects of bone

y Reservoir for calcium
y Blood levels 8.9-10.1 mg/dL
y Parathyroid hormone (from parathyroid of course)
{ Raise blood calcium levels
{ Simulates osteoclasts, osteocytes to resorb bone
{ Tell kidneys to hold on to calcium, absorb more in gut

Skull cavity increases without increasing bone thickness

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts are at work

y Calcitonin (from thyroid)

{ Lowers elevated blood calcium levels
{ Inhibits osteoclasts

Bone Formation
y 2 Ways to form: Endochondral & intramembranous
y With cartilage model or without

12

3/23/2009

Intramembranous
y 8th week gestation in skull bones
y Skull bones, mandible, clavicle (collarbone)
y Bone forms as small, irregular spicules & trabeculae
y Over time they
y connect and form mature bone

Intramembranous Ossification:

Osteoblasts:

Endochondral Ossification
y Cartilage model
y Cuff of bone forms in midregion bony collar
y Cartilage cells in center swell, secrete calcium
y Calcified cartilage
g inhibits diffusion,, kills cells
y Blood vessels grow in, osteoprogenitor cells move in

13

3/23/2009

Knee of a 6 year old.

Secondary center of ossification in
epiphysis
Leaves cartilage epiphyseal plate
When that cartilage stops growing
bone has reached its max. length

Epiphyseal plate of adolescent (white arrow)

Endochondral Ossification

Endochondral Ossification

Fractures
y Break in the bone
y Simple/Compound (open)

infection
y Single: Horizontal, oblique,

spiral
y Comminuted >2 bone

fragments

14

3/23/2009

Types of Fracture:

Healing in Bone:
1D - Hematoma formation (fibrin mesh)
3D - Inflammation, macrophages remove
debris, Periosteum & endosteum
respond with proliferation of
osteoprogenitor
t
it cells
ll
1W - Soft callus granulation, matrix.
3-6W - Callus ossification, woven bone
8+W - Re-modeling absorb/deposit,
strength, lamellate.

Healing in Bone:

Stages of wound healing

Resolution/ Remodeling
Vessel regression, Collagen remodeling
Proliferation
Reepithelialization, Angiogenesis, Fibrogenesis,
Inflammation
PMNs, Macrophages, Lymphocytes
Hemostasis
Fibrin clot, platelet
deposition
1D 3D

1wk

6wk

8wk

Time after injury

Healing in Bone:

Bone healing: Callus

15

3/23/2009

Broken hip really femur

Osteoporosis

16