7

Determining Transmission Losses Penalty Factor

Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS) For Economic Dispatch Application
Rony Seto Wibowo

Mauridhi Hery Purnomo

Dodi Prastianto

Electrical Engineering Department, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

Kampus ITS, Keputih Sukolilo, Surabaya-60111

Abstract - This Research project proposes an

Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
methodology for penalty factors calculation.
Transmission loss penalty factor are commonly
applied in the economic dispatch of generation. The
purpose of the penalty factor is to reflect into the
economic loading the effect of losses realized in
delivery of power across the transmission network to
the load. The economics of generator are non
linearly biased by its electrical location relative to
the load. The farther electrically a generator is from
the load, the loss penalty will be the larger.

in searching target. The combination of both method

will cover the weaknes each other.

2. ECONOMY DISPATCH
2.1 Economic Dispatch
Power system can be represented as figure
below:

Keywords: Economic dispatch, Losses, penalty

factor and ANFIS

1. INTRODUCTION
Economic Dispatch is a important procces that
should be done for supplying the Electric Load. In
the frame work of getting simple calculation and
faster calculation, frequenly, it is calculated with
neglecting the transmission losses. The Impact of
neglecting transmission losses is the result of the
calculation cant get optimal result[1]. It means there
is posibility that the farther and low cost generator
unit will tend to produce higher output, and the
nearer and high cost generator unit will tend to
produce lower output. This condition will cause
higher power losses in the transmission line.
Therefore, we apply penalty factor to economic
Dispatch in the frame work of considering
transmission losses. This method will apply the
higher penalty factor to long distance generator unit
and lower penalty factor to short distance generator
unit. The implication of this method is that the
output power from long distance generator unit will
be lower than before [3].
This paper proposes a alternative methode for
determining penalty factor using Adaptive
NeuroFuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). ANFIS
Combines two method, that is neural networks (NN)
and fuzzy logic (FL). Fuzzy logic has strong point on
the high speed target searching but it has to be set
when facing different condition. In other hand,
neural networks method has strong point on
adapting to different condition but it has low speed

Fig. 1 N thermal unit committed to serve a load of

Pload
The figure above state objective function,
constraint and LaGrange equation that can be
formulated below:
Lagrange Equation : L = FT +
L = Lagrange Equation
FT = Objective Function
= Lagrange Multiplier
= Constraint
Objective function is equal to the total cost for
supplying the indicated load. The problem is to
minimize FT subject to the constraint that the sum of
the power generated must equal the received load.
Objective Function :
FT = F1 + F2 + F3 +..FN = Fi(Pi)
Constraint :
= Pload + Ploss (P1,P2PN) - Pi
Optimum operation can be reached if the
derivative of Lagrange Function with respect to
power output is equal to zero.
L
=0
Pi

Then

JAVA Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2003, ISSN 1412-8306

8
P
L dFi
=
1 loss = 0
Pi dPi
Pi

Ploss
1
Pi

Rule 1: If x is A1 and y is B1, then f1 = p1x + q1y + r1

Rule 2: If x is A2 and y is B2, then f2 = p2x + q2y + r2
Fig. 3(a) illustrates the reasoning mechanism for this
Sugeno model, the corresponding equivalent ANFIS
architecture is shown in Fig. 3(b), where nodes of
the same layer have similar function, as describe
next.

dFi (Pi ) =
dPi

It means that the minimum cost of operating

condition occur if the incremental cost rates
multiplied with penalty factor of all the units is equal
to undetermined value, . The first equation is
penalty factor, pf, which represent level of the unit
causing transmission losses
Pfi =

1
Ploss
1
Pi

And the Incremental loss for bus i : Ploss

Pi

If
economic
dispatch
neglected
the
transmission losses consideration, then the
incremental cost rates of all unit should be equal to
undetermined value, . This concept can be
extended to investigate the impact of penalty factor.
For Pfi > 1 (Increment of Pi cause higher
transmission losses)
Pfi

dFi (Pi )
dPi

it means unit i, relatively, causes higher losses in

power system network.
For Pfi < 1 (Increment of Pi cause lower transmission
losses).
it means unit i, relatively, causes lower losses in
power system network.
The statement above can be described as a graph
using incremental cost curve at Fig. 2.

Fig. 3 (a) Two input first-order Sugeno fuzzy model;

(b) ANFIS architecture
Layer 1 Every node i in this layer is an adaptive
node with node function
Ol,i = A (x),
Ol,i = B (y),

for i = 1,2, or
for i = 3,4

where x or y is the input node i and Ai or Bi-2 is a

linguistic label (such as small or large)
associated with this node. In other word O\,i is the
membership grade of a fuzzy set A(=A1, A2, B1 or
B2) and it specifies the degree to which the given
input x or y satisfies the quantifier A. Here the
membership function for A can be any appropriate
parameterized membership function, such as the
generalized bell:
1
A (x ) =
2b
x ci
1+
ai
where {ai, bi, ci) is the parameter set. As the values
of the parameters change the bell shaped function
varies accordingly, thus exhibiting various forms of
the membership function for fuzzy set A. Parameters
in this layer are referred to as premise parameter.

Fig. 2 Concept of economic dispatch using

incremental curve
2.2 ANFIS Theory
For simplicity, we assume that the fuzzy
inference system under consideration has two inputs
x and y and one output z. For a firstorder Sugeno
fuzzy model, a common rule set with two fuzzy ifthen rules is the following:

Layer 2 Every node i in this layer is a fixed node

with node labeled , whose output is the product of
all the incoming signals
O2,i = i = Ai(x)Bi(y),

i = 1,2.

Each node output represents the firing strength

of a rule. In general, any other T-norm operators that
perform fuzzy AND can be used as the node
function in this layer

JAVA Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2003, ISSN 1412-8306

Layer 3 Every node i in this layer is a fixed node

with node labeled N. The ith node calculates the
ratio of the ith rules firing strength to the sum of all
rules firing strength
_

O 2,i = w i

wi
w1 + w 2

i = 1,2

For convenience, outputs of this layer are

called normalized firing strength.
Layer 4 Every node i in this layer is an adaptive
node with node function
O4,i = i fi = i (pix + qiy + ri)
where i is a normalized firing strength from layer
3 and {pix + qiy + ri} is the parameter set of this
node. Parameters in this layer referred to as
consequent parameters.
Layer 5 The single node i in this layer is a fixed
node with node labeled , which computes the
overall output as the summation of all incoming
signals.
_
wf
All Output = O5,i = w i fi = i i i
i
i w i

Reasoning mechanism
The reasoning mechanism (learning rules) that used
in ANFIS is hybrid learning rules.
Table 2.1 Reasoning mechanism
Parameter
premise
Parameter
consequent
Signal

Forward Pass

Backward Pass

Fixed

Gradient Descent

Least Square
Estimator
Node Output

Fixed
Signal Error

3. THE SIX BUS ANFIS

APPLICATION
The System consists of three units for
supplying load. Fuel Cost equation of each units is:
F1(P1) = 213,1 + 11,669 P1 + 0,00533 P12 R/h
F2(P2) = 200,0 + 10,333 P2 + 0,00889 P22 R/h
F3(P3) = 240,0 + 10,833 P3 + 0,00741 P32 R/h

Fig. 4 Single line diagram 6 bus

Maximum and minimum power of each generator
units is :
50,0 MW P1 200 MW
37,5 MW P2 150 MW
45,0 MW P3 180 MW
The six bus system consists of 11 transmission
lines and the data of impedances can be shown at
Table 1.
Table 1 Data of line transmission Impedances
From To
R (pu)
X (pu) B (pu)
bus
bus
1
2
0.10
0.20
0.02
1
4
0.05
0.20
0.02
1
5
0.08
0.30
0.03
2
3
0.05
0.25
0.03
2
4
0.05
0.10
0.01
2
5
0.10
0.30
0.02
2
6
0.07
0.20
0.025
3
5
0.12
0.26
0.025
3
6
0.02
0.10
0.01
4
5
0.20
0.40
0.04
5
6
0.10
0.30
0.03
Data of the six bus system are entered to
computer program which has algorithm below:
A. ANFIS Training step
1. Entering data such as maximum and minimum
capacity of each generator unit, Type of bus,
active and reactive power of each bus, per unit
impedances of transmission line
2. Starting load flow calculation using Newton
Raphson Method. This calculation uses
application software, Matpower.
3. Calculating incremental transmission losses
(Ploss) using sensitivity analysis method.
4. Developing structure of ANFIS. Applied
Structure of ANFIS in this research is :
5.

JAVA Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2003, ISSN 1412-8306

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a. Sugeno fuzzy model
b. Membership function is gauss with 4 input
for each membership function
c. The applied Defuzzification is weight
average.
d. The Input of ANFIS is power output of
each generator unit and the output of
ANFIS is penalty factor.
The Architecture of ANFIS can be shown from Fig.
5

No
1
11
12
13
14
15
16

Load
180
380
400
420
440
460
480

Pf. 1
0.811
0.905
0.916
0.927
0.943
0.966
0.997

Pf. 2
1.029
1.128
1.140
1.152
1.167
1.187
1.202

Pf.3
0.904
0.962
0.969
0.976
0.979
0.980
0.981

Using penalty factor above, we calculate

economic dispatch which the result is shown below.
Table 3
Transmitted power and generation cost of each unit

Fig. 5. ANFIS Architecture

B.
1.
2.
3.
4.

ANFIS Application Step

Entering power system load.
Entering generated active power of each
generator unit.
Determining penalty factor using ANFIS.
Calculating economy dispatch to find
transmission losses and the generation cost.

4. SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Determining Penalty Factor Using Matrix
Bmn Method
In this section, penalty factor is determined
using matrix Bmn. It will be compared with
calculated penalty factor using ANFIS method.
Penalty factor is calculated based on data from Table
1. and load data vary from 180 MW until 480 MW.
The result can be shown from Table 2.

Table 2
Determined Penalty factor using Matrix Bmn Method
No
Load
Pf. 1
Pf. 2
Pf.3
1
180
0.811
1.029
0.904
2
200
0.819
1.038
0.910
3
220
0.828
1.047
0.915
4
240
0.837
1.056
0.920
5
260
0.846
1.066
0.926
6
280
0.855
1.075
0.932
7
300
0.865
1.085
0.937
8
320
0.874
1.096
0.943
9
340
0.884
1.106
0.949
10
360
0.895
1.117
0.956

No

Load

Unit. 1

Unit. 2

Unit. 3

Losses

Cost

180

62.45

62.91

61.60

7.07

2783.4

200

69.87

67.86

70.36

8.20

3035.5

220

77.33

72.86

79.26

9.51

3292.8

240

84.86

77.92

88.34

11.00

3555.9

260

92.36

82.97

97.47

12.67

3821.2

280

99.99

87.72

107.11

14.52

4093.3

300

107.47

93.15

116.09

16.56

4366.0

320

115.20

97.98

126.02

18.80

4648.7

340

122.82

103.15

135.63

21.23

4932.6

10

360

130.40

108.66

145.00

23.86

5219.6

11

380

138.23

113.60

155.33

26.72

5518

12

400

145.95

118.50

165.35

29.77

5817.2

13

420

153.73

124.14

175.53

33.04

6122.5

14

440

163.62

132.14

180.00

36.59

6415.7

15

460

176.78

143.34

180.00

41.01

6736.3

16

480

195.80

150.00

180.00

45.98

7080

4.2 Determining Penalty Factor Using ANFIS

Method
Using ANFIS method, penalty factor can be
determined and the results are shown in Table 3.
Penalty factor is calculated based on data from
Table 1. and load data vary from 180 MW until 480
MW.
Table 4
Determined Penalty factor using ANFIS method

No

Load

Pf. 1

Pf. 2

Pf. 3

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340

0.876
0.907
0.903
0.947
0.954
0.981
0.969
0.983
0.971

1.144
1.185
1.134
1.125
1.205
1.245
1.181
1.168
1.159

0.884
0.912
0.878
0.863
0.928
0.958
0.914
0.879
0.877

JAVA Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2003, ISSN 1412-8306

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No

Load

Pf. 1

Pf. 2

Pf. 3

10
11
12
13
14
15
16

360
380
400
420
440
460
480

0.972
0.994
0.997
0.998
0.998
0.997
0.996

1.189
1.099
1.105
1.113
1.208
1.252
1.122

0.916
0.987
1.009
0.973
0.966
0.954
0.954

Using penalty factor above, we calculate

economic dispatch which the result is shown below.
Table 5
Transmitted power and generation cost of each unit
No

Load Unit. 1 Unit. 2 Unit.3 Losses Cost

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480

53.94
61.44
62.87
65.06
69.50
81.28
83.43
86.17
88.11
92.89
103.58
123.75
139.99
153.17
169.97
192.75

73.05
79.35
89.76
99.63
104.35
107.92
120.09
128.87
133.74
143.33
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00
150.00

59.28
66.65
78.06
86.81
97.21
103.58
113.89
123.52
137.31
144.11
146.66
150.47
155.26
163.84
179.06
179.50

6.13
7.48
9.57
10.29
11.14
13.15
15.89
16.95
17.47
19.55
23.11
26.46
27.39
29.31
41.37
44.39

2768.6
3021.1
3297.6
3548.9
3788.1
4057.0
4362.7
4628.6
4890.8
5148.8
5417.1
5726.6
6001.6
6289.2
6717.8
7020.1

5. CONCLUSIONS

4.

generation cost of load 440 MW where the

different is 2 %.
This research prove that ANFIS method can be
a alternative method to solve economic dispatch
with considering transmission losses.

6. REFERENCES
[1] Allen J. Wood, Bruce F. Wollenberg, Power
Generation, Operation And Control, Jhon
Wiley & Sons Inc, 1996.
[2] J. S. Roger Jang, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft
Computing, Prentice-Hall Inc, 1997
[3] Rony Seto W,Perhitungan Penalty Factor
Rugi-rugi Transmisi Dengan Jaringan Saraf
Tiruan Untuk Aplikasi Economy Dispatch
Pada Sistem Tenaga Listrik, Report book of
Research Institute of ITS, 2002

7. BIOGRAPHIES
Rony Seto Wibowo, received bachelor
of Engineering (ST) in 1999 from ITS.
He has joined Electrical Engineering
Department,
Sepuluh
Nopember
Institute of Technology since 1999. His
areas of interest include Economic Dispatch,
Generation scheduling and Load Forecasting.
Mauridhi Hery Purnomo, received Bachelor of
Engineering in 1984 from ITS, M.Eng in 1995 and
Dr in 1998 from Osaka City University. He has
joined Electrical Engineering Department, Sepuluh
Nopember Institute of Technology since 1985. His
areas of interest include artificial Intelligent and
power system analysis.
Dodi Prastianto, received bachelor of Engineering
(ST) in 2003 from ITS

Based on the data analysis of this research, we

can conclude :
1. Penalty factor data show that penalty factor for
unit 1 and 3 is less than 1 and penalty factor for
unit 2 is more than 1. It means that unit 1 and
unit 3 will tend to produce higher output than
economic
dispatch without considering
transmission losses and unit 2 will tend to
produce lower out than economic dispatch
without considering transmission losses
2. Result of Simulation show that determined
penalty factor using ANFIS method is better
than determined penalty factor using Bmn
matrix. It can be indicated from the generated
transmission losses. For load 440 MW, the
different transmission loses is 7.28 MW or
16,5%.
3. Based on generation cost consideration, there is
no significant different between ANFIS method
and matrix Bmn. It can be indicated from

JAVA Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct 2003, ISSN 1412-8306