CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
To fight the foreign body, the body has a mutual defense system support.
Epidermis that serves as a physical defense, aided by tears, sebum, saliva,
gastric and gum that contain elements of chemical defense. Body's defense
system is a combination of cells, molecules, and networks that play a role in
resistence of materials or substances into the body. If a bacterial pathogen
successfully penetrated the first line of defense, the body against attacks by
an inflammatory reaction (inflammation) or a specific immune reaction.
Coordinated reaction of cells and molecules of a foreign object into the body
called the immune response. The immune system is your body needs to
maintain its integrity against the dangers that can be caused by a variety of
materials or substances from the environment.
Immune system that maintains the integrity of the body consists of
nonspecific immune system (natural/innate) and specific (adaptive/acquired).
Nonspecific immune system already exists and is functioning since birth, is a
newly developed specific after that. Non-specific immune system cells react
regardless of whether the originator of the agency or have never been found.
His reaction was not to be activated in advance as in the specific immune
system. Further non-specific immune response is the first line of defense
against a variety of factors that threaten. Cells that play a role in nonspecific
immune system are phagocytic cells, null cells, and cell mediators.
Cells that engulf and digest particles or liquid substance called phagocytic
cells. Phagocytes (phagocyte) is the classification of white blood cells that
play a role in the immune system by phagocytosis / ingest pathogens.
Phagocytes meaning "cell" that can eat or swallow solid material. To ingest
particles or pathogens, phagocytes expand the plasma membrane and then

wrap the membrane around the particle until wrapped. Once inside the cell,
the invading pathogens stored in endosom ago united with the lysosomes.
Lysosomes contain enzymes and acids that kill and digest particles or
organisms. Phagocytes is generally around the body in search of pathogens,
but they also respond to molecular signals produced by specialized cells,
called sitokina.
Phagocytes was first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov when he
was studying starfish larvae. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology
and Medicine in 1908 because of his findings. Phagocytes is very vital role to
fight infection, foreign particles may enter the body, bacteria and cell death or
apoptosis. When the cells of the organism is dead, through the process of
apoptosis or by damage caused by viral or bacterial infection, phagocytic
cells play a role by moving them from the scene. By helping to remove dead
cells and encourage the formation of healthy new cells, phagocytosis is an
important part of the healing process of injured tissues. Phagocytic cells of
the host organism is generally a part of the establishment and maintenance
of normal tissue. Phagocytic cells consisting of mononuclear cell base
(monocytes and macrophages) and polymorphonuclear cells (granulocytes
consisting of neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) is formed in the bone
marrow.
B. Purpose
A. General Purpose
1. The purpose of the preparation of this paper to learn about the
anatomy of physiology of the immune system.
2. Special Purpose
a. Knowing the meaning of the immune system
b. Knowing the structure, functions, and processes in the human
immune system.

c. Linking structure, function, and processes in the human immune

system Understand the types of immune.
d. Identify the types of disturbances / disorders that can occur in
the human immune system.
B. Systematics of Writing
The paper is based on the immune system Systematics writing of
Chapter I of the Introduction which contains the background, objective
and systematic writing. Chapter II contains the theoretical concepts of
the understanding of the immune system, anatomy and physiology of
immunity. Chapter III of the cover which contains the conclusions and
suggestions.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition
Immune system or immune system is a system of biological protection
of outside influence by special cells and organs in an organism. If the
immune system is working properly, this system will protect the body against
bacterial and viral infections, as well as destroying cancer cells and other
foreign substances in the body. If the immune system weakens, its ability to
protect the body is also reduced, thus causing pathogens, including viruses
that cause colds and flu, can develop in the body. The immune system also
provides surveillance of tumor cells, and inhibition of this system has also
been reported to increase the risk of some cancers.
The body's immune response is the response of a complex sequence of
events to an antigen, to eliminate the antigen. This immune response may
involve a variety of cells and proteins, particularly macrophages,
lymphocytes, complement, dansitokin the complex interact with each other.
Body's defense mechanisms consist of non-specific defense mechanisms
and defense mechanisms that meet the foreign spesifik.Substansi system
works as antigen, anti against + genin yield. For example if there is a
substance there is a response from the host, this response can be cellular,
humoral, or both. Antigen can be intact bacterial cells or tumor cells in the
form

of

macro-molecules

such

as

proteins,

polysaccharides

or

nucleoprotein. At any circumstances spesitas immune response is controlled

by a relatively small influence of molecular antigendetenniminan to antigenic
proteins and polysaccharides, antigenic determinants consist of four to six
amino acids or monosacarida unit. If the complex antigenic determinants
such as Yang has a lot of bacterial cells will generate a spectrum of cellular
and humoral responses. Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins are

glikkoprotein circulating plasma and can interact specifically with antigenic

determinants that stimulate formation of antibodies, antibodies secreted by
plasma cells are formed through the proliferation and differentiation of B
lymphocytes In humans found five classes of immunoglobulins, IgG,
consisting of two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains linked
by disulfide bonds and non-covalent pressure. IgG is the most numerous
class, 75% of serum immunoglobulin IgG served as a model for other
classes.

B. Immune system function

The immune system has several functions for the body, namely as :
1. DEFENSE body, the body ward off harmful substances that are not
sick, and if the immune cells responsible for this defence getting
interference or are not working properly, then people will easily get sick.
2. Balance, or the means to maintain the balance of homeostatic
functions of the body components.
3. Patrolling, part of the immune cells have ability to monitor throughout
the body. If there are cells that have mutations in the cells will be
destroyed patrol.
C. Various kinds of immune system
The

human

immune

system

is

divided

into

two,

namely

a. non-specific immune
1.

Non-specific immune process first stage

The first stage of this defense process may also be called a natural
immunity. Body to provide resistance or barriers to entry of the
pathogen / antigen. The skin becomes a barrier for entry of
pathogens because the outer layer of skin containing keratin and a
little water so that the growth of microorganisms is inhibited. Tears
to provide resistance against foreign substances by washing and
dissolving microorganisms. Oil produced by sebaceous glands
have antimicrobial action. Mucus or phlegm is used to trap
pathogens that enter the nose or bronchi, and will be issued by the
lungs. Nose hair also have an influence because of the charge air
filter harmful particles. All the liquid produced by the body (tears,
mucus, saliva) containing enzym called lysozyme. Lysozyme is an
enzyme that can either hydrolysis of bacterial cell wall membranes
or other pathogens so that the cells burst and die later. When the
pathogen defense made it past the first stage, the second defense
will be active.

2.

The

surface

of

the

body,

mucosal

and

skin

The body surface is the first defense against the penetration of

microorganisms. When the penetration of microorganisms occur as
well, then the microorganisms that enter will meet with various
3.

other elements of the natural immune system.

glands and cilia with enzymes that exist in the mucosa and skin.
Inhibit the penetration gland products of microorganisms, as well
as the cilia on the mucosa. Enzymes such as lysozyme could also

4.

damage the cell walls of microorganisms.

Complement and macrophage
Alternative complement pathway can be activated by a wide range
of bacteria directly so that elimination occurs via the process of
lysis or phagocytosis by macrophages or leukocytes stimulated by
opsonin and the chemotactic substances, because these cells
have

receptors

for

complement

components

(C3B)

and

chemotactic receptors. Chemotactic agent will call monocytes and

polymorphonuclear cells to the microorganisms and will be
5.

phagocytosis.
Acute Phase Protein
Acute phase proteins are plasma proteins that the body is formed
as a result of tissue damage. Liver is a major acute phase protein
synthesis. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein.
Named for the first time CRP by a typical protein is known because
it is able to bind to protein C of pneumococcus. CRP interaction will
also activate the alternative complement pathway that will be lysis
antigen.

6.

Cells 'natural killer' (NK) and interferon

NK cells are lymphocytes that can kill the cells occupied by a virus
or tumor cells. Interferon is a substance produced by cells of

leukocytes and virus-infected cells, which are able to inhibit virus

replication in cells and enhance NK cell activation.
3. The process of non-specific defenses to the two-stage
Inflammation is one of the non-specific defense, where if there is a
pathogen or antigen into the body and invade a cell, the cell is damaged it
will release a chemical signal which is histamine. Signal chemical impact
on the dilatation (widening) blood vessels and eventually rupture. Types
of white blood cell neutrophils, and monocytes acidofil out of blood
vessels due to motion induced by chemical compounds (kemokinesis and
chemotaxis).
Because of its phagocytes, white blood cells will be directly eat foreign
cells. This event is called phagocytosis by eating solids, if the food is
liquid, it is called pinositosis. Macrophages or monocytes worked to kill
the pathogen by pathogen with pseudopodianya envelop and kill
pathogens with the help of lysosomes. Killer with the help of lysosomes
can be via two methods, namely lysosomes produce compounds toxic to
the pathogen or lysosomes result in lysosomal enzyme that digests
microbial body parts.
On certain body parts are macrophages that did not move to other
body parts, such as: lung (alveolar macrophages), liver (Kupffer cells),
kidney (mesangial cells), brain (cells microgial) , connective tissue
(histiocyte) and the nodes and spleen. Acidofil / Eosinophils play a role in
dealing with large parasites. This cell will put themselves on the outside
wall of the parasite and release destructive enzymes from cytoplasmic
granules possessed. In addition to leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins also
play a role in destroying pathogens. The most important antimicrobial
proteins in the blood and tissues is a protein of the complement system
plays an important role in the process of non-specific and specific
defense as well as interferon. Interferon is produced by cells infected by a

virus which serves to inhibit virus production in neighboring cells. When

the pathogen made it through the entire non-specific defense, then the
pathogen will be dealing with specific defense mediated by lymphocytes.
b. Specific immune system
Specific Defense: antibody-mediated immunity to antibody-mediated
immune response, B lymphocytes play a role in this process, in which B
lymphocytes will go through two processes, namely the primary immune
response and secondary immune responses. If the B lymphocyte cells
meet antigen match, the B lymphocytes to divide by mitosis and produce
some B lymphocytes B lymphocytes immediately releasing all that they
have antibodies and stimulate mast cells to destroy the antigen or cells
that

have

been

attacked

by

antigen

to

release

histamine.

1 B lymphocyte cells kept alive to keep the same antibodies before the
attack occurred. The remaining B lymphocytes called memory B
lymphocytes. This is the primary immune response. If at any time, again
attacking the same antigen, B lymphocytes rapidly produce more cells
than the previous B lymphocytes. Everything is released and stimulates
antibody

Mast

cells

release

histamine

to

kill

the

antigen.

Then, a B lymphocyte is left alive to save any of the previous antibody.

This leads to why the secondary immune response is much faster than
the primary immune response. At one point, if an individual is not
exposed to antigen length equal to the previous attack, then he could be
pain caused by the same antigen as that given B lymphocyte antigen is
already dead. Memory B lymphocytes are usually long-lived and do not
produce antibodies but subject to specific antigen. If there is not the same
antigen are attacked in a very long time, then b lymphocytes could be
dead, and individuals that should be resistant to these antigens could be

hurt again if antigen was attacked, then the whole process of the immune
response must be started from scratch.

lymphocytes B
Created in the bone marrow stem cells
that are pluripotensi (pluripotent stem

from stem cells that

cells) and allowed to mature in the

pluripotensi (pluripotent

bone marrow (Bone Marrow)

stem cells) and matured

Participate in humoral immunity

in the thymus
Participate in cellular

immunity
Striking antigen inside

the cell
There are three types of

Striking antigen in the fluid between

cells
There are three types of lymphocytes

are B cells, namely :

T lymphocytes, which

plasma B lymphocytes, produce

are :

antibodies

Lymphocytes T
Made in bone marrow

helper T lymphocytes

splitting B Lymphocytes, B

(helper T cells), immune

Lymphocytes produced in large

system function settings

quantities and fast

and control the quality of

of memory B lymphocytes, store ever

the immune system

recall antigen enters the body

T killer lymphocytes
(killer T cells) or
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes,
which attack the body
cells infected by
pathogens

Suppressor T
lymphocytes (T cells
Suppressor ), and the
stop function lowers the
immune response if the
infection persists.

Cellular immunity
Immunity cellular immunity is played by T lymphocytes with or without the

help of other immune system components. T lymphocytes are lymphocytes

derived from cells of the embryo pluripotensial contained in the yolk sac; then
the liver and spleen, and bone marrow. In the development of cells that will be
pluripotensial T lymphocytes require a thymic environment to become mature
T lymphocytes, in the thymus, T lymphocyte precursor cells will express
certain molecules on the membrane surface that would be characteristic of T
lymphocytes The molecules on the membrane surface is also called surface
markers or marker surface, and can be detected by the monoclonal antibody
by WHO to be named with the letters CD, cluster of differentiation means.
Broadly speaking, the T lymphocytes leave the thymus and enter the
peripheral blood (mature T lymphocytes) consists of a T lymphocyte surface
marker CD4 molecule and the surface markers of T lymphocytes with CD8
molecules. CD4 lymphocytes are also called T4 cells and CD8 lymphocytes
called T8 cells (when the monoclonal antibody used is the output Coulter
Electronics). In addition to the appearance of surface markers, in the thymus
are also occur realignment of the gene (gene rearrangement) to eventually be
able to produce a molecule which is the antigen receptors of T lymphocytes
(TCR).
So the next time leave the thymus, each T lymphocyte antigen receptor
have shown themselves (self antigens) usually have an abortion in the
thymus that are generally out of the thymus lymphocytes do not react to self
antigens. Functionally, T lymphocytes are divided into regulatory T
lymphocytes and effector T lymphocytes. Regulatory T lymphocytes consist of
T helper lymphocytes (Th = CD4) which will help increase the activation of
other immunocompetent cells, and suppressor T lymphocytes (Ts = CD8 +)
that will suppress other immunocompetent cell activation when the antigen

from being eliminated. Whereas effector T lymphocytes consisted of cytotoxic

T lymphocytes (Tc = CD8 +) that melisis target cells, and T lymphocytes that
play a role in hypersensitivity slower (Td = CD4) that recruit inflammatory
cells to the antigen is located.

lymphokine

Lymphokines to activate macrophages by inducing the formation of Fc

receptors on the surface of macrophages and C3B, making it easier to see
who has bound antigen with an antibody or complement, and thus facilitate
phagocytosis. Besides stimulating lymphokine production and secretion of
various enzymes and metabolites of oxygen that is bakterisid or cytotoxic
against the antigen (bacteria, parasites, etc.) to enhance the destruction of
antigen by macrophages.

Other activities for the elimination of antigen

When the antigen cant be eliminated then the macrophages were stimulated
to release fibrogenik factors and the formation of granuloma tissue and
fibrosis, so the spread can be limited. Activated T cells also stimulate B cells
to proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells (see
chapter on humoral immunity). As the final result is the elimination of this
activation antigen. In addition to antigen elimination, this exposure also
raises the memory cells when exposed again later with a similar antigen will
rapidly proliferate and differentiate.
humoral immunity
Immunity humoral immunity is played by B lymphocytes with or without the
help of other immunocompetent cells. Tasks will be implemented by the B
cell immunoglobulin secretion by plasma cells. There are five classes of
immunoglobulins are known to us, namely IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE. B
lymphocytes are also derived from the development pluripotensial cells in
mammals is influenced by environmental bursa Fabricius and liver in
humans by the environment, and the bone marrow environment called gutassociated lymphoid tissue (Galt). These developments occurred in the

realignment of genes whose products are antigen receptors on the

membrane

surface. In the B cell antigen receptors are

surface

immunoglobulins (surface immunoglobulin). At first this is a class of surface

immunoglobulin IgM, and the subsequent development of B cells also
showed IgG, IgA and IgD on the membrane with the F (ab) are similar. This
development does not need to antigen stimulation of mature B cells all have
specific antigen receptors.
Number of normal leukocyte cells.
The leukocytes are blood cells contain a nucleus, also called white blood
cells. In the human blood, normal leukocyte count was found to average
5000-9000 mm3, if the amount is more than 12000, the condition is called
leukocytosis, when less than 5000 is called leukopenia. Viewed in the light
microscope has a white blood cell-specific granules (granulocytes), which is
on a semi-liquid droplets, the cytoplasm and nucleus have varying forms,
which have no granules, homogeneous cytoplasm to the nucleus round or
kidney shape. There are two types of leukocytes agranuler: limfosit small
cells, the cytoplasm slightly; monocytes rather large cells contain more
cytoplasm. There are three types of granular leukosit: Neutrophils, Basophils,
and Asidofil (or eosinophils) that can be distinguished by the affinity of the dye
neutral granular bases and acids. Granules are considered specific if it is still
present in certain types of leukocytes and the majority of precursor (pre
substance). Leukocytes have a role in cellular and humoral defense organism
against substances exile. Leukocytes can do amuboid movement and
through the process of leukocyte diapedesis can leave a break between the
capillary endothelial cells and penetrate into the connective tissue. The
number of leukocytes per microliter of blood, in normal adults is 4000-11000,
15000-25000 birth, and before the fourth day was down to 12000, at the age
of 4 years according to the normal amount. Quantitative variations in white

blood cells depends on age. at birth, 4 years and at age 14 -15 years the
percentage of a typical adult is reached. When examining the variation of
Physiology and Pathology of blood cells is not only the percentage but also
the absolute number of each type per unit volume of blood to be taken.

Neutrophils
Developing neutrophils in the bone marrow released in circulation, this cells is
60 -70% of circulating leukocytes. The center line of about 12 um, one core
and 2-5 lobes. The cytoplasm is packed with specific granules (0; 3 to 0.8 um)
close to the limits of optical resolution, salmon pink colored by a mixture of
types romanovsky. Granules in neutrophils is twofold :
- Azurofilik lisozom containing enzymes and peroxidase.
- A smaller specific granules contain alkaline phosphatase and bactericidal
substances (Cationic proteins) called fagositin.
Neutrophils rarely contain granular endoplasmic

reticulum,

little

mitochondria, rudimentary Golgi apparatus and few glycogen granules.

Neutrophils are the front line of cellular defense against invading
microorganisms, small particles with active phagocytosis. Presence of D
amino acid oxidation in the granule azurofilik important in the digestion of
bacterial cell wall that contains the amino acid D. Peroxide formed during the
process of phagocytosis. Mielo peroxidase contained in neutrophils binds
with halides peroxides and molekultirosin work on the bacterial cell wall and
destroy it. Under the influence of certain toxic substances such as
streptococcal toxic streptolisin granules neutrophil membrane rupture,
resulting in the swelling process followed by aglutulasiorganel-organelles and
destruction of neutrophils. Neotrofil have a very active metabolism and is
able to perform both glycolysis and anaerobic arrob. Nautropil ability to live in
anaerobic environments is very advantageous, because they can kill bacteria
and help clean up debris in necrotic tissue. Phagocytosis by stimulating the
activity of hexose monophosphate neutrfil shunt, increasing glicogenolisis.

Eosinophils

The number of eosinophils only 1-4% of blood leukocytes, have 9um

diameter (slightly smaller than neutrophils). Core usually has two lobes,
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus is less developed.
Have an ovoid granules with eosin asidofkik, granules are lysosomes
containing acid fosfatae, katepsin, ribonuklase, but did not contain lysozyme.
Eosinophils have amuboid movement, and able to perform phagocytosis,
slower but more selective than neutrifil. Eosinophils will phagocytosis
complex antigen and antibodies, is a function of eosinophils to perform
selective phagocytosis of antigen and antibody complex. Eosinophils contain
profibrinolisin, thought to contribute to maintain the blood from clotting,
especially when the state of liquid modified by processes of Pathology.
Corticosteroids will cause a decrease in the number of blood eosinophils
rapidly.

basophils
Basophil numbers 0 -% of blood leukocytes, the size of 12um diameter, the
core of a large, irregular forms of choice, generally form the letter S,
cytoplasm filled with granules of basophils larger, and often cover core
granules, irregularly shaped granules colored metakromatik, with a mixture of
types Romanvaki appear violet. Metakromatik basophils granules and secrete
histamine and heparin, and under certain circumstances, basophils are the
primary cells at the site of inflammation of the skin is called hypersesitivitas
basophils. This shows the relationship basophils have immunity.

Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are spherical cells, diameter 6-8um, 20-30% of blood
leukocytes. Normal, relatively large nuclei, round little depressions on the one
hand, chromatin dense core, the core of children seen by electron microscopy
of new. Very little cytoplasm, slightly basophilic, containing granules azurofilik.
The color purple with Romonovsky contains free ribosomes and poliribisom.

Other Classification of lymphocytes seen with met specific molecular signs on

the membrane surface in these cells. Some of them carry receptor as
antigen-specific immunoglobulin binding to the membrane. Lymphocytes in
normal blood circulation can be sized 10-12um size larger due to more
cytoplasm. Sometimes referred to as lymphocyte medium. Large lymphocytes
in the lymph nodes and will appear in the blood in pathological
circumstances, the lymphocyte cell nucleus is large with child vasikuler a
clear core. Lymphocytes can be classified by origin, fine structure, surface
markers associated with immunological nature, life cycle and function.

Monocytes
Leukocyte cell is 3-8% greater than normal number of leukocytes, 9-10 um
diameter, but in dried blood supplies reach 20um diameter, or more. Nucleus
is usually eccentrically, the indentations in the shape of a horseshoe.
Chromatin is less dense, more fibriler arrangement, it is the nature of the
cytoplasm remained relatively momosit wrigh much with the outward
appearance of a gray bim on a dry dish. Azurofil granules, is a primary
lysosomes, more but smaller. Retikulim endoplasmic encountered little. Also
ribosomes,

pliribosom

little,

many

mitochondria.

Apparatusgolgi,

microfilaments and microtubules are found in the core area of indentation.

Monocytes found in blood, connective tissue, and cavities of the body.
Classified as mononuclear phagocytic monocytes (retikuloendotel system)
and have receptor sites on the membrane surface. For immunoglobulins and
complement. Monocytes circulate through the bloodstream, through the
capillary wall into the connective tissue. In blood a few days. In tissue reacted
with lymphocytes and plays an important role in the recognition and
interaction of cells with antigen immunocompetent.
D. REGULATION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

After the antigen can be eliminated, so in order to avoid the activation

of the immune system is out of control, it is necessary to the regulation of
immune responses. There are three kinds of mechanisms to regulate the
body's immune response has occurred.
Regulation by the antibodies
Antibodies formed by antigen exposure may influence subsequent
antibody production. At the time of antibody levels remained low at the
beginning stages of response, the antibodies would stimulate B cells that
have the capacity to produce antibodies with high affinity. So the newly
formed antibodies is an important factor to encourage the process of affinity
maturation. This happens because the antibodies will compete with the
antigen receptor on B cells to bind antigen, so that is stimulated B cells that
have a high holding capacity of the antigen or the high-affinity, because it
also generated antibodies of high affinity. The existence of the effect of such
antibodies is influenced by the type of antibody isotip. IgM generally have a
tendency to increase the production of antibodies, but more often are
suppressive IgG.
In addition, at the beginning of the response phase, when the ratio is still
greater than the antigen antibody, the presence of antibodies will facilitate the
Ag-Ab complex immobilized on macrophage cells via Fc receptors, to be
presented at a later Th cells stimulate B cells to make antibodies. So at the
beginning of an increase in the number and affinity of antibodies. But when
the antibody is present in high concentrations, ie after reaching an amount
sufficient to neutralize the existing antigen, the antibody will be a negative
feedback that did not form the same antibody further. This happens because
the dependent parts of F (ab) 2 antibody to the antigen epitope antigen
receptor on B cells would not be aroused again by the antigen epitopes, so
there

is

no

activation

and

priming

of

cells

is

inhibited.

In addition, antibodies can also be an increased negative feedback via its Fc

part. B cell antigen receptor but has also had Fc receptors. With the antibody
bound to the Fc receptor of B cells, the antigen epitope bound to the antigen
receptor on B cells cant be held because of the combination of bridging cross
between antigen receptors and Fc receptors, so there is no activation of B
cells (see Figure 3-4). The absence of bridging between an antigen receptor
with other antigen receptors on B cells did not result in the activation of the
enzyme, so that B cells are not stimulated to undergo blast transformation,
proliferate and differentiate, and consequently the formation of antibodies
more and more reduced.
D. Regulation of specific idiotip
As a result of antigen stimulation of B cells to form antibodies that will
increasingly grow. At certain levels, idiotip of these antibodies will act as an
immunogenic stimulus that resulted in the formation of anti-idiotip. The basis
of this reaction is actually not clear because it is a contradiction of self
tolerance. But the facts do suggest the existence of lymphocytes that can
recognize and react with antibodies idiotip, because there are lymphocytes
that have receptors for this idiotip. Anti-formed idiotip idiotip also have to be to
stimulate the formation of anti-idiotip, and so on.
In the presence of anti idiotip animal is seen in the phase of the immune
response begins to decline. Anti-idiotip that emerged from similar antigen, as
it is called internal image of antigen origin. But the presence of antibody antiidiotip at a normal immune response will not stimulate the re-occurrence of
antibodies to the antigen origin. The formation of anti-idiotip consecutive
number of antibody resulted in more and more reduced. Can be equated as a
rock that fell into the water and causes bubbles in the water more and more
disappear.

Regulation through the establishment of anti-idiotip is regulation to reduce

immune response (down regulation) is known as imunoregulator network of
Jerne (1974).
C. The factors that undermine the immunology system
The immune system has tightly relationship with our way of life. Here are
the factors that undermine our immunology system :
1. Way of life that is not health
2. Deficient diet
3. Air pollution or the environment.
4. Fatigue
5. Stress and anxiety
6. Lack of exercise
7. Excessive use of antibiotics
When our immune system declines, it is easier for us to get an outbreak.
People who have low immune system is easy to feel tired, not excited,
catarrh always, intestinal outbreaks (food that does not comply will
cause vomiting and nausea), wound difficult to heal, allergies and so on.
In addition, immune system irregularities may also cause injury to cells.
D. Due to immbalance diseases of the immune system
Here is a disease caused by an imbalance of the immune system :
1. AIDS
Also known as the syndrome is less resistance against the disease; in
which the HIV virus attacks the immune system. When entering the
human body, the virus will destroy brain cells and 'leucocytes' and he
develops in the lymphocytes multiply and cause loss of human body to
fight disease efforts. patients be weak and exposed to various infectious
diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis, candidiasis, kayap, when
enteritis, pneumonia, 'cephalitis' and others are caused by pathogenic
microorganisms incredible.

2. Disease Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the immune response that turns against its own organs
and tissues. Autoimmunity may occur in humoral immune responses or
cell-mediated immunity. For example, type 1 diabetes occurs because the
body makes antibodies that destroy the insulin that the patient's body
cant make sugar. On myasthenia gravis, the immune system makes
antibodies that attack normal tissues such as neuromuscular and causes
paralysis and weakness. On rheumatic fever, antibodies attack the heart
and can cause permanent heart damage. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
on, commonly called lupus, antibodies attack a variety of different tissues,
causing symptoms that spread.
3. Allergy
Allergies, sometimes called a hypersensitivity, caused by an immune
response against the antigen. Antigens that trigger allergy are called
allergen. Reactions allergy is divided into 2 types :
immediate allergic reactions and delayed allergic reactions.
a. Allergic reactions are caused directly humoral immunity mechanisms.
This reaction caused by IgE antibodies production when someone is
exposed to antigen excess. IgE antibodies attached to mast cells,
leukocytes have a compound histamine. Many mast cells present in
the lungs so that when IgE antibodies attach to mast cells, Histamine
released and cause sneezing and watery eyes.
b. Delayed allergic reaction caused by the intermediary cells. Extreme
example is when macrophages cant swallow or destroy the antigen.
Finally, T lymphocytes, triggering immediate swelling of the tissues.
E. Prevention
Terms have a perfect immune system against viruses and bacteria, we
need to have certain requirements as follows :

1. Nutrition Perfect Every dish has to have a complete range of

substances, do not choose the food, not excessive and the principle of such
nutrients include carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, minerals, water, fiber, fat,
and so forth.
2. The line of sports, Exercise can increase the resistance provided
timeless long (15 minutes and above), this sport can deliver fresh oxygen to
organs and tissues in our bodies. Exercise refers to jog, swim, walk, cycling,
jumping, yoga and so on, which he can promote blood circulation,
strengthens cardiovascular function and increase the body's immune system.
3. Always Happy and Wise Handle Pressure. Psychological pressure and
anxiety in a long time may disrupt the body's immune system and is not good
for health. If the brain is in a depressed state, it produces a type of the
hormone cortisol. If this hormone is excessive, it gives a negative impression
and disrupt our immune system.
4. The Adequate Intake of Nutrients cause noisy bustle that make
processed foods as an option, which has a nutrient content that has been
lost. Nutrients and the immune system has a latch circuit. Thus, it is important
for us to get our immune-boosting nutrients.
i.

Protein : Intake of adequate protein in our daily Ingestion is

important because protein is an important nutrient required for
earning various immunoglobulins and antibodies. This is because
the protein consists of amino acids rather than 22 different types, 8
types of the purposes thereof is a human body, human body can
not process it and have to take your body with adequate and
quality protein such as meat, fish, eggs and nuts.

ii.

Vitamins and minerals: Meeting the needs of vitamins and minerals

needed by the body such as Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Zinc,

Iron, Selenium, and so forth.

iii. Lingzhi: Lingzhi contains polysaccharides, triterpene kompaun,
germanium, protein, elemental selenium, etc. which can help
against cancer and harmonize the immune system. Lingzhi is rich
in germanium that can enhance the absorption of oxygen in the
blood, speed up metabolism and improve the immune phase of the
human body. Kompaun triterpene kompaun original organic is so
that can improve allergy and inflammation. Polysaccharide that
contains ingredients to speed up the growth suppression cancer
antibodies, strengthens the immune system and body resistance to
help prevent tumor growth and cancer.
iv. Green Tea: Green tea has antioxidants such as flavonoids and
catechins. Accordingly, it can help improve our immune system.
Scientists see "theanine" in the tea leaves that can help the body's
immune cells against bacteria and viruses.
v. Aloe Vera: Growing up in the hot and dry, aloe vera has a high
resistance to weather. He may soothe the body and remove toxins,
heals inflammation and against bacteria and increase endurance.
Aloe vera has various active substances such as amino ASID,
micro-nutrients, vitamins and so forth, and so distinctive element
germanium contained in micro-nutrients that help the body remove
toxins material, restoring the injured tissue and increase the body's
immune system quickly.

CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1. Conclusion
immunology agency meetings we have relationships with our way of
life and Ingestion. If the agency have with adequate and appropriate
nutrients, can you strengthen your immune system. Products quality like
Phyto Greens, Juice Aloe Vera, Royal Spores Lingzhi and green tea can
enhance the resilience of our bodies. We are surrounded by a virus and
bacteria, by it, is very important to ensure that our immune systems
functioning properly in order to maintain the body and fight off various
diseases.
3.2. Suggestion
In order for the preparation of this scientific work can offer significant
benefits over the authors suggest :
- Maintain a healthy lifestyle so as not susceptible to disease.
- Paying attention to each food to be consumed.
- Maintaining a clean and healthy environment.

REFERENCES
http://www.stimuno.com/index.php?mod=article&id=113
http://drveggielabandresearch.blogspot.com/2008/05/sistem-imun.html
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_kekebalan
http://tonangardyanto.blogspot.com/2006/04/1-virus-sistem-imun-danantibiotika.html
http://rhamnosa.wordpress.com/2006/03/11/stimuno-si-penguat-sistem-imun/

List of Material
Cover
Foreword................................................................................................

List of Material........................................................................................

ii

Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................

Background ..........................................................................

Purpose ................................................................................

Chapter 2 Discussion ............................................................................

Definition ...............................................................................

Immune system function ......................................................

Various kinds of immune system ..........................................

Regulation of immune response ..........................................

17

Chapter 3 Closing .................................................................................

24

Conclusion ............................................................................

24

Suggestion ............................................................................

24

References