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NETWORK THEORY (EEE108) PBL

PROJECT TITLE:
MELODY GENERATOR USING UM66
&
LAMP DIMMER USING NE555 TIMER

GROUP MEMBERS:
AKSHAY PARIHAR 13BEE1008
BRINDHA K N 13BEE1029
DANIEL BENNIAH 13BEE1034
JAISUDHA M D B 13BEE1054
SOUMIYA SRINIVASAN 13BEE1147

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LIST OF CONTENTS
1. ABSTRACT
..4
2. INTRODUCTION
..4
3. CIRCUIT
DIAGRAM&EXPLANATION
...5
4. HARDWARE
RESULTS
.10
5. CONCLUTION AND FUTURE
SCOPE..12
6. REFERENCES
.13
APPENDIX

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LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
RESISTOR

CAPACITOR

DIODE

LED LAMP

TRANSISTOR

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ABSTRACT

1. MELODY GENERATOR CIRCUIT

Melody Generator uses a new theory of melody to automatically generate melodies, providing
quick and easy assistance to composers and songwriters who need quick melody ideas, or to any
music lover who just wants to play around. The device has very low power consumption. This is
the major advantage of the circuit. It can be used in bells, telephones and toys .
2. LAMP DIMMER CIRCUIT
A simple and efficient lamp dimmer is made using timer IC NE555 .Yesterdays linear regulator
based dimmers can only attain a maximum efficiency of 50% and are far inferior when compared
to these dimmers, which can hit well over 90% efficiency. The major advantage of using this
dimmer is that,it is small compared to other dimmers.This dimmer can be used as a part of night
lamps .

INTRODUCTION

1. MELODY GENERATOR CIRCUIT

It easily generate melodies for the songs or compositions .Melody Generator uses a new theory
of melody to automatically generate melodies, providing quick and easy assistance to composers
and songwriters who need quick melody ideas, or to any music lover who just wants to play
around.
Melody is generated by IC UM66.The produced melody is amplified using an n-p-n transistor
(HE8050S) . Speaker is used to get the output sound. Capacitor is used to suppress the produced
noise.
The device has very low power consumption due to CMOS technology. This is the major
advantage of the circuit. It can be used in bells, telephones, toys etc. It has a 62 notes ROM to
play music.
This circuit is suitable for musical bell in doors, whenever the person presses the calling bell,
the circuit gets turned on and starts to generate the melody. It can be used instead of a radio.
While practicing dance or music only one song is repeatedly played. So instead of a radio, a
melody Generator can be used which does the same work, so that very less power is consumed.
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2. LAMP DIMMER CIRCUIT

Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness of a light. By changing the voltage waveform
applied to the lamp, it is possible to vary the intensity of the light output.
A simple and efficient lamp dimmer is made using timer IC NE555. Yesterdays linear regulator
based dimmers can only attain a maximum efficiency of 50% and are far inferior when compared
to the based dimmers which can hit well over 90% efficiency.
Less amount of heat is produced in this dimmer circuit, compared to other dimmer circuits. The
most outstanding features of this lamp dimmer are high efficiency and low physical size.
The dimming of light helps in reducing the brightness. Thus, whenever light is not required or
when only a little amount of light is required, dimmer circuits can be used. This helps in saving
energy Moreover these circuits can be implemented as a part of street lamps, clubs. When a place
is deserted, the brightness of light can be reduced. Thus, these dimmer circuits can be used in
such cases.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM & EXPLANATION:

1. MELODY GENERATOR:

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When power is switched ON, UM66 starts to generate the melody current. The melody
will be available at pin3 of UM66.

The output from the UM66 IC has no sufficient power in order to drive a speaker. So we
are using an NPN transistor as an amplifier. Resistor R1 limits the base current of Q1
within the safe values.

Capacitor C1 is meant for noise suppression

The operating voltage of UM66 is 1.5V to 3V. The supply voltage should not exceed 3V,
If is happens, the IC will damage.

NOTES:

Power supply must be between 1.5V & 4.5V, and should not exceed 4.5 V.

Speaker can be driven with external NPN transistor.

Melody begins from the first note if power is reseted.

If transistor HE8050S is not available use any NPN transistor like BC548 or 2N2222.

2. LAMP DIMMER CIRCUIT

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Fig 1: Lamp Dimmer circuit

As you can see, NE555 timer IC which is wired as an astable multivibrator operating at 2.8KHz
forms the heart of this circuit. Resistors R1,R2, POT R3 and capacitor C1 are the timing
components. Duty cycle of the ICs output can be adjusted using the POT R3.Higher the
duty cycle means higher the lamp brightness and lower the duty cycle means lower the
lamp brightness. Diode D1 by-passes the lower half of the POT R3 during the charging
cycle of the astable multivibrator. This is done in order to keep the output frequency
constant irrespective of the duty cycle. Transistors Q1 and Q2 forms a darlington driver
stage for the 12V lamp. Resistor R4 limits the base current of transistor Q1.
Understanding the variable duty cycle astable multivibrator:
The variable duty cycle astable multi vibrator based on NE555 forms the foundation of this
circuit. The timing side of the astable multivibrator is redrawn in the figure below.

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Fig 2: Astable multivibrator with variable duty cycle

Upper and lower halves of the POT R3 are denoted as Rx and Ry respectively. Consider the
output of the astable multivibrator to be high at the starting instant. Now the capacitor C1
charges through the path R1, Rx, and R2. The lower half of POT R3 ie; Ry is out of the
scene because the diode D1 by-passes it. When the voltage across the capacitor reaches
2/3 Vcc, the internal upper comparator flips its output which makes the internal flip flop
to toggle its output. As a result the output of the astable multivibrator goes low. In simple
words, the output of the astable multivibrator remains high until the charge across C1
becomes equal to 2/3 Vcc and here it is according to the equation Ton
=0.67(R1+Rx+R2)C1.

Since the internal flip flop is set now, the capacitor starts discharging through the path R2,Ry into
the discharge pin. When the voltage across the capacitor C1 becomes 1/3 Vcc, the lower
comparator flips its output and this in turn makes the internal flip flop to toggle its output
again. This makes the output of the astable multivibrator high. To be simple, the output of
the astable multivibrator remains low until the voltage across the capacitor C1 becomes
1/3 Vcc and it is according to the equation Toff = 0.67(R2+Ry)C1. The internal block
diagram of NE555 timer is shown below for better understanding.
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Fig 3: NE555 internal block diagram

The frequency remains constant irrespective of the position of POT3 knob. Whatever may be the
position of POT3 knob, the total resistance across it remains the same (50K here). If
anything decreases in the upper side (Rx) the same amount will be increased in the lower
(Ry) and the same thing gets applied to the higher(Ton) and lower(Toff) time periods. The
derivation shown proves this:

With reference to Fig 2, we have:

Ton = 0.67(R1+Rx+R2) C1

Toff= 0.67(R2+Ry) C1

Total time period of the output waveform T is according to the equation:

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T = Ton + Toff

Therefore, T = 0.67(R1+Rx+R2+R2+Ry) C1

T= 0.67(R1+2R2+Rx+Ry)C1

We know that Rx+Ry = R3

Therefore T = 0.67(R1+2R2+R3)C1

Therefore frequency F = 1/(0.67(R1+2R2+R3)C1)

From the above equation it is clear that the frequency depends only on the value of the
components C1, R1, R2 and the overall value of R3 and it has nothing to do with the
position of R3 knob.

HARDWARE RESULTS:

1. MELODY GENERATOR USING UM66:

We first constructed the circuit in the bread board as per the circuit diagram. The power was set to
4.5V . Then the switch was closed. Immediately the melody was available at pin3 of UM66. The
output from the UM66 IC has no sufficient power in order to drive a speaker. So we are using an
NPN transistor as an amplifier. Resistor R1 limits the base current of Q1 within the safe values.
Capacitor C1 is meant for noise suppression. The operating voltage of UM66 is 1.5V to 3V. The
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supply voltage should not exceed 4.5V, If is happens, the IC will damage. When power is turned on,
the melody generator is reset and melody begins from the first note.

2. LAMP DIMMER:
We placed all the components in the bread board as shown in the circuit diagram . The
power supply was switched on and the voltage was set to 12. We found the lamp glowing.
NE555 timer IC which was wired as an astable multivibrator operating at 2.8KHz
forms the heart of this circuit. Resistors R1, R2, POT R3 and capacitor C1 are the
timing components. Duty cycle of the ICs output was adjusted using the POT R3.
When the voltage across the capacitor reaches 2/3 Vcc, the internal upper comparator
flips its output which makes the internal flip flop to toggle its output.
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CONCLUSION
The project Melody Circuit was successfully completed by our group within the given time.
This circuit is of a great use in the following situations::
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)

It can be used in bells, telephones, toys etc.

This circuit is suitable for musical bell in doors, whenever the person presses the
calling bell; the circuit gets turned on and starts to generate the melody.
It can be used instead of a radio. While dance practicing or music practicing only one
song is repeatedly played.
Night lamp with alarm
Overflow indicator

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Our group completed one more project Light dimmer circuit. It has a very wide application
in day-to-day life.
1.) It can be used in the street lights, so that as the day breaks the light senses the daylight
and gets dimmer.
2.) It can be used as a night lamp, with an Alarm clock attached to it in series.

FUTURE SCOPE:
A very new and a useful circuit can be made out of the above mentioned circuits. Mainly two
modifications can be done:
1.) By applying one more transistor to the circuit, the voltage can be further increased
and following the voltage, sound produced by the speaker will also increase.
2.) Night Lamp + Alarm
By combining both the circuits we can get a circuit which can dim an LED and turn on the
um66 as soon as it detects daylight.
The only component which needs to be used is LDR.

REFERENCES:

http://www.circuitstoday.com/melody-generator-using-ic-um66

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/um66-ic

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http://www.CircuitsToday.com

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