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ElectricalSystems:SubstationBusSchemes

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Electrical
Systems
Friends,HereIamcommittedtomakethe
materialsassimpleaspossible.Ipromise
youtominimizetheuseofschoolmathsso
thatbothTechnocratsandstudentswill
benefitfromthearticles.Herethemainaim
istodevelopclearconcept.

SubstationBusSchemes

Introduction:
Wealreadymentionedthedifferenttypesofsubstations.Beforemoreindepthdiscussionabouteachtypeof
substationitisbettertoknowfewcommonessentialfeaturesofasubstation.Herewediscussaboutthebus
schemescommonlyimplementedinanelectricalsubstation.TheBusschemeisthearrangementofoverheadbus

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barandassociatedswitchingequipmentsinasubstation.Theoperationalflexibilityandreliabilityofthesubstation

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greatlydependsuponthebusscheme.

archive

HereIreiteratethattheelectricsubstationisajunctionpointwhereusuallymorethantwotransmissionlines

2012(8)

transmissionsubstationsthetotalnumbersoflinesterminatingexceedsoneortwodozens.Inthisscenario

2011(17)

obviouslythefirstrequirementisavoidanceoftotalshutdownofthesubstationforthepurposeofmaintenanceof

December(1)
November(1)

terminate.ActuallyinmostofEHVandHVsubstationsmorethanhalfadozenoflinesterminate.Inmanylarge

someequipment(s)orduetofaultsomewhere.Totalshutdownofsubstationmeanscompleteshutdownofallthe
linesconnectedtothisparticularsubstation.Sotheswitchingschemeisadopteddependingupontheimportanceof
thesubstation,reliabilityrequirement,flexibilityandfutureexpansionetc..Ofcoursesubstationconstructionand

October(1)

operationalcostisalsotobeconsidered.ClearlyaEHVorUHVtransmissionsubstationwherelargenumbersof

September(1)

importantlinesterminateisextremelyimportantandthesubstationshouldbedesignedtoavoidtotalfailureand

SubstationBusSchemes
August(1)
July(1)
June(2)

interruptionofminimumnumbersofcircuits.
Therearemainlysixbusschemes.theseare:
SingleBus
MainBusandTransferBus
DoubleBusDoubleBreaker

May(1)

DoubleBusSingleBreaker

April(3)

RingBus

March(2)
February(2)
January(1)
2010(15)

followers

BreakerandHalf
BeforeweproceedfurtherIwouldliketodiscussinbriefabouttheCircuitBreakerandIsolator.Itwillbehelpfulfor
novices.Seethefigurebelowwheretwobusesareconnectedbycircuitbreakersandisolatorsasshown.Acircuit
breakerisadevicewhosemainpurposeistobreakthecircuitcarryingloadcurrentorfaultcurrent.Asthebreaker
isopenedthencurrentisinterruptedinthecircuit.Butitisnotsafetoworkwithopenedbreakerasoneorboth
sidesofthebreakerterminalsmaybestillenergised.Thebreakeristhenisolatedfromtherestofthecircuitby
openingtheisolatorsonbothsidesofbreaker.Theisolatorsareusedtoisolatethebreakerorcircuit.Itshouldbe
rememberedthattheisolatorsareneveropenedorclosedtointerruptormakethecircuit.Thatmeanswhenthe
circuitistobemadeon,firsttheisolatorsonbothsidesofabreakerareclosedthenbreakerisclosedtoallow
currentflow.Whenthecircuitistobemadeofforinterrupted,firstthebreakerisopened(tripped),henceload
currentisinterrupted.Thentoisolatethebreaker,isolatorsareopened.Isolatorsaredesignedtointerruptsmall
current.Breakersaredesignedtointerruptlargeloadcurrentandheavyfaultcurrent.Bothbreakerandisolator
carryloadcurrentinnormalstate.

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SingleBus
Asthenameindicatethesubstationwiththisconfigurationhasasinglebus(FigB).Allthecircuitsareconnectedto
thisbus.Afaultonthebusorbetweenthebusandabreakerresultsintheoutageoftheentirebusorsubstation.
Failureofanybreakeralsoresultsinoutageoftheentirebus.Maintenanceofanycircuitbreakerrequiresshutdown
ofthecorrespondingcircuit/lineandmaintenanceofbusrequirescompleteshutdownofthebus.Abypassswitch
acrossthebreakershouldbeusedformaintenanceofthecorrespondingbreaker.Thiscasetheprotectionsystemis
disabled.
SingleBusconfigurationisthesimplestandleastcostofallconfigurations.Thesystemcanbeeasilyexpanded.This

configurationrequireslessarea.Thereliabilityofthissystembeinglow,itisnottobeimplementedinthesubstation
wherehighreliabilityisexpected.Largesubstationsusuallydonotutilizethisscheme.Bysectionalisingofthebus
thereliabilityandavailabilityofthesinglebussystemcanbeimproved.

MainBusandTransferBus
Hover to Expand

Inthisschemeonemorebusisadded.SeeFigureChowtheequipmentsarearrangedandcircuitsareconnected
betweenmainandtransferbus.Inthisarrangementonemorebreakermaybeused,knownastiecircuit

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breaker.Nocircuitisassociatedwiththistiebreaker.
WhenthetieCBisnotpresent,formaintenanceofacircuitbreaker,thetransferbusisenergizedbyclosingthe
isolatorswitchestotransferbus.Thenthebreakertoundergomaintenanceisopenedandisolated(opening
isolatorsonbothsidesofCB)formaintenance.Inthisarrangementthereisnoprotectionforthecircuits.The
circuitscanbeprotectedfromoutsidethesubstation.

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Whenthetiebreakerispresent,formaintenanceofabreakerthetransferbusisenergisedbyclosingthetie
breaker.Thentheisolatornearthetransferbusofthebreakerofcircuittobemaintainedisclosed.Nowthebreaker
tobemaintainedisopened.Thencorrespondingisolatorsonbothsidesofbreakerareopened.Thebreakeris
removedformaintenance.Thecircuitistransferredtotransferbus.Rememberthattheisolatortothetransferbus
correspondingtothebreakernottobemaintainedremainopen.Herethetiebreakerprotectsthecircuitinplaceof
removedbreaker.Inthisschemetherelaysettingisquitecomplexduetotherequirementofthetiebreakerto
handleeachsituationformaintenanceofanyoftheotherbreakers.Thisschemeissomewhatmorecostlythanthe
singlebusschemebutismorereliable.Theschemecanbeeasilyexpanded.Theswitchingprocedureiscomplicated
formaintenanceofanycircuitbreaker.Failureofabreakerorfaultonthebusresultsinoutageofcomplete
substation.

DoubleBusDoubleBreaker
Inthisschemetherearetwobusesandtwocircuitbreakerspercircuitareused(SeeFigD).Innormalstateboth
thebusesareenergised.Anycircuitbreakercanberemovedformaintenancewithoutinterruptionofthe
correspondingcircuit.Alsothefailureofoneofthetwobusesdoesnotinterruptanycircuitasallthecircuitscanbe
fedfromtheremainingbusandisolatingthefailedbus.Byshiftingcircuitfromonebustoothertheloadingonthe
busescanbebalanced.
Thesubstationwiththisconfigurationrequirestwiceasmuchequipmentsassinglebusscheme.Thisschemehas
highreliability.Butduetomoreequipmentsthisschemeiscostlyandrequiresmorespace.Thisschemeisusually
usedatEHVtransmissionsubstationorgeneratingstationwherehighreliabilityisrequired.

DoubleBusSingleBreaker
ThisschemeisshowninFigE.Thisschemehastwobuses.Eachcircuithasonebreakerandconnectedtoboth
busesbyisolatorsasshown.Thereisonetiebreakerbetweentwobuses.Thetiebreakerisnormallyclosed.Forthe
tiebreakerinclosedpositionthecircuitcanbeconnectedtoeitherofthebusesbyclosingthecorrespondingswitch.
Itisclearthatfaultononebusrequiresisolationofthebusandthecircuitsarefedfromtheotherbus.

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Fromthefigureyoucanguessthattheconfigurationhassomeimprovementoverthesinglebussystem.This
arrangementhasmoreflexibilityinoperationthanthesinglebusscheme.Thisschemeiscostlierandrequiresmore
spacethanthesinglebusscheme.ManyEHVtransmissionsubstationsusethisschemewithanadditionaltransfer
bus.

RingBus
TheRingBusconfigurationisshowninFigF.Thebreakersaresoconnectedandformsaring.Thereareisolatorson
bothsidesofeachbreaker.Circuitsterminatebetweenthebreakers.Thenumberofbreakersissameasthe
numbersofcircuits.Eachofthecircuitsinringbussystemisfedfrombothsides.Anyofthebreakercanbeopened
andisolatedformaintenancewithoutinterruptinganyofthecircuits.Afaultonanyofthecircuitisisolatedby
trippingoftwobreakersonbothsidesofthecircuit.Bytrippingthetwobreakersonlythefaultedcircuitisisolated
andallothercircuitscontinuetooperateinopenringstate.Thisschemehasgoodoperationalflexibilityandhigh
reliability.Themaindisadvantageisthatwhenafaulthappensandtheringissplitandmayresultintotwoisolated
sections.Eachofthesetwosectionsmaynothavethepropercombinationofsourceandloadcircuits.Toavoidthis
asfaraspossiblethesourceandloadcircuitsshouldbeconnectedsidebyside(seefigure).Theringbusscheme
canbeexpandedtoaccommodatemorecircuits.Theringbusschemeisnotsuitableformorethan6circuits
(althoughpossible).Whenexpansionofthesubstationisrequiredtoaccommodatemorecircuits,theringbus
schemecanbeeasilyexpandedtoOneandHalfBreaker(Seebelowandcompare)scheme.Theschemeisrequired
tobeplannedproperlytoavoiddifficultiesinfutureexpansion.

BreakerandHalf
TheBreakerandHalfschemehastwomainbuses(FigG).Boththebusesarenormallyenergised.Threebreakers
areconnectedbetweenthebuses.Thecircuitsareterminatedbetweenthebreakersasshown.Inthisbus
configurationfortwocircuitsthreenumbersofbreakersarerequired.Henceitiscalledoneandhalfscheme.Itis
somethinglike,forcontrollingonecircuitwerequireonefullandahalfbreakers.Themiddlebreakerissharedby
boththecircuits.Liketheringbusschemeherealsoeachcircuitisfedfromboththebuses.

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Anyofthebreakerscanbeopenedandremovedformaintenancepurposeswithoutinterruptingsupplytoanyof
thecircuits.Alsooneofthetwobusescanberemovedformaintenancewithoutinterruptionoftheservicetoanyof
thecircuits.Iffaulthappensonabusitisisolatedwithoutinterruptionofsupplytoanyofthecircuits.Ifthemiddle
circuitbreakerfailsthenthebreakersadjacenttothebusesaretrippedsointerruptingboththecircuits.Butifa
breakeradjacenttothebusfailsthenthetrippingofmiddlebreakerdoesnotinterruptpowersupplytocircuit
associatedwithhealthybreaker.Onlythecircuitassociatedwithfailedbreakerisinterrupted.

Thisconfigurationisveryflexibleandhighlyreliable.Therelayingoftheschemeiscomplicatedasthemiddle
breakerisassociatedwithboththecircuits.ThisschemeiseconomicalincomparisontoDoubleBusDoubleBreaker
scheme.Thisschemealsorequiremorespaceincomparisontootherschemestoaccommodatemoreequipments.
Inonesubstationyoucanfindtwoormoreschemesimplementedaspertherequirement.Inmostofthemodern
substationsitisusualtoaddonetransferbusinmostoftheschemesabove.Whichenhancestheavailabilityand
maintainabilityofthesystemandoperationalflexibility
Labels:PowerSystem

15comments:
Anonymoussaid...
excellent
April15,2012at11:47AM
Anonymoussaid...
bestofall
August15,2012at2:55PM
Anonymoussaid...
Wow!It'sthefirsttimeIfallonsuchagreatexplanationonthistopic.
July3,2013at11:13PM
Anonymoussaid...
CanyouexplainwhatatieCBis
July17,2013at5:26AM
ntombenhlentulisaid...
NowIgotdgoodexplaination.Thnkyou
August15,2013at3:01PM
Anonymoussaid...
IknewIhavebeenaroundthisstufftoolongwhenIstartedtounderstandit.KindalikewhenIwas
workinginTheU.K.,IglancedupataTVinapubwithacricketmatchonandIexclaimed"Hey,thatwas
6runs!"
September24,2013at11:22PM
SanaAkramsaid...
icouldn'tunderstandthedifferencebetween'mainandtransferbusscheme'and'doublebussingle

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breakerscheme'???
May11,2014at11:29AM
Gerardosaid...
Thanksalot.ThisisthefirsttimeIfindacomprehensiveandclearexplanationonthistopic.
August12,2014at5:37AM
AjayGuptasaid...
Verylucid!!!
October4,2014at1:29AM
katumbaivansaid...
impressive
October21,2014at7:48PM
MARKLEEsaid...
Goodone!
October29,2014at12:49PM
MARKLEEsaid...
Goodone!
October29,2014at12:50PM
Anonymoussaid...
WonderfulWonderful
November17,2014at3:24PM
Anonymoussaid...
please,whatistheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofringbussystem
December2,2014at12:12AM
Anonymoussaid...
thanksalot................Greatexplaination
April20,2015at10:20AM

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