Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

GSMQUICKGUIDE
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_quick_guide.htm

Copyrighttutorialspoint.com

GSMOVERVIEW
WhatisGSM?
IfyouareinEuropeorAsiaandusingamobilephone,thenmostprobablyyouareusingGSM
technologyinyourmobilephone.
GSMstandsforGlobalSystemforMobileCommunication.Itisadigitalcellulartechnologyused
fortransmittingmobilevoiceanddataservices.
TheconceptofGSMemergedfromacellbasedmobileradiosystematBellLaboratoriesinthe
early1970s.
GSMisthenameofastandardizationgroupestablishedin1982tocreateacommonEuropean
mobiletelephonestandard.
GSMisthemostwidelyacceptedstandardintelecommunicationsanditisimplementedglobally.
GSMisacircuitswitchedsystemthatdivideseach200kHzchannelintoeight25kHztimeslots.
GSMoperatesonthemobilecommunicationbands900MHzand1800MHzinmostpartsofthe
world.IntheUS,GSMoperatesinthebands850MHzand1900MHz.
GSMownsamarketshareofmorethan70percentoftheworld'sdigitalcellularsubscribers.
GSMmakesuseofnarrowbandTimeDivisionMultipleAccessT DM A techniquefor
transmittingsignals.
GSMwasdevelopedusingdigitaltechnology.Ithasanabilitytocarry64kbpsto120Mbpsof
datarates.
PresentlyGSMsupportsmorethanonebillionmobilesubscribersinmorethan210countries
throughouttheworld.
GSMprovidesbasictoadvancedvoiceanddataservicesincludingroamingservice.Roamingis
theabilitytouseyourGSMphonenumberinanotherGSMnetwork.
GSMdigitizesandcompressesdata,thensendsitdownthroughachannelwithtwootherstreamsof
userdata,eachinitsowntimeslot.

WhyGSM?
ListedbelowarethefeaturesofGSMthataccountforitspopularityandwideacceptance.
Improvedspectrumefficiency
Internationalroaming
LowcostmobilesetsandbasestationsBS s
Highqualityspeech

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

1/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

CompatibilitywithIntegratedServicesDigitalNetworkI S DN andothertelephonecompany
services
Supportfornewservices

GSMHistory
ThefollowingtableshowssomeoftheimportanteventsintherolloutoftheGSMsystem.

Years

Events

1982

ConferenceofEuropeanPostsandTelegraphC EP T establishesaGSMgrouptowiden
thestandardsforapanEuropeancellularmobilesystem.

1985

Alistofrecommendationstobegeneratedbythegroupisaccepted.

1986

Executedfieldteststocheckthedifferentradiotechniquesrecommendedfortheair
interface.

1987

TimeDivisionMultipleAccessT DM A ischosenastheaccessmethod
withF requencyDivisionM ultipleAccess[F DM A] .TheinitialMemorandumof
UnderstandingM oU issignedbytelecommunicationoperatorsrepresenting12countries.

1988

GSMsystemisvalidated.

1989

TheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstituteET S I wasgiventheresponsibility
oftheGSMspecifications.

1990

Phase1oftheGSMspecificationsisdelivered.

1991

CommerciallaunchoftheGSMserviceoccurs.TheDCS1800specificationsarefinalized.

1992

TheadditionofthecountriesthatsignedtheGSMMoUtakesplace.Coveragespreadsto
largercitiesandairports.

1993

CoverageofmainroadsGSMservicesstartsoutsideEurope.

1994

Datatransmissioncapabilitieslaunched.Thenumberofnetworksrisesto69in43
countriesbytheendof1994.

1995

Phase2oftheGSMspecificationsoccurs.Coverageisextendedtoruralareas.

1996

June:133networkin81countriesoperational.

1997

July:200networkin109countriesoperational,around44millionsubscribersworldwide.

1999

WirelessApplicationProtocolW AP cameintoexistenceandbecameoperationalin130
countrieswith260millionsubscribers.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

2/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

2000

GeneralPacketRadioServiceGP RS cameintoexistence.

2001

AsofMay2001,over550millionpeopleweresubscriberstomobiletelecommunications.

GSMARCHITECTURE
AGSMnetworkcomprisesofmanyfunctionalunits.Thesefunctionsandinterfacesareexplainedin
thischapter.TheGSMnetworkcanbebroadlydividedinto:
TheMobileStationM S
TheBaseStationSubsystemBS S
TheNetworkSwitchingSubsystemN S S
TheOperationSupportSubsystemOS S
GivenbelowisasimplepictorialviewoftheGSMarchitecture.

TheadditionalcomponentsoftheGSMarchitecturecompriseofdatabasesandmessagingsystems
functions:
HomeLocationRegisterH LR
VisitorLocationRegisterV LR
EquipmentIdentityRegisterEI R
AuthenticationCenterAuC
SMSServingCenterS M S S C

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

3/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

GatewayMSCGM S C
ChargebackCenterC BC
TranscoderandAdaptationUnitT RAU
ThefollowingdiagramshowstheGSMnetworkalongwiththeaddedelements:

TheMSandtheBSScommunicateacrosstheUminterface.Itisalsoknownastheairinterfaceorthe
radiolink.TheBSScommunicateswiththeNetworkServiceSwitchingN S S centeracrosstheA
interface.

GSMnetworkareas
InaGSMnetwork,thefollowingareasaredefined:
Cell:CellisthebasicserviceareaoneBTScoversonecell.EachcellisgivenaCellGlobal
IdentityC GI ,anumberthatuniquelyidentifiesthecell.
LocationArea:AgroupofcellsformaLocationAreaLA .Thisistheareathatispagedwhena
subscribergetsanincomingcall.EachLAisassignedaLocationAreaIdentityLAI .EachLAis
servedbyoneormoreBSCs.
MSC/VLRServiceArea:TheareacoveredbyoneMSCiscalledtheMSC/VLRservicearea.
PLMN:TheareacoveredbyonenetworkoperatoriscalledthePublicLandMobileNetwork
P LM N .APLMNcancontainoneormoreMSCs.

GSMSPECIFICATION
TherequirementsfordifferentPersonalCommunicationServicesP C S systemsdifferforeachPCS
network.VitalcharacteristicsoftheGSMspecificationarelistedbelow:

Modulation
Modulationistheprocessoftransformingtheinputdataintoasuitableformatforthetransmission
medium.Thetransmitteddataisdemodulatedbacktoitsoriginalformatthereceivingend.TheGSM
usesGaussianMinimumShiftKeyingGM S K modulationmethod.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

4/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

AccessMethods
Radiospectrumbeingalimitedresourcethatisconsumedanddividedamongalltheusers,GSM
devisedacombinationofTDMA/FDMAasthemethodtodividethebandwidthamongtheusers.Inthis
process,theFDMApartdividesthefrequencyofthetotal25MHzbandwidthinto124carrier
frequenciesof200kHzbandwidth.
EachBSisassignedwithoneormultiplefrequencies,andeachofthisfrequencyisdividedintoeight
timeslotsusingaTDMAscheme.Eachoftheseslotsareusedforbothtransmissionaswellasreception
ofdata.Theseslotsareseparatedbytimesothatamobileunitdoesnttransmitandreceivedataatthe
sametime.

TransmissionRate
ThetotalsymbolrateforGSMat1bitpersymbolinGMSKproduces270.833Ksymbols/second.The
grosstransmissionrateofatimeslotis22.8Kbps.
GSMisadigitalsystemwithanovertheairbitrateof270kbps.

FrequencyBand
TheuplinkfrequencyrangespecifiedforGSMis933960MHzbasic900M H zbandonly.The
downlinkfrequencyband890915MHzbasic900M H zbandonly.

ChannelSpacing
Channelspacingindicatesthespacingbetweenadjacentcarrierfrequencies.ForGSM,itis200kHz.

SpeechCoding
Forspeechcodingorprocessing,GSMusesLinearPredictiveCodingLP C .Thistoolcompressesthebit
rateandgivesanestimateofthespeechparameters.Whentheaudiosignalpassesthroughafilter,it
mimicsthevocaltract.Here,thespeechisencodedat13kbps.

DuplexDistance
Duplexdistanceisthespacebetweentheuplinkanddownlinkfrequencies.Theduplexdistancefor
GSMis80MHz,whereeachchannelhastwofrequenciesthatare80MHzapart.

Misc
Frameduration:4.615mS
DuplexTechnique:FrequencyDivisionDuplexingF DDaccessmodepreviouslyknownas
WCDMA.
SpeechchannelsperRFchannel:8.

GSMADDRESSESANDIDENTIFIERS
GSMtreatstheusersandtheequipmentindifferentways.Phonenumbers,subscribers,andequipment
identifiersaresomeoftheknownones.Therearemanyotheridentifiersthathavebeenwelldefined,
whicharerequiredforthesubscribersmobilitymanagementandforaddressingtheremainingnetwork
elements.VitaladdressesandidentifiersthatareusedinGSMareaddressedbelow.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

5/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

InternationalMobileStationEquipmentIdentityI M E I
TheInternationalMobileStationEquipmentIdentityI M EI looksmorelikeaserialnumberwhich
distinctivelyidentifiesamobilestationinternationally.Thisisallocatedbytheequipment
manufacturerandregisteredbythenetworkoperator,whostoresitintheEntrepreneursinResidence
EI R.BymeansofIMEI,onerecognizesobsolete,stolen,ornonfunctionalequipment.
FollowingarethepartsofIMEI:
TypeApprovalCode T AC :6decimalplaces,centrallyassigned.
FinalAssemblyCode F AC :6decimalplaces,assignedbythemanufacturer.
SerialNumber S N R:6decimalplaces,assignedbythemanufacturer.
Spare S P :1decimalplace.
Thus,IMEI=TAC+FAC+SNR+SP.Ituniquelycharacterizesamobilestationandgivescluesabout
themanufacturerandthedateofmanufacturing.

InternationalMobileSubscriberIdentityI M S I
EveryregistereduserhasanoriginalInternationalMobileSubscriberIdentityI M S I withavalidIMEI
storedintheirSubscriberIdentityModuleS I M .
IMSIcomprisesofthefollowingparts:
MobileCountryCode M C C :3decimalplaces,internationallystandardized.
MobileNetworkCode M N C :2decimalplaces,foruniqueidentificationofmobilenetwork
withinthecountry.
MobileSubscriberIdentificationNumber M S I N :Maximum10decimalplaces,
identificationnumberofthesubscriberinthehomemobilenetwork.

MobileSubscriberISDNNumberM S I S DN
TheauthentictelephonenumberofamobilestationistheMobileSubscriberISDNNumber
M S I S DN .BasedontheSIM,amobilestationcanhavemanyMSISDNs,aseachsubscriberisassigned
withaseparateMSISDNtotheirSIMrespectively.
ListedbelowisthestructurefollowedbyMSISDNcategories,astheyaredefinedbasedon
internationalISDNnumberplan:
CountryCode C C :Upto3decimalplaces.
NationalDestinationCode N DC :Typically23decimalplaces.
SubscriberNumber S N :Maximum10decimalplaces.

MobileStationRoamingNumberM S RN
MobileStationRoamingNumberM S RN isaninterimlocationdependentISDNnumber,assignedtoa
mobilestationbyaregionallyresponsibleVisitorLocationRegisterV LA .UsingMSRN,theincoming
callsarechannelledtotheMS.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

6/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

TheMSRNhasthesamestructureastheMSISDN.
CountryCode C C :ofthevisitednetwork.
NationalDestinationCode N DC :ofthevisitednetwork.
SubscriberNumber S N :inthecurrentmobilenetwork.

LocationAreaIdentityLAI
WithinaPLMN,aLocationAreaidentifiesitsownauthenticLocationAreaIdentityLAI .TheLAI
hierarchyisbasedoninternationalstandardandstructuredinauniqueformatasmentionedbelow:
CountryCode C C :3decimalplaces.
MobileNetworkCode M N C :2decimalplaces.
LocationAreaCode LAC :maximum5decimalplacesormaximumtwice8bitscodedin
hexadecimalLAC < F F F F .

TemporaryMobileSubscriberIdentityT M S I
TemporaryMobileSubscriberIdentityT M S I canbeassignedbytheVLR,whichisresponsibleforthe
currentlocationofasubscriber.TheTMSIneedstohaveonlylocalsignificanceintheareahandledby
theVLR.ThisisstoredonthenetworksideonlyintheVLRandisnotpassedtotheHomeLocation
RegisterH LR.
Togetherwiththecurrentlocationarea,theTMSIidentifiesasubscriberuniquely.Itcancontainupto
48bits.

LocalMobileSubscriberIdentityLM S I
EachmobilestationcanbeassignedwithaLocalMobileSubscriberIdentityLM S I ,whichisanoriginal
key,bytheVLR.Thiskeycanbeusedastheauxiliarysearchingkeyforeachmobilestationwithinits
region.Itcanalsohelpacceleratethedatabaseaccess.AnLMSIisassignedifthemobilestationis
registeredwiththeVLRandsenttotheHLR.LMSIcomprisesoffouroctets4x8bits .

CellIdentifierC I
UsingaCellIdentifierC I maximum2 8 bits,theindividualcellsthatarewithinanLAcanbe
recognized.WhentheGlobalCellIdentityLAI + C I callsarecombined,thenitisuniquelydefined.

GSMOPERATIONS
OnceaMobileStationinitiatesacall,aseriesofeventstakesplace.Analyzingtheseeventscangivean
insightintotheoperationoftheGSMsystem.

MobilePhonetoPublicSwitchedTelephoneNetworkP S T N
WhenamobilesubscribermakesacalltoaPSTNtelephonesubscriber,thefollowingsequenceof
eventstakesplace:
TheMSC/VLRreceivesthemessageofacallrequest.
TheMSC/VLRchecksifthemobilestationisauthorizedtoaccessthenetwork.Ifso,themobile

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

7/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

stationisactivated.Ifthemobilestationisnotauthorized,thentheservicewillbedenied.
MSC/VLRanalyzesthenumberandinitiatesacallsetupwiththePSTN.
MSC/VLRasksthecorrespondingBSCtoallocateatrafficchannelaradiochannelandatimeslot.
TheBSCallocatesthetrafficchannelandpassestheinformationtothemobilestation.
Thecalledpartyanswersthecallandtheconversationtakesplace.
Themobilestationkeepsontakingmeasurementsoftheradiochannelsinthepresentcelland
theneighbouringcellsandpassestheinformationtotheBSC.TheBSCdecidesifahandoveris
required.Ifso,anewtrafficchannelisallocatedtothemobilestationandthehandovertakes
place.Ifhandoverisnotrequired,themobilestationcontinuestotransmitinthesame
frequency.

PSTNtoMobilePhone
WhenaPSTNsubscribercallsamobilestation,thefollowingsequenceofeventstakesplace:
TheGatewayMSCreceivesthecallandqueriestheHLRfortheinformationneededtoroutethe
calltotheservingMSC/VLR.
TheGMSCroutesthecalltotheMSC/VLR.
TheMSCcheckstheVLRforthelocationareaoftheMS.
TheMSCcontactstheMSviatheBSCthroughabroadcastmessage,thatis,throughapaging
request.
TheMSrespondstothepagerequest.
TheBSCallocatesatrafficchannelandsendsamessagetotheMStotunetothechannel.TheMS
generatesaringingsignaland,afterthesubscriberanswers,thespeechconnectionisestablished.
Handover,ifrequired,takesplace,asdiscussedintheearliercase.
Totransmitthespeechovertheradiochannelinthestipulatedtime,theMScodesitattherateof13
Kbps.TheBSCtranscodesthespeechto64Kbpsandsendsitoveralandlinkoraradiolinktothe
MSC.TheMSCthenforwardsthespeechdatatothePSTN.Inthereversedirection,thespeechis
receivedat64KbpsattheBSCandtheBSCtranscodesitto13Kbpsforradiotransmission.
GSMsupports9.6KbpsdatathatcanbechannelledinoneTDMAtimeslot.Tosupplyhigherdatarates,
manyenhancementsweredonetotheGSMstandardsGS M P hase2andGS M P hase2 +.

GSMPROTOCOLSTACK
GSMarchitectureisalayeredmodelthatisdesignedtoallowcommunicationsbetweentwodifferent
systems.Thelowerlayersassuretheservicesoftheupperlayerprotocols.Eachlayerpassessuitable
notificationstoensurethetransmitteddatahasbeenformatted,transmitted,andreceivedaccurately.
TheGMSprotocolstacksdiagramisshownbelow:

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

8/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

MSProtocols
Basedontheinterface,theGSMsignalingprotocolisassembledintothreegenerallayers:
Layer1:Thephysicallayer.Itusesthechannelstructuresovertheairinterface.
Layer2:Thedatalinklayer.AcrosstheUminterface,thedatalinklayerisamodifiedversion
oftheLinkaccessprotocolfortheDchannelLAP D protocolusedinISDN,calledLinkaccess
protocolontheDmchannelLAP Dm .AcrosstheAinterface,theMessageTransferPart
M T P ,Layer2ofSS7isused.
Layer3:GSMsignallingprotocolsthirdlayerisdividedintothreesublayers:
RadioResourceManagementRR,
MobilityManagementM M ,and
ConnectionManagementC M .

MStoBTSProtocols
TheRRlayeristhelowerlayerthatmanagesalink,bothradioandfixed,betweentheMSandtheMSC.
Forthisformation,themaincomponentsinvolvedaretheMS,BSS,andMSC.Theresponsibilityofthe
RRlayeristomanagetheRRsession,thetimewhenamobileisinadedicatedmode,andtheradio
channelsincludingtheallocationofdedicatedchannels.
TheMMlayerisstackedabovetheRRlayer.Ithandlesthefunctionsthatarisefromthemobilityofthe
subscriber,aswellastheauthenticationandsecurityaspects.Locationmanagementisconcernedwith
theproceduresthatenablethesystemtoknowthecurrentlocationofapoweredonMSsothat
incomingcallroutingcanbecompleted.
TheCMlayeristhetopmostlayeroftheGSMprotocolstack.ThislayerisresponsibleforCallControl,
SupplementaryServiceManagement,andShortMessageServiceManagement.Eachoftheseservices
aretreatedasindividuallayerwithintheCMlayer.OtherfunctionsoftheCCsublayerincludecall
establishment,selectionofthetypeofserviceincludingalternatingbetweenservicesduringacall ,and
callrelease.

BSCProtocols

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

9/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

TheBSCusesadifferentsetofprotocolsafterreceivingthedatafromtheBTS.TheAbisinterfaceis
usedbetweentheBTSandBSC.Atthislevel,theradioresourcesatthelowerportionofLayer3are
changedfromtheRRtotheBaseTransceiverStationManagementBT S M .TheBTSmanagementlayer
isarelayfunctionattheBTStotheBSC.
TheRRprotocolsareresponsiblefortheallocationandreallocationoftrafficchannelsbetweentheMS
andtheBTS.Theseservicesincludecontrollingtheinitialaccesstothesystem,pagingforMTcalls,the
handoverofcallsbetweencellsites,powercontrol,andcalltermination.TheBSCstillhassomeradio
resourcemanagementinplaceforthefrequencycoordination,frequencyallocation,andthe
managementoftheoverallnetworklayerfortheLayer2interfaces.
TotransitfromtheBSCtotheMSC,theBSSmobileapplicationpartorthedirectapplicationpartis
used,andSS7protocolsisappliedbytherelay,sothattheMTP13canbeusedastheprime
architecture.

MSCProtocols
AttheMSC,startingfromtheBSC,theinformationismappedacrosstheAinterfacetotheMTPLayers
1through3.Here,BaseStationSystemManagementApplicationPartBS S M AP issaidtobethe
equivalentsetofradioresources.Therelayprocessisfinishedbythelayersthatarestackedontopof
Layer3protocols,theyareBSSMAP/DTAP,MM,andCM.Thiscompletestherelayprocess.Tofind
andconnecttotheusersacrossthenetwork,MSCsinteractusingthecontrolsignallingnetwork.
LocationregistersareincludedintheMSCdatabasestoassistintheroleofdetermininghowand
whetherconnectionsaretobemadetoroamingusers.
EachGSMMSuserisgivenaHLRthatinturncomprisesoftheuserslocationandsubscribedservices.
VLRisaseparateregisterthatisusedtotrackthelocationofauser.Whentheusersmoveoutofthe
HLRcoveredarea,theVLRisnotifiedbytheMStofindthelocationoftheuser.TheVLRinturn,with
thehelpofthecontrolnetwork,signalstheHLRoftheMSsnewlocation.Withthehelpoflocation
informationcontainedintheusersHLR,theMTcallscanberoutedtotheuser.

GSMUSERSERVICES
GSMoffersmuchmorethanjustvoicetelephony.ContactyourlocalGSMnetworkoperatortothe
specificservicesthatyoucanavail.
GSMoffersthreebasictypesofservices:
Telephonyservicesorteleservices
Dataservicesorbearerservices
Supplementaryservices

Teleservices
TheabilitiesofaBearerServiceareusedbyaTeleservicetotransportdata.Theseservicesarefurther
transitedinthefollowingways:

VoiceCalls
ThemostbasicTeleservicesupportedbyGSMistelephony.Thisincludesfullratespeechat13kbps
andemergencycalls,wherethenearestemergencyserviceproviderisnotifiedbydialingthreedigits.

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

10/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

VideotextandFacsmile
AnothergroupofteleservicesincludesVideotextaccess,Teletextransmission,Facsimilealternate
speechandfacsimileGroup3,AutomaticfacsimileGroup,3etc.

ShortTextMessages
ShortMessagingServiceS M S serviceisatextmessagingservicethatallowssendingandreceivingtext
messagesonyourGSMmobilephone.Inadditiontosimpletextmessages,othertextdataincluding
news,sports,financial,language,andlocationbaseddatacanalsobetransmitted.

BearerServices
DataservicesorBearerServicesareusedthroughaGSMphone.toreceiveandsenddataisthe
essentialbuildingblockleadingtowidespreadmobileInternetaccessandmobiledatatransfer.GSM
currentlyhasadatatransferrateof9.6k.Newdevelopmentsthatwillpushupdatatransferratesfor
GSMusersareHSCSDhighspeedcircuitswitcheddataandGPRSgeneralpacketradioservice arenow
available.

SupplementaryServices
Supplementaryservicesareadditionalservicesthatareprovidedinadditiontoteleservicesandbearer
services.Theseservicesincludecalleridentification,callforwarding,callwaiting,multiparty
conversations,andbarringofoutgoinginternational calls,amongothers.Abriefdescriptionof
supplementaryservicesisgivenhere:
Conferencing:Itallowsamobilesubscribertoestablishamultipartyconversation,i.e.,a
simultaneousconversationbetweenthreeormoresubscriberstosetupaconferencecall.This
serviceisonlyapplicabletonormaltelephony.
CallWaiting:Thisservicenotifiesamobilesubscriberofanincomingcallduringa
conversation.Thesubscribercananswer,reject,orignoretheincomingcall.
CallHold:Thisserviceallowsasubscribertoputanincomingcallonholdandresumeaftera
while.Thecallholdserviceisapplicabletonormaltelephony.
CallForwarding:CallForwardingisusedtodivertcallsfromtheoriginalrecipienttoanother
number.Itisnormallysetupbythesubscriberhimself.Itcanbeusedbythesubscribertodivert
callsfromtheMobileStationwhenthesubscriberisnotavailable,andsotoensurethatcallsare
notlost.
CallBarring:CallBarringisusefultorestrictcertaintypesofoutgoingcallssuchasISDorstop
incomingcallsfromundesirednumbers.Callbarringisaflexibleservicethatenablesthe
subscribertoconditionallybarcalls.
NumberIdentification:Therearefollowingsupplementaryservicesrelatedtonumber
identification:
CallingLineIdentificationPresentation:Thisservicedisplaysthetelephone
numberofthecallingpartyonyourscreen.
CallingLineIdentificationRestriction:Apersonnotwishingtheirnumbertobe
presentedtootherssubscribestothisservice.
ConnectedLineIdentificationPresentation:Thisserviceisprovidedtogivethe

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

11/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

callingpartythetelephonenumberofthepersontowhomtheyareconnected.Thisservice
isusefulinsituationssuchasforwarding'swherethenumberconnectedisnotthenumber
dialled.
ConnectedLineIdentificationRestriction:Therearetimeswhenthepersoncalled
doesnotwishtohavetheirnumberpresentedandsotheywouldsubscribetothisperson.
Normally,thisoverridesthepresentationservice.
MaliciousCallIdentification:Themaliciouscallidentificationservicewasprovided
tocombatthespreadofobsceneorannoyingcalls.Thevictimshouldsubscribetothis
service,andthentheycouldcauseknownmaliciouscallstobeidentifiedintheGSM
network,usingasimplecommand.
AdviceofCharge AoC :Thisservicewasdesignedtogivethesubscriberanindicationofthe
costoftheservicesastheyareused.Furthermore,thoseserviceproviderswhowishtooffer
rentalservicestosubscriberswithouttheirownSIMcanalsoutilizethisserviceinaslightly
differentform.AoCfordatacallsisprovidedonthebasisoftimemeasurements.
ClosedUserGroups C U Gs :Thisserviceismeantforgroupsofsubscriberswhowishtocall
onlyeachotherandnooneelse.
Unstructuredsupplementaryservicesdata U S S D:Thisallowsoperatordefined
individualservices.

GSMSECURITYANDENCRYPTION
GSMisthemostsecuredcellulartelecommunicationssystemavailabletoday.GSMhasitssecurity
methodsstandardized.GSMmaintainsendtoendsecuritybyretainingtheconfidentialityofcallsand
anonymityoftheGSMsubscriber.
Temporaryidentificationnumbersareassignedtothesubscribersnumbertomaintaintheprivacyof
theuser.Theprivacyofthecommunicationismaintainedbyapplyingencryptionalgorithmsand
frequencyhoppingthatcanbeenabledusingdigitalsystemsandsignalling.
ThischaptergivesanoutlineofthesecuritymeasuresimplementedforGSMsubscribers.

MobileStationAuthentication
TheGSMnetworkauthenticatestheidentityofthesubscriberthroughtheuseofachallengeresponse
mechanism.A128bitRandomNumberRAN D issenttotheMS.TheMScomputesthe32bitSigned
ResponseS RES basedontheencryptionoftheRANDwiththeauthenticationalgorithmA3 usingthe
individualsubscriberauthenticationkeyK i .UponreceivingtheSRESfromthesubscriber,theGSM
networkrepeatsthecalculationtoverifytheidentityofthesubscriber.
TheindividualsubscriberauthenticationkeyK i isnevertransmittedovertheradiochannel,asitis
presentinthesubscriber'sSIM,aswellastheAUC,HLR,andVLRdatabases.IfthereceivedSRES
agreeswiththecalculatedvalue,theMShasbeensuccessfullyauthenticatedandmaycontinue.Ifthe
valuesdonotmatch,theconnectionisterminatedandanauthenticationfailureisindicatedtotheMS.
ThecalculationofthesignedresponseisprocessedwithintheSIM.Itprovidesenhancedsecurity,as
confidentialsubscriberinformationsuchastheIMSIortheindividualsubscriberauthenticationkeyK i
isneverreleasedfromtheSIMduringtheauthenticationprocess.

SignallingandDataConfidentiality

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

12/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

TheSIMcontainsthecipheringkeygeneratingalgorithmA8 thatisusedtoproducethe64bit
cipheringkeyK c .ThiskeyiscomputedbyapplyingthesamerandomnumberRAN D usedinthe
authenticationprocesstocipheringkeygeneratingalgorithmA8 withtheindividualsubscriber
authenticationkeyK i .
GSMprovidesanadditionallevelofsecuritybyhavingawaytochangethecipheringkey,makingthe
systemmoreresistanttoeavesdropping.Thecipheringkeymaybechangedatregularintervalsas
required.Asincaseoftheauthenticationprocess,thecomputationofthecipheringkeyK c takesplace
internallywithintheSIM.Therefore,sensitiveinformationsuchastheindividualsubscriber
authenticationkeyK i isneverrevealedbytheSIM.
EncryptedvoiceanddatacommunicationsbetweentheMSandthenetworkisaccomplishedbyusing
thecipheringalgorithmA5.Encryptedcommunicationisinitiatedbyacipheringmoderequest
commandfromtheGSMnetwork.Uponreceiptofthiscommand,themobilestationbeginsencryption
anddecryptionofdatausingthecipheringalgorithmA5 andthecipheringkeyK c .

SubscriberIdentityConfidentiality
Toensuresubscriberidentityconfidentiality,theTemporaryMobileSubscriberIdentityT M S I is
used.Oncetheauthenticationandencryptionproceduresaredone,theTMSIissenttothemobile
station.Afterthereceipt,themobilestationresponds.TheTMSIisvalidinthelocationareainwhichit
wasissued.Forcommunicationsoutsidethelocationarea,theLocationAreaIdentificationLAI is
necessaryinadditiontotheTMSI.

GSMBILLING
GSMserviceprovidersaredoingbillingbasedontheservicestheyareprovidingtotheircustomers.All
theparametersaresimpleenoughtochargeacustomerfortheprovidedservices.
Thischapterprovidesanoverviewofthefrequentlyusedbillingtechniquesandparametersappliedto
chargeaGSMsubscriber.

TelephonyService
Theseservicescanbechargedonpercallbasis.Thecallinitiatorhastopaythecharges,andthe
incomingcallsarenowadaysfree.Acustomercanbechargedbasedondifferentparameterssuchas:
Internationalcallorlongdistancecall.
Localcall.
Callmadeduringpeakhours.
Callmadeduringnighttime.
Discountedcallduringweekends.
Callperminuteorpersecond.
Manymoreothercriteriacanbedesignedbyaserviceprovidertochargetheircustomers.

SMSService
Mostoftheserviceproviderschargetheircustomer'sSMSservicesbasedonthenumberoftext
messagessent.ThereareotherprimeSMSservicesavailablewhereserviceproviderschargemorethan
normalSMScharge.TheseservicesarebeingavailedincollaborationofTelevisionNetworksorRadio

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

13/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

NetworkstodemandSMSfromtheaudiences.
Mostofthetime,thechargesarepaidbytheSMSsenderbutforsomeserviceslikestocksandshare
prices,mobilebankingfacilities,andleisurebookingservices,etc.therecipientoftheSMShastopay
fortheservice.

GPRSServices
UsingGPRSservice,youcanbrowse,playgamesontheInternet,anddownloadmovies.Soaservice
providerwillchargeyoubasedonthedatauploadedaswellasdatadownloadedonyourmobilephone.
ThesechargeswillbebasedonperKiloBytedatadownloaded/uploaded.
AdditionalparametercouldbeaQoSprovidedtoyou.Ifyouwanttowatchamovie,thenalowQoS
mayworkbecausesomedatalossmaybeacceptable,butifyouaredownloadingazipfile,thenasingle
bytelosswillcorruptyourcompletedownloadedfile.
AnotherparametercouldbepeakandoffpeaktimetodownloadadatafileortobrowsetheInternet.

SupplementaryServices
Mostofthesupplementaryservicesarebeingprovidedbasedonmonthlyrentalorabsolutelyfree.For
example,callwaiting,callforwarding,callingnumberidentification,andcallonholdareavailableat
zerocost.
Callbarringisaservice,whichserviceprovidersusejusttorecovertheirdues,etc.,otherwisethis
serviceisnotbeingusedbyanysubscriber.
Callconferencingserviceisaformofsimpletelephonecallwherethecustomersarechargedfor
multiplecallsmadeatatime.Noserviceproviderchargesextrachargeforthisservice.
ClosedUserGroupC U G isverypopularandismainlybeingusedtogivespecialdiscountstotheusers
iftheyaremakingcallstoaparticulardefinedgroupofsubscribers.
AdviceofChargeAoC canbechargedbasedonnumberofqueriesmadebyasubscriber.

GSMMOBILEPHONES
GSMArenaisthebiggestsourceofinformationaboutthelatestGSMmobilephones.Thispageisbeing
displayedhereasacourtesyofGSMArena.IfyouareplanningtobuyaGSMmobilephone,thenwe
suggestyougothroughallthereviewcommentsandthendecidewhichphoneissuitableforyou.

Alcatelphones

Amoiphones

Applephones

Asusphones

Benefonphones

BenQphones

BenQSiemensphones

Birdphones

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

14/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

BlackBerryphones

Boschphones

Cheaphones

Ericssonphones

Etenphones

FujitsuSiemensphones

Gigabytephones

Haierphones

HPphones

HTCphones

imatephones

Innostreamphones

Kyoceraphones

LGphones

Maxonphones

Mitacphones

Mitsubishiphones

Motorolaphones

NECphones

Neonodephones

Nokiaphones

O2phones

Palmphones

Panasonicphones

Pantechphones

Philipsphones

Qtekphones

Sagemphones

Samsungphones

Sendophones

Sewonphones

Sharpphones

Siemensphones

Sonyphones

SonyEricssonphones

Tel.Me.phones

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

15/16

6/24/2015

GSMQuickGuide

Telitphones

Thurayaphones

Toshibaphones

Vertuphones

VKMobilephones

WNDphones

XCutephones

GSMEnabledPhones

http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cgibin/printpage.cgi

16/16

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi