RESEARCH ARTICLE

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Accelerated modern humaninduced species

losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction

2015 The Authors, some rights reserved;

exclusive licensee American Association for
the Advancement of Science. Distributed
under a Creative Commons Attribution
NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
10.1126/sciadv.1400253

Gerardo Ceballos,1* Paul R. Ehrlich,2 Anthony D. Barnosky,3 Andrs Garca,4

Robert M. Pringle,5 Todd M. Palmer6
The oft-repeated claim that Earths biota is entering a sixth mass extinction depends on clearly demonstrating that
current extinction rates are far above the background rates prevailing in the five previous mass extinctions. Earlier
estimates of extinction rates have been criticized for using assumptions that might overestimate the severity of the
extinction crisis. We assess, using extremely conservative assumptions, whether human activities are causing a mass
extinction. First, we use a recent estimate of a background rate of 2 mammal extinctions per 10,000 species per
100 years (that is, 2 E/MSY), which is twice as high as widely used previous estimates. We then compare this rate
with the current rate of mammal and vertebrate extinctions. The latter is conservatively low because listing a
species as extinct requires meeting stringent criteria. Even under our assumptions, which would tend to minimize
evidence of an incipient mass extinction, the average rate of vertebrate species loss over the last century is up to
114 times higher than the background rate. Under the 2 E/MSY background rate, the number of species that have
gone extinct in the last century would have taken, depending on the vertebrate taxon, between 800 and 10,000
years to disappear. These estimates reveal an exceptionally rapid loss of biodiversity over the last few centuries,
indicating that a sixth mass extinction is already under way. Averting a dramatic decay of biodiversity and the
subsequent loss of ecosystem services is still possible through intensified conservation efforts, but that window
of opportunity is rapidly closing.

INTRODUCTION
The loss of biodiversity is one of the most critical current environmental
problems, threatening valuable ecosystem services and human wellbeing (17). A growing body of evidence indicates that current species
extinction rates are higher than the pre-human background rate (815),
with hundreds of anthropogenic vertebrate extinctions documented in
prehistoric and historic times (1623). For example, in the islands of
tropical Oceania, up to 1800 bird species (most described in the last
few decades from subfossil remains) are estimated to have gone extinct
in the ~2000 years since human colonization (24). Written records of
extinctions of large mammals, birds, and reptiles date back to the 1600s
and include species such as the dodo (Raphus cucullatus, extinguished
in the 17th century), Stellers sea cow (Hydrodamalis gigas, extinguished
in the 18th century), and the Rodrigues giant tortoise (Cylindraspis
peltastes, extinguished in the 19th century). More species extinction
records date from the 19th century and include numerous species of
mammals and birds. Records of extinction for reptiles, amphibians,
freshwater fishes, and other organisms have mainly been documented
since the beginning of the 20th century (14, 17). Moreover, even in
species that are not currently threatened, the extirpation of populations is frequent and widespread, with losses that far outstrip specieslevel extinctions (18, 25). Population-level extinction directly threatens
ecosystem services and is the prelude to species-level extinction (18).
Here, we analyze the modern rates of vertebrate species extinction
and compare them with a recently computed background rate for mam1
Instituto de Ecologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Mxico D.F. 04510,
Mxico. 2Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA. 3Department
of Integrative Biology and Museums of Paleontology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 947203140, USA. 4Estacin de Biologa Chamela, Instituto
de Biologa, Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Jalisco 48980, Mxico.
5
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
08544, USA. 6Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 326118525, USA.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gceballo@ecologia.unam.mx

Ceballos et al. Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1400253

19 June 2015

mals (7). We specifically addressed the following questions: (i) Are

modern rates of mammal and vertebrate extinctions higher than the
highest empirically derived background rates? (ii) How have modern
extinction rates in mammals and vertebrates changed through time?
(iii) How many years would it have taken for species that went extinct
in modern times to have been lost if the background rate had prevailed?
These are important issues because the uncertainties about estimates of
species loss have led skeptics to question the magnitude of anthropogenic extinctions (26) and because understanding the magnitude of
the extinction crisis is relevant for conservation, maintenance of ecosystem services, and public policy.
Until recently, most studies of modern extinction rates have been
based on indirect estimates derived, for example, on the rates of deforestation and on species-area relationships (11, 14). Problems related
to estimating extinction since 1500 AD (that is, modern extinctions)
have been widely discussed, and the literature reflects broad agreement
among environmental scientists that biases lead to underestimating the
number of species that have gone extinct in the past few centuries
the period during which Homo sapiens truly became a major force on
the biosphere (14, 68, 14, 15). However, direct evaluation is complicated
by uncertainties in estimating the incidence of extinction in historical
time and by methodological difficulties in comparing contemporary extinctions with past ones.
Less discussed are assumptions underlying the estimation of
background extinction rates. The lower these estimates, the more dramatic current extinction rates will appear by comparison. In nearly all
comparisons of modern versus background extinction rates, the
background rate has been assumed to be somewhere between 0.1 and
1 species extinction per 10,000 species per 100 years (equal to 0.1 to
1 species extinction per million species per year, a widely used metric
known as E/MSY). Those estimates reflect the state of knowledge available from the fossil record in the 1990s (7, 913). In a recent analysis,
which charted the stratigraphic ranges of thousands of mammal species,
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Table 1. Numbers of species used in the Table 2 calculations of highly conservative and conservative modern extinction rates based on
the IUCN Red List (17). For the highly conservative rates, only species verified as extinct (EX) were included; for the conservative extinction rates,
species in the categories extinct in the wild (EW) and possibly extinct (PE) were also included.
No. of species, IUCN 2014.3
Highly conservative
rates (EX)

Vertebrate taxon

Conservative rates
(EX + EW + PE)

No. of species
evaluated by IUCN

Since 1500

Since 1900

Since 1500

Vertebrates

338

198

617

477

59% (39,223)

Mammals

77

35

111

69

100% (5,513)

Birds

140

57

163

80

100% (10,425)

Reptiles

21

37

24

44% (4,414)

Amphibians

34

32

148

146

88% (6,414)

Fishes

66

66

158

158

38% (12,457)

Table 2. Elevation of highly conservative and conservative modern vertebrate extinction rates above background rate of 2 E/MSY (see
table S2 for calculations). For each assessment category, two periods are
shown: extinction rates computed from 1500 to the present, and from
1900 to the present.
Elevation of modern rates with
respect to expected rates
Animal group

Highly conservative
Since 1500

Conservative

Since 1900 Since 1500

Since 1900

Since 1900

rates of other vertebrates to be similar to those of mammals. This supposition leads to a more conservative assessment of differences between
current and past extinction rates for the vertebrates as a whole, compared with using the very low background extinction rate derived from
marine invertebrates.
The analysis we present here avoids using assumptions such as loss
of species predicted from species-area relationships, which can suggest
very high extinction rates, and which have raised the possibility that
scientists are alarmists seeking to exaggerate the impact of humans
on the biosphere (26). Here, we ascertain whether even the lowest estimates of the difference between background and contemporary extinction rates still justify the conclusion that people are precipitating a global
spasm of biodiversity loss.

Vertebrates

22

15

53

Mammals

14

28

20

55

Birds

13

24

15

34

RESULTS

Reptiles

24

Amphibians

22

22

100

Fishes

23

12

56

Modern and background rates of vertebrate extinctions

Modern rates of vertebrate extinction were much higher than a
background extinction rate of 2 E/MSY. Among the vertebrate taxa
evaluated by the International Union of Conservation of Nature
(IUCN), 338 extinctions have been documented since 1500 [extinct
(EX), Table 1]. An additional 279 species have become either extinct in
the wild (EW) or listed as possibly extinct (PE), totaling 617 vertebrate species summed over the three categories. Most extinctions have
occurred in the last 114 years (that is, since 1900; Table 1). Our estimated highly conservative (that is, using data for EX species only)
and conservative (that is, by including EX, EW, and PE) modern extinction rates for vertebrates varied from 8 to 100 times higher than the
background rate (Table 2). This means, for example, that under the 2
E/MSY background rate, 9 vertebrate extinctions would have been
expected since 1900; however, under the conservative rate, 468 more
vertebrates have gone extinct than would have if the background rate
had persisted across all vertebrates under that period. Specifically, these
468 species include 69 mammal species, 80 bird species, 24 reptiles, 146
amphibians, and 158 fish.

extinction rates were measured over intervals ranging from single years
to millions of years, and the mean extinction rate and variance were
computed for each span of time (7). In this way, the background extinction rate estimated for mammals was estimated at 1.8 E/MSY, here
rounded upward conservatively to 2 E/MSY (that is, 2 extinctions per
100 years per 10,000 species). This is double the highest previous rough
estimate.
Those previously estimated background rates were primarily derived
from marine invertebrate fossils, which are likely to have greater species
longevity than vertebrates (10, 15). Data deficiencies make it impossible
to conduct empirical analyses (as was done for mammals) for nonmammal terrestrial vertebrates; therefore, we assume the background
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1.60
Mammals

1.40

Birds
1.20
1.00
Vertebrates

0.80
0.60

Other vertebrates

0.40
0.20

Background
0

1500-1600

1600-1700

1700-1800

1800-1900

1900-2014

Cumulative extinctions as % of IUCN-evaluated species

Cumulative extinctions as % of IUCN-evaluated species

RESEARCH ARTICLE

2.50

2.00

Mammals

1.50

Vertebrates
Birds

1.00

Other vertebrates

0.50

Background
0.00

1500-1600

Time interval

1600-1700

1700-1800

1800-1900

1900-2010

Time interval

Fig. 1. Cumulative vertebrate species recorded as extinct or extinct in the wild by the IUCN (2012). Graphs show the percentage of the number of
species evaluated among mammals (5513; 100% of those described), birds (10,425; 100%), reptiles (4414; 44%), amphibians (6414; 88%), fishes (12,457;
38%), and all vertebrates combined (39,223; 59%). Dashed black curve represents the number of extinctions expected under a constant standard
background rate of 2 E/MSY. (A) Highly conservative estimate. (B) Conservative estimate.

Modern extinctions if background rate had prevailed

Our results indicate that modern vertebrate extinctions that occurred
since 1500 and 1900 AD would have taken several millennia to occur
if the background rate had prevailed. The total number of vertebrate
species that went extinct in the last century would have taken about
800 to 10,000 years to disappear under the background rate of 2 E/MSY
(Fig. 2). The particularly high losses in the last several decades accentuate the increasing severity of the modern extinction crisis.

DISCUSSION
Arguably the most serious aspect of the environmental crisis is the loss
of biodiversitythe other living things with which we share Earth. This
affects human well-being by interfering with crucial ecosystem services
such as crop pollination and water purification and by destroying
humanitys beautiful, fascinating, and culturally important living
companions (4, 5, 15, 2730).
Our analysis shows that current extinction rates vastly exceed
natural average background rates, even when (i) the background rate is
considered to be double previous estimates and when (ii) data on modCeballos et al. Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1400253

19 June 2015

10000

Very conservative
Conservative

8000

Times (years)

Variation in modern extinction rates through time

Modern extinction rates have increased sharply over the past 200 years
(corresponding to the rise of industrial society) and are considerably
higher than background rates (Fig. 1). Rates of modern extinctions vary
among vertebrate groups (Fig. 1). For example, amphibians, comprising
of ~7300 species, show an accelerating rate of extinction: only 34 extinctions have been documented with a high level of certainty since 1500,
yet >100 species have likely disappeared since 1980 (17, 23). This may
not only reflect real trends but also a shortage of data for groups for
which most species are not yet evaluated, such as reptiles and fish
(21, 22).

6000

4000

2000

Fishes

Amphibians Reptiles

Birds

Mammals Vertebrates

Fig. 2. Number of years that would have been required for the observed vertebrate species extinctions in the last 114 years to occur under a background rate of 2 E/MSY. Red markers, highly conservative
scenario; blue markers, conservative scenario. Note that for all vertebrates,
the observed extinctions would have taken between 800 to 10,000 years to
disappear, assuming 2 E/MSY. Different classes of vertebrates all show qualitatively similar trends.

ern vertebrate extinctions are treated in the most conservative plausible

way. We emphasize that our calculations very likely underestimate the
severity of the extinction crisis because our aim was to place a realistic
lower bound on humanitys impact on biodiversity. Therefore, although biologists cannot say precisely how many species there are, or
exactly how many have gone extinct in any time interval, we can confidently conclude that modern extinction rates are exceptionally high,
that they are increasing, and that they suggest a mass extinction under
waythe sixth of its kind in Earths 4.5 billion years of history.
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A final important point is that we focus exclusively on species, ignoring the extirpation of populationsthe units relevant to ecological
functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services (4, 5, 29). Population
extinction cannot be reliably assessed from the fossil record, precluding
any analysis along the lines of that presented here. Also, although it is
clear that there are high rates of population extinction (18), existing data
are much less reliable and far harder to obtain than those for species,
which will remain true for the foreseeable future. Likewise, we have not
considered animals other than vertebrates because of data deficiencies.
The evidence is incontrovertible that recent extinction rates are unprecedented in human history and highly unusual in Earths history.
Our analysis emphasizes that our global society has started to destroy
species of other organisms at an accelerating rate, initiating a mass extinction episode unparalleled for 65 million years. If the currently
elevated extinction pace is allowed to continue, humans will soon (in
as little as three human lifetimes) be deprived of many biodiversity
benefits. On human time scales, this loss would be effectively permanent
because in the aftermath of past mass extinctions, the living world took
hundreds of thousands to millions of years to rediversify. Avoiding a
true sixth mass extinction will require rapid, greatly intensified efforts
to conserve already threatened species and to alleviate pressures on their
populationsnotably habitat loss, overexploitation for economic gain,
and climate change (3133). All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among
the rich), and economic inequity (6). However, the window of opportunity is rapidly closing.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To estimate modern extinction rates, we compiled data on the total
number of described species and the number of extinct and possibly
extinct vertebrate species from the 2014 IUCN Red List (17). In the
IUCNs list, extinct species can be viewed as the minimum number
of actual extinctions during recent human history (that is, since 1500)
because it lists species known to be extinct (EX), extinct in the wild
(EW), and possibly extinct (PE, a subcategory within critically
endangered reserved for species thought to be extinct, but not confirmed) (17) (table S1). We used the IUCN data to calculate modern
extinction rates in two ways: (i) we estimate a highly conservative modern extinction rate by using the data exclusively on species listed as EX,
and (ii) we calculate a conservative extinction rate by including also
both EW and PE species (table S2). Including these latter two categories
recognizes that there is only a slim chance that most of the species in
those categories can reestablish viable populations in their native habitats. In terms of biological impact and the provision of ecosystem
services, we consider EW and PE species to be functionally equivalent
to EX species: even if some individuals still exist, their abundances are
not sufficient to have a substantial influence on ecological function and
processes.
The IUCNs list is considered the authoritative, albeit likely conservative, assessment of the conservation status of plant and animal species.
About 1.8 million species have been described since 1758 (when the current nomenclature system was developed), of which 1.3 million are
animals (3, 17). Of these animal species, about 39,223 (of the currently
counted 66,178) vertebrate species have been formally assessed and reported in the 2014 IUCN Red List (17). In the IUCN sample, mammals,
birds, and amphibians have had between 88 and 100% of their known
Ceballos et al. Sci. Adv. 2015;1:e1400253

19 June 2015

species evaluated, whereas only 44% of reptiles and 38% of fish species
have been assessed (Table 1). We focus our comparisons on vertebrates
because they are the group for which the most reliable data exist, both
fossil and modern.
To produce conservative comparisons with modern extinctions, we
assumed a background extinction rate of 2 E/MSY as the highest likely
baseline average background extinction rate (7); that is, we should expect 2 extinctions per 10,000 vertebrate species per 100 years. That
background extinction rate was empirically determined using the exceptionally good fossil records of mammals, combining extinction counts
from paleontological databases and published literature on the fossil, subfossil, and historical records (7). Using the resulting high background extinction rate provides a stringent test for assessing whether current modern
extinction rates indicate that a mass extinction event is under way. Previous
estimates of background extinction rates for other taxa are invariably
lower than the mammal-derived estimate of 2 E/MSY used here.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/
full/1/5/e1400253/DC1
Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900.

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Acknowledgments: We would like to thank B. Young for helping us with the data on possibly
extinct species published by IUCN. J. Soberon, C. Mendenhall, and J. Pacheco gave valuable
suggestions on the manuscript. Funding: This work has been supported by the Programa de
apoyo a proyectos de investigacin e innovacin tecnolgica from UNAM. Competing
interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Submitted 23 December 2014

Accepted 1 May 2015
Published 19 June 2015
10.1126/sciadv.1400253
Citation: G. Ceballos, P. R. Ehrlich, A. D. Barnosky, A. Garca, R. M. Pringle, T. M. Palmer,
Accelerated modern humaninduced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction. Sci.
Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015).

5 of 5

www.advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/1/5/e1400253/DC1

Supplementary Materials for

Accelerated modern humaninduced species losses: Entering the sixth
mass extinction
Gerardo Ceballos, Paul R. Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky, Andrs Garca, Robert M. Pringle,
Todd M. Palmer
Published 19 June 2015, Sci. Adv. 1, e1400253 (2015)
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1400253

This PDF file includes:

Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction
rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
I. DATA ON CONTEMPORARY EXTINCTIONS (1500 TO PRESENT)
We obtained the list of vertebrates species considered Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), and Possibly
Extinct (PE, a subcategory of Critically Endangered, CR) since 1500 from the International Union of
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). We accessed the IUCN webpage (www.iucn.org; version 2014.3) on
December 1, 2014. A first list of possible extinct species was kindly provided to us by Dr. Bruce Young,
from Natureserve. We then were able to check the status of those species in the IUCN web page. The list of
all the species included grouped by the IUCN category is included below in sections IV and V.
II. BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES
We used the recent mammal background extinction rate determined by Barnosky et al. (6). Most studies
evaluating extinction rates in vertebrates and plants have used background rates assumed to be between 0.1
and 1 species per million species-years (i.e., between 0.1 and 1 species per 100 years per 10,000 species).
Those rates were based on the state of knowledge available from the fossil record until the 1990s (9-13).
Clearly, the lower these estimates, the more dramatic current extinction rates will appear by comparison.
The new mammal background extinction rate was based on an analysis of massive databases of mammal
fossils, subfossils, and modern extinctions. The stratigraphic ranges of thousands of mammal species were
charted, and extinction rates were measured over intervals ranging from single years to millions of years,
and the mean extinction rate and variance was computed for each time interval. The estimates indicate that
the background extinction rate for mammals is closer to 2 extinctions per million species-years (2 E/MSY;
i.e., two extinctions per 100 years per 10,000 species), which doubles the highest previous estimates. See
Barnosky et al. (6) for details.

Table S1. Definitions of IUCN categories (17) used to assess modern extinction rates.

III. COMPARING RECENT AND BACKGROUND EXTINCTION RATES

We used two estimates of modern extinction rates; i.e. a very conservative rate (i.e. including only EX
species) and a conservative rate (i.e. including EX, plus EW and PE species), respectively. Both are defined
in the text of the paper. Table S2 summarizes the calculations to estimate the modern extinction rates.
Table S2. Estimation of modern extinction rates since 1500 and 1900. Highly conservative modern
extinction rates were calculated using exclusively Extinct species as listed in the stringently evaluated IUCN
list. Conservative modern extinction rates were calculated using Extinct species plus Extinct in the wild
(EW) and Possibly extinct species as listed in the IUCN list (2014; see also methods). The 2 E/MY
background extinction rate is equivalent to 2 extinctions per 10000 species per 100 years.
1500 TO 2014
Highly conservative
Animal

Evaluate
d

A
Evaluate
d

Group

Species

Species

IUCN

Divided
by
10,000

B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per

C
Centuries

Century

1500

Since

Expected
for 10,000

D
Backgroun
d

Extinctions
Expected
over

Expected
Extinction
s

Observed
Extinction
s

514 years
(Since
1500)

Since

Since

1500

1500

(B x C)

(A x D)

Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with
Respect
to
Expected

Species
(2 E/MSY)

(F / E)

Vertebrate
s

39223

3.9223

5.14

10.28

40.32

338

Mammals

5513

0.5513

5.14

10.28

5.67

77

14

Birds

10425

1.0425

5.14

10.28

10.72

140

13

Reptiles
Amphibian
s

4414

0.4414

5.14

10.28

4.54

21

6414

0.6414

5.14

10.28

6.59

34

Fishes

12457

1.2457

5.14

10.28

12.81

66

D
Backgroun
d

Extinctions
Expected
over

Expected
Extinction
s

Observed
Extinction
s

Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with

514 years
(Since
1500)

Since

Since

1500

1500

(B x C)

(A x D)

Conservative

Animal

Evaluate
d

A
Evaluate
d

Group

Species

Species

IUCN

Divided
by
10,000

B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per

C
Centuries

Century

1500

Since

Expected
for 10,000

Respect
to
Expected

Species
(2 E/MSY)

(F / E)

Vertebrate
s

39223

3.9223

5.14

10.28

40.32

617

15

Mammals

5513

0.5513

5.14

10.28

5.67

111

20

Birds
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
Fishes

10425

1.0425

5.14

10.28

10.72

163

15

4414

0.4414

5.14

10.28

4.54

37

6414

0.6414

5.14

10.28

6.59

148

22

12457

1.2457

5.14

10.28

12.81

158

12

D
Backgroun
d

Extinctions
Expected
over

Expected
Extinction
s

Observed
Extinction
s

Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with

114 years
(Since
1900)

Since

Since

1900

1900

(B x C)

(A x D)

1900 TO 2014
Highly conservative

Animal

Evaluate
d

A
Evaluate
d

Group

Species

Species

IUCN

Divided
by
10,000

B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per

C
Centuries

Century

1900

Since

Expected
for 10,000

Respect
to
Expected

Species
(2 E/MSY)
Vertebrate
s

(F / E)

39223

3.9223

1.14

2.28

8.94

198

22

Mammals

5513

0.5513

1.14

2.28

1.26

35

28

Birds

10425

1.0425

1.14

2.28

2.38

57

24

Reptiles
Amphibian
s

4414

0.4414

1.14

2.28

1.01

6414

0.6414

1.14

2.28

1.46

32

22

Fishes

12457

1.2457

1.14

2.28

2.84

66

23

D
Backgroun
d

Extinctions
Expected
over

Expected
Extinction
s

Observed
Extinction
s

Elevation
Extiction
s
Rates
with

114 years
(Since
1900)

Since

Since

1900

1900

(B x C)

(A x D)

Conservativ
e

Animal

Evaluate
d

A
Evaluate
d

Group

Species

Species

IUCN

Divided
by
10,000

B
Backgroun
d
Extinction
per

C
Centuries

Century

1900

Since

Expected
for 10,000

Respect
to
Expected

Species
(2 E/MSY)
Vertebrate
s
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibian
s
Fishes

(F / E)

39223

3.9223

1.14

2.28

8.94

477

53

5513

0.5513

1.14

2.28

1.26

69

55

10425

1.0425

1.14

2.28

2.38

80

34

4414

0.4414

1.14

2.28

1.01

24

24

6414

0.6414

1.14

2.28

1.46

146

100

12457

1.2457

1.14

2.28

2.84

158

56

IV. EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500 ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014) .

Group

Species

Common Name

Mammals

Bettongia pusilla

Nullarbor Dwarf Bettong

Mammals

Boromys offella

Oriente Cave Rat

Mammals

Boromys torrei

Torres Cave Rat

Mammals

Bos primigenius

Aurochs

Mammals

Brotomys voratus

Hispaniolan Edible Rat

Mammals

Caloprymnus campestris

Desert Rat Kangaroo

Mammals

Chaeropus ecaudatus

Pig-footed Bandicoot

Mammals

Conilurus albipes

White-footed Rabbit-rat

Mammals

Coryphomys buehleri

Buhlers Coryphomys

Mammals

Cryptonanus ignitus

Red-bellied Gracile Mouse Opossum

Mammals

Cryptoprocta spelea

Giant Fossa

Mammals

Cuscomys oblativa

Mammals

Desmodus draculae

Giant Vampire Bat

Mammals

Dusicyon australis

Falkland Island Wolf

Mammals

Gazella bilkis

Queen Of Sheba's Gazelle

Mammals

Gazella saudiya

Saudi Gazelle

Mammals

Geocapromys columbianus

Cuban Coney

Mammals

Geocapromys thoracatus

Little Swan Island Hutia

Mammals

Heteropsomys insulans

Insular Cave Rat

Mammals

Hexolobodon phenax

Imposter Hutia

Mammals

Hippopotamus guldbergi

Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus

Mammals

Hippopotamus lemerlei

Madagascan Dwarf Hippopotamus

Mammals

Hippotragus leucophaeus

Bluebuck

Mammals

Hydrodamalis gigas

Steller's Sea Cow

Mammals

Isolobodon montanus

Montane Hutia

Mammals

Isolobodon portoricensis

Puerto Rican Hutia

Mammals

Juscelinomys candango

Candango Mouse

Mammals

Lagorchestes asomatus

Central Hare Wallaby

Mammals

Lagorchestes leporides

Eastern Hare Wallaby

Mammals

Lagostomus crassus

Mammals

Macropus greyi

Toolache Wallaby

Mammals

Macrotis leucura

Lesser Bilby

Mammals

Megalomys desmarestii

Desmarests Pilorie

Mammals

Megalomys luciae

Santa Lucian Pilorie

Mammals

Megaoryzomys curioi

Galapgos Giant Rat

Mammals

Neomonachus tropicalis

Caribbean Monk Seal

Mammals

Neotoma anthonyi

Anthony's Woodrat

Mammals

Neotoma bunkeri

Bunkers Woodrat

Mammals

Neotoma martinensis

San Martin Island Woodrat

Mammals

Neovison macrodon

Sea Mink

Mammals

Nesophontes edithae

Puerto Rican Nesophontes

Mammals

Nesophontes hypomicrus

Atalaye Nesophontes

Mammals

Nesophontes major

Mammals

Nesophontes micrus

Western Cuban Nesophontes

Mammals

Nesophontes paramicrus

St. Michel Nesophontes

Mammals

Nesophontes zamicrus

Haitian Nesophontes

Mammals

Nesoryzomys darwini

Darwin's Galapagos Mouse

Mammals

Nesoryzomys indefessus

Indefatigable Galapagos Mouse

Mammals

Noronhomys vespuccii

Mammals

Notomys amplus

Short-tailed Hopping Mouse

Mammals

Notomys longicaudatus

Long-tailed Hopping Mouse

Mammals

Notomys macrotis

Big-eared Hopping Mouse

Mammals

Notomys mordax

Darling Downs Hopping Mouse

Mammals

Oligoryzomys victus

St. Vincent Pygmy Rice Rat

Mammals

Onychogalea lunata

Crescent Nailtail Wallaby

Mammals

Oryzomys antillarum

Jamaican Rice Rat

Mammals

Oryzomys nelsoni

Tres Marias Island Rice Rat

Mammals

Palaeopropithecus ingens

Large Sloth Lemur

Mammals

Pennatomys nivalis

Nevis Rice Rat

Mammals

Perameles eremiana

Desert Bandicoot

Mammals

Peromyscus pembertoni

Pemberton's Deer Mouse

Mammals

Plagiodontia ipnaeum

Samana Hutia

Mammals

Potorous platyops

Broad-faced Potoroo

Mammals

Prolagus sardus

Sardinian Pika

Mammals

Pseudomys glaucus

Blue-grey Mouse

Mammals

Pseudomys gouldii

Gould's Mouse

Mammals

Pteropus brunneus

Percy Island Flying Fox

Mammals

Pteropus pilosus

Large Palau Flying Fox

Mammals

Pteropus subniger

Lesser Mascarene Flying-fox

Mammals

Pteropus tokudae

Guam Flying Fox

Mammals

Rattus macleari

Maclear's Rat

Mammals

Rattus nativitatis

Bulldog Rat

Mammals

Rucervus schomburgki

Schomburgk's Deer

Mammals

Solenodon marcanoi

Marcano's Solenodon

Mammals

Thylacinus cynocephalus

Thylacine

Mammals

Xenothrix mcgregori

Jamaican Monkey

Mammals

Zalophus japonicus

Japanese Sea Lion

Aves

Aegolius gradyi

Bermuda Saw-whet Owl

Aves

Alectroenas nitidissimus

Mauritius Blue-pigeon

Aves

Alectroenas payandeei

Rodrigues Blue-pigeon

Aves

Alopecoenas ferrugineus

Tanna Ground-dove

Aves

Alopecoenas salamonis

Thick-billed Ground-dove

Aves

Alopochen kervazoi

Reunion Shelduck

Aves

Alopochen mauritiana

Mauritius Shelduck

Aves

Amazona martinicana

Martinique Amazon

Aves

Amazona violacea

Guadeloupe Amazon

Aves

Anas marecula

Amsterdam Duck

Aves

Anas theodori

Mauritius Duck

Aves

Anthornis melanocephala

Chatham Bellbird

Aves

Aphanapteryx bonasia

Red Rail

Aves

Aplonis corvina

Kosrae Starling

Aves

Aplonis fusca

Norfolk Island Starling

Aves

Aplonis mavornata

Mysterious Starling

Aves

Ara tricolor

Cuban Macaw

Aves

Atlantisia podarces

St Helena Crake

Aves

Bermuteo avivorus

Bermuda Hawk

Aves

Bowdleria rufescens

Chatham Fernbird

Aves

Bulweria bifax

Small St Helena Petrel

Aves

Cabalus modestus

Chatham Rail

Aves

Caloenas maculata

Liverpool Pigeon

Aves

Camptorhynchus labradorius

Labrador Duck

Aves

Caracara lutosa

Guadalupe Caracara

Aves

Chaetoptila angustipluma

Kioea

Aves

Chaunoproctus ferreorostris

Bonin Grosbeak

Aves

Chenonetta finschi

Finsch's Duck

Aves

Chloridops kona

Kona Grosbeak

Aves

Chlorostilbon bracei

Brace's Emerald

Aves

Chlorostilbon elegans

Caribbean Emerald

Aves

Ciridops anna

Ula-ai-hawane

Aves

Coenocorypha barrierensis

North Island Snipe

Aves

Coenocorypha iredalei

South Island Snipe

Aves

Colaptes oceanicus

Bermuda Flicker

Aves

Columba jouyi

Ryukyu Woodpigeon

Aves

Columba thiriouxi

Mauritius Woodpigeon

Aves

Columba versicolor

Bonin Woodpigeon

Aves

Conuropsis carolinensis

Carolina Parakeet

Aves

Coturnix novaezelandiae

New Zealand Quail

Aves

Coua delalandei

Snail-eating Coua

Aves

Cyanoramphus ulietanus

Raiatea Parakeet

Aves

Cyanoramphus zealandicus

Black-fronted Parakeet

Aves

Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi

Hawkins's Rail

Aves

Drepanis funerea

Black Mamo

Aves

Drepanis pacifica

Hawaii Mamo

Aves

Dromaius baudinianus

Kangaroo Island Emu

Aves

Dromaius minor

King Island Emu

Aves

Dryolimnas augusti

Reunion Rail

Aves

Dysmorodrepanis munroi

Lanai Hookbill

Aves

Eclectus infectus

Oceanic Parrot

Aves

Ectopistes migratorius

Passenger Pigeon

Aves

Erythromachus leguati

Rodrigues Rail

Aves

Falco duboisi

Reunion Kestrel

Aves

Fregilupus varius

Reunion Starling

Aves

Fulica newtonii

Mascarene Coot

Aves

Gallinula nesiotis

Tristan Moorhen

Aves

Gerygone insularis

Lord Howe Gerygone

Aves

Haematopus meadewaldoi

Canarian Oystercatcher

Aves

Hemignathus ellisianus

Greater Akialoa

Aves

Hemignathus obscurus

Lesser Akialoa

Aves

Hemignathus sagittirostris

Greater Amakihi

Aves

Heteralocha acutirostris

Huia

Aves

Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii

Dieffenbach's Rail

Aves

Hypotaenidia pacifica

Tahiti Rail

Aves

Hypotaenidia poeciloptera

Bar-winged Rail

Aves

Hypotaenidia wakensis

Wake Rail

Aves

Ixobrychus novaezelandiae

New Zealand Little Bittern

Aves

Lophopsittacus bensoni

Mauritius Grey Parrot

Aves

Lophopsittacus mauritianus

Broad-billed Parrot

Aves

Mascarenotus grucheti

Reunion Owl

Aves

Mascarenotus murivorus

Rodrigues Owl

Aves

Mascarenotus sauzieri

Mauritius Owl

Aves

Mascarinus mascarin

Mascarene Parrot

Aves

Mergus australis

Auckland Merganser

Aves

Microgoura meeki

Choiseul Pigeon

Aves

Moho apicalis

Oahu Oo

Aves

Moho bishopi

Bishop's Oo

Aves

Moho braccatus

Kauai Oo

Aves

Moho nobilis

Hawaii Oo

Aves

Mundia elpenor

Ascension Crake

Aves

Myadestes myadestinus

Kamao

Aves

Myadestes woahensis

Amaui

Aves

Myiagra freycineti

Guam Flycatcher

Aves

Nannococcyx psix

St Helena Cuckoo

Aves

Necropsar rodericanus

Rodrigues Starling

Aves

Necropsittacus rodricanus

Rodrigues Parrot

Aves

Nesillas aldabrana

Aldabra Warbler

Aves

Nesoenas cicur

Mauritius Turtle-dove

Aves

Nesoenas duboisi

Reunion Pigeon

Aves

Nesoenas rodericanus

Rodrigues Turtle-dove

Aves

Nestor productus

Norfolk Kaka

Aves

Nyctanassa carcinocatactes

Bermuda Night-heron

Aves

Nycticorax duboisi

Reunion Night-heron

Aves

Nycticorax mauritianus

Mauritius Night-heron

Aves

Nycticorax megacephalus

Rodrigues Night-heron

Aves

Paroreomyza flammea

Kakawahie

Aves

Pezophaps solitaria

Rodrigues Solitaire

Aves

Phalacrocorax perspicillatus

Spectacled Cormorant

Aves

Pinguinus impennis

Great Auk

Aves

Podiceps andinus

Colombian Grebe

Aves

Podilymbus gigas

Atitlan Grebe

Aves

Pomarea fluxa

Eiao Monarch

Aves

Pomarea nukuhivae

Nuku Hiva Monarch

Aves

Pomarea pomarea

Maupiti Monarch

Aves

Porphyrio albus

White Swamphen

Aves

Porphyrio caerulescens

Reunion Gallinule

Aves

Porphyrio kukwiedei

New Caledonia Gallinule

Aves

Porphyrio mantelli

North Island Takahe

Aves

Porphyrio paepae

Marquesan Swamphen

Aves

Prosobonia cancellata

Christmas Sandpiper

Aves

Prosobonia ellisi

Moorea Sandpiper

Aves

Prosobonia leucoptera

Tahiti Sandpiper

Aves

Psephotellus pulcherrimus

Paradise Parrot

Aves

Psittacara labati

Guadeloupe Parakeet

Aves

Psittacula exsul

Rodrigues Parakeet

Aves

Psittacula wardi

Seychelles Parakeet

Aves

Pterodroma rupinarum

Large St Helena Petrel

Aves

Ptilinopus mercierii

Red-moustached Fruit-dove

Aves

Quiscalus palustris

Slender-billed Grackle

Aves

Raphus cucullatus

Dodo

Aves

Rhodacanthis flaviceps

Lesser Koa-finch

Aves

Rhodacanthis palmeri

Greater Koa-finch

Aves

Sceloglaux albifacies

Laughing Owl

Aves

Tachybaptus rufolavatus

Alaotra Grebe

Aves

Threskiornis solitarius

Reunion Ibis

Aves

Traversia lyalli

Stephens Island Wren

Aves

Tribonyx hodgenorum

Hodgen's Waterhen

Aves

Turdus ravidus

Grand Cayman Thrush

Aves

Turnagra capensis

South Island Piopio

Aves

Turnagra tanagra

North Island Piopio

Aves

Upupa antaios

St Helena Hoopoe

Aves

Xenicus longipes

Bush Wren

Aves

Zapornia astrictocarpus

St Helena Rail

Aves

Zapornia monasa

Kosrae Crake

Aves

Zapornia nigra

Miller's Rail

Aves

Zapornia palmeri

Laysan Rail

Aves

Zapornia sandwichensis

Hawaiian Rail

Aves

Zoothera terrestris

Bonin Thrush

Aves

Zosterops strenuus

Robust White-eye

Reptiles

Ameiva cineracea

Guadeloupe Ameiva

Reptiles

Ameiva major

Martinique Giant Ameiva

Reptiles

Bolyeria multocarinata

Round Island Burrowing Boa

Reptiles

Borikenophis sanctaecrucis

Saint Croix Racer

Reptiles

Celestus occiduus

Jamaica Giant Galliwasp

Reptiles

Chioninia coctei

Cape Verde Giant Skink

Reptiles

Cyclura onchiopsis

Navassa Rhinoceros Iguana

Reptiles

Cylindraspis indica

Reptiles

Cylindraspis inepta

Reptiles

Cylindraspis peltastes

Reptiles

Cylindraspis triserrata

Reptiles

Cylindraspis vosmaeri

Reptiles

Hoplodactylus delcourti

Reptiles

Leiocephalus eremitus

Reptiles

Leiocephalus herminieri

Reptiles

Leiolopisma mauritiana

Reptiles

Pelusios seychellensis

Seychelles Black Terrapin

Reptiles

Phelsuma gigas

Gecko Diurne Gant De Rodrigues

Reptiles

Tachygyia microlepis

Tonga Ground Skink

Reptiles

Tetradactylus eastwoodae

Eastwood's Longtailed Seps

Reptiles

Typhlops cariei

Amphibians

Atelopus ignescens

Quito Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians

Atelopus longirostris

Longnose Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians

Atelopus vogli

Amphibians

Craugastor chrysozetetes

McCranie's Robber Frog

Amphibians

Craugastor escoces

Heredia Robber Frog

Amphibians

Cynops wolterstorffi

Yunnan Lake Newt

Amphibians

Incilius periglenes

Golden Toad

Amphibians

Lithobates fisheri

Las Vegas Leopard Frog

Amphibians

Nannophrys guentheri

Amphibians

Phrynomedusa fimbriata

Amphibians

Plethodon ainsworthi

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus adspersus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus dimbullae

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus eximius

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus extirpo

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus halyi

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus hypomelas

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus leucorhinus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus maia

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus nanus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus nasutus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus pardus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus rugatus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus stellatus

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus temporalis

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus variabilis

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus zal

Amphibians

Pseudophilautus zimmeri

Amphibians

Raorchestes travancoricus

Amphibians

Rheobatrachus silus

Southern Gastric Brooding Frog

Amphibians

Rheobatrachus vitellinus

Eungella Gastric-brooding Frog

Amphibians

Taudactylus diurnus

Mount Glorious Torrent Frog

Fishes

Alburnus akili

Beyehir Bleak

Fishes

Alburnus nicaeensis

Iznik Shemaya

Fishes

Anabarilius macrolepis

Fishes

Aphanius splendens

Fishes

Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha'

Fishes

Barbus microbarbis

Fishes

Characodon garmani

Parras Characodon

Fishes

Chasmistes muriei

Snake River Sucker

Fishes

Chondrostoma scodrense

Fishes

Coregonus alpenae

Fishes

Coregonus bezola

Fishes

Coregonus fera

Fishes

Coregonus gutturosus

Ainsworth's Salamander

Glk Toothcarp

Longjaw Cisco

Fishes

Coregonus hiemalis

Fishes

Coregonus johannae

Deepwater Cisco

Fishes

Coregonus nigripinnis

Blackfin Cisco

Fishes

Coregonus oxyrinchus

Houting

Fishes

Coregonus restrictus

Fishes

Cottus echinatus

Fishes

Ctenochromis pectoralis

Fishes

Cyprinodon arcuatus

Santa Cruz Pupfish

Fishes

Cyprinodon ceciliae

Villa Lopez Pupfish

Fishes

Cyprinodon inmemoriam

Charco Azul Pupfish

Fishes

Cyprinodon latifasciatus

Parras Pupfish

Fishes

Cyprinodon spp.

Perritos De Sandia

Fishes

Cyprinus yilongensis

Fishes

Empetrichthys merriami

Ash Meadows Poolfish

Fishes

Etheostoma sellare

Maryland Darter

Fishes

Eudontomyzon sp. nov. 'migratory'

Fishes

Evarra bustamantei

Mexican Dace

Fishes

Evarra eigenmanni

Mexican Dace

Fishes

Evarra tlahuacensis

Mexican Dace

Fishes

Fundulus albolineatus

Whiteline Topminnow

Fishes

Gambusia amistadensis

Amistad Gambusia

Fishes

Gambusia georgei

San Marcos Gambusia

Fishes

Gasterosteus crenobiontus

Fishes

Gila crassicauda

Thicktail Chub

Fishes

Lepidomeda altivelis

Pahranagat Spinedace

Fishes

Mirogrex hulensis

Hula Bream

Fishes

Moxostoma lacerum

Harelip Sucker

Fishes

Notropis amecae

Ameca Shiner

Fishes

Notropis aulidion

Durango Shiner

Fishes

Notropis orca

Phantom Shiner

Fishes

Notropis saladonis

Salado Shiner

Fishes

Noturus trautmani

Scioto Madtom

Fishes

Pantanodon madagascariensis

Fishes

Platytropius siamensis

Siamese flat-barbelled catfish

Fishes

Pogonichthys ciscoides

Clear Lake Splittail

Fishes

Priapella bonita

Graceful Priapella

Fishes

Prototroctes oxyrhynchus

New Zealand Grayling

Fishes

Pseudophoxinus handlirschi

Eirdir Minnow

Fishes

Ptychochromis onilahy

Fishes

Ptychochromoides itasy

Fishes

Rhinichthys deaconi

Las Vegas Dace

Fishes

Rhizosomichthys totae

pez graso

Fishes

Romanogobio antipai

Fishes

Salmo pallaryi

Fishes

Salvelinus agassizii

Fishes

Salvelinus neocomensis

Fishes

Salvelinus profundus

Fishes

Stypodon signifer

Utah Lake Sculpin

Silver Trout

Stumptooth Minnow

Fishes

Telestes ukliva

Fishes

Tristramella intermedia

Fishes

Tristramella magdelainae

Fishes

Tristramella sacra

Fishes

Xystichromis bayoni

Long Jaw Tristramella

V. EXTINCT IN THE WILD AND POSSIBLY EXTINCT VERTEBRATES SINCE 1500

ACCORDING TO IUCN (2014).

Group

Species

Common name

Category

Mammals

Bos sauveli

Kouprey

CR(PE)

Mammals

Crateromys australis

Dinagat Crateromys

CR(PE)

Mammals

Crocidura trichura

Christmas Island Shrew

CR(PE)

Mammals

Crocidura wimmeri

Wimmer's Shrew

CR(PE)

Mammals

Cryptochloris wintoni

De Winton's Golden Mole

CR(PE)

Mammals

Dendrolagus mayri

Wondiwoi Tree-kangaroo

CR(PE)

Mammals

Dipodomys gravipes

San Quintin Kangaroo Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Leporillus apicalis

Lesser Stick-nest Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Lipotes vexillifer

Baiji

CR(PE)

Mammals

Melanomys zunigae

Zuniga's Dark Rice Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Mesocapromys nanus

Dwarf Hutia

CR(PE)

Mammals

Mesocapromys sanfelipensis

Little Earth Hutia

CR(PE)

Mammals

Monodelphis unistriatus

Single-striped Opossum

CR(PE)

Mammals

Murina tenebrosa

Gloomy Tube-nosed Bat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Mysateles garridoi

CR(PE)

Mammals

Mystacina robusta

Garrido's Hutia
New Zealand Greater Short-tailed
Bat

Mammals

Nilopegamys plumbeus

Ethiopian Amphibious Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Nyctophilus howensis

Lord Howe Long-eared Bat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Peromyscus guardia

Angel Island Mouse

CR(PE)

Mammals

Peromyscus mekisturus

Puebla Deer Mouse

CR(PE)

Mammals

Phalanger matanim

Telefomin Cuscus

CR(PE)

Mammals

Pharotis imogene

Thomas's Big-eared Bat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Pipistrellus murrayi

Christmas Island Pipistrelle

CR(PE)

Mammals

Pteralopex pulchra

Montane Monkey-faced Bat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Pteropus aruensis

Aru Flying Fox

CR(PE)

Mammals

Pteropus tuberculatus

Vanikoro Flying Fox

CR(PE)

Mammals

Uromys emmae

Emma's Giant Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Uromys imperator

Emperor Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Uromys porculus

Guadalcanal Rat

CR(PE)

Mammals

Zyzomys pedunculatus

Central Rock Rat

CR(PE)

Birds

Campephilus imperialis

Imperial Woodpecker

CR(PE)

Birds

Cyanopsitta spixii

Spix's Macaw

CR(PEW)

Birds

Eriocnemis godini

Turquoise-throated Puffleg

CR(PE)

Birds

Eurostopodus exul

New Caledonian Nightjar

CR(PE)

Birds

Hemignathus lucidus

Nukupuu

CR(PE)

Birds

Melamprosops phaeosoma

Poo-uli

CR(PE)

Birds

Myadestes lanaiensis

Olomao

CR(PE)

Birds

Numenius borealis

Eskimo Curlew

CR(PE)

Birds

Hydrobates macrodactylus

Guadalupe Storm-petrel

CR(PE)

Birds

Paroreomyza maculata

Oahu Alauahio

CR(PE)

Birds

Pomarea mira

Ua Pou Monarch

CR(PE)

Birds

Psittirostra psittacea

Ou

CR(PE)

Birds

Pterodroma caribbaea

Jamaica Petrel

CR(PE)

CR(PE)

Birds

Pyrrhura subandina

Sinu Parakeet

CR(PE)

Birds

Siphonorhis americana

Jamaican Pauraque

CR(PE)

Birds

Sporophila melanops

Hooded Seedeater

CR(PE)

Birds

Turnix novaecaledoniae

New Caledonian Buttonquail

CR(PE)

Birds

Vermivora bachmanii

Bachman's Warbler

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Anolis roosevelti

Culebra Giant Anole

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Calamaria prakkei

Prakke's Reed Snake

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Capitellum parvicruzae

Lesser Saint Croix Skink

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Celestus anelpistus

Giant Hispaniolan Galliwasp

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Contomastix vittata

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Cynisca gansi

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Gallotia auaritae

Reptiles

Omoadiphas cannula

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Pseudoxyrhopus ankafinaensis

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Rhampholeon chapmanorum

Chapman's Pygmy Chameleon

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Spondylurus magnacruzae

Greater Saint Croix Skink

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Spondylurus monitae

Monito Skink

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Spondylurus spilonotus

Greater Virgin Islands Skink

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Stenocercus haenschi

Haensch's Whorltail Iguana

CR(PE)

Reptiles

Trimetopon viquezi

Viquez's Tropical Ground Snake

CR(PE)

Amphibians Altiphrynoides osgoodi

Osgood's Ethiopian Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Andinobates abditus

Collins' Poison Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Andinophryne colomai

Carchi Andes Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Aromobates nocturnus

Skunk Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptides dutoiti

Du Toit's Torrent Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptis kutogundua

Overlooked Squeaker Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Arthroleptis troglodytes

Cave Squeaker

CR(PE)

La Palma Giant Lizard

Amphibians Atelopus ardila

CR(PE)

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus balios

Rio Pescado Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus carbonerensis

La Carbonera Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chiriquiensis

Lewis' Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chirripoensis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus chrysocorallus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus eusebiodiazi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus famelicus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus guanujo

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus halihelos

Morona-Santiago Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians Atelopus lynchi

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus mindoensis

Mindo Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus muisca

La Arboleda Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus nanay

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus onorei

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus oxyrhynchus

Rednose Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pachydermus

Schmidt's Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pastuso

Amphibians Atelopus peruensis

CR(PE)
Peru Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians Atelopus petersi

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus pinangoi

Pinango Stubfoot Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus planispina

Flat-spined Atelopus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus podocarpus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Atelopus sernai

Amphibians Atelopus sorianoi

CR(PE)
Cloud Forest Stubfoot Toad

Amphibians Bokermannohyla izecksohni

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Amphibians Bradytriton silus

Finca Chiblac Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Bromeliohyla dendroscarta

Greater Bromeliad Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Centrolene heloderma

Pichincha Giant Glass Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Charadrahyla altipotens

Yellow-bellied Voiceless Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Charadrahyla trux

Spine-fingered Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Chiropterotriton magnipes

Big-footed Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Colostethus jacobuspetersi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Conraua derooi

Togo Slippery Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor anciano

Corquin Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor angelicus

Angel Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor coffeus

Amphibians Craugastor cruzi

CR(PE)
Cruz Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor emleni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor fecundus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor gulosus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor obesus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor olanchano

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor omoaensis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor polymniae

Sierra Juarez Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor stadelmani

CR(PE)

Amphibians Craugastor trachydermus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Cryptobatrachus nicefori

CR(PE)

Amphibians Ecnomiohyla echinata

Oaxacan Fringe-limbed Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus eneidae

Villalba Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus glanduliferoides

La Visite Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti

Karl's Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus orcutti

Arntully Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus schmidti

Schmidt's Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Eleutherodactylus semipalmatus

Foothill Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Gastrotheca lauzuricae

La Siberia Marsupial Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Holoaden bradei

Itatiaia Highland Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyla heinzsteinitzi

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloscirtus chlorosteus

Parjacti Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloxalus edwardsi

Edwards' Rocket Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hyloxalus ruizi

Ruiz's Rocket Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Hypsiboas cymbalum

CR(PE)

Amphibians Incilius fastidiosus

Pico Blanco Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Isthmohyla debilis

Isla Bonita Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates omiltemanus

Guerreran Leopard Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates pueblae

CR(PE)

Amphibians Lithobates tlaloci

Tlaloc's Leopard Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Litoria castanea

Yellow-spotted Tree Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Litoria piperata

Peppered Tree Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Mannophryne neblina

CR(PE)

Amphibians Melanophryniscus peritus

Amphibians Oedipina paucidentata

CR(PE)
El Empalme Worm Salamander

Amphibians Oreobates zongoensis

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Amphibians Parhoplophryne usambarica

Amani Forest Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Peltophryne fluviatica

Hispaniolan Crestless Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Philautus jacobsoni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla calvicollina

Cerro Peln Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla celata

Oaxaca Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla cembra

Amphibians Plectrohyla cyanomma

CR(PE)
Blue-eyed Aquatic Treefrog

Amphibians Plectrohyla ephemera

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla hazelae

Hazel's Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla siopela

Voiceless Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Plectrohyla thorectes

Adler's Mottled Treefrog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pristimantis bernali

Argelia Robber Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Proceratophrys moratoi

Botucatu Escuerzo

CR(PE)

Amphibians Prostherapis dunni

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea ahuitzotl

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea anitae

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea aquatica

Aquatic Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea naucampatepetl

Cofre de Perote Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea praecellens

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh

CR(PE)

Amphibians Pseudoeurycea unguidentis

CR(PE)

Amphibians Rhinella rostrata

CR(PE)

Amphibians Rhinoderma rufum

CR(PE)

Amphibians Scutiger maculatus

Piebald Alpine Toad

CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius cirrhacelis

Loja Water Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius niger

Black Water Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Telmatobius vellardi

Vellard's Water Frog

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius infernalis

Atoyac Minute Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius minydemus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius munificus

CR(PE)

Amphibians Thorius narismagnus

San Martin Pigmy Salamander

CR(PE)

Amphibians Vandijkophrynus amatolicus

Amatola Toad

CR(PE)

Fishes

Acanthobrama centisquama

Long-spine Bream

CR(PE)

Fishes

Acanthobrama tricolor

Damascus Bream

CR(PE)

Fishes

Acipenser dabryanus

Yangtze Sturgeon

CR(PE)

Fishes

Acipenser naccarii

Adriatic Sturgeon

CR(PE)

Fishes

Alosa vistonica

CR(PE)

Fishes

Anabarilius qiluensis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Anabarilius yangzonensis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Azurina eupalama

Galpagos Damsel

CR(PE)

Fishes

Balantiocheilos ambusticauda

Siamese Bala-shak

CR(PE)

Fishes

Barbodes bovanicus

Bovany Barb

CR(PE)

Fishes

Caecocypris basimi

Haditha Cavefish

CR(PE)

Fishes

Carcharhinus hemiodon

Pondicherry Shark

CR(PE)

Fishes

Cobitis kellei

Diyarbakir Spined Loach

CR(PE)

Fishes

Coregonus hoferi

CR(PE)

Fishes

Coregonus reighardi

Shortnose Cisco

Fishes

Cyprinus barbatus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Cyprinus ilishaestomus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Cyprinus micristius

Fishes

Cyprinus qionghaiensis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Cyprinus yunnanensis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Fundulopanchax powelli

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis aelocephalus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis antleter

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis apogonoides

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis argenteus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis barbarae

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis bareli

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis brownae

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis cassius

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis cinctus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis cnester

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis coprologus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis crassilabris

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis crocopeplus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis dentex

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis dichrourus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis flavipinnis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis granti

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis guiarti

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis heusinkveldi

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis hiatus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis iris

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis ishmaeli

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis katunzii

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis longirostris

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis macrognathus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis martini

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis michaeli

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis microdon

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis mylergates

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis nanoserranus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis pancitrinus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis parvidens

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis percoides

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis perrieri

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis plutonius

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis ptistes

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis sp. nov. 'micro-obesus'

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis sphex

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis sulphureus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis teegelaari

CR(PE)

Dianchi Carp

CR(PE)

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis theliodon

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis ushindi

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis victorianus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis vonlinnei

CR(PE)

Fishes

Haplochromis xenostoma

CR(PE)

Fishes

Hemibagrus punctatus

Fishes

Hypselobarbus pulchellus

Fishes

Knipowitschia cameliae

Fishes

Pantanodon sp. nov. 'Manombo'

Fishes

Paraschistura chrysicristinae

Diyarbakr Loach

CR(PE)

Fishes

Parapsilorhynchus prateri

Deolali Minnow

CR(PE)

Fishes

Poropuntius chonglingchungi

Fishes

Psephurus gladius

Chinese Paddlefish

CR(PE)

Fishes

Pseudophoxinus sojuchbulagi

Akstafa Spring Roach

CR(PE)

Fishes

Pseudophoxinus syriacus

Barada Spring Minnow

CR(PE)

Fishes

Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi

Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon

CR(PE)

Fishes

Puntius compressiformis

Fishes

Puntius deccanensis

Fishes

Schistura nasifilis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Schistura tenura

CR(PE)

Fishes

Sciaena callaensis

CR(PE)

Fishes

Stiphodon discotorquatus

CR(PE)

Fishes

Urolophus javanicus

Java Stingaree

CR(PE)

Fishes

Xenoclarias eupogon

Lake Victoria Deepwater Catfish

CR(PE)

Nilgiri Mystus

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

Danube Delta Dwarf Goby

CR(PE)
CR(PE)

CR(PE)

CR(PE)
Deccan Barb

CR(PE)