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MANGO PRODUCTION

Introduction
The mango is an evergreen fruit tree. It is the most widely distributed of all fruits in Uganda. It
flourishes in Districts that are too dry for orange; and in these areas the fruit ripens to a yellow or
orange colour and develops its full flavor. The tree is often planted as a shade tree, although it
may harbor mosquitoes because of its dense foliage. The seeds germinate readily and the trees
are able to compete with the native vegetation and resist bush fires. Most of the varieties grown
in Uganda are consumed locally and are of inferior quality with little commercial value. In the
early 1990s many improved varieties were introduced from Puerto Rico and are being promoted
countrywide.
Climate
The mango is adapted to both tropical and subtropical conditions. Temperature range is 2125oC. Rainfall of at least 600 mm/year and an altitude of 1,500-2,000 m are ideal for the crop.
The crop is intolerant to saline conditions. A dry period of at least 3 months is necessary for
flowering. The tree requires plenty of sunshine for optimum growth and fruiting.
Soils and site selection
Mangoes require deep soils with good drainage not necessarily fertile but mangoes can thrive in
a wide range of soil types.
Types/Varieties
Three types of mangoes are common in Uganda; small canopy: Florigon, Glenn, Dancan, Early
Gold, Erwin, Palmar, Palvin. Medium canopy and fairly early yielding varieties: Zillate, Pinero,
Alfonso, Apple, Kent, Keitt. Large canopy and fairly early yielding varieties: Boribo, Ssejjembe,
Bire. Bire, Ssejjembe, Ssu and Kate are some of the local selections.
Management Practises
Propagation
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It is highly recommended that planting materials for the improved mango varieties should be
grafted or budded (shoot joined on rootstock). This practice reduces time to flowering to 2-3
years instead of 6-7 years if seed is planted. Suitable rootstocks are used which withstand soil
born diseases. Most trees bear 2 times a year.

Grafting of mangoes

Mango budding

Grafted mangoes

Spacing
Mango spacing depends on the rainfall pattern and soil fertility. In Uganda, the recommended
spacing for optimum plant population is 8m x 8m giving 144 plants per hectare (58 plants per
acre).
Planting
Medium fine field is adequate. Dig holes 60 cm deep and 60 cm wide while separating top soil
from sub (red) soil. Mix well decomposed manure with top soil at 1:1 ratio and put back into the
hole to cover the first 30 cm. Make a small hole within and plant in the grafted seedling. The
plastic bags used for potting should be removed before planting. When covering the hole a basin
should be made around each plant for harvesting water. Each plant should be mulched around
and a cage or perimeter fencing put in place to avoid damage by animals. One month after
transplanting, the grafting tape should be removed. Any shoots, which grow below the point of
union should also be removed.
Watering
When planting is done during low rainfall season, the young plants should be watered at least
once a week to avoid drying. It is also advisable to give water during flowering, where possible,
to avoid flower abortion. Watering after fruit set reduces fruit abortion and increases fruit size.
Fertiliser Requirements
Apply manure once a year at the beginning of the rainy season. Put at least 2 tins per tree,
applied around one metre from the tree. For artificial fertilizers, put about 1 plastic tumpeco
around the tree. Avoid putting too much nitrogen fertilizers to your mango plants during
productive stage. Smoking in the field and cutting the bark of the tree encourages flowering.
Weed management
Slash the orchard regularly. Do not dig through as this will damage roots and cause root rot
diseases. Where mulching materials are available, mulching is encouraged.
Production
Depending on the variety, the time from flowering to maturity is 100-150 days. Under good
management 400-600 fruits per tree per year can be produced. Yield range is 10-16 ton/ha
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depending on management, variety and age of orchard. In the case of improved varieties, fruits
can weigh 0.3 2 kg each.
Harvesting
Harvest mature fruits and with smooth, undamaged skin. Use a long stick with a knife and basket
at the tip or just long stick with knife and clothes or polythehe spread below, off ground to trap
falling fruits for tall trees. Collect fruits in a wooden box with smooth inner surface. Avoid
picking fruits from the ground.
Insect pests, Diseases and their control
Mango can be attacked by many diseases which reduce quality and yield. The major diseases of
economic importance in Uganda are: anthracnose and powdery mildew.
Anthracnose
The disease attacks young shoots, flowers and fruits causing leaf spots, drying twig tips and dark
spots on fruits. Black spots develop on fruits, which leads to cracking. Fruits infected at mature
stage carry the fungus into storage and cause considerable loss during storage, transit and
marketing. Wet conditions favour the disease.

Anthracnose mango

Mango leaves affected by anthracnose

Control

The fungus has a long survival ability on dead plant parts. The diseased parts should be pruned
and burnt. Remove rotting fruits from the orchard. Where the disease is severe, apply fungicides
before flowers set to reduce flower infection. Fungicide such as Ridomil and Antracol alternated
at 10-15 day intervals at quantities indicated on the package are recommended. Control and
prevention is possible through use of resistant varieties.
Powdery mildew
The sign of the disease is the white powdery fungal growth on leaves, stalks and flowers. Rain
and cool nights are favourable conditions for disease spread. Young leaves when infected
develop white patches and later become curled and distorted. The fungus persists on older leaves
and when conditions are favourable spores are blown onto susceptible tissue.

Mildew affected leaves

Mildew affected flowers

Control
Ridomil, Antracol or Thiovit sprays alternated with Dithane M45 at 10-15 day intervals at
quantities indicated on the package is recommended for the control of the disease.
Spraying can start at the signs and repeated after 2 weeks until fruit set. Once young tissue has
hardened it is no longer susceptible and spraying can be stopped.

Pests
The major pests attacking mangoes include: fruitfly and mango seed weevil. Minor ones are
scales and mealy bugs.
Fruit fly
This is one of the most serious pest of mango in the country affecting the marketing of fresh
fruits. The female punctures the maturing fruits and lays eggs in small clusters inside the fruit.
After hatching, the larvae feed on the fruit that appears normal from outside. The maggots later
fall on the ground for further growth. When infested fruits are cut open, maggots of the fruit fly
are seen in the damaged flesh.

Mango fruit fly damage

Mango fruit fly

Mango fruit fly spot

Control
Collection and burying of infested and dropped fruits
Spray suitable insecticide at quantities indicated on the package e.g. Dimethoate, 7 weeks and 3
weeks before picking. Salut and Dursban can also be used.
Mango seed weevil
This is a serious pest of mangoes in the tropics. The female lays eggs on partially developed
fruits. The eggs hatch and the maggots bore through the flesh into the seed where they feed and
develop damaging the seed. There is a discoloration at the point of entry.
Control
Burying by removing fallen fruits and burying them in a pit.
Spraying the trees, especially the stems, with a suitable insecticide e.g Dimethoate or Dursban at
the quantity indicated on the package.

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