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I.
domain
feature;
log-
INTRODUCTION
FEATURE EXTRAVTION
(1)
2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10.
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 409
where xi, (i = 1, ...,N) is the amplitude at sampling point i and N
is the number of sampling points.
RMS value, RMS =
Standard deviation, SD =
1 N
(x i )2
N i=1
(2)
1 N
(x i - x) 2
N i=1
(3)
1 N
xi - x
N i=1
Kurtosis value, Kv =
4
( RMS value )
(4)
(5)
peak value
1 N
N xi
i=1
(6)
Peak value
1 N
xi
N i=1
(7)
RMS value
1 N
xi
N i=1
(8)
- = - log f ( x i ;1 , 2 )
(9)
i=1
(10)
1
exp
2
-(x i -) 2
2 2
(11)
III.
(12)
where MSE (x) is the mean square error (MSE) of the ANN
and MSE ( xi ) is the MSE after replacing the input feature i
with its average value.
IV.
EXPERIMENT DATA
2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10.
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 409
a dynamometer and torque sensor by a self-aligning coupling.
The bearing at the drive end of the motor supporting the motor
shaft is tested at a load of 1 HP. Load is applied using
dynamometer. Speed and horsepower data are collected using
transducer/encoder. Single point faults are introduced into the
test bearings using electron-discharge machining with a fault
diameter of 0.18 mm and a depth of 0.28 mm. Vibration data is
acquired using accelerometers, which are attached to the
housing with magnetic bases. Digital data is sampled at 12,000
samples per second and recorded using a 16 channel DAT
recorder. The speed of the shaft is measured as 1772 rpm. SKF
6205 series deep groove ball bearings are used for the analysis.
The specifications of the bearing are: ball diameter = 7.94 mm;
pitch diameter = 39.04 mm; number of balls = 9; and contact
angle = 0.
The time domain vibration signals considered for the
analysis are collected for four different conditions of the
bearing: (i) normal, (ii) rolling element fault, (iii) outer race
fault, and (iv) inner race fault. The vibration signature for a
normal bearing is shown in Fig.1a. Vibration fault signals for
bearings with faults located in rolling element, outer race and
inner race are shown in Figs. 1b, 1c and 1d, respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
V.
0.25
0.15
0.05
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.5
0.05
0.5
0.15
0.25
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1
0
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
Time (Second)
(a)
(b)
3
2
4
Amplitude
Amplitude
1
4
8
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
3
0
0.1
Time, (s)
(c)
0.2
0.5
Time, (s)
(d)
Figure 1. Vibration signal of the bearing a) normal, b) rolling element fault, c) outer race fault, d) inner race fault.
2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10.
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 409
0.5
SD
RMS
Pv
0.5
Clf
Crf
Kv
0
1
Nnl
0.5
Wnl
Imf
Shf
1
1
0
0.5
10
20
10
Signal Segment
normal
0
0
10
20
Signal Segment
defective outer race
20
Signal Segment
0.25
0.14
1. Pv
2. RMS
3. SD
4. Kv
5. Crf
6. Clf
7. Imf
8. Shf
9. Wnl
10.Nnl
0.05
Sensitivity
Sensitivity
0.10
1. Pv
2. RMS
3. SD
4. Kv
5. Crf
6. Clf
7. Imf
8. Shf
9. Wnl
10.Nnl
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
10
Feature
(a)
10
0.025
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
1. Pv
2. RMS
3. SD
4. Kv
5. Crf
6. Clf
7. Imf
8. Shf
9. Wnl
10.Nnl
0.02
Sensitivity
1. Pv
2. RMS
3. SD
4. Kv
5. Crf
6. Clf
7. Imf
8. Shf
9. Wnl
10.Nnl
0.0004
Sensitivity
(b)
0.0005
Feature
0.015
0.01
0.005
10
Feature
(c)
10
Feature
(d)
Figure 3. Sensitivity diagram of the outputs of ANN a) node 1, b) node 2, c) node 3, d) node 4.
2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10.
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 409
The procedure is repeated by removing the eight less
significant input features and reducing the size of the network.
This will result in the reduction of complexity and training
time. Nnl and Kv are used as input features. The optimum
number of neurons in the hidden layer is obtained as 14. Fig. 4
and 5 shows the learning curve and sensitivity diagram of the
network respectively. Fig. 6 shows the target and actual values
of output nodes. It can be observed that the network performs
fault diagnosis with the same accuracy of 100% even after
pruning 8 input channels.
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
10
12
14
epochs
Sensitivity
Kv
Nnl
0.3
Output
Figure 5. Sensitivity diagram of the ANN with Kv and Nnl as input features.
Targets/net outputs
Targets/net outputs
output
target
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
output
target
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.2
0
20
40
60
0.2
0
80
10
20
30
(a)
50
60
70
80
(b)
training
testing
training
testing
output
target
0.8
Targets/net outputs
Targets/net outputs
40
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0
testing
training
testing
training
1
output
target
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
(c)
(d)
Figure 6. Target and actual output values of ANN with Kv and Nnl as input features a) node 1, b) node 2, c) node 3, d) node 4.
2008 IEEE Region 10 Colloquium and the Third ICIIS, Kharagpur, INDIA December 8-10.
PAPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER: 409
[3]
TABLE I.
Input features
Pv,RMS,SD,Kv,Crf
Clf,Imf,Shf,Wnl,Nnl
Kv, Nnl
Pv, RMS, SD, Kv,
Crf, Clf, Imf, Shf
RMS, SD
TABLE II.
No. of neurons
in hidden layer
Average no.
of epochs
11
20
10
14
23
10
19
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
REFERENCES
[2]
[5]
Training algorithm
Levenberg-Marquardt, LM
Resilient propagation, RP
scaled conjugate gradient, SCG
Powell-Beale conjugate gradient, PBCG
[1]
[4]
[19]
[20]