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Wastewater Treatment and Reuse for Public Markets:

A Case Study in Sustainable, Appropriate Technology


in the Philippines
Authors: Mary Joy Jochico (USAID) and Ariel Lapus (USAID PWRF Project)

Philippines-Market
Project Background or Rationale
Public markets in the Philippines and around Asia
pose significant challenges for wastewater treatment
due to the relatively high strength of the discharges
and variability of flows. The Muntinlupa Public Market,
located in Muntinlupa City in the southern part of Metro
Manila, is one of the largest public markets in the
metropolitan area with 1,448 stalls and 24 hours a day
operation (Figure 1). Wastewater generated at
Philippine public markets tends to be very high
strength and land available for treatment is generally
quite small, necessitating a unique solution.

Figure 1
Location of water reuse the Muntinlupa
City public market

With support for planning and design provided by the


United States Agency for International Development
(USAID) through the Local Initiatives for Affordable
Wastewater Treatment (LINAW) project, the city
constructed a treatment facility that began operating in

2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse

February 2006. In addition to treating wastewater from


the public market, the system incorporates a water
recycling system that allows reuse of the treated
effluent for flushing toilets, watering plants and street
cleaning. In addition to Muntinlupa, the LINAW project
is assisting six cities in the Philippines to build
wastewater treatment facilities for public markets using
appropriate, low-maintenance technologies

Capacity and Type of Reuse


Application
The wastewater generated from the public market
contains high levels of organic matter (more than
600 mg/L biochemical oxygen demand [BOD]) and
solids classifying it as high-strength wastewater. The
wastewater is from the market comfort rooms (sinks
and toilets) and from cleaning/rinsing of fish, meat,
poultry, vegetables, etc. The treatment system that
was designed for the Muntinlupa Public Market
Wastewater Treatment Facility is an innovative
combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment
coupled with filtration to meet local discharge
standards. Since the available land area for the
treatment system was very small, the solution was to
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place the 5,646 ft (160 m ) treatment system
underneath a parking lot. The water recycling system
treats 0.055 mgd (210 m3/day) of wastewater per day,
of which 50 percent is discharged to Laguna de Bay
Lake, and 50 percent is reused for flushing toilets,
watering plants, and street cleaning. This technology is
being applied elsewhere in the Philippines and is
suitable for other locations in the region.

Water Quality Standards and


Treatment Technology
The technology is low-cost and low-maintenance,
costing a third less to construct and nearly half of the
monthly operation and maintenance costs of a
conventional (activated sludge) plant. The system is
an anaerobic baffled reactor coupled with a
sequencing batch reactor, followed by media filtration

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Appendix E | International Case Studies

and disinfection. Wastewater enters the tank from the


bottom of the first zone of the anaerobic baffled reactor
(ABR) where a granular sludge blanket is formed. As
the wastewater flows upwards through the sludge
blanket, organic particles are trapped and degraded by
the anaerobic bacteria present in the sludge blanket.
With each pass through subsequent chambers, the
wastewater is further treated. When it arrives in the
sequencing batch reactor (SBR), atmospheric oxygen
is mixed with the flow to produce a highly treated
oxygenated effluent. The final step is secondary
clarification followed by disinfection using chlorine
injection to meet local discharge standards. Figure 2
shows the final stage of treatment - filtration through
coco-peat, a waste product from coconut husk
processing. Another project was demonstrated in the
public market in which a container of coco-peat, is
used as a wastewater treatment filter. This is now
being replicated for wastewater treatment in two
schools in Muntinlupa City.

Table 1 Philippine DAO-35 Class C wastewater


discharge requirements
Class C
Parameter
Unit
Requirements
Color
Pt-Co units
< 150
Temperature (max rise
in degree Celsius in
C rise
<3
RBW)
pH (range)
6.5 9.0
COD
mg/L
< 100
Settleable Solids
mg/L
< 0.5
(1-hour)
5-Day 20C BOD
mg/L
< 50
Total Suspended
mg/L
< 70
Solids
Total Dissolved Solids
mg/L

Surfactants (MBAS)
mg/L
< 5.0
Oil/Grease (Petroleum
mg/L
< 5.0
Ether Extract
Phenolic Substances
mg/L
< 0.1
as Phenols
Total Coliforms
MPN/100mL
< 10,000

All required parameters are being met by the system.

Project Funding and Management


Practices
The system was installed over a 7-month period and
cost 6.8 million Philippine pesos (P) ($130,000). The
ongoing operating costs are P 27,000 per month, but
an overall savings of P 15,000 per month is realized
because of lower overall water consumption at the
market.

Figure 2
The public market was also the demonstration site of
the use of "coco-peat" for wastewater filtration

The Philippine Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990


(DAO-35) sets national requirements for treated
wastewater discharge into various receiving water
body classes. New or proposed industries and
wastewater treatment plants that will discharge to
Class C (inland waters) must meet the following
effluent standards (in addition to other limits for toxic
compounds), as shown in Table 1.

2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse

Muntinlupa City formed a Lake Management Office


(LMO) whose function is to manage and protect a
portion of the nearby lake. Covering a total area of
14,589 ac (5,904 ha), the LMO took over operations of
monitoring and controlling pollution of the lake area,
implement environmental laws, regulating structures in
the lake community and serving the fishermen who
relied on the lake for their livelihood; The Local
Government passed Local Ordinance No. 02-070
which stipulates proper disposal of wastewater and
gives strict sanctions/fines for noncompliance.
Two employees regularly monitor the operation of the
facility and report any problems that will occur during
the operation to the Muntinlupa Public Market
Cooperative.

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Appendix E | International Case Studies

Cost recovery is through a daily charge of $0.10 to


individual stall owners. Mr. John Emmanuel Pabilonia,
LINAW Team Leader for Muntinlupa City, confirmed
that since its operation in 2006 Muntinlupa City has
fully recovered the cost of the construction and the
fees sustain the operation and maintenance of the
facility.

Institutional/Cultural Considerations
As part of this project, a demonstration was done to
help inform the public and policy makers about the
unique solution and application of water reuse. The
public market also hosted a demonstration project to
show the public how a container full of coco-peat is
used as a filter for final treatment in some wastewater
treatment schemes being installed in two schools in
Muntinlupa City (Figure 2). As part of the start-up of
the system, former Muntinlupa City Mayor Jaime
Fresnedi was asked to inaugurate the public market
wastewater treatment plant by turning on a faucet of
treated water for reuse (Figures 3 and 4).

Figure 3
LINAW Team Leader for Muntinlupa City John
Emmanuel Pabilonia and former Muntinlupa City
Mayor Jaime Fresnedi inspect the construction of
the public market treatment facility.

The LGUs key partners include USAIDs Local


Initiative for Affordable Wastewater Project and the
public market cooperative as direct stakeholder.

Successes and Lessons Learned


This project was able to demonstrate that proper
incentives and identifying economic drivers can
motivate local governments to prioritize environmental
protection. In the case of Muntinlupa City, capital
investment for environmental protection was not
necessarily a high priority of the local government but
with increased awareness on the environmental and
health impacts of pollution along with the technical
assistance that showed that capital investments can
be recovered through user charges, the local
government willingly paid for the construction of the
wastewater treatment plant.

Figure 4
Former Muntinlupa City Mayor Jaime Fresnedi, with
former Environment Secretary Elisea Gozun (behind
the Mayor) inaugurates the public market
wastewater treatment plant by turning on a faucet of
treated water for reuse.

References
Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990. 1990. Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative
Order (DAO)-35, Government of the Republic of the
Philippines.
Retrieved
April
4,
2012,
from
<http://www.emb.gov.ph/laws/water%20quality%20manage
ment/dao90-35.html>.

2012 Guidelines for Water Reuse

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