LEVEL MEASURMENT

Introductions
Level measurement is one of the oldest measurements. The measure of industrial
process level parameters is of great importance in the industrial field
Types of instruments
Level gauge
1. Tubular type
2. Reflex types
3. Float type
1TUBULAR Type
A Generated tubular glass to is mounted on the side of the vessel by coupling flanges
Reflex type
In reflex type level gauge the gauge glass has 90* prismatic grooves running lengthwise
on the inside face.

Reflected
glass
closed
type
protective
case

Float type:
In float operated level indicators , the primary device is a float, which by reason of its
buoyancy flows the changing level of the liquid .the movement of the float is transferred
to the pointer through some suitable mechanism .various type of floats are such as
hollow metals spheres cylindrical shaped floats and disk shaped floats

INDICATOR
FLOAT

SCALE
Differential pressure type
RADAR TYPE
FMCW (frequency modulated coundinary wave) radar principle and FFT signal
analysis
A radar signal is entitled from the antenna is reflected from the target and
received back cat led a delay I the well.
The distance of the reflecting products surface is measured by transit `T`of
the micro wave signal for every meter from a target the waves travel a distance of
2mm,for which they require a time of approx,6.7as in general, the measured distance is
A=c*T/2
Where c=the speed of light
The FMCW radar system uses a linear frequency-modulated highfrequent signal. Transmitter frequency increase linearly with in a time interval
(Frequency sweep)
Since the transmission frequency change due to the time delay during
signal proportion, above-frequency signals (typically, up to a few kHz) the frequency for
which is proportional to the reflector distance as obtained from the difference between

the current transmission frequency and the received frequency. The product level is
then compound from the difference between tank height and distance.

Displacer type level gauge

The gauge on Archimedess buoyancy principle which states that a body
which fully or particularly immersed in fluid gets buoyant up by a force which is equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced. Which is usually cylindrical in shape a it is waited by
lead shorts as to skin in the liquid.
Working
As liquid level changes, they amount of immersion of the displacer in
the liquid changes. Change in displacer immersion causes in buoyant force acting on it.
More the displacer is submerged; larger is the buoyant force and vise versa. Thus for
every particular liquid level, there is certain fixed buoyant force acting of the displacer.
This change in buoyant force with liquid level causes rotation of torque tube and pointer.
This rotation can be used for pneumatic transmitter
Electrical capacitance method
Principle
The electrical capacitance of the sensing probe varies with the level of material
and hence level changes can be recoded in terms of changes an be recoded in terms of
changes in electrical capacitance of the sensing probe
Construction
In capacitance level detectors is an insulated capacitance probe fixed near
parallel to tank wall such that the probe and metal tank wall act as the conductors of the
condenser with conducting tank liquid as the dielectric medium
.these two conductors are connected to capacitance detecting element.
Electric wires

Insulated
capacitance
probe

Capacitance
measuring
instrumen
t
insulator

liquid

Working:

As liquid level changes, the dielectric constant changes due to which

capacitance changes. Thus any changes in liquid level can be measured in terms of
change in the capacitance
Radiation method
Principle
The extent of adsorption of radioactive rays depends upon the level of liquid
inside the vessel; hence any changes in the liquid level can be measured in terms of
change in intensity of radioactive radiations.
Construction
.The radiation receiving element like Geiger-Muller counter is fixed to the side
of the vessel density across the source location along with the indicator
Radiatio
n
receiver
Indicator
Radioactive
sourc
e
Working
A liquid or solid level inside the vessel changes ,the amount and intensity of
radioactive radiations received by the receiver changes .the intensity of radiations
various inversely with the thickness of the vessel walls and the medium inside the
vessel .thus larger is the level of liquid inside the vessel smaller is the intensity of
radiation and vice-versa.
Ultrasonic Level Detectors
This method is based upon utilization of law of reflection of ultrasonic obligations from
solid or liquid surface or from the interface between two immiscible liquids. The time
taken by the wave for its travel from transmitter to the liquid surface to the receiver can
be taken as the measure of liquid level
Construction& working:
Transmitter is the source of ultrasonic oscillations such as Piezo-element like
quartz, which is positioned at top or bottom of the vessel. The ultrasonic waves from the
transmitter reach the material surface from where they get reflected back and those
reflected waves are received from the receiver. The time interval from the instant of an
emission of the waves to the reception of the reflected rays is measured, which varies
with liquid level.

chang
e in
liquid
level

Transmitter

Receive
r

LEVEL SWITCHES
When the level increases a set limit. One of the most common methods is the
operation of a magnetic level switch. The float when reaches the set level operates a
switch to change contact between card no, or NC.
Displacer type level switch
The basic sensing element consists of a weight (Displacer) heavies than the liquid,
suspended from a spring. When the liquid contacts the displacer a buoyant force is
produced which causes the effective weight of the displacer to change in turn causing
the spring to a new balance position which moves the magnetic contact switch. This
principle allows desired level switching point to the adjusted by moving the displacer up
or down. Another advantage of the system is can be used for high pressure application.
Because the displacer are made out of solid material.