Ice Hockehjgy - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

1/7/2015
IcehockeyWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Icehockey
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Icehockeyisacontactteamsportplayedonice,usually
arink,inwhichtwoteamsofskatersusetheirsticksto
shootavulcanizedrubberpuckintotheiropponent'snet
toscorepoints.InCanada,theUnitedStates,andsome
EuropeancountriessuchasLatviaandSweden,itis
knownsimplyas"hockey"thename"icehockey"is
usedinplaceswhere"hockey"moreoftenreferstofield
hockey,suchasSouthAmerica,Asia,Africa,
Australasia,andsomeEuropeancountrieslikeGermany,
theNetherlands,SpainandtheUnitedKingdom.Ice
hockeyteamsusuallyconsistoffourlinesofthree
forwards,threepairsofdefencemen,andtwo
goaltenders.Normally,eachteamhasfiveplayerswho
skateupanddowntheicetryingtotakethepuckand
scoreagoalagainsttheopposingteam.Teamsnormally
haveagoaltenderastheirsixthoniceplayer,whosejob
istopreventthepuckfromenteringthegoal.
Afastpacedphysicalsport(leadingtothenickname
"TheFastestGameonEarth"),hockeyismostpopularin
areasofNorthAmerica(particularlyCanadaandthe
northernUnitedStates)andEurope.InNorthAmerica,
theNationalHockeyLeague(NHL)isthehighestlevel
formen'shockeyandthemostpopular.TheKontinental
HockeyLeague(KHL)isthehighestleagueinRussia
andmuchofeasternEurope.Icehockeyistheofficial
nationalwintersportofCanada,[1]wherethegame
enjoysimmensepopularity.TheInternationalIceHockey
Federation(IIHF)istheformalgoverningbodyfor
internationalicehockey.TheIIHFmanagesinternational
tournamentsandmaintainstheIIHFWorldRanking.
Worldwide,thereareicehockeyfederationsin73
countries.[2]
Icehockey
TheSanJoseSharks(teal)attempttopreventthe
AnaheimDucks(white)fromscoringagoalduring
the200708NHLseason.
Highest
governingbody
InternationalIceHockey
Federation
Firstplayed
19thcenturyCanada
Characteristics
Contact
Fullcontact
Teammembers
6perside(including
goaltender)
Type
Teamsport,sticksport,puck
sport,wintersport
Equipment
Hockeypuck,hockeystick,
hockeyskates,shinpads,
shoulderpads,hockeygloves,
hockeyhelmet,elbowpads,
jockorjill,hockeysocks,
hockeyshorts,neckguard
(dependsonleague),
mouthguard(dependson
league)
Venue
Hockeyrink
Icehockeyisbelievedtohaveevolvedfromsimplestick
Presence
andballgamesplayedinthe18thand19thcentury
Olympic
1920(summer)
UnitedKingdomandelsewhere.Thesegameswere
1924topresent(winter)
broughttoCanadaandtheUnitedStatesandseveral
similarwintergamesusinginformalruleswere
developed,suchas"shinney"and"icepolo".Thecontemporarysportoficehockeywasdevelopedin
Canada,mostnotablyinMontreal,wherethefirstindoorhockeygamewasplayedonMarch3,1875.Some
characteristicsofthatgame,suchasthelengthoftheicerinkandtheuseofapuck,havebeenretainedto
thisday.Amateuricehockeyleaguesbeganinthe1880s,andprofessionalicehockeyoriginatedaround
1900.TheStanleyCup,emblematicoficehockeyclubsupremacy,wasfirstawardedin1893torecognize
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey
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theCanadianamateurchampionandlaterbecamethechampionshiptrophyoftheNHL.Intheearly1900s,
theCanadianruleswereadoptedbytheLigueInternationaldeHockeysurGlace,theprecursoroftheIIHF
andthesportwasplayedforthefirsttimeintheOlympicsintheOlympicGamesof1920.
Ininternationalcompetitions,thenationalteamsofsixcountries(The"BigSix")predominate:Canada,
CzechRepublic,Finland,Russia,SwedenandtheUnitedStates.Ofthe69medalsawardedalltimein
men'scompetitionattheOlympics,onlysixmedalswerenotawardedtooneofthosecountries.Inthe
annualIceHockeyWorldChampionships,177of201medalshavebeenawardedtothesixnations.Teams
outsidethe"BigSix"havewononlyfivemedalsineithercompetitionsince1953:[3][4]All12Women's
Olympicand36IIHFWorldWomen'sChampionshipsmedalshavebeenawardedtooneofthesesix
countries,andeverygoldmedalinbothcompetitionshasbeenwonbyeithertheCanadiannationalteamor
theUnitedStatesnationalteam.[5][6]
Contents
1History
1.1Name
1.2Precursors
1.3Initialdevelopment
1.4Professionalera
2Game
2.1Periodsandovertime
2.2Penalties
2.3Officials
2.4Equipment
3Injury
3.1Headinjuries
4Tactics
4.1Checking
4.2Offensivetactics
4.3Fights
5Women'sicehockey
5.1History
6Leaguesandchampionships
6.1Nationalteams
6.2Internationalleagues
6.3Leagues
6.4Pondhockey
7Icehockeyinpopularculture
8Attendancerecords
9Numberofregisteredplayersbycountry
10Seealso
11References
12Furtherreading
13Externallinks
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History
Name
Thename"hockey"hasnoclearorigin.Itsfirstknownmentionisfromthe1773bookJuvenileSportsand
Pastimes,toWhichArePrefixed,MemoirsoftheAuthor:IncludingaNewModeofInfantEducation,by
RichardJohnson(Pseud.MasterMichelAngelo),whosechapterXIwastitled"NewImprovementsonthe
GameofHockey".[7]Thebeliefthathockeywasmentionedina1363proclamationbyKingEdwardIIIof
Englandisbasedonmoderntranslationsoftheproclamation,whichwasoriginallyinLatinandexplicitly
forbadethegames"PilamManualem,Pedivam,&Bacularem:&adCanibucam&GallorumPugnam".The
EnglishhistorianandbiographerJohnStrypedidnotusetheword"hockey"whenhetranslatedthe
proclamationin1720.
AccordingtotheAustinHockeyAssociation,theword"puck"derivesfromtheScotsGaelicpucorthe
Irishpoc(topoke,punchordeliverablow)."...Theblowgivenbyahurlertotheballwithhiscamanor
hurleyisalwayscalledapuck."[8]
Precursors
StickandballgamesdatebacktopreChristiantimes.InEurope,
thesegamesincludedtheIrishgameofhurling,thecloselyrelated
Scottishgameofshintyandversionsoffieldhockey(including
"bandieball,"playedinEngland).IJscolf,agameresemblingcolf
onanicecoveredsurface,waspopularintheLowCountries
betweentheMiddleAgesandtheDutchGoldenAge.Itwasplayed
withawoodencurvedbat(calledacolforkolf),awoodenorleather
ballandtwopoles(ornearbylandmarks),withtheobjectivetohit
thechosenpointusingtheleastnumberofstrokes.Asimilargame
Winterlandscape,withskaters
(knattleikr)hadbeenplayedforathousandyearsormorebythe
playingGolf(HendrickAvercamp,
Norse,asdocumentedintheIcelandicsagas.InEngland,evidence
17thcenturyDutchpainter)
ofgamesof'hockeyonice'(thenamereplaced"bandieball"),
playedwitha"bung"(aplugofcorkoroakusedasastopperona
barrel)datebacktothe1700s.WilliamPierreLeCocqstated,ina1799letterwritteninChesham,England:
ImustnowdescribetoyouthegameofHockeywehaveeachastickturningupattheend.
Wegetabung.Therearetwosidesoneofthemknocksonewayandtheothersidetheother
way.Ifanyoneofthesidesmakesthebungreachthatendofthechurchyarditisvictorious.[9]
A1797engravingunearthedbySwedishsporthistoriansCarlGidnandPatrickHoudashowsapersonon
skateswithastickandbungontheRiverThames,probablyinDecember1796.[10]
BritishsoldiersandimmigrantstoCanadaandtheUnitedStatesbroughttheirstickandballgameswith
themandplayedthemontheiceandsnowofwinter.In1825,JohnFranklinwrote"Thegameofhockey
playedontheicewasthemorningsport"onGreatBearLakeduringoneofhisArcticexpeditions.Amid
1830swatercolourportraysNewBrunswicklieutenantgovernorArchibaldCampbellandhisfamilywith
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Britishsoldiersonskatesplayingastickonicesport.CaptainR.G.A.Levinge,aBritishArmyofficerin
NewBrunswickduringCampbellstime,wroteabout"hockeyonice"onChippewaCreek(atributaryof
theNiagaraRiver)in1839.In1843anotherBritishArmyofficerinKingston,Ontariowrote,"Beganto
skatethisyear,improvedquicklyandhadgreatfunathockeyontheice."[11]An1859BostonEvening
GazettearticlereferredtoanearlygameofhockeyoniceinHalifaxthatyear.[12]An1835paintingbyJohn
O'TooledepictsskaterswithsticksandbungonafrozenstreamintheAmericanstateofWestVirginia.[10]
Inthesameera,theMi'kmaq,aFirstNationspeopleofNovaScotia,alsohadastickandballgame.
CanadianoralhistoriesdescribeatraditionalstickandballgameplayedbytheMi'kmaqineasternCanada,
andSilasTertiusRand(inhis1894LegendsoftheMicmacs)describesaMi'kmaqballgameknownas
tooadijik.Randalsodescribesagameplayed(probablyafterEuropeancontact)withhurleys,knownas
wolchamaadijik.[13]SticksmadebytheMi'kmaqwereusedbytheBritishfortheirgames.
"YeGudeOldeDays"fromHockey:
Canada'sRoyalWinterGame,1899
Early19thcenturypaintingsdepictshinney(or"shinny"),anearly
formofhockeywithnostandardruleswhichwasplayedinNova
Scotia.Manyoftheseearlygamesabsorbedthephysicalaggression
ofwhattheMi'kmaqinNovaScotiacalleddehuntshigwa'es
(lacrosse).ShinneywasplayedontheSt.LawrenceRiverat
MontrealandQuebecCity,andinKingston,Ontario[11]andOttawa,
Ontario.Thenumberofplayerswasoftenlarge.Tothisday,
shinney(derivedfrom"shinty")isapopularCanadian[14]termfor
aninformaltypeofhockey,eithericeorstreethockey.
ThomasChandlerHaliburton,inTheAttache:SecondSeries
(publishedin1844),reminiscedaboutboysfromKing'sCollegeSchoolinWindsor,NovaScotiaplaying
"hurlyonthelongpondontheice"whenhewasastudenttherein1810andearlier.[12][13]Basedon
Haliburton'saccount,themosteligibleclaimsstate,thatmodernhockeywasinventedinWindsor,Nova
Scotia,byKing'sCollegestudentsandnamedafteranindividual(ColonelHockey'sgame).[15]Others
claimthattheoriginsofhockeycomefromgamesplayedintheareaofDartmouthandHalifaxinNova
Scotia.
Initialdevelopment
TheearlyQuebecSkatingRink,
representativeofearlyrinks
Whilethegame'soriginslie
elsewhere,Montrealisatthe
centerofthedevelopmentof
thesportofcontemporary
icehockey.OnMarch3,
1875,thefirstorganized
indoorgamewasplayedat
Montreal'sVictoriaSkating
Rinkbetweentwonine
playerteams,including
JamesCreightonandseveral
McGillUniversitystudents.
HockeyatMcGillUniversity,
Montreal,1901
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Insteadofaballorbung,thegamefeatureda"flatcircularpieceofwood"[16](tokeepitintherinkandto
protectspectators).Thegoalpostswere8feet(2.4m)apart[16](today'sgoalsaresixfeetwide).
In1876,thefirstgameplayedinMontrealwasreportedlyconductedundertheHockeyAssociation
rules[17]theHockeyAssociationwasEnglandsfieldhockeyorganization.In1877,TheGazette
(Montreal)publishedalistofsevenrules,sixofwhichwerelargelybasedonsixoftheHockey
Associationstwelverules,withonlyminordifferences(eventhewordballwaskept)theoneaddedrule
explainedhowdisputesshouldbesettled.[18]TheMcGillUniversityHockeyClub,thefirsticehockeyclub,
wasfoundedin1877[19](followedbytheMontrealVictorias,organizedin1881).[20]In1880,thenumberof
playerspersidewasreducedfromninetoseven.[7]
Thenumberofteamsgrew,enoughtoholdthefirst"worldchampionship"oficehockeyatMontreal's
annualWinterCarnivalin1883.TheMcGillteamwonthetournamentandwasawardedthe"Carnival
Cup."[21]Thegamewasdividedintothirtyminutehalves.Thepositionswerenownamed:leftandright
wing,centre,rover,pointandcoverpoint,andgoaltender.In1885,theMontrealCityHockeyLeaguewas
established.[22]In1886,theteamscompetingattheWinterCarnivalorganizedtheAmateurHockey
AssociationofCanada(AHAC),andplayedaseasoncomprising"challenges"totheexistingchampion.[23]
TheoriginalStanleyCupinthe
HockeyHallofFame
InEurope,itisbelievedthatin1885theOxfordUniversityIce
HockeyClubwasformedtoplaythefirstIceHockeyVarsityMatch
againsttraditionalrivalCambridgeinSt.Moritz,Switzerland
however,thisisundocumented.ThematchwaswonbytheOxford
DarkBlues,60[24][25]thefirstphotographsandteamlistsdate
from1895.[26]Thisrivalrycontinues,claimingtobetheoldest
hockeyrivalryinhistoryasimilarclaimismadeabouttherivalry
betweenQueen'sUniversityandRoyalMilitaryCollegeof
Kingston,Ontario.Since1986,consideredthe100thanniversaryof
therivalry,teamsofthetwocollegesplayfortheCarrHarris
Cup.[27]
In1888,theGovernorGeneralofCanada,LordStanleyofPreston
(whosesonsanddaughterwerehockeyenthusiasts),firstattendedtheMontrealWinterCarnival
tournamentandwasimpressedwiththegame.In1892,realizingthattherewasnorecognitionforthebest
teaminCanada(althoughanumberofleagueshadchampionshiptrophies),hepurchasedasilverbowlfor
useasatrophy.TheDominionHockeyChallengeCup(whichlaterbecameknownastheStanleyCup)was
firstawardedin1893totheMontrealHockeyClub,championsoftheAHACitcontinuestobeawarded
annuallytotheNationalHockeyLeague'schampionshipteam.[28]Stanley'ssonArthurhelpedorganizethe
OntarioHockeyAssociation,andStanley'sdaughterIsobelwasoneofthefirstwomentoplayicehockey.
By1893,therewerealmostahundredteamsinMontrealaloneinaddition,therewereleaguesthroughout
Canada.Winnipeghockeyplayersusedcricketpadstobetterprotectthegoaltender'slegstheyalso
introducedthe"scoop"shot,orwhatisnowknownasthewristshot.Goalnetsbecameastandardfeatureof
theCanadianAmateurHockeyLeague(CAHL)in1900.Leftandrightdefencebegantoreplacethepoint
andcoverpointpositionsintheOHAin1906.[29]
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Othergamesonicederivedfromstickandballgamesdeveloped
duringthistimeperiod.InEurope,"bandieball"wasadaptedtothe
ice,evolvinginto"bandy"(whichremainspopularinSweden,
Russia,FinlandandNorway)."Icepolo",playedwithaballrather
thanapuck,waspopularintheUnitedStatesduringthisperiod
however,by1893YaleUniversityandJohnsHopkinsUniversity
heldtheirfirsticehockeymatches.[30]Icepolo(playedinNew
England)woulddieoutasAmericansadoptedicehockey.In1896,
thefirsticehockeyleagueintheU.S.wasformed.TheU.S.
AmateurHockeyLeaguewasfoundedinNewYorkCity,shortly
aftertheopeningoftheartificialiceSt.NicholasRink.
TheOttawaHockeyClub"Silver
Seven"(theoriginalOttawa
Senators),1905StanleyCup
champions
LordStanley'sfivesonswereinstrumentalinbringingicehockeyto
Europe,defeatingacourtteam(whichincludedthefutureEdward
VIIandGeorgeV)atBuckinghamPalacein1895.[31]By1903,a
fiveteamleaguehadbeenfounded.TheLigueInternationalede
HockeysurGlacewasfoundedin1908togoverninternationalcompetition,andthefirstEuropean
championshipwaswonbyGreatBritainin1910.Duringthemid20thcentury,theLiguebecamethe
InternationalIceHockeyFederation.[32]
MatthewsArenainBoston,inuse
since1910
Asthepopularityoficehockeyasaspectatorsportgrew,earlier
rinkswerereplacedbylargerrinks.Mostoftheearlyindoorice
rinkshavebeendemolishedMontreal'sVictoriaRink,builtin1862,
wasdemolishedin1925.[33]Manyolderrinkssuccumbedtofire,
suchasDenmanArena,Dey'sArena,QuebecSkatingRinkand
MontrealArena,ahazardofthebuildings'woodconstruction.The
StannusStreetRinkinWindsor,NovaScotia(builtin1897)maybe
theoldeststillinexistencehowever,itisnolongerusedforice
hockey.TheAberdeenPavilion(builtin1898)inOttawawasused
foricehockeyin1904andistheoldestexistingfacilitythathas
hostedStanleyCupgames.
Theoldestindooricehockeyarenastillinusetodayforicehockey
isBoston'sMatthewsArena,whichwasbuiltin1910.Ithasbeenmodifiedextensivelyseveraltimesinits
historyandisusedtodaybyNortheasternUniversityforicehockeyandothersports.Itwastheoriginal
homerinkoftheBostonBruinsprofessionalteam,[34]itselftheoldestUnitedStatesbasedteamintheNHL,
startingplayintheleagueintoday'sMatthewsArenaonDecember1,1924.MadisonSquareGardenin
NewYorkCity,builtin1968,istheoldestcontinuouslyoperatingarenaintheNHL.[35]
Professionalera
Professionalhockeyhasexistedsincetheearly20thcentury.By1902,theWesternPennsylvaniaHockey
Leaguewasthefirsttoemployprofessionals.TheleaguejoinedwithteamsinMichiganandOntarioto
formthefirstfullyprofessionalleaguetheInternationalProfessionalHockeyLeague(IPHL)in1904.
TheWPHLandIPHLhiredplayersfromCanadainresponse,Canadianleaguesbegantopayplayers(who
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playedwithamateurs).TheIPHL,cutofffromitslargestsourceofplayers,disbandedin1907.Bythen,
severalprofessionalhockeyleagueswereoperatinginCanada(withleaguesinManitoba,Ontarioand
Quebec).
In1910,theNationalHockeyAssociation(NHA)wasformedinMontreal.TheNHAwouldfurtherrefine
therules:droppingtheroverposition,dividingthegameintothree20minuteperiodsandintroducing
minorandmajorpenalties.AfterreorganizingastheNational
HockeyLeague(NHL)in1917,theleagueexpandedintotheUnited
States,startingwiththeBostonBruinsin1924.
OxfordUniversityvs.Switzerland,
1922futureCanadianprimeminister
LesterPearsonisatrightfront
ProfessionalhockeyleaguesdevelopedlaterinEurope,sincebandy
wasstillpopular,butamateurleaguesleadingtonational
championshipswereinplace.OneofthefirstwastheSwiss
NationalLeagueA,foundedin1916.Today,professionalleagues
havebeenintroducedinmostcountriesofEurope.TopEuropean
leaguesincludetheKontinentalHockeyLeague,theCzech
Extraliga,theFinnishLiigaandtheSwedishHockeyLeague.
Game
Whilethegeneralcharacteristicsofthegamearethesamewhereveritisplayed,theexactrulesdependon
theparticularcodeofplaybeingused.ThetwomostimportantcodesarethoseoftheIIHF[36]andthe
NHL.[37]Bothofthecodes,andothers,originatedfromCanadianrulesoficehockeyoftheearly20th
Century.
Icehockeyisplayedonahockeyrink.Duringnormalplay,thereare
sixplayerspersideontheiceatanytime,oneofthembeingthe
goaltender,eachofwhomisoniceskates.Theobjectiveofthe
gameistoscoregoalsbyshootingahardvulcanizedrubberdisc,
thepuck,intotheopponent'sgoalnet,whichisplacedatthe
oppositeendoftherink.Theplayersusetheirstickstopassorshoot
thepuck.
Typicallayoutofanicehockeyrink
surface
Withincertainrestrictions,playersmayredirectthepuckwithany
partoftheirbody.Playersmaynotholdthepuckintheirhandand
areprohibitedfromusingtheirhandstopassthepucktotheirteammates,unlesstheyareinthedefensive
zone.Playersarealsoprohibitedfromkickingthepuckintotheopponent'sgoal,thoughintentional
redirectionsofftheskatearepermitted.Playersmaynotintentionallybatthepuckintothenetwiththeir
hands.
Hockeyisan"offside"game,meaningthatforwardpassesareallowed,unlikeinrugby.Beforethe1930s
hockeywasanonsidegame,meaningthatonlybackwardpasseswereallowed.Thoserulesfavoured
individualstickhandlingasakeymeansofdrivingthepuckforward.Withthearrivalofoffsiderules,the
forwardpasstransformedhockeyintoatrulyteamsport,whereindividualperformancediminishedin
importancerelativetoteamplay,whichcouldnowbecoordinatedovertheentiresurfaceoftheiceas
opposedtomerelyrearwardplayers.[38]
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Betweenthefiveplayersontheice,theyaretypicallydividedintothreeforwardsandtwodefensemen.The
forwardpositionsconsistofacentreandtwowingers:aleftwingandarightwing.Forwardsoftenplay
togetherasunitsorlines,withthesamethreeforwardsalwaysplayingtogether.Thedefencemenusually
staytogetherasapairgenerallydividedbetweenleftandright.Leftandrightsidewingersordefencemen
aregenerallypositionedassuch,basedonthesideonwhichtheycarrytheirstick.Asubstitutionofan
entireunitatonceiscalledalinechange.Teamstypicallyemployalternatesetsofforwardlinesand
defensivepairingswhenshorthandedoronapowerplay.Substitutionsarepermittedatanytimeduringthe
courseofthegame,althoughduringastoppageofplaythehometeamispermittedthefinalchange.When
playersaresubstitutedduringplay,itiscalledchangingonthefly.AnewNHLruleaddedinthe2005
2006seasonpreventsateamfromchangingtheirlineaftertheyicethepuck.
Theboardssurroundingtheicehelpkeepthepuckinplayandtheycanalsobeusedastoolstoplaythe
puck.Playersarepermittedto"bodycheck"opponentsintotheboardsasameansofstoppingprogress.The
referees,linesmenandtheoutsidesofthegoalare"inplay"anddonotcauseastoppageofthegamewhen
thepuckorplayersareinfluenced(byeitherbouncingorcolliding)intothem.Playcanbestoppedifthe
goalisknockedoutofposition.Playoftenproceedsforminuteswithoutinterruption.Whenplayisstopped,
itisrestartedwitha"faceoff".Twoplayers"face"eachotherandanofficialdropsthepucktotheice,
wherethetwoplayersattempttogaincontrolofthepuck.Markingsontheiceindicatethelocationsforthe
faceoffandguidethepositioningofplayers.
Thethreemajorrulesofplayinicehockeythatlimitthemovementofthepuck:"offside","icing",andthe
puckgoingoutofplay.Aplayeris"offside"ifheentershisopponent'szonebeforethepuckitself.Under
manysituations,aplayermaynot"icethepuck",shootthepuckallthewayacrossboththecentrelineand
theopponent'sgoalline.Thepuckgoes"outofplay"wheneveritgoespasttheperimeteroftheicerink
(ontotheplayerbenches,overthe"glass,"orontotheprotectivenettingabovetheglass)andastoppageof
playiscalledbytheofficialsusingwhistles.Italsodoesnotmatterifthepuckcomesbackontotheice
surfacefromthoseareasasthepuckisconsidereddeadonceitleavestheperimeteroftherink.
UnderIIHFrules,eachteammaycarryamaximumof20playersandtwogoaltendersontheirroster.NHL
rulesrestrictthetotalnumberofplayerspergameto18,plustwogoaltenders.IntheNHL,theplayersare
usuallydividedintofourlinesofthreeforwards,andintothreepairsofdefenceman.Onoccasion,teams
mayelecttosubstituteanextradefencemanforaforwardthisseventhdefencemanmightsometimesplay
onthefourthlineasaforward.
Periodsandovertime
Aprofessionalgameconsistsofthreeperiodsoftwentyminutes,theclockrunningonlywhenthepuckisin
play.Theteamschangeendsforthesecondperiod,againforthethirdperiod,andagainatthestartofeach
overtimeplayed(playoffsonlysameendsastheoddperiodsotherwise).Recreationalleaguesand
children'sleaguesoftenplayshortergames,generallywiththreeshorterperiodsofplay.
Variousproceduresareusedifagameistied.Intournamentplay,aswellasintheNHLplayoffs,North
Americansfavoursuddendeathovertime,inwhichtheteamscontinuetoplaytwentyminuteperiodsuntila
goalisscored.Upuntilthe19992000seasonregularseasonNHLgamesweresettledwithasinglefive
minutesuddendeathperiodwithfiveplayers(plusagoalie)perside,withbothteamsawardedonepointin
thestandingsintheeventofatie.Withagoal,thewinningteamwouldbeawardedtwopointsandthe
losingteamnone(justasiftheyhadlostinregulation).
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From19992000until200304,theNationalHockeyLeaguedecidedtiesbyplayingasinglefiveminute
suddendeathovertimeperiodwitheachteamhavingfourplayers(plusagoalie)persideto"openup"the
game.Intheeventofatie,eachteamwouldstillreceiveonepointinthestandingsbutintheeventofa
victorythewinningteamwouldbeawardedtwopointsinthestandingsandthelosingteamonepoint.The
ideawastodiscourageteamsfromplayingforatie,sincepreviouslysometeamsmighthavepreferredatie
and1pointtoriskingalossandzeropoints.Theonlyexceptiontothisruleisifateamoptstopulltheir
goalieinexchangeforanextraskaterduringovertimeandissubsequentlyscoredupon(an'emptynet'
goal),inwhichcasethelosingteamreceivesnopointsfortheovertimeloss.[39]
InternationalplayandseveralNorthAmericanprofessionalleagues,includingtheNHL(intheregular
season),nowuseanovertimeperiodidenticaltothatfrom99000304followedbyapenaltyshootout.
Ifthescoreremainstiedafteranextraovertimeperiod,thesubsequentshootoutconsistsofthreeplayers
fromeachteamtakingpenaltyshots.Afterthesesixtotalshots,theteamwiththemostgoalsisawardedthe
victory.Ifthescoreisstilltied,theshootoutthenproceedstoasuddendeathformat.Regardlessofthe
numberofgoalsscoredduringtheshootoutbyeitherteam,thefinalscorerecordedwillawardthewinning
teamonemoregoalthanthescoreattheendofregulationtime.IntheNHLifagameisdecidedin
overtimeorbyashootoutthewinningteamisawardedtwopointsinthestandingsandthelosingteamis
awardedonepoint.TiesnolongeroccurintheNHL.
TheovertimemodefortheNHLplayoffsdifferfromtheregularseason.Intheplayoffsthereareno
shootoutsnorties.Ifagameistiedafterregulationanadditional20minutesof5on5suddendeath
overtimewillbeadded.Incaseofatiedgameaftertheovertime,multiple20minuteovertimeswillbe
playeduntilateamscores,whichwinsthemthematch.
Penalties
Inicehockey,infractionsoftherulesleadtoplaystoppages
wherebytheplayisrestartedatafaceoff.Someinfractionsresultin
theimpositionofapenaltytoaplayerorteam.Inthesimplestcase,
theoffendingplayerissenttothe"penaltybox"andtheirteamhas
toplaywithonefewerplayerontheiceforadesignatedperiodof
time.Minorpenaltieslastfortwominutes,majorpenaltieslastfor
fiveminutes,andadoubleminorpenaltyistwoconsecutive
penaltiesoftwominutesduration.Asingleminorpenaltymaybe
extendedbyafurthertwominutesforcausingvisibleinjurytothe
victimizedplayer.Thisisusuallywhenbloodisdrawnduringhigh
sticking.Playersmaybealsoassessedpersonalextendedpenalties
orgameexpulsionsformisconductinadditiontothepenaltyor
penaltiestheirteammustserve.Theteamthathasbeengivena
penaltyissaidtobeplaying"shorthanded"whiletheopposingteam
isona"powerplay."
Altercationsoftenoccurnearthegoal
afterastoppageofplay,since
defensiveplayersarehighly
concernedwithprotectingtheir
goaltender.
Atwominuteminorpenaltyisoftenchargedforlesserinfractions
suchas"tripping","elbowing","roughing","highsticking","delay
ofthegame","toomanyplayersontheice","boarding",illegalequipment,"charging"(leapingintoan
opponentorbodycheckinghimaftertakingmorethantwostrides),"holding",holdingthestick(grabbing
anopponent'sstick),"interference","hooking","slashing","kneeing","unsportsmanlikeconduct"(arguing
apenaltycallwithreferee,extremelyvulgarorinappropriateverbalcomments),"buttending"(strikingan
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opponentwiththeknobofthestickaveryrarepenalty),"spearing",or"crosschecking".Asofthe2005
2006season,aminorpenaltyisalsoassessedfor"diving",whereaplayerembellishesorsimulatesan
offence.Moreegregiousfoulsmaybepenalizedbyafourminutedoubleminorpenalty,particularlythose
thatinjurethevictimizedplayer.Thesepenaltiesendeitherwhenthetimerunsoutorwhentheotherteam
scoresduringthepowerplay.Inthecaseofagoalscoredduringthefirsttwominutesofadoubleminor,
thepenaltyclockissetdowntotwominutesuponascore,effectivelyexpiringthefirstminorpenalty.Five
minutemajorpenaltiesarecalledforespeciallyviolentinstancesofmostminorinfractionsthatresultin
intentionalinjurytoanopponent,orwhena"minor"penaltyresultsinvisibleinjury(suchasbleeding),as
wellasforfighting.Majorpenaltiesarealwaysservedinfulltheydonotterminateonagoalscoredbythe
otherteam.Majorpenaltiesassessedforfightingaretypicallyoffsetting,meaningneitherteamisshort
handedandtheplayersexitthepenaltyboxuponastoppageofplayfollowingtheexpirationoftheir
respectivepenalties.Thefoulof"boarding"(definedas"check[ing]anopponentinsuchamannerthat
causestheopponenttobethrownviolentlyintheboards")[40]ispenalizedeitherbyaminorormajor
penaltyatthediscretionofthereferee,basedontheviolentstateofthehit.Aminorormajorpenaltyfor
boardingisoftenassessedwhenaplayerchecksanopponentfrombehindandintotheboards.
Somevarietiesofpenaltiesdonotalwaysrequiretheoffendingteamtoplayamanshort.Concurrentfive
minutemajorpenaltiesintheNHLusuallyresultfromfighting.Inthecaseoftwoplayersbeingassessed
fiveminutefightingmajors,boththeplayersservefiveminuteswithouttheirteamincurringalossof
player(bothteamsstillhaveafullcomplementofplayersontheice).Thisdifferswithtwoplayersfrom
opposingsidesgettingminorpenalties,atthesametimeoratanyintersectingmoment,resultingfrommore
commoninfractions.Inthiscase,bothteamswillhaveonlyfourskatingplayers(notcountingthe
goaltender)untiloneorbothpenaltiesexpire(ifonepenaltyexpiresbeforetheother,theopposingteam
getsapowerplayfortheremainderofthetime)thisappliesregardlessofcurrentpendingpenalties.
However,intheNHL,ateamalwayshasatleastthreeskatersontheice.Thus,tenminutemisconduct
penaltiesareservedinfullbythepenalizedplayer,buthisteammayimmediatelysubstituteanotherplayer
ontheiceunlessaminorormajorpenaltyisassessedinconjunctionwiththemisconduct(atwoandtenor
fiveandten).Inthiscase,theteamdesignatesanotherplayertoservetheminorormajorbothplayersgo
tothepenaltybox,butonlythedesigneemaynotbereplaced,andheisreleasedupontheexpirationofthe
twoorfiveminutes,atwhichpointthetenminutemisconductbegins.Inaddition,gamemisconductsare
assessedfordeliberateintenttoinflictsevereinjuryonanopponent(attheofficials'discretion),orfora
majorpenaltyforastickinfractionorrepeatedmajorpenalties.Theoffendingplayerisejectedfromthe
gameandmustimmediatelyleavetheplayingsurface(hedoesnotsitinthepenaltybox)meanwhile,ifan
additionalminorormajorpenaltyisassessed,adesignatedplayermustserveoutofthatsegmentofthe
penaltyinthebox(similartotheabovementioned"twoandten").Insomerarecases,aplayermayreceive
uptonineteenminutesinpenaltiesforonestringofplays.Thiscouldinvolvereceivingafourminute
doubleminorpenalty,gettinginafightwithanopposingplayerwhoretaliates,andthenreceivingagame
misconductafterthefight.Inthiscase,theplayerisejectedandtwoteammatesmustservethedouble
minorandmajorpenalties.
A"penaltyshot"isawardedtoaplayerwhentheillegalactionsofanotherplayerstopaclearscoring
opportunity,mostcommonlywhentheplayerisona"breakaway".Apenaltyshotallowstheobstructed
playertopickupthepuckonthecentreredlineandattempttoscoreonthegoaliewithnootherplayerson
theice,tocompensatefortheearliermissedscoringopportunity.Apenaltyshotisalsoawardedfora
defenderotherthanthegoaltendercoveringthepuckinthegoalcrease,agoaltenderintentionally
displacinghisowngoalpostsduringabreakawaytoavoidagoal,adefenderintentionallydisplacinghis
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owngoalpostswhenthereislessthantwominutestoplayinregulationtimeoratanypointduring
overtime,oraplayerorcoachintentionallythrowingastickorotherobjectatthepuckorthepuckcarrier
andthethrowingactiondisruptsashotorpassplay.
Officialsalsostopplayforpuckmovementviolations,suchasusingone's
handstopassthepuckintheoffensiveend,butnoplayersarepenalizedfor
theseoffences.Thesoleexceptionsaredeliberatelyfallingonorgathering
thepucktothebody,carryingthepuckinthehand,andshootingthepuck
outofplayinone'sdefensivezone(allpenalizedtwominutesfordelayof
game).
IntheNHL,auniquepenaltyappliestothegoalies.Thegoaliesnoware
forbiddentoplaythepuckinthe"corners"oftherinkneartheirownnet.
Thiswillresultinatwominutepenaltyagainstthegoalie'steam.Thearea
immediatelybehindthenet(markedbytworedlinesoneithersideofthe
net)istheonlyareabehindthenetwherethegoaliecanplaythepuck.
Anicehockeyrefereeis
Anadditionalrulethathasneverbeenapenalty,butwasaninfractioninthe
responsibleforassessing
NHLbeforerecentruleschanges,isthe"twolineoffsidepass."Priortothe
mostpenaltiesduringa
200506NHLseason,playwasstoppedwhenapassfrominsideateam's
game.
defendingzonecrossedthecentreline,withafaceoffheldinthedefending
zoneoftheoffendingteam.Now,thecentrelineisnolongerusedinthe
NHLtodetermineatwolinepassinfraction,achangethattheIIHFhadadoptedin1998.Playersarenow
abletopasstoteammateswhoaremorethantheblueandcentreiceredlineaway.
TheNHLhastakenstepstospeedupthegameofhockeyandcreateagameoffinesse,byretreatingfrom
thepastwhereillegalhits,fights,and"clutchingandgrabbing"amongplayerswerecommonplace.Rules
arenowmorestrictlyenforced,resultinginmorepenalties,whichinturnprovidesmoreprotectiontothe
playersandfacilitatesmoregoalsbeingscored.ThegoverningbodyforUnitedStatesamateurhockeyhas
implementedmanynewrulestoreducethenumberofstickonbodyoccurrences,aswellasother
detrimentalandillegalfacetsofthegame("zerotolerance").
Inmen'shockey,butnotinwomen's,aplayermayusehishiporshouldertohitanotherplayeriftheplayer
hasthepuckoristhelasttohavetouchedit.Thisuseofthehipandshoulderiscalled"bodychecking."Not
allphysicalcontactislegalinparticular,hitsfrombehind,hitstotheheadandmosttypesofforceful
stickonbodycontactareillegal.
Adelayedpenaltycalloccurswhenapenaltyoffenseiscommittedbytheteamthatdoesnothave
possessionofthepuck.Inthiscircumstancetheteamwithpossessionofthepuckisallowedtocompletethe
playthatis,playcontinuesuntilagoalisscored,aplayerontheopposingteamgainscontrolofthepuck,
ortheteaminpossessioncommitsaninfractionorpenaltyoftheirown.Becausetheteamonwhichthe
penaltywascalledcannotcontrolthepuckwithoutstoppingplay,itisimpossibleforthemtoscoreagoal.
Inthesecasestheteaminpossessionofthepuckcanpullthegoalieforanextraattackerwithoutfearof
beingscoredon.However,itispossibleforthecontrollingteamtomishandlethepuckintotheirownnet.If
adelayedpenaltyissignaledandtheteaminpossessionscores,thepenaltyisstillassessedtotheoffending
player,butnotserved.In2012,thisrulewaschangedbytheNCAAforcollegelevelhockeyintheUnited
States.Incollegegames,thepenaltyisstillenforcedeveniftheteaminpossessionscores.[41]
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Officials
Atypicalgameofhockeyisgovernedbytwotofourofficialsontheice,chargedwithenforcingtherulesof
thegame.Therearetypicallytwolinesmenwhoaremainlyresponsibleforcalling"offside"and"icing"
violations,breakingupfights,andconductingfaceoffs,[42]andoneortworeferees,[43]whocallgoalsand
allotherpenalties.Linesmencan,however,reporttothereferee(s)thatapenaltyshouldbeassessedagainst
anoffendingplayerinsomesituations.[44]Therestrictionsonthispracticevarydependingonthegoverning
rules.Oniceofficialsareassistedbyofficeofficialswhoactasgoaljudges,timekeepers,andofficial
scorers.
Themostwidespreadsysteminusetodayisthe"threemansystem,"thatusesonerefereeandtwo
linesmen.Anotherlesscommonlyusedsystemisthetworefereeandonelinesmansystem.Thissystemis
veryclosetotheregularthreemansystemexceptforafewprocedurechanges.Withthefirstbeingthe
NationalHockeyLeague,anumberofleagueshavestartedtoimplementthe"fourofficialsystem,"where
anadditionalrefereeisaddedtoaidinthecallingofpenaltiesnormallydifficulttoassessbyonesingle
referee.ThesystemisnowusedineveryNHLgame,atIIHFWorldChampionships,theOlympicsandin
manyprofessionalandhighlevelamateurleaguesinNorthAmericaandEurope.
Officialsareselectedbytheleaguetheyworkfor.Amateurhockeyleaguesuseguidelinesestablishedby
nationalorganizingbodiesasabasisforchoosingtheirofficiatingstaffs.InNorthAmerica,thenational
organizingbodiesHockeyCanadaandUSAHockeyapproveofficialsaccordingtotheirexperiencelevelas
wellastheirabilitytopassrulesknowledgeandskatingabilitytests.HockeyCanadahasofficiatinglevelsI
throughVI.[45]USAHockeyhasofficiatinglevels1through4.[46]
Equipment
Sinceicehockeyisafullcontactsportinmenshockey,body
checksareallowedsoinjuriesareacommonoccurrence.Protective
equipmentismandatoryandisenforcedinallcompetitive
situations.Thisincludesahelmet(cagewornifcertainage),
shoulderpads,elbowpads,mouthguard,protectivegloves,heavily
paddedshorts(alsoknownashockeypants)oragirdle,athleticcup
(alsoknownasajock,formalesandjill,forfemales),shinpads,
skates,and(optionally)aneckprotector.Inaddition,goaltenders
usedifferentgear,aneckguard,chest/armprotector,blocker,catch
glove,andlegpads.
Icehockeyskatesareoptimizedforphysicalacceleration,speedand
maneuverability.Thisincludesrapidstarts,stops,turns,andchanges
inskatingdirection.Inaddition,theymustberigidandtoughto
protecttheskater'sfeetfromcontactwithotherskaters,sticks,
pucks,theboards,andtheiceitself.Rigidityalsoimprovesthe
overallmaneuverabilityoftheskate.Bladelength,thickness
(width),andcurvature(rocker/radius(fronttoback)andradiusof
hollow(acrossthebladewidth)arequitedifferentfromspeedor
figureskates.Hockeyplayersusuallyadjusttheseparametersbased
ontheirskilllevel,position,andbodytype.
Goaltendersusemoreprotective
equipmentthanotherplayers.
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Theicehockeystickconsistsofalong,relativelywide,andslightlycurvedflatblade,attachedtoashaft.
Thecurveitselfhasabigimpactonitsperformance.Adeepcurveallowsforliftingthepuckeasierwhilea
shallowcurveallowsforeasierbackhands.Theflexofthestickalsoimpactstheperformance.Typicallya
lessflexiblestickismeantforastrongerplayersincetheplayerislookingfortherightbalancedflexthat
allowsthesticktoflexeasilywhilestillhavingastrong"whipback"whichsendsthepuckflyingathigh
speeds.Itisquitedistinctfromsticksinothersportsgamesandmostsuitedtohittingandcontrollingthe
flatpuck.Itsuniqueshapecontributedtotheearlydevelopmentofthegame.
Injury
Icehockeyisafullcontactsportandcarriesahighriskofinjury.Playersaremovingatspeedsaround
approximately2030mphandquiteabitofthegamerevolvesaroundthephysicalcontactbetweenthe
players.Skateblades,hockeysticks,shoulders,hips,andhockeypucksallcontribute.Thetypesofinjuries
associatedwithhockeyinclude:lacerations,concussions,contusions,ligamenttears,brokenbones,
hyperextensions,andmusclestrains.Womensicehockeyplayerscanhavecontactbutarenotallowedto
bodycheck.Therearemanyinjuriesinwomensicehockeytoo.Somecommoninjuriesareconcussions,
brokenbones,hyperextensions,andmusclestrains.
Headinjuries
AccordingtotheHughstonHealthAlert,"Lacerationstothehead,scalp,andfacearethemostfrequent
typesofinjury[inhockey]."(Schmidt6)Evenashallowcuttotheheadresultsinalossofalargeamount
ofblood.Notonlyarelacerationscommon,itisestimatedthatdirecttraumaaccountsfor80%ofall
[hockey]injuries.Mostoftheseinjuriesarecausedbyplayercontact,fallsandcontactwithapuck,high
stickandoccasionally,askateblade.(Schmidt3)Oneofthecausesofheadinjuryischeckingfrom
behind.Duetothedangerofdeliveringacheckfrombehind,manyleagues,includingtheNHLhavemade
thisamajorandgamemisconductpenalty(called"boarding").Anothertypeofcheckthataccountsfor
manyoftheplayertoplayercontactconcussionsisachecktotheheadresultinginamisconductpenalty
(calledheadcontact).Achecktotheheadcanbedefinedasdeliveringahitwhilethereceivingplayers
headisdownandtheirwaistisbentandtheaggressoristargetingtheopponentplayer'shead.Themost
dangerousresultofaheadinjuryinhockeycanbeclassifiedasaconcussion.Mostconcussionsoccur
duringplayertoplayercontactratherthanwhenaplayerischeckedintotheboards.Checkstothehead
haveaccountedfornearly50%ofconcussionsthatplayersintheNationalHockeyLeaguehavesuffered.
Concussionsthatplayerssuffermaygounreportedbecausethereisnoobviousphysicalsignsifaplayeris
notknockedunconscious.Thiscanprovetobedangerousifaplayerdecidestoreturntoplaywithout
receivingpropermedicalattention.Studiesshowthat,icehockeycauses44.3%ofalltraumaticbrain
injuriesamongCanadiankids.[47]Inseverecases,thetraumaticbraininjuriesarecapableofresultingin
death.Occurrencesofdeathfromtheseinjuriesarerare,butoccuralltoomuchinavarietyofsports.
Tactics
Checking
Animportantdefensivetacticischeckingattemptingtotakethepuckfromanopponentortoremovethe
opponentfromplay.Stickchecking,sweepchecking,andpokecheckingarelegalusesofthesticktoobtain
possessionofthepuck.Theneutralzonetrapisdesignedtoisolatethepuckcarrierintheneutralzone
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preventinghimfromenteringtheoffensivezone.Bodycheckingisusingone'sshoulderorhiptostrikean
opponentwhohasthepuckorwhoisthelasttohavetouchedit(thelastpersontohavetouchedthepuckis
stilllegally"inpossession"ofit,althoughapenaltyisgenerallycalledifheischeckedmorethantwo
secondsafterhislasttouch).Oftenthetermcheckingisusedtorefertobodychecking,withitstrue
definitiongenerallyonlypropagatedamongfansofthegame.
Offensivetactics
Winningthefaceoffcanbethekeyto
somestrategies.Agamebetween
SaginawandPlymouth'sOntario
HockeyLeagueteams.
Offensivetacticsincludeimprovingateam'spositionontheiceby
advancingthepuckoutofone'szonetowardstheopponent'szone,
progressivelybygaininglines,firstyourownblueline,thenthered
lineandfinallytheopponent'sblueline.NHLrulesinstatedforthe
2006seasonredefinedtheoffsideruletomakethetwolinepass
legalaplayermaypassthepuckfrombehindhisownblueline,
pastboththatbluelineandthecentreredline,toaplayeronthe
nearsideoftheopponents'blueline.Offensivetacticsaredesigned
ultimatelytoscoreagoalbytakingashot.Whenaplayerpurposely
directsthepucktowardstheopponent'sgoal,heorsheissaidto
"shoot"thepuck.
Adeflectionisashotthatredirectsashotorapasstowardsthegoal
fromanotherplayer,byallowingthepucktostrikethestickand
caromtowardsthegoal.Aonetimerisashotstruckdirectlyoffa
pass,withoutreceivingthepassandshootingintwoseparate
actions.Headmanningthepuck,alsoknownasbreakingout,isthe
tacticofrapidlypassingtotheplayerfarthestdowntheice.Loafing,
alsoknownascherrypicking,iswhenaplayer,usuallyaforward,
skatesbehindanattackingteam,insteadofplayingdefense,inan
attempttocreateaneasyscoringchance.
Ateamthatislosingbyoneortwogoalsinthelastfewminutesof
playwilloftenelecttopullthegoaliethatis,removethegoaltender
andreplacehimorherwithanextraattackerontheiceinthehope
ofgainingenoughadvantagetoscoreagoal.However,itisanactof
desperation,asitsometimesleadstotheopposingteamextending
theirleadbyscoringagoalintheemptynet.
PeterBondraoftheAtlantaThrashers
shootsthepuckandscoresagainst
RobertoLuongooftheFlorida
Panthersduringthe200506NHL
season
Oneofthemostimportantstrategiesforateamistheirforecheck.Forecheckingistheactofattackingthe
oppositionintheirdefensivezone.Forecheckingisanimportantpartofthedumpandchasestrategy(i.e.
shootingthepuckintotheoffensivezoneandthenchasingafterit).Eachteamwillusetheirownunique
systembutthemainonesare:212,122,and14.The212isthemostbasicforechecksystemwhere
twoforwardswillgoindeepandpressuretheopposition'sdefencemen,thethirdforwardstayshighandthe
twodefencemenstayattheblueline.The122isabitmoreconservativesystemwhereoneforward
pressuresthepuckcarrierandtheothertwoforwardscovertheoppositions'wingers,withthetwo
defencemenstayingattheblueline.The14isthemostdefensiveforechecksystem,referredtoasthe
neutralzonetrap,whereoneforwardwillapplypressuretothepuckcarrieraroundtheoppositions'blueline
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andtheother4playersstandbasicallyinalinebytheirbluelineinhopestheoppositionwillskateintoone
ofthem.Anotherstrategyistheleftwinglock,whichhastwoforwardspressurethepuckandtheleftwing
andthetwodefencemenstayattheblueline.
Therearemanyotherlittletacticsusedinthegameofhockey.Cyclingmovesthepuckalongtheboardsin
theoffensivezonetocreateascoringchancebymakingdefenderstiredormovingthemoutofposition.
Pinchingiswhenadefencemenpressurestheopposition'swingerintheoffensivezonewhentheyare
breakingout,attemptingtostoptheirattackandkeepthepuckintheoffensivezone.Asaucerpassisa
passusedwhenanopposition'sstickorbodyisinthepassinglane.Itistheactofraisingthepuckoverthe
obstructionandhavingitlandonateammate'sstick.
Adeke,shortfor"decoy,"isafeintwiththebodyorsticktofooladefenderorthegoalie.Manymodern
players,suchasPavelDatsyuk,SidneyCrosbyandPatrickKane,havepickeduptheskillof"dangling,"
whichisfancierdekingandrequiresmorestickhandlingskills.
Fights
Althoughfightingisofficiallyprohibitedintherules,itisbothatargetofcriticismandaconsiderabledraw
forthesport.AttheprofessionallevelinNorthAmericafightsareunofficiallycondoned.Enforcersand
otherplayersfighttodemoralizetheopposingplayerswhileexcitingtheirown,aswellassettlingpersonal
scores.Afightwillalsobreakoutifoneoftheteam'sskilledplayersgetshithardorsomeonegetshitby
whattheteamperceivesasadirtyhit.Theamateurgamepenalizesfisticuffsmoreharshly,asaplayerwho
receivesafightingmajorisalsoassessedatleasta10minutemisconductpenalty(NCAAandsomeJunior
leagues)oragamemisconductpenaltyandsuspension(highschoolandyounger,aswellassomecasual
adultleagues).[48]Crowdsseemtolikefightinginicehockeyandcheerwhenfightingerupts.[49]
Women'sicehockey
Icehockeyisoneofthefastestgrowingwomen'ssportsintheworld,withthenumberofparticipants
increasing350percentinthelast10years.[50]In2011,Canadahad85,827womenplayers,[51]UnitedStates
had65,609,[52]Finland4,760,[53]Sweden3,075[54]andSwitzerland1,172.[55]Whiletherearenotasmany
organizedleaguesforwomenasthereareformen,thereexistleaguesofalllevels,includingtheCanadian
Women'sHockeyLeague,WesternWomen'sHockeyLeague,MidAtlanticWomen'sHockeyLeague,and
variousEuropeanleaguesaswellasuniversityteams,nationalandOlympicteams,andrecreationalteams.
TheIIHFholdsaIIHFWorldWomen'sChampionshiptournamentannuallyexceptinOlympicyears.[56]
Thechiefdifferencebetweenwomen'sandmen'shockeyisthatbodycheckingisnotallowedinwomen's
hockey.Afterthe1990Women'sWorldChampionship,bodycheckingwaseliminatedinwomen'shockey.
IncurrentIIHFwomen'scompetition,bodycheckingiseitheraminorormajorpenalty,decidedatthe
referee'sdiscretion.[57]Inaddition,playersinwomen'scompetitionarerequiredtowearprotectivefullface
masks.[57]
InCanada,tosomeextentringetteservesasthefemalecounterparttoicehockey,inthesensethatinmany
families,theboysplayhockeywhilethegirlsplayringette.
History
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Womenareknowntohaveplayed
thegameinthe19thcentury.
Severalgameswererecordedinthe
1890sinOttawa,Canada.The
womenofLordStanley'sfamily
wereknowntoparticipateinthe
gameoficehockeyontheoutdoor
icerinkatRideauHall,theresidence
ofCanada'sGovernorGeneral.
Thegamedevelopedatfirstwithout
anorganizingbody.Atournamentin
1902betweenMontrealandTrois
Riviereswasbilledasthefirstchampionshiptournament.Several
tournaments,suchasattheBanffWinterCarnival,wereheldintheearly
20thCenturyandnumerouswomen'steamssuchastheSeattleVampsand
VancouverAmazonsexisted.Organizationsstartedtodevelopinthe1920s,
Drawingofafemaleice
suchastheLadiesOntarioHockeyAssociation,andlater,theDominion
hockeyplayer,fromHockey:
Women'sAmateurHockeyAssociation.Startinginthe1960s,thegame
Canada'sRoyalWinter
spreadtouniversities.Today,thegameisplayedfromyouththroughadult
Game(1899)
leagues,andintheuniversitiesofNorthAmericaandinternationally.One
league,theCanadianWomen'sHockeyLeaguewithteamsinCanadaand
theUnitedStates,issemiprofessionalandisdevelopingtowardbecomingafullyprofessionalleague.
Awomen'sicehockeyteamin1921
Thefirstwomen'sworldchampionshiptournament,albeitunofficial,washeldin1987inToronto,Canada.
ThiswasfollowedbythefirstIIHFWorldChampionshipin1990inOttawa.Women'sicehockeywas
addedasamedalsportatthe1998WinterOlympicsinNagano,Japan.TheUnitedStateswonthegold,
CanadawonthesilverandFinlandwonthebronzemedal.[58]
TheUnitedStatesHockeyLeague(USHL)welcomedthefirstfemaleprofessionalhockeyplayerin1969
70,whentheMarquetteIronRangerssignedKarenKoch.[59]Onewoman,ManonRhaume,hasplayedin
theNHL,asagoaltenderfortheTampaBayLightninginpreseasongamesagainsttheSt.LouisBluesand
theBostonBruins.In2003,HayleyWickenheiserplayedwiththeKirkkonummiSalamatintheFinnish
men'sSuomisarjaleague.SeveralwomenhavecompetedinNorthAmericanminorleagues,including
Rhaume,goaltendersKellyDyerandErinWhittenanddefencemanAngelaRuggiero.
Leaguesandchampionships
Nationalteams
IcehockeyhasbeenplayedattheWinterOlympicssince1924(andwasplayedatthesummergamesin
1920).Canadawonsixofthefirstsevengoldmedalsto1952,theexceptionoccurringin1936whenGreat
Britainwon.TheUSSRwonallbuttwogoldmedalsfrom1956to1988aswellasafinaltimeasthe
UnifiedTeamatthe1992AlbertvilleOlympics.TheUnitedStateswontheirfirstgoldmedalin1960.On
thewaytowinningthegoldmedalatthe1980LakePlacidOlympicsamateurUScollegeplayersdefeated
theheavilyfavouredSovietsquadaneventknownasthe"MiracleonIce"intheUnitedStates.
Restrictionsonprofessionalplayerswerefullydroppedatthe1998gamesinNagano.TheGamessawthe
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fullparticipationofplayersfromtheNHL,whichsuspendedoperationsduringtheGamesandhasdoneso
insubsequentGames.The2010gamesinVancouverwerethefirstplayedinanNHLcitysincethe
inclusionofNHLplayers.The2010gameswerethefirstplayedonNHLsizedicerinks,whichare
narrowerthantheIIHFstandard.
NationalteamsrepresentingthememberfederationsoftheIIHFcompeteannuallyintheIIHFIceHockey
WorldChampionships.Teamsareselectedfromtheavailableplayersbytheindividualfederations,without
restrictiononamateurorprofessionalstatus.Sinceitisheldinthe
spring,thetournamentcoincideswiththeannualNHLStanleyCup
playoffsandmanyofthetopplayersarehencenotavailableto
participateinthetournament.ManyoftheNHLplayerswhodo
playintheIIHFtournamentcomefromteamseliminatedbeforethe
playoffsorinthefirstround,andfederationsoftenholdopenspots
untilthetournamenttoallowforplayerstojointhetournamentafter
theirclubteamiseliminated.Formanyyears,thetournamentwas
anamateuronlytournament,butthisrestrictionwasremoved,
beginninginthe1970s.Playersarenotpaidtoplayinthe
FinlandvsRussiaintheWinter
tournament,butinsuranceandexpensesarecoveredfromthe
Olympics2006inTurin.
tournamentrevenues.
The1972SummitSeriesand1974SummitSeries,twoseriespitting
thebestCanadianandSovietplayerswithoutIIHFrestrictionswere
majorsuccesses,andestablishedarivalrybetweenCanadaandthe
USSR.Inthespiritofbestversusbestwithoutrestrictionson
amateurorprofessionalstatus,theserieswerefollowedbyfive
CanadaCuptournaments,playedinNorthAmerica.TwoNHL
versusUSSRserieswerealsoheld:the1979ChallengeCupand
Rendezvous'87.TheCanadaCuptournamentlaterbecamethe
WorldCupofHockey,playedin1996and2004.TheUnitedStates
wonin1996andCanadawonin2004.
IceHockeyWorldChampionships
2010inGermany
Sincetheinitialwomen'sworldchampionshipsin1990,therehave
beenfifteentournaments.[56]Women'shockeyhasbeenplayedat
theOlympicssince1998.[58]The2006WinterOlympicfinalbetweenCanadaandSwedenmarkedtheonly
timethewomen'sworldchampionshiporOlympicfinaldidnotinvolvebothCanadaandtheUnitedStates.
OthericehockeytournamentsfeaturingnationalteamsincludetheWorldU20Championship,theWorld
U18Championships,theWorldU17HockeyChallenge,theWorldJuniorAChallenge,theIvanHlinka
MemorialTournament,theWorldWomen'sU18Championshipsandthe4NationsCup.TheannualEuro
HockeyTour,anunofficialEuropeanchampionshipsbetweenthenationalmen'steamsoftheCzech
Republic,Finland,RussiaandSwedenhavebeenplayedsince199697.
Internationalleagues
TheNationalHockeyLeagueandspecificallytheStanleyCuptrophy,istheoldeststilloperating
internationalcompetition,featuringclubsfromtheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theleaguehas30teams,
seveninCanadaandtwentythreeintheUnitedStates.
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TheKontinentalHockeyLeague(KHL)isanicehockeyleagueinEurasia.Theleagueisthesuccessorto
theRussianSuperLeagueandtheSovietLeague,thehistoryofwhichdatesbacktothe1940s.TheKHL
waslaunchedin2008withclubsfromthepostSovietstates.Theleagueexpandedbeyondtheformer
Sovietcountries,beginninginthe201112season,withclubsin
Croatia,theCzechRepublicandSlovakia.Thenumberofteamshas
sinceincreasedto28fromeightdifferentcountries.
TheAsiaLeagueIceHockey,aninternationalicehockeyleague
featuringclubsfromChina,JapanandSouthKorea,isthesuccessor
totheJapanIceHockeyLeague.
TheAustrianHockeyLeague,calledtheErsteBankEishockeyLiga
(English:ErsteBankHockeyLeague)forsponsorshipreasons,is
thehighestlevelicehockeyleagueinAustria.Therootsofthe
KHLmatch
EBELleaguegobackto1923andchangedtoitscurrentformin
1965.Startinginthe2005/06season,nonAustrianteamswere
invitedtocompeteforthe"EBELChampion"title.TheleaguehassubsequentlyaddedclubsfromSlovenia,
HungaryandtheCzechRepublic,reachingtwelveteamsin2012.
Beginninginthe201415season,theChampionsHockeyLeaguewaslaunched,aleagueconsistingof
firsttierteamsfromseveralEuropeancountries,runningparallellywiththeteamsdomesticleagues.
Therearealsoseveralannualtournamentsforclubs,heldoutsideofleagueplay.Preseasontournaments
includetheEuropeanTrophy,TampereCupandthePajulahtiCup.Oneoftheoldestinternationalice
hockeycompetitionforclubsistheSpenglerCup,heldeveryyearinDavos,Switzerland,between
ChristmasandNewYear'sDay.Itwasfirstawardedin1923totheOxfordUniversityIceHockeyClub.
TheMemorialCup,acompetitionforjuniorlevel(age20andunder)clubsisheldannuallyfromapoolof
juniorchampionshipteamsinCanadaandtheUnitedStates.
InternationalclubcompetitionsorganizedbytheIIHFincludetheContinentalCup,theVictoriaCupand
theEuropeanWomen'sChampionsCup.TheWorldJuniorClubCupisanannualtournamentofjuniorice
hockeyclubsrepresentingeachofthetopjuniorleagues.
Leagues
SeveralcountriesinEuropehavetheirowntopprofessionalseniorleagues.ManyfutureKHLandNHL
playersstarttheirprofessionalcareersintheseleagues.
18/25
1/7/2015
Country
League
Notes
CzechRepublic
CzechExtraliga
Denmark
MetalLigaen
Finland
Liiga
France
LigueMagnus
Germany
DeutscheEishockeyLiga
Italy
Elite.A
Norway
GETligaen
Slovakia
SlovakExtraliga
Sweden
SwedishHockeyLeague
Switzerland
NationalLeagueA
Ukraine
ProfessionalHockeyLeague
SuccessortoUkrainianHockey
Championship
EliteIceHockeyLeague
Teamsinallofthehomenations:
England,Wales,ScotlandandNorthern
Ireland
UnitedKingdom
KnownasSMLiigauntil2013
KnownasSerieAuntil2013
KnownasElitserienuntil2013
InNorthAmerica,theAmericanHockeyLeague(AHL),sometimesreferredtoas"TheA,"[60]isthe
primarydevelopmentalprofessionalleagueforplayersaspiringtoentertheNHL.Itcomprises30teams
fromtheUnitedStatesandCanada.Itisrunasa"farmleague"totheNHL,withthevastmajorityofAHL
playersundercontracttoanNHLteam.TheEastCoastHockeyLeague(ECHL)isamidlevelminor
leagueintheUnitedStates.SomeECHLplayersareundercontracttoNHLteams.TheSouthern
ProfessionalHockeyLeague(SPHL)isadevelopmentalminorleagueintheUnitedStates.Mostundrafted
playersgettheirstartinthisleague.
TheAustralianIceHockeyLeagueandNewZealandIceHockeyLeaguearerepresentedbynineandfive
teamsrespectively.Asof2012,thetwotopteamsofthepreviousseasonfromeachleaguecompeteinthe
TransTasmanChampionsLeague.
Severalcountrieshaveleaguesforplayersofjuniorage,undertheageof20.TheCanadianHockeyLeague
isanumbrellaorganizationcomprisingthreemajorjuniorleagues:theOntarioHockeyLeague,theWestern
HockeyLeague,andtheQuebecMajorJuniorHockeyLeague.ItattractsplayersfromCanada,theUnited
StatesandEurope.TherearealsojuniorleaguesintheUnitedStatesandRussia,andseveralofthenational
professionalleaguesinEuropealsohavedevelopmentalleagues.
Pondhockey
Pondhockeyisaformoficehockeyplayedgenerallyaspickuphockeyonlakes,pondsandartificial
outdoorrinksduringthewinter.Pondhockeyiscommonlyreferredtoinhockeycirclesasshinny.Itsrules
differfromtraditionalhockeybecausethereisnohittingandverylittleshooting,placingagreateremphasis
onskating,puckhandlingandpassingabilities.Since2002,theWorldPondHockeyChampionshiphas
beenplayedonRoulstonLakeinPlasterRock,NewBrunswick,Canada.[61]Since2006,theU.S.Pond
HockeyChampionshipshavebeenplayedinMinneapolis,Minnesota,andtheCanadianNationalPond
HockeyChampionshipshavebeenplayedinHuntsville,Ontario.
19/25
1/7/2015
Icehockeyinpopularculture
IcehockeyistheofficialwintersportofCanada.Icehockey,partiallybecauseofitspopularityasamajor
professionalsport,hasbeenasourceofinspirationfornumerousfilms,televisionepisodesandsongsin
NorthAmericanpopularculture.
Attendancerecords
TherecordforaStanleyCupplayoffgameis28,183,setonApril23,1996,attheThunderdomeduringa
TampaBayLightningPhiladelphiaFlyersgame.[62]
AnewrecordwassetonDecember11,2010,whentheUniversityofMichigan'smen'sicehockeyteam
facedcrossstaterivalMichiganStateinaneventbilledas"TheBigChillattheBigHouse."Thegamewas
playedatMichigan's(American)footballvenue,MichiganStadiuminAnnArbor,withacapacityof
109,901asofthe2010footballseason.WhenUMstoppedsalestothegeneralpubliconMay6,2010,with
planstoreserveremainingticketsforstudents,over100,000ticketshadbeensoldfortheevent.[63]
Ultimately,acrowdannouncedbyUMas113,411,thelargestinthestadium'shistory(includingfootball),
sawthehomestandingWolverineswin50.GuinnessWorldRecords,usingacountofticketedfanswho
actuallyenteredthestadiuminsteadofUM'sfigureofticketssold,announcedafinalfigureof
104,173.[64][65]
Therecordwasapproachedbutnotbrokenatthe2014NHLWinterClassic,whichalsoheldatMichigan
Stadium,withtheDetroitRedWingsasthehometeamandtheTorontoMapleLeafsastheopposingteam
withanannouncedcrowdof105,491.
Numberofregisteredplayersbycountry
Numberofregisteredhockeyplayers,includingmale,femaleandjunior,providedbytherespective
countries'federations.Notethatthislistonlyincludesthe35of74IIHFmembercountrieswithmorethan
1,000registeredplayersasofJune2015.[66][67]
Country
Players
%ofpopulation
Canada
721,504
2.022%
UnitedStates
533,172
0.166%
CzechRepublic 110,525
1.049%
Russia
84,270
0.059%
Finland
73,682
1.345%
Sweden
56,839
0.581%
Germany
29,371
0.036%
Switzerland
26,415
0.322%
Japan
19,260
0.015%
France
18,211
0.027%
20/25
1/7/2015
Austria
11,720
0.136%
Slovakia
11,308
0.209%
UnitedKingdom 11,039
0.017%
Belarus
8,355
0.088%
Norway
6,629
0.129%
Italy
5,851
0.010%
Latvia
5,740
0.287%
Kazakhstan
4,892
0.027%
Hungary
4,449
0.045%
Denmark
4,252
0.075%
Australia
4,113
0.017%
Ukraine
4,080
0.009%
Belgium
2,950
0.026%
Netherlands
2,888
0.017%
Poland
2,575
0.007%
Mexico
2,020
0.002%
SouthKorea
1,744
0.003%
HongKong
1,631
0.023%
NorthKorea
1,575
0.006%
Turkey
1,395
0.002%
Estonia
1,341
0.102%
NewZealand
1,277
0.028%
Romania
1,102
0.006%
Slovenia
1,020
0.049%
Argentina
1,010
0.002%
Seealso
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Furtherreading
Harari,P.JDaveOminsky(1997).Icehockeymadesimple:aspectator'sguide(http://books.google.ca/books?
id=XrhMDHrpAa4C&lpg=PP1&dq=Ice%20hockey&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true).FirstBaseSportsIn.
ISBN3833441895.
McFarlane,Brian(1997).BrianMcFarlane'sHistoryofHockey.Champaign,IL:SportsPublishingInc.ISBN1
571671455.
24/25
1/7/2015
McKinley,Michael(2006).Hockey:APeople'sHistory(http://books.google.ca/books?
id=fCAL2ysKFWoC#v=onepage&q&f=true).McClelland&Stewart.ISBN0771057695.
Mller,Stephan(2005).InternationalIceHockeyEncyclopaedia:19042005(http://books.google.ca/books?
id=huA3Y4pU9noC&lpg=PP1&dq=Ice%20hockey&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true).BooksonDemand.
ISBN9783833441899.
Weekes,Don(2005).TheBigBookofHockeyTrivia(http://books.google.ca/books?
id=31znPJH56zAC&lpg=PA93&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true).GreystoneBooks.ISBN1553651197.
Externallinks
"MandatoryEquipment"
(http://www.canadiantirehockeyschool.ca/video/mandatory
equipment)
SIHRTheOriginsofHockey
(http://www.sihrhockey.org/origins_main.cfm)
Historyoficehockey(http://hockeyhistory.com)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Ice_hockey&oldid=669464282"
Wikinewshasnewsrelated
to:
IceHockey
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textrelatedtothisarticle:
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TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay
apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
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