m ff'?

ir'''
ffi $''t -.-,,wov

@[

'Y7,

q*
tri

Exercise 4. Loci<i'lg at gramrnL (Cnart 3-l)

Complere the sentences with since or far.

1. There

it

has been snolv on the

ground Sirrcc

cod,--.-_-.7{o,

@,r

2.

The wearher has been

@[

3.

Ntaria has studied

@'

+.

rVlr. and &'lrs. Roberts have been

efi
@,tr

@l

#[

,milu'

el /.fi=

ffi /
@[
@[
@l

ffil
ffil

Bl

a long time.
less rhan a year.

togeer

fuzl

- -

they were in coilege.

more than fifty years.

other
last month.
6. 1(/ hayen't seen Aziz lirttC
v
over a week.
i. I've had a cold -.-...-7-Ju
rhe begrnning of lvlarch'
B. I haven't heard frorn my stxer /ac?

5.

@l

English

NewYear's Day.

They have knorvn each

Exercise

5. Let's toli<.

(Chori 3-l)

Complete he senrences wih any appropriate rime expression. \)7ork in pairs, in small groups,
or as a class:

1. Today ft

the 14th of

June

I bought

rhis booi<

ts^

I have had this book since

I have had this book for

2. I moved to this ciry

f;B\

w1

I have been in rhis ciry

ffil

;t

I have been here

t)

/qq

since

o,

I ;a rJ

;JN

#i

3. It is the year

ef

I started

wl

I've been a student

e!'
&l
m.!

wl
&l
wl

el
ffil

pl

Q,o./4

going to school in rhe year

for
-

//

?@

vtr

I've been a srudent since

4. I flrst me[ our teacher

I've known her/him for
I've known herihim

*^-//

snce rJe.

that I bought -/
5. I have (alan) a c//n "e
"v/
I have had it since //ta an/,na ol' #e )*/ Jear

have had

it for

-/ )tear

Bl

ei
3,L
ii

;iw
Ftr

rS

Perfect ond Perfecl Progressive Tenses

39

'Y'br'
*Exercise
.

Let's

islk.

(chort 3-l)

will
Answer rhe questions in complere sentences- Stu'lenr B
since. Close Your book.
E:.rample: To

Sruprxr B:
TercuER:

A: When did you come here? To B: Use/or' To C: Or' using since?

TEscHEn; When did You come here?

SruPeNr A: I came here on June 2ncl'

T,cltsR:

use/or'

Srucienr C will use

Hor'v iong has (Srudenrl) been here?

He/She h"as been here for two weeks'

Use/or'

Or, using since?

SrupEN'r C: He's/She's been here since June 2nd'

i.
2.

A: When did you get to class today?

To B: Horv long has lZ-<) been in class?
To

5.

Use for. To

C: Or, using since2

\-,.

e
e
6
6

A: \,Vhar dme ia yo, get up this morning?

using sznce2
To B: How long has (9,c) been up? lJsefor' To C: Or'

To

To
tl
a.

e
?
a

B: Ho,,v long has C/,

usiRgsincei
) had a carlbicyct'e)'{for' To C: Or'

a
V:

A: lffho is wearing a watch? Whry'cfd you'get it?

C: Or,using sincel
To B: Horv long has tfu-lhaci his/her watch? T)se for. To

To

is married? \X7hen did you get married?

A: Who
To B; How long has Q4" .)
To

been married? Use/or' To

C: Or' using since2

:i

6.

A: Do you know (92e4? lWhen did you meet him/her?

Or' using sincel
To B: Hor,v long has $iace) known ( L' )? IJse/or' To C:
To

t
:l

each siruation?
Underiine rhe presenr p-erfeciverbs. What is rhe me frame in
anyone here'
attended any parties since I came to this city' I don't know
Example:
- I"-'haven't
piesent pefbct aerb: haven't auended

. So far rhis week, I',ve had lwo tes[s and a quiz. And it's oniy wednesday!
too
2. Try not to be absent from class again for the resr of the term' You've already missed
I

many ciasses.

I got up'

I'm really hungry. I haven't eaten

5.

A: Hi,Juciy. Vr'elcome to the parry' Have you ever met my cousin?

B: No, I haven't.

since

finished
Nadia started her homework right after dinner, but she sdll hasn't
probabiy won'[ be able to go to bed until after midnight'

it'

?
o
o
\,:,

IC

Exercise 7. Looking ol grommcr. (Chort 3-l)

3.
4.

Sle

+
?

ti
e,

6
t,:

s
J-r

40

CHAPTER 3

&
'

,@
,@
6
@

&
e'

a
o

E!

tr

v.--Dehef
txercise I3. !-ooking ol grrflrncr.

(Chorts 2- ond 3-3)

present perfecr form of the verbs in

Complere rhe sentenc.r.-Ur. .ir. ti*pi" p"rt o..fr.

parentheses.
L Farima is from a hor, arid part of her counrry.

She

never)

(see,

U'

J aere'l

SCqz

sno!v.
2.

Sa-a.,

Last January,I (see)

snow,

L,./

). Last night my friend and I (haae)

/
4.

for the first time io mY life.

some free time, so we (go)

to a show.

Since classes began,

l.,veru{ ,,^/

(haae,not)

much free rime. My

classes keep me reallY busY.

5.

MingWon

this

(e)

getting berrer and berter. He plans

6.

Mrs. Perez

br,

(e)

ciass for three

months' His English

1S

take rhis class unil the end of fulay.

in our class for three months, but then she left

bec t

school to get a job.

7.

Late.breaking newsl A major earthqrrake (occur, jtut)

in sourhern California.

\t

aC.,u

(ocntr)

ru/

/rt. , J'utl ,o.ac'ltt/

at 9:25 a.u. Paiific Standard

Time.

B. I admir that I

older since I last

fu'el*)

(se)

you, but with any luck at all,I

9. A: Are you taking Chemistry

B: No, I

already\

(ruke,

*"o
10.
1

1.

Greg Adams? Yes,

Joe

North

weil r,vhen

-rU

]"b

^/re

it last semester. This semester I'm in

I i<now him. I

passeci away?
\,ve

101 th.K-semester?

(knozu)

nrs

I'm sorry to hear that. I

r.

1 (take)

102.

him since college.

(knout) l4ve kne'u

ni*

lvere in college together.

iCo,vtraR:
got four leuers so Jar this week. In his sentenc e, haae gotten I have got is present perfect. (Nole:
pardciple of get in both American Eng.lish and Bridsh Englisir. Gan occurs only in American

(a) t hate gottel oR haoe

Ga is useci as rhe pasr

English.)
o1

got ct problem. In rhis sentenc e, have goris NoT presenr perf'ecr. I':ue got a problen = I have a problent' The
expressioo l.rave gotmeans "havc" and is common in informal spoken English. Its mean.ing is present; it has no pasr form.

i nZr"

*rlypicall

rhe presenr perfecr is usecl in sentenc es wirh alruady, yet, and just, but in some sicuarions the simple past is also
commonly used rvi ese advebs in informal Engiish, especially American Engiish, with no difference in meaning.

CHAPTER 3

//a-4c.:
)

Exercise I. looking o{"rommsr. (chorr 3-4)

Compiere the sentences' Use th. p..r"rrt progressive or the presenr
perfect prcgressive form of
the verbs in pareniheses.
i

'

Mr. and illrs. Jones

noiv. f|gy

(.sit)

(szl)

are

hav beer

eitting

ourside on their norch righr

Eifitnq

there since afer dinner.

a
a

2. The resr begins ar t:00. Righr now jt,s rr:00. sara is ar ihe iibrary. she (reaiezu)
.a'f re7 / '
_ her noes right non. She (reuieu) lo, /*r,
her nores ali rnorning

3.

(siatLd) /'r *--:

counrer right nor.v. He (stand.) /al he: ,. 1,
g
/Vlarco is in a sore.

i{e

ar a checkour

rhere for orer five

minures, He wishes he courd find a sarpsperson. H. irrrrs to

buy

4.

The limle girl is dirry from head r-f{otbecause

she

pair of jeans.

(play)

in he mud.

5.

The children ae excir

ut the concerr. They (pracice)

- a lot in the iasr few weeks.

They're going to sing for rheir parenrs.

:t
,J

,fl
/ ,-nl

/ar" /
a pad on he floor iately. The bed ,r r
My

baci< hurrs, so

I (sleep)

o"

Exercse ! 7. Lel,s wrile, (Chr:rts Z_,3-1, rsnd J-4)

Write about tire picture using rhe verbs in rhe lisr and rhe
verb form

cook

i
2.
3.

fix

nemorize

piant

vacuum

given in each item

wash

Tom has had a busy day so far. Right now, he's taking
a break. \Zhat hasTom been doing?
rrire ar least four sentences on anorhe piece of pap.rl
uu. ,h. p;.o";ffi#'r;ressive.
Rewrite your- senrences usingyesterday. Use rhe simple
past.
Rewrire your senrences usingTzs. Use the present perfect.
Perlacl ond Perfeci progressive fenses

p
fr

v
L

v
h

w
,$

4l

r:

'*'

j''-

"

Exerr:ise 23. Looking a? grfirfir?lrr. (Chorts 2-e cnci 3-5)

Use lhe simple past or rhe past perfecr foril of rhe verbs in pareniheses ro conlpiere he
senteilces. In some casesr either rense is correcl

l.

Sa;:rir

(be)

,aE

/ hat re.

hca.e

a ne w'spape r reporrer i:efore he (bicome)

3 DUSrnessman

Itt

o'

th: nedicine.
t/

3. I r,vas iare. The teacher

lrgite,

aiready)

.i," +

Ger)

a quiz u,hen

ic

ciass.

it',vas raining hard, bur by rhe dne class (e)

/

4.

ov3r, lhe

O
C

../.

( Nlillions

of years ago, di.nosaurs (roam)

(become)

rhe earth, bur

r1:e1,

extinct by the dme people frrst (,appear)

,/'::t' /... l+-:{

6. I

(see,

ne,ter,\ ltt/ t;i,,,,:'r

any of Pcasso's painrings belcre

,r,

(-aistt)

the art museurl

7. i\fter

r,vork,

I r.vent to Rosa's offlce ro give her a ride

(ieav-e)

discovered r):.atl

(leave) ,i;t,:.'

.':.,,',,. ,:,.,,

en:barrassnenr, I told my frie::d thatl

kindly

I couldn'

hncj

her.

(ffir)

;,''t

)t

/,/./

in my pocker, I

| ! lf

n:y r,l'allei at home. With some

(rrorget) . -.' ,,

..i
1

She

wih someone else.

8, I gor ready ro pay dre biil, bur when I (iook)

She

home, but

m 'rqile

Io pay rny par o rhe biil for me.

FI
Ei

.lJ
rl
EI
J
,

Perfect ond Periect Progressive Tenses 51

F{

ial
f{

I
-{

9.

4nut

Yesterday at a meedng,I (see)

mine. I(see,not)

L r'l

Rick Coliins,.an old friend of

frert

ha'/- re."V 2 e/

him in years. At firsr,

him because he (/ose)

(recognize,not)

7-rl

a great deal of r,veight.

10. In

1980, my parents

(ernigrarc) ,g, le/

to the Uniied States fom

China. They (*avel, never)

outside of China and

were, of course, excited by the challenge of reloca

rhey

(se*le)

)a/

,e

///e.

@rozu) I roujt?

rnia.

to a foreign country. Eventually,

rrvly sister and

Lasr year,

(go)

China for the firsr rime to ,t,.,AyBeijing Universiry.

(.want,

g'

ug

I were born there and

Orr-n/

alwa3ts) ,/

to visit China and learn more about my own

family background. My dreams finally came rue.

Exercise 24. Lg.oWnE st E)rnffior. (Chort 3-5)

Underline the pat perfect uJs. Which of the passages is typicai of fiction writing? Vhich of
'What
the passages is ffi
ces in verb form usage?
$oken English?

6
6
6
&
@
6

the door. The school called and rold her that her son was sick, so she rushed out the door
rvihout locking ir.

ook at his life.

g he orvned, and moved

was t}re beginning of his adventure.

to London. That

tI

f,
,.f)

@'

@'

Exercise 25. Warrn-up: Isienng. (Chorr 3-)

Listen for reduced speech in rhese senrences. How is had pronounced?

,.:3_i, 1. f'm sorry

we missed the meering. We had forgorten about ir.

2. The movie had already begun by the rime we got rhere.

3. I couldn't change my schedule. I had already pianned my day.
4. I gor home late. My roommate had already gone to bed.

@"

e
&
@
@

52

cHAPTER 3

&

4a
o
o
o
o

-,

B
&

Exercise 29. V/orrn-up. (Chci'i 3-7)

\{l:ich sentence (a. or b.) logicail.* ibilo'ws

fJ

R,

#:
$):
q..l

;t.

-a'.

4,

each sraremenr? Discr-iss ihe neanings of t-he verrhs

in blue.

|.ri;;,.,
r'.1;'

i. I l'iave Deeri worl<ing ourside lcr alinosr ar hcu. _

2. I haC berr ',vi.:il<:irg c,utside i,: airost an hour.
a. It's hct. I thinl< I'il go inside.

i-,,.{.
.

&.

b. Bu I gor toc ho an;i care

lnsiCe

S,i

ffii
:,
mi

.!

'aiing for Ja:k since 5:C0.

been '*'alting for Jack since 5:C0.

ha..'e been

I irri
a. Then I ie-ft.
b. Ar'.d I'n s:ill ilere.

a.1

&.i
ffi
m

&

Eric finally ceme at six c'ctock. I had

been waiting fcr llirn srncelour-ihir-ry,

tu

ry,
arc

L_-__-*.'

^-..-i. r
udus

L,*

ti|t.

,lurrr:on

-?,{

The police hed been laokngor the

crimina! ,ror-two years before ther:

(b)

--\-"1
.Ai
lrl

oi'waircg

j,

When uov oot ho,me, her hair was s1;jl

we: becaJse she haa ,bee n swir-rrinc.

vvl

lr{
^^
r pr
ciLls:

I weni tc Ed's house after.ihe funer.ai.

His eyes ware rei because he had

i
I

The past pereci progressive

ei'::phasizes ihe duration af an eciivit'f
that was in prcgress before enctner
acfvii/ or tme n ihe past

r,C;E. Tle eSi CeleCi nrg;g55,ve iS

used infrequently coi-npareo io ctirer
verb tenses.
This iense also rnay er.press e.
aciivity n ptagress close tn tne io
anaiher acrivty, or time in
the past.

been crying.

i;i:-ne

tii
:,

(e) Aciual

I (i)

s:oken wcrds: I have been waiting for you.

Reparred ',yares: Lia tald me fhal she hacj been vaitino for me.

The past peifecl progressive aiso

occurs in reported speech. See
Chart 3-5, example-s ig) and (h).

r;

.t, 4, 'U Exercise 30. Locking cf grsrnrnrr. (Choris _l_4 cnd 3_7)
Corr,plete ihe serltences. Use the piesenr :ertcr Drogessive oi the past p:fect

tbrrn of ihe verbs in parenrheses.

\uY'e

(zuazr)

het'e

bs:r 'atiint

-.rog:essr',-"

for Nancy for the iast twc horiis. bu

she srlll hasn'r arrived.

2.

'X'e (zoarr)

had beert

w'eitne

f.;r N:ancy fcr or,,:r :-ee curs before

she naliy arrived yeslerday.

3. It is mionight. I (sntdj,)
\c lvonder J'rn gerti:g r::eci.

ior lve srraigirr hcurs

Perecl ond Perfect Frogressive Tenses

fiJ
i,

Jil

it

y-;t

55

uI
Ir
t
Ie
I

,tF!

for live straight

4.

hours. No rvonder I was getring tired.

5.

Jack suddenly realized th at the teacher was asking him

because he (daytdream)

6.

tr

/\

!,,,.,'

quesrion. LIe couldn't answer

for the lasi ten minutes.

'/'l

long enough. It's time to get up.

Wake upl You (sleep)

Exercise 31. Looking at glom]ar. (Chori 3-7>

Complete rhe sentences. lJse rhe past perfect progrlssive form of the verbs in the.iist (or your
/"
own words).

I//r.,\y''

f,
l@

&G

e
t*

Ie
I
l.
Ia
@

Ec

le
i?

te
w

e
@
look

dance

/sing

play

talk

studl-

f,w

m
SrrurtoN: Nls. Reed, a reacher, ieft the classroom for fifteen minutes. During that rime, her
students did whatever they r,vanted. When she came back, . . .
.

t. She learned that a few

She found out

students

had been Einlinq

at a couple of students 4n,'/ ,o'

,'

./

). Sorneone told her that one student i/i'a'/

4.

group of students

i,

She salv that a couple of studens

he board.

i,

She happily discovered rhat a few students

rhe whole ime.

CHAPT:R 3

"

tn i;*
t ''). -' . t

on cell phones.

loud music.
in e aisles.

She heard thar several studens

). She found out that

A

t,,,,,'

loudly.

'1r;

her grade book

pictures on

Ie
i@
flfl
H'

t
i+
ioi'
io
i@
ie
iP
i@
Ti

l@
i@

lw
fe

@
@

@
@
@.'

ffi-

r.\

.. IXERCISE 30:
f

i., r::i,c1r::r:;i1:: )r-'jt-rr,r;i. ,rilh *lree.d3t,.oet. sti,i-J' t't

. it t

1:00 P.i'l. I'i-ir hLrngrY I haven'l eaien

1:00 p.,'ri

2. ['s
3. Eric

I'm not hr-ingr;l I'\'t

rt;-'\ir?t''Y1

luncn

-- -t,l-rytr/.;

A4-t
ealei-i iunch'

was hr:igry, s,', he-aie a candy bar a ferv minutes ago'. But he'5'1,-,-...

hungri,', so he's going t have another can'cy bar'\

---:i-

2,,,

'1

4. I used to eat Iunch at the cafeteria ever)'day, bur now I bring my lunch
to sbhooi in a paper bag instead. I don't eat at he cafeteria

-J-Lt
. )...
L,/
i,
5, It started raining an hour

ago. 7e

can't go for a walk because it's

I hope it stops

6. Lookl The rain has stopped. It isn't raining

go for a *'aik.

soon.

' Lei's

-----'

7. I didn't understand this chapter in my biology book when i read it

: ,/
yesterday. Since then, I've read it three times, but I
,i

don't understand itl

,.

i1.:!

finished all mv

8. I don't have to study tonight. I've

homework.

9. I started a letter to my pul.,l:t yesterday, bu_t I haven't finished it

I'11 iinish it later today and put it in the mail.

I0. Istartedaletter to my parents yesterday. I thought

dialogues by using Yet

aboui finishing

ii

,i,,!

last night before I lvent ro bed, but I didn't. I

haven't finished it. *

ot still.

i. A: Is N1ary home -----_-?

B:

Nio, but

2. A: is Mary
B:

--

I'm expecting her soon.

in class?

Yes, she is. I{er class doesn't end

until 11:30.

*In negative

sentences, sril/ andyer express similar meanings. The meanings of

finkhed it yet and I still hazten't finished it are similar.
The Present Perfect

__.

haoen't

ond the Posl Perfect

+-----!!qt=u;E!E!ErE+|"-;.s

185

j
I