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By
SUSANA SORINA LPEZ
Degree Awarded:
Spring Semester, 2009
Copyright 2009
Florida State University
All Rights Reserved
The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Susana Sorina Lpez defended on
April 2nd, 2009.
__________________________________
Gregory B. Dudley
Professor Directing Thesis
___________________________________
Igor Alabugin
Committee Member
__________________________________
Lei Zhu
Committee Member
__________________________________
Michael Shatruk
Committee Member
Approved:
_____________________________________
Joseph Schlenoff, Chair, Arts and Sciences
The Graduate School has verified and approved the above named committee members.
ii
Quiero dedicar esta tesis a mis padres, Oscar y Susana Mercedes Lpez por todos los
sacrificios que han hecho a lo largo de los aos para ayudarme a convertirme
en la mujer que soy hoy. Sin su amor y apoyo esto no habra sido posible.
I would also like to dedicate this to Dr. Paul I. Higgs, who has provided me with
the encouragement and guidance that has allowed me to never give up on myself.
Lastly, I dedicate this to Brian Ray Jacobs, who has shown me that love can provide
strength in times of weakness.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to my major professor, Dr. Gregory B. Dudley, for
his support and guidance during these first three years of my graduate studies. I would
also like to thank the past and present members of the Dudley group for their friendship
and support: Dr. Mariya V. Kozytska, David M. Jones, Jingyue Yang, Sami Tlais,
Daniella Barker, Jumreang Tummatorn, post-docs: Dr. Philip Albiniak and Dr. Jeannie
Jeong for their guidance during their time in our lab and Douglas A. Engel for the work
and direction during our collaboration on the Meyer-Schuster chemistry. The members of
my committee: Dr, Igor Alabugin, Dr. Lei Zhu and Dr. Michael Shatruk for their
assistance and patience during the preparation of this thesis. Lastly, I would like to
acknowledge Dr. George Fisher and Mara Tsesarskaja for exposing me to chemistry
research for the first time as an undergraduate at Barry University.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vi
vii
ix
xiv
1. Introduction............................................................................................
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.1.5
1.1.6
1.1.7
1
3
5
6
8
9
11
12
12
13
17
18
20
21
23
24
25
3. Experimental
28
31
... ........................................................................
32
REFERENCES ..........................................................................................
38
41
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table1: Catalyst screenings ....................................................................................
14
15
16
17
21
22
24
26
30
LIST OF FIGURES
10
12
12
13
14
15
16
Figure 19: Optimized conditions for the gold (I) silver hexafluoroantimonate
Meyer-Schuster rearrangement ............................................................
17
vi
23
25
27
28
28
29
30
30
vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ac
acetyl
acac
acetylacetonate
AIBN
2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile
anhyd
anhydrous
Ar
aryl
atm
atmosphere(s)
9-BBN
9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonyl
Bn
benzyl
BOC
tert-butoxycarbonyl
bp
boiling point
br
broad (spectral)
Bu
butyl
i-Bu
iso-butyl
s-Bu
sec-butyl
t-Bu
tert-butyl
degrees Celsius
calcd
calculated
Cbz
benzyloxycarbonyl
CI
cm
centimeter(s)
concd
concentrated
COSY
correlation spectroscopy
COT
cyclooctatetraene
Cp
cyclopentadienyl
Cy-hexyl
cyclohexyl
DABCO
1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane
DBN
1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene
viii
DBU
1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
DCB
2,6-dichlorobenzyl
DCC
N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
DCM
dichloromethane
DDQ
2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4,benzoquinone
DEAD
diethyl azodicarboxylate
DEPT
DIBALH
diisobutylaluminum hydride
DMAP
4-(dimethylamino)pyridine
DME
1,2-dimethoxyethane
DMF
dimethylformamide
DMPU
dimethylpropylene urea
DMSO
dimethyl sulfoxide
E1
unimolecular elimination
E2
bimolecular elimination
ee
enantiomeric excess
EI
Et
ethyl
FAB
FT
Fourier transform
gram(s)
GC
gas chromatography
hours(s)
HMO
HMPA
hexamethylphosphoric triamide
HOMO
HPLC
HRMS
Hz
hertz
IP
ionization potential
IR
infrared
ix
kilo
KOH
potassium hydroxide
liter(s)
LAH
LDA
lithium diisopropylamide
LHMDS
lithium hexamethyldisilazane
LTMP
lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide
LUMO
micro
MBH
Morita-Baylis-Hillman
m-CPBA
m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid
m/e
Me
methyl
MEM
(2-methoxyethoxy)methyl
Mes
mesityl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl
MHz
megahertz
min
minute(s)
mM
MO
molecular orbital
mol
mole(s)
MOM
methoxymethyl
mp
melting point
Ms
Methanesulfonyl (mesyl)
MS
mass spectrometry
MVK
m/z
NBS
N-bromosuccinimide
NCS
N-chlorosuccinimide
x
NMO
N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide
NMR
NOE
Nu
nucleophile
OD
optical density
ORD
PCC
pyridinium chlorochromate
PDC
pyridinium dichromate
PEG
polyethylene glycol
Ph
phenyl
PMB
p-methoxybenzyl
PPA
polyphosphoric acid
ppm
PPTS
pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate
Pr
propyl
i-Pr
isopropyl
quartet (spectral)
re
rectus (stereochemistry)
Rf
rt
room temperature
si
sinister (stereochemistry)
SN1
SN2
SN
triplet (spectral)
TBAB
tetrabutylammonium bromide
TBDMS
tert-butyldimethylsilyl
Tf
trifluoromethanesulfonyl (triflyl)
TFA
trifluoroacetic acid
TFAA
trifluoroacetic anhydride
xi
THF
tetrahydrofuran
THP
tetrahydropyran
TIPS
triisopropylsilyl
TLC
TMEDA
N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine
TMS
trimethysilyl, tetramethylsilane
Tr
triphenylmethyl (trityl)
Ts
tosyl, p-toluenesulfonyl
TS
transition state
tR
UV
ultraviolet
xii
ABSTRACT
Our lab was faced with a synthetic challenge during studies towards the total synthesis of
the anti-malaria drug, artemisinin. Known methods such as the Aldol condensation, the HornerWadsworth-Emmons and the Wittig reactions were ineffective for the olefination of hindered
ketones. We were required to find an alternative approach of olefination that would not be
restricted by steric constraints. In 2006, reported on a two-step strategy for the HWE-type
olefination of hindered ketones: (1) addition of ethoxyacetylide, then (2) Au3+ catalyzed Meyer
Schuster rearrangement.
Alkyne addition to carbonyl groups is relatively insensitive to sterics, whereas the
resulting congested tertiary ethoxyalkynyl carbinols are sterically and electronically primed for
rearrangement. Having identified this important two-stage synthetic application, we focused our
attention on step two; the MeyerSchuster rearrangement. The Meyer-Schuster reaction is a
little-known but potentially powerful rearrangement that converts propargyl alcohols into , unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
In our earlier study, which featured highly reactive tertiary propargyl alcohol substrates,
rearrangement occurred immediately upon addition of the gold catalyst. In 2007, we expanded
our scope and reported a new reaction protocol and important observations with respect to the
rearrangement of secondary alcohol substrates. We found that secondary ethoxyalkynyl carbinols
could be converted into the corresponding ethyl trans-, -unsaturated esters with moderate to
good stereocontrol using a mixed catalyst system of gold (I) chloride and silver (I)
hexafluoroantimonate.
Recent advances in our methodology for the olefination of aldehydes and ketones using
the MeyerSchuster reaction of ethoxyacetylenes focused on four key points: (1) seeking
alternative catalysts that are more economical and widely available than gold or silver salts, (2)
lowering the catalyst loadings more than our previously reported methods using gold and silver
salts, (3) obtain excellent stereoselectivity in the formation of the E-alkene isomer for most
disubstituted alkenes, and (4) examine new mechanistic data suggesting that the higher
stereoselectivity associated with the new catalysts may stem from a subtle alteration of the
reaction mechanism.
xiii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
O
O
+
H
O
R
H2 O
R1
R2
OH
R
R3
R3Si
R1
R1
R1
Si
R2
R2
R4
R1
R3
R2
R3
R1
R4
acid
+
R3
base
R4
R1
R2
R3Si
OH
base
R
R4
R1= alkyl, aryl; R2=alkyl, aryl, CO2R, CN, CONR2, CH=NR, SR, SOR, SO2R, SeR, SiR3, OR, BO2R2;
R3, R4=alkyl, aryl, H
O
O
PPh3
+
H
O
R
Ph3P O
Phosphorus ylides are prepared before the reaction or in-situ and precautions must be taken due
to their sensitivity to moisture and air. The carbanion of the ylide is the characteristic component that
allows for nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon. The ylides have been found to demonstrate faster
reaction rates with aldehydes than they do with ketone substrates.
The reactivity of the ylide is dependent on its substituents. Ylides are classified into three
different categories (Fig 6). The first category is the stabilized ylides. These ylides possess at least one
strong electron withdrawing group which stabilizes the negative charge on the carbanion. In regards to
the stereoselectivity when reacted with aldehydes, these stabilized ylides will yield the (E)-alkene. It is
noteworthy to mention that ester and ketone stabilized ylides react with aldehydes to give aldol
condensation type products. Ester-stabilized ylides are employed for homologation of aldehydes to ,unsaturated esters. The reaction of ester stabilized ylides with ketones is rare.
O
R
(R )3P
R3
1
(R )3P
X
X= Cl, Br, I,
R2
R2
OTs
alkyl halide
phsophonium salt
base
R
(R1)3P
R5
R4
R2
-(R1)3P O
R5
R3
(R1)3P
R2
R2
R4, R5=
alkyl, aryl,
alkynyl, H
olefin
On the other extreme there are the non-stabilized ylides which contain only alkyl substituents
which do not stabilized the negative charge on the carbon. When a base is used in the absence of lithium
halides (salt-free conditions) and polar, aprotic solvents these ylides provide a high selectivity for the
(Z)-alkene.
The third category is semi-stabilized ylides. These ylides contain at least one aryl or alkenyl
group which is less stabilizing when compared to the structure of the stabilized ylide. In contrast to the
stabilized and non stabilized ylides, the semi stabilized ylides have poor stereo selectivity. Some other
considerations that influence the stereochemical outcome of the reactions are the type of carbonyl
compound which is used, the solvent and the counter ion that is used for formation of the ylide.
1.1.3 Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons
The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction1 is a variant of the Wittig designed
specifically to overcome limitations in the reactivity of stabilized phosphorus ylides. The reaction (Fig.
7) takes place when an aldehyde or ketone reacts with a phosphonate as opposed to a phosphorane. The
HWE is an improvement over the Wittig ylides since phosphonate anions are more reactive than the
phosphorus ylides. These alkylphosphonates are easier to prepare and less costly than the phosphonium
salts.
O
O
O
O
+
P
H
R
OEt
OEt
O
O
O
HO P OEt
OEt
A significant advantage of HWE reagents over phosphoranes is that HWE phosphonates can
react with ketone substrates, whereas phosphoranes do not. Another feature that makes the HWE
advantageous is that it can give desired stereoselectivity depending on the substituent that is placed in
the R position. Bulkier groups, such as tert-butyl, will favor the (E)-olefin and smaller groups such as
methyl will give rise to the (Z)-olefin as the product (Fig. 8).
conditions. However, the Meyer-Schuster rearrangement is but one possible fate of the propargyl cation
and selecting for the Meyer-Schuster pathway has been a long lasting challenge. The most significant
competing pathway is the Rupe rearrangement 7 (Fig 9).
Methods for the synthesis of propargyl alcohols from aldehydes and ketones in combination with
the Meyer-Schuster rearrangement provide two-step routes for the olefination of , -unsaturated esters.
A major advantage of using the acetylide addition/MeyerSchuster reaction strategy for the olefination
of aldehydes and ketones (Fig. 10) is the efficiency of the initial carboncarbon bond-forming reaction:
alkyne addition.
acetylide
addition
O
R2
R1
R3
H R3
MeyerSchuster
rearrangement
R2
OH
R1
R2
R1
R3
H
9,10
, provides a fundamentally different mechanism for activating propargyl alcohols (Fig. 11)
Also, sensitive functionalities may be more tolerant of soft alkyne activation than hard' activation of
the oxygen atom, providing complementary selectivity.
majority of cases, but stereocontrol of the olefin geometry was non-existent. The second drawback of
the reported conditions is the requirement for 5 mol % of the (expensive) gold catalyst. At 5 mol %
catalyst loading, the reactions were complete within minutes, but at 1 mol %, the reaction failed to reach
full conversion even after prolonged reaction times.11
10
1.1.7 Conclusion
The Aldol, the Wittig and the HWE reactions are well known reactions for the conversion of
aldehydes and ketones in to , - unsaturated esters. The aldol condensation is most attractive from the
atom economy perspective, but it is the least general in terms of scope and efficiency. Although the
Wittig and the HWE although more efficient, they produce toxic and/or undesirable phosphorus byproducts. Moreover, the steric sensitivity of these classical methods impeded the olefination of hindered
ketones, which led us to seek an alternative synthetic route for the preparation of the sterically congested
,-unsaturated esters. The use of electron-rich ethoxyacetylenic propargyl alcohols in combination with
a gold(III)chloride catalyzed Meyer-Schuster rearrangement, provided an efficient alternative route to
obtain the desired , -unsaturated esters.
11
CHAPTER II
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Whereas our Laboratory has focused on electronically activated propargyl alcohols for the
synthesis of ,-unsaturated esters,15,16 Zhang and co-workers reported a method for obtaining ,unsaturated ketones through independent activation of Lewis basic sites of electronically neutral
propargyl alcohols (Fig. 13).17d They and others17f have shown that pre-activation of the hydroxyl group
as an acetate ester followed by a gold-catalyzed hydrolysis process of the propargyl acetate delivers
MeyerSchuster products. 18,18a, 18b and 19 The Yamada Lab used high-pressure carbon dioxide, base, and
a silver catalyst to merge this multi-step process into a single operation (Fig. 14).17i
.
Figure 13. Activation of Lewis basic sites of electronically neutral propargyl alcohols
12
Figure 15. Gold (I) and silver (I) hexafluoroantimonate Meyer-Schuster rearrangement
Inclusion of camphorsulfonic acid as a co-catalyst resulted in better selectivity for the trans
isomer. In particular, our efforts focused on the rearrangement of secondary propargyl alcohols with
simple alkyl substituents. These aliphatic substrates are less reactive towards the Meyer-Schuster
reaction than tertiary propargyl alcohols, which ionize more easily. However, the dampened reactivity of
secondary alcohols (and the steric distinction between the alkyl substituent and a hydrogen atom)
provides greater control and the opportunity to enhance stereoselectivity in the formation of , unsaturated ester products.
This study11 focuses on using electron-rich alkoxyacetylenes to control selectivity so as to access
the Meyer-Schuster rearrangement,1 a formal [1, 3]-hydroxy migration followed by tautomerization. We
examined three main variables: gold catalyst, additive, and solvent.
13
As shown in Table 1, minor differences were observed among the various gold catalysts. Both
gold (I) and gold (III) were effective. Silver (I) hexafluoroantimonate (AgSbF6) showed little activity on
its own, but when employed in conjunction with the gold catalysts it exerted a positive effect on the E/Zselectivity of the reaction.
<catalyst>
(10 mol %)
OH
Me
Me
Me
OEt
O
Me
Me
OR
Me
14
Solvent screenings were conducted (Table 2). Both dichloromethane and water were both
suitable solvents, whereas THF was not. Interestingly, however, reactions conducted in a mixed system
of THF and CH2Cl2 were most efficient (qualitatively) and selective for the E-alkene isomer
(quantitatively).
OH
10 mol % AuClAgSbF6
OEt
CO2Et
10 equiv EtOH
<solvent>
Additives were employed to accelerate the rearrangement and increase the stereoselectivity
(Table 2). Among the protic additives, which are envisioned to assist in the formal [1, 3]-hydroxy
migration, ethanol was significantly more effective than other agents tested. Inclusion of
camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) in the reaction mixture improved the stereoselectivity of most reactions;
however, in this protocol the substrates must tolerate more acidic conditions.
15
OH
Me
Me
Me
O
Me
Me
OR
Me
Addition of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) accelerated the reaction, whereas an acid scavenger [2,
6-di-(tert-butyl)-4-methylpyridine, DTBMP] inhibited the reaction. These results, along with earlier
experiments,
18
indicate that exchangeable protons play an important supporting role in the gold-
catalyzed rearrangement.
16
OH
R
OEt
THFCH2Cl2 (1:1)
rt, 3060 min
O
R
OEt
2
Figure 19. Optimized conditions for the gold (I) silver hexafluoroantimonate
Meyer-Schuster rearrangement
Table 4. Series of representative secondary alcohol substrates
17
18
2.2.5 Alternative Catalysts for the Meyer-Schuster Reaction of Secondary and Tertiary
Ethoxyalkynyl Carbinols
Terminal alkynes offer an alternative addition/rearrangement pathway for the homologation of
aldehydes and ketones that can be executed in the two-stage process outlined in Figure 12: (1) alkyne
addition to the carbonyl and (2) MeyerSchuster rearrangement.21 The strength of this latter approach
stems from the use of acetylide nucleophiles to generate the initial carboncarbon bond; acetylide
nucleophiles are suitable for addition to even the most hindered of carbonyl systems. Therefore, step (1)
of the two-step process is quite general. In contrast, the MeyerSchuster rearrangement, on the other
hand, has received little attention
19
Data and observations reported herein include (1) alternative catalysts that are more economical
and widely available than gold or silver salts, (2) lower catalyst loadings than our previously reported
methods using gold and silver salts, (3) excellent stereoselectivity in the formation of the E-alkene
isomer for most disubstituted alkenes, and (4) new mechanistic data suggesting that the higher
stereoselectivity associated with the new catalysts may stem from a subtle alteration of the reaction
mechanism.
2.2.6 Screening of alternative catalysts
Under the hypothesis that late transition metal-catalysis of the MeyerSchuster reaction of
ethoxyalkynyl carbinols is derived from Lewis acid/base interactions, we became interested in
identifying similar (or better) catalytic activity in other Lewis acids. Table 5 provides a summary of our
catalyst screenings, which focused primarily (though not exclusively) on soft transition metal
salts.27a,27b,27c
From this general catalyst screening emerged three top choices: copper (II) triflate, indium (III)
chloride, and scandium (III) triflate. Of these, indium (III) chloride is the least reactive; the copper and
scandium catalysts are comparable in reactivity. All three are air-stable powders and are convenient to
handle and use.
20
21
22
Studying the effect of additives aids in the identification of optimal conditions, and it provides
insight into the reaction mechanism. Lewis and protic acids catalyze the MeyerSchuster reaction, so
one would expect acidic additives to accelerate the reaction and basic additives to quench or retard the
reaction. This hypothesis is supported by the data presented in Table 6. However, the fact that basic
additives retard but do not quench the reaction suggests that protic acid, though helpful, is not required
for catalytic activity. Therefore, one can choose between a short reaction time (e.g., entries 9 or 14) and
reaction conditions that are presumably free of protic acid (e.g., entry 5).
2.2.8 Optimization of reaction conditions and stereoselectivity
All of these experiments were conducted on an exploratory scale to gauge reactivity and
selectivity. Because the scandium (III) and copper (II) catalysts in the absence of additives were
significantly more reactive and slightly more selective than indium (III) chloride, the triflate salts were
employed throughout the next stage of the methodology.
Entries 14 in Table 7 document the comparison between including ethanol as an additive
(5 equiv, as in our earlier studies)11, 15 and employing ethanol as a co-solvent, which provided superior
results under the current conditions (entries 3 and 4). Aliphatic substituents on the propargyl alcohols
were universally tolerated, whether the substituent was linear (2d), branched (2f), or even quaternary
(2e). Some erosion of stereoselectivity was observed in the benzylic case (2g3g, entries 11 and 12).
Entries 710 reveal that stereoselectivity was better for disubstituted alkenes than trisubstituted alkenes.
Figure 21. Optimized conditions for Cu(II) and Sc(III) Meyer-Schuster rearrangement
23
24
Figure 21. Compatibility of the MeyerSchuster reaction conditions with common functionality
Recovery of 5 from this control experiment in 99% yield indicates that the present Meyer
Schuster reaction conditions will prove to be compatible with typical alkyl esters, amine carbamates, and
silyl ethers.
25
Given the dearth of methods suitable for the homologation of hindered ketones into , unsaturated esters,28 the two-stage acetylide addition/MeyerSchuster strategy as applied to hindered
ketones is particularly valuable. We earlier investigated the utility of gold (III) chloride (5 mol %) as a
catalyst for such processes. 11
Table 8 illustrates that only 1 mol % of the less-expensive scandium (III) triflate provides
similarly outstanding results: near-quantitative overall yield for the olefination of menthone (entry 1,
1h3h, 98%), 28 verbenone (entry 2, 1c3c, 97%), benzophenone (entry 3, 1i3i, 99%), and
adamantanone (entry 4, 1a3a, 96%). Verbenone gave rise to 3c as a 58:42 mixture of olefin isomers,
whereas the isomeric mixture of esters 3h could not be reliably estimated by 1H NMR.
26
5 mol% [Au+]
5.0 equiv EtOH
OH
CO2Et
THFCH2Cl2 (1:1)
OEt
EtOH
H2O
H3O+
OH O
R
R
OEt
EtOH
+H2O
OEt
OEt
OH
OEt
OEt
(not observed)
6
5 mol % AuClAgSbF6
5 equiv n-PrOH
OH
OEt
CO2Et
CO2nPr
THFCH2Cl2 (1:1)
ca. 1:1
transesterification:
(does not occur)
27
Isomerization of the Z-enoates to the E-enoates does not occur under the reaction conditions:
extending the reaction time does not have a significant effect on the product ratio, and resubjecting the
enoate mixtures to the rearrangement conditions does not change the ratio of stereoisomers. Therefore,
we assume that the non-thermodynamic product distribution is purely the result of kinetic control.
Perhaps the most compelling observation relevant to the mechanistic hypothesis laid out (Fig.
22) is that when n-propanol was used in place of ethanol, the resulting product mixture comprised ethyl
and propyl esters in a roughly 1:1 ratio.
28
OH
R
1 mol% Sc(OTf)3
OEt
CH2Cl2/EtOH (4:1)
EtOH
H2O
R
EtOH
OEt
OEt
OEt
EtOH
OEt
OEt
CO2Et
H2O
EtOH R
OH
OEt
OEt
29
of propyl and ethyl esters (3e:3e) was less than but close to statistical incorporation of propanol. These
data are consistent with a hemi-labile intermediate (e.g., 9) that can undergo partial equilibration before
giving way irreversibly to the observed , -unsaturated ester (3).
29
OH
1 mol% Sc(OTf)3
<n-propanol>
OEt
CH2Cl2
CO2R
R = Et: 2
R = nPr: 2'
An attractive feature of this mechanistic hypothesis is that it can account for the high
stereoselectivity observed for the E-olefin isomer in the scandium (III) triflate-catalyzed Meyer
Schuster reactions of secondary alcohols. 28 Direct hydrolysis of allene 7 would most likely occur under
kinetic control, whereas vinyl ortho-ester 9 provides the opportunity for thermodynamic establishment
of olefin geometry using the exaggerated steric profile of ortho-ester 9.
30
2.3.1 Conclusion
Acetylide addition followed by the Lewis acid catalyzed MeyerSchuster reaction of
ethoxyalkynyl carbinols provides a strategy for the olefination of aldehydes and ketones. Many different
Lewis and protic acids catalyze MeyerSchuster reactions of ethoxyacetylenes; Lewis acids that
demonstrate an affinity for -bonds were most effective in our methodology. After a detailed screening
of many catalysts, we recommend scandium (III) triflate for the excellent reactivity and optimal
stereoselectivity that it provides in the MeyerSchuster reactions, even at low catalyst loading. The
method would appear to be limited only by the ability to access the requisite propargyl alcohols via
ethoxyacetylide addition to carbonyls, and such reactions are known to be quite general.
Stereoselectivities in the two-stage olefination of aldehydes range from good to excellent, whereas , unsaturated esters derived from ketones are obtained with little to no stereocontrol. This method is likely
to find widespread application in organic synthesis, particularly for its unique ability to complete the
olefination of hindered ketones in excellent yield.
31
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL
H NMR and
13
C NMR spectra were recorded on 300 MHz spectrometer using CDCl3 as the
deuterated solvent. The chemical shifts () are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to the residual
CHCl3 peak (7.26 ppm for 1H NMR, 77.0 ppm for 13C NMR). The coupling constants (J) were reported
in hertz (Hz). IR spectra were recorded on an FTIR spectrometer on NaCl discs. Mass spectra were
recorded using chemical ionization (CI) or electron ionization (EI) technique. Yields refer to isolated
material judged to be 95% pure by 1H NMR spectroscopy following silica gel chromatography. All
chemicals were used as received unless otherwise stated. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methylene chloride
(CH2Cl2) were purified by passing through a column of activated alumina. The n-BuLi solutions were
titrated with menthol dissolved in tetrahydrofuran using 1,10-phenanthroline as the indicator. The
purifications were performed by flash chromatography using silica gel F-254 (230499 mesh particle
size)
32
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.03 (s, 9H), 1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.41 (s, 3H), 1.71 (s, 1H), 4.08 (q,
13
C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 14.3, 25.2, 25.6, 38.4, 41.9, 73.9, 74.2, 92.8; IR (neat)
3479, 2971, 2873, 2261, 1481, 1392, 1369, 1219, 1094, 1007, 908, 878 cm1; HRMS (CI) calcd for
C10H19O2 ([M+H]+) 171.1385. Found 171.1390.
Ethoxy-dec-1-yn-3-ol (2d)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (>99% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 0.860.90 (m, 3H), 1.211.46 (m, 10H), 1.37 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.561.70 (m, 3H),
4.09 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 14.0, 14.2, 22.6, 25.3,
29.2, 29.2, 31.7, 38.7, 39.7, 62.4, 74.4, 93.6; IR (neat) 3381, 2927, 2263, 1722, 1467 cm1; HRMS (CI)
calcd for C12H22O2 (M+H+) 199.1698. Found 199.1692.
33
3-Ethoxy-1-phenyl-prop-2-yn-1-ol (2g)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (92% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.39 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.02 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.51 (d,
J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.317.40 (m, 3H), 7.527.56 (m, 2H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3) 14.4, 38.8, 64.6,
74.8, 95.4, 126.5, 128.0, 128.5, 129.2; IR (neat) 3401, 2981, 2226, 1718, 1450 cm1; HRMS (EI) calcd
for C11H12O2 (M+) 176.0834. Found 176.0837.
General procedure for the preparation of ,-unsaturated esters (23)
To a 4:1 v/v CH2Cl2/ethanol solution (10 mL) of 1-ethoxy-dec-1-yn-3-ol (2d, 0.10 g, 0.51 mmol) in an
open flask was added Sc(OTf)3 (2.5 mg, 0.005 mmol). Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC
analysis. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using
silica gel column chromatography (hexanes/ethyl acetate, 50:1) to give ethyl (E)-dec-2-enoate (3d) in
70% yield (70 mg).
34
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, E isomer) 1.10 (s, 9H), 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.16 (br d, J=1.1 Hz, 3H),
4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.74 (q, J=1.1 Hz, 1H); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, Z isomer) 1.20 (s, 9H),
1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.84 (br d, J=1.3 Hz, 3H), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.63 (q, J=1.3 Hz, 1H);
13
NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3, E/Z mixture) 14.1, 14.3, 15.1, 23.9, 28.5, 29.0, 36.4, 37.9, 59.4, 60.0, 112.9,
116.6, 158.5, 167.2, 167.5, 167.9; IR (neat, E/Z mixture) 2970, 2873, 1719, 1634, 1466, 1372, 1262,
1182, 1123, 1054, 868 cm1; HRMS (EI) calcd for C10H18O2 (M+) 170.1307. Found 170.1306.
(E)-Dec-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (3d)
The title compound was prepared as described above (70% yield); 1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 0.86
0.90 (m, 3H), 1.261.31 (m, 8H), 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.421.47 (m, 2H), 2.19 (ddd, J=14.6, 7.1,
1.2 Hz, 2H), 4.18 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.80 (br d, J=15.6 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (dt, J=15.6, 7.0 Hz, 1H).
(E)-4,4-Dimethyl-pent-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (3e)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (97% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.73 (d, J=15.9 Hz,
1H), 6.97 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H).
(E)-4,4-Dimethyl-pent-2-enoic acid ethyl ester (3e)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (97% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.08 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.19 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.73 (d, J=15.9 Hz,
1H), 6.97 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 1H).
(E)-3-Cyclohexyl-acrylic acid ethyl ester (3f)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (75% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.121.31 (m, 5H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.641.77 (m, 5H), 2.042.17 (m, 1H),
4.18 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.75 (dd, J=15.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (dd, J=15.8, 6.7 Hz).
35
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, E isomer) 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.27 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.44 (d,
J=16.0 Hz, 1H), 7.377.40 (m, 3H), 7.517.54 (m, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=16.0 Hz, 1H); 1H NMR (300 MHz,
CDCl3, Z isomer) 1.24 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.17 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.95 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d,
J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.337.38 (m, 3H), 7.567.59 (m, 2H).
General two-step procedure for the preparation of ,-unsaturated esters (13)
To a THF solution (2.6 mL) of ethyl ethynyl ether (0.13 g, ca. 40% by weight in hexanes, ca.
2 mmol) was added n-BuLi (0.40 mL, 0.75 mmol, 2.0 M) dropwise over 5 min at 78 C under argon
atmosphere. The solution was allowed to warm to 0 C over 1 h and held at 0 C for an additional
30 min. The solution was then recooled to 78 C and 2-adamantanone (1a, 75 mg, 0.50 mmol) was
added in one portion. The solution was allowed to warm to room temperature over 1 h and held at room
temperature for an additional 3 h. Saturated aqueous NH4Cl solution was added to quench the reaction
and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed sequentially with water,
saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate, and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and
concentrated under reduced pressure. To the concentrated mixture in an open flask were added CH2Cl2
(8 mL), absolute ethanol (2 mL), and Sc(OTf)3 (2.5 mg, 0.005 mmol). After 6 h, the reaction mixture
was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified using silica gel column chromatography
(hexanes/ethyl acetate, 50:1) to give adamantan-2-ylidene-acetic acid ethyl ester (3a) in 96% yield over
two steps (106 mg).
Adamantan-2-ylidene-acetic acid ethyl ester (3a)
1
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.86 (br s, 6H), 1.931.96 (m, 6H), 2.43 (br s,
1H), 4.07 (br s, 1H), 4.13 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.58 (s, 1H).
36
H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3, major isomer) 0.84 (s, 3H), 1.26 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.58 (d,
J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 2.202.45 (m, 1H), 2.532.63 (m, 2H), 4.084.20 (m, 2H), 5.46
(s, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3, E/Z mixture) 14.3, 14.4, 21.7, 21.8, 23.2, 23.6, 26.4,
26.5, 37.5, 38.1, 45.3, 47.8, 48.2, 49.0, 49.1, 53.1, 59.2, 59.3, 107.6, 110.0, 117.6, 121.6, 156.9, 158.0,
159.6, 161.2, 166.8, 167.4; IR (neat) 2979, 2930, 2870, 1708, 1622, 1466, 1443, 1380, 1370, 1226,
1164, 1040, 874, 705 cm1; HRMS (EI) calcd for C14H20O2 (M+) 220.1463. Found 220.1462.
(2-Isopropyl-5-methyl-cyclohexylidiene)-acetic acid ethyl ester (3h)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (98% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3, E/Z mixture, diagnostic peaks) 2.55 (ddd, J=12.9, 5.5, 1.5 Hz), 3.14 (dd, J=12.9,
4.3 Hz), 3.483.52 (m), 4.13 (q, J=7.1 Hz), 4.14 (q, J=7.1 Hz), 5.63 (br s); 13C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3,
E/Z mixture) 14.3, 18.1, 19.5, 20.5, 20.8, 21.8, 23.4, 26.1, 26.8, 27.0, 27.6, 30.4, 31.6, 33.6, 33.9, 35.4,
36.1, 40.0, 43.5, 50.8, 52.6, 55.9, 59.3, 59.4, 113.3, 116.3, 164.8, 167.1.
Ethyl 3,3-diphenylpropenoate (3i)
The title compound was prepared in a similar manner as described above (99% yield); 1H NMR
(300 MHz, CDCl3) 1.11 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 4.05 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 6.37 (s, 1H), 7.207.23 (m, 2H),
7.307.39 (m, 8H).
37
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38
12. Examples of MeyerSchuster reactions of ethoxyalkynyl carbinols using hard Lewis or protic acids:
(a) M. Duraisamy and H.M. Walborsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105 (1983), pp. 32523264. (b) S.C.
Welch, C.P. Hagan, D.H. White, W.P. Fleming and J.W. Trotter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (1977), pp.
549556. (c) D. Crich, S. Natarajan and J.Z. Crich, Tetrahedron 53 (1997), pp. 71397158.
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128 (2006), pp. 97059710.
14. Because the 1,3-hydroxy shift is not concerted and there is ample opportunity for the hydroxy to
exchange with water in the reaction medium, the MeyerSchuster reaction is not a true
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Boerner, C.R. Chase, D. Nass and M.D. Sciavelli, J. Org. Chem. 42 (1977), pp. 34033408. (b)J.
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Ref.17f.
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Lett. 8 (2006), pp. 447450.(b)V. Cadierno, J. Dez, S.E. Garca-Garrido, J. Gimeno and N. Nebra,
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White DH, Fleming WP, Trotter JW,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1977, 99: 549. (b) Duraisamy M,
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compounds. Yields refer to at least 50 mg of material isolated in >95% purity.
20. For a previous report on the combined use of oxygen-activated alkynes and cationic gold catalysts,
see: Zhang L, Kozmin SA,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126: 11806
39
21. K.H. Meyer and K. Schuster, Chem. Ber. 55 (1922), pp. 819822
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Vol'pin, Tetrahedron Lett. (1976), pp. 29812984. (b)P. Chabardes, Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (1988), pp.
62536256. (c)B.M. Choudary, A. Durga Prasad and V.L.K. Valli, Tetrahedron Lett. 31 (1990), pp.
75217522. (d)K. Narasaka, H. Kusama and Y. Hayashi, Chem. Lett. (1991), pp. 14131416. (e)M.
Yoshimatsu, M. Naito, M. Kawahigashi, H. Shimizu and T. Kataoka, J. Org. Chem. 60 (1995), pp.
47984802. (f)C.Y. Lorber and J.A. Osborn, Tetrahedron Lett. 37 (1996), pp. 853856. (g)T.
Suzuki, M. Tokunaga and Y. Wakatsuki, Tetrahedron Lett. 43 (2002), pp. 75317533.
23. The Rupe rearrangement ( H. Rupe and E. Kambli, Helv. Chim. Acta 9 (1926), p. 672 ).
24. (a)T.-L. Ho, Hard and Soft Acids and Bases Principle in Organic Chemistry, Academic, New York,
NY (1977).(b)P.K. Chattaraj, H. Lee and R.G. Parr, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991), pp. 18551856.
25. In: H. Yamamoto, Editor, Lewis Acids in Organic Synthesis, Wiley-VCH, New York, NY (2000).
26. For seminal examples illustrating this concept, see: M. Georgy, V. Boucard and J.-M. Campagne, J.
Am. Chem. Soc. 127 (2005), pp. 1418014181.
27. Examples of MeyerSchuster reactions of ethoxyalkynyl carbinols using hard Lewis or protic
acids:(a)M. Duraisamy and H.M. Walborsky, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105 (1983), pp. 32523264. (b)S.C.
Welch, C.P. Hagan, D.H. White, W.P. Fleming and J.W. Trotter, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (1977), pp.
549556. (c)D. Crich, S. Natarajan and J.Z. Crich, Tetrahedron 53 (1997), pp. 71397158.
28. The MeyerSchuster reactions of tertiary alcohols may take a different course. Further investigations
are planned and will be communicated in due course.
29. Reactions conducted with less than a full equivalent of propanol were slow and inefficient, and are
omitted from Table 8.
40
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Susana Sorina Lpez was born on September 23rd 1980 in Miami Beach, Florida. She grew up in
North Miami, Florida moving to Hollywood, Florida during her freshman year of high school where her
parents, Oscar and Susana Mercedes Lpez, still reside. Susana was classically trained in voice and the
flute as well as in various forms of dance, including ballet, tap jazz and modern from an early age.
During her high school years, she figure skated competitively winning several competitions at the
sectional, regional and national level. Upon graduating high school in 1999, she received a theatre and
dance scholarship to attend Lees-McRae College in Banner Elk, North Carolina but decided to return to
South Florida after her freshman year to pursue pre-medical studies. Susana received her Associates of
Science in Biology from Broward Community College in the spring of 2003. She began her
undergraduate studies in the fall of 2003 at Barry University and discovered a passion for organic
chemistry while taking the course for her pre-medical major requirements. She changed her major in the
fall of 2004 to chemistry and did active research under the direction of Dr. George Fisher and Dr. Paul I.
Higgs. She also worked under the guidance of Dr. Anthony J. Pearson of Case Western Reserve
University in Cleveland, Ohio during the summer of 2005. In the fall of 2005 Susana graduated with a
Bachelors of Science degree from Barry University and continued to do research at Barry until moving
to Tallahassee, Florida in the summer of 2006 to pursue her graduate studies at Florida State University.
41