Académique Documents
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Aziz Kandhir
SOILS
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Q-
How will you prepare sample for proctor if there are soft particles in the sample?
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By equation :
Where
Q-
W=dxvxA
A = AREA OF MOLD.
W = Actual surcharge weight
d = Density of material,
V = Thickness of Layers.
What is the difference between a standard proctor test & a modified proctor test ?
:
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Aside from the compactive energy which is 5 times greater than in the standard test, the
maximum density and optimum water content obtained from the two compaction test is
greater in fine-grained that for a coarse-grained soils.
Q-
A-
6.
Q-
Define liquid limit and plastic limit. How do you calculate plasticity index ? How many
strokes are specified for rolling the thread of soil when determining plastic limit ? and
How many revolution per second when determining liquid limit ?
A-
Liquid limit is the % water content in which the soil mass has a capacity to flow as a
liquid. It is in between the liquid and plastic state. The rate is 2 revolution per second.
Plastic limit is the % water content in which the soil mass can be molded without
crumbling. It is in between the plastic and semi-solid state. The rate is 80 to 90 strokes
per minute.
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10.
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Yes, (by plating) it is a method of covering or confining of unstable fills with a suitable,
stable material.
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Because wadi sand are free from clay and other organic matters and also meet grading
requirements for fineness modulus.
Q-
What are the test you run to determine the suitability of a subgrade material ?
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a) Sieve analysis
b) Atterberg test
c) Proctor test
d) C.B.R. test
e) Field Density test.
What are the basic test normally carried out to determine soil characteristics and
conditions ?
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Soil
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23.
Q-
a) C.B.R. test
b) Sieve analysis
c) Atterberg test.
How do you determine the shear strength of a soil ?
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By tri-Axial test: The basic principle is that a cylindrical soil specimen is first encased
in a thin rubber membrane and subjected to fluid pressure around the cylindrical
surface. The lateral pressure is held constant while an axial load is applied and
increased until failure occurs.
Q-
Why and when C.B.R. value needs adjustment ? What is the rate of loading ?
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When the curve is concave upward shape because of swell, adjustment is made by
adjusting the point of origin by extending the line of stress-strain curve downward until
it intersect the abscissa. Rate of loading is 0.05 inch per minute.
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A-1 materials is a well-graded gravel or sand or a mixture of sand and gravel with or
without non-plastic soil binder. Whereas, A-7 material is a clayey soil.
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What is C.B.R. ?
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In a plunger, to determine the accurate relationship between the load and penetration.
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Soils are classified as coarse-grained and fine-grained soils. Materials passing the 3
inches sieve and retained #4 sieve are considered coarse-grained while material passing
#4 sieve and retained #200 sieve are fine-grained soils.
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80 psi.
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Maximum thickness
Maximum unit of weight for
Of Free Layer (cm.)
Vibrating (kg./unit of width,m.)
40
2,300 2,900
60
2,900 3,600
80
3,600 4,300
100
4,300 5,000
* For multi vibrating, unit of weighing shall be limited in accordance with unit of axial
weight.
Q-
What is the construction procedure for preparing natural ground to receive the
embankment layers ?
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Removal of undesirable materials such as logs, tress, stumps, weeds, heavy grass, etc.
Q-
What is the allowable tolerance of the top of subgrade layer and how it can be measured
Soil
25.
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30.
A-
Q-
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A-3 soil is a fine-beach or desert blown sand without fines or with a small amount of
non-plastic silt. This kind of material cannot be used for subgrade because of the
following reasons;
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Either by spraying sand stabilizer or by using vibratory roller with high frequency low
amplitude.
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This materials consist of clean, tough, durable, sharp angle fragments free of soft,
disintegrated or decomposed stone and free from any deleterious matter. Max. size of
agg. Is 2, LL = 25 max., P.I = 6 max. (Look Q-55).
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Type A
Type AA
Type AAA
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It is the state of compactness of a soil with respect to the loosest and densest state at
which it can be placed.
% R.D. =
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32.
33.
Q-
What is the maximum allowable percentage of friable particles for aggregate base
coarse mix ?
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0.25%
Q-
What is the proportion of natural sand to dunes sand to minimize the phenomena of
rutting ?
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The proportion of natural sand should not exceed 155 of the percentage passing a #4
sieve. The natural sand should not contain more than 50% of the dunes sand, for
instance : if per the design mix, the percentage passing a #4 sieve is 50% of all the
quantity of aggregates, the allowable percentage of dune sand will be 7.5%, it could
also reach 1.2 of this proportion or 4%.
Q-
Soil
34.
A-
To meet the gradation requirements of the specification and yield a mix design to the
criteria of the design method. The gradation should be made up to the most economical
proper aggregates to be found.
Q-
A-
It is a numerical number, which outlines the grain size of the material by fineness point
of view. It is determined through sieve analysis by adding total percentage retained on
sieve , 3/8, #4, #8, #16, #30, #50, #100 and dividing the sum by 100.
F.M. = 3.58 is coarser than F.M = 1.63
35.
36.
Q-
In sand equivalent why the heavy particles goes down, what is the reason ?
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Those particles whose specific gravity is heavier than water will go down and those
particles whose specific gravity is lighter than water will be in the upper portion due to
sedimentation process.
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37.
Sieve at 60%
Sieve at 10%
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a) Relative volume of solid and void spaces : The greater the volume of solids or the
less the volume of voids, the greater is the density.
b) Specific gravity of soil particles : The greater the specific gravity of solids, the
greater is the density, all other factors being equal.
c) Amount of water is void spaces: This factor affect only the wet density. It is obvious
that the amount of water the greater is the wet density.
38.
39.
40.
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A-
Is that hydraulic property of a soil which indicates the case with which water will flow
through the soil mass. It is significant on numerous engineering problems such as
seepage through dams and irrigation canals, lowering the water table to improve
stability of foundations, selecting capacity of pumps for lowering the ground-water
level during excavations, and settlement of structures resting on compressible soils.
Q-
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A- highest water content at which a soil mass attained a minimum volume but continue
to loose weight.
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It is the escape of water and a gradual transfer of stress from the water to solid in a soil
mass.
* It is not synonymous with compaction which is artificial compression of a soil by rearrangement of its particles aided by lubricating effect of water.
41.
42.
Q-
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It is the determination of the amount of mixing water that a soil mass can be compacted
to higher density.
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What is scalping ?
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Soil
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It is useful in evaluating subgrade soils and sub-base & base coarses material containing
a small amount of material retained on 3/4" sieve.
* The higher the C.B.R. value, the greater the bearing capacity of the soil and thereby
lesser the thickness of the pavement.
44.
45.
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1. In in-situ:
a) Loading test
b) Plate bearing test.
2. In laboratory:
a) California Bearing Ratio (C.B.R)
b) Tri-axial test
c) Hveem Stabilometer test
3. Estimation based on classification of soil.
46.
Q-
A-
It is an emperical value used to evaluate the kind/type of soil to be use for subgrade
material. It could be determine by equation:
G.I. = (F-35) (0.2 0.005 (LL-40)) 0.001 (F-15) (PI 10)
Where :
G.I. Group Index
F - % passing 0.074mm (#200) sieve.
LL Liquid Limit
PI Plasticity Index.
47.
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1. Granular Soils:
a)
b)
Permeable
c)
d)
2. Fine-Grain Soils:
a)
b)
Highly impermeable
c)
d)
3. Organic Soils
Inferior than fine-grained soils with respect
to the properties stated under the latter
group.
48.
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Soil
1. Disturbed sampling
2. Undisturbed sampling.
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54.
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Lime stabilization is the most economic and effective with clay soils, where pH = 12.30
added to soil by about 3% to 7% by weight of dry material.
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The standard and modified proctor test give result nearly closed together for granular
soil, but for plastic clay soil modified gives higher results than standard.
Q-
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Energy is equal to the number of layer multiplied by the number of blows, Weight of
Hammer and height divided by the volume of the mold.
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1. Jaw Hammer
2. Fan Hammer
3. Conical Hammer.
55.
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Hard
2.
Durable
3.
4.
Shall obtain not more than 85 of flat elongated, soft, disintegrated pieces.
5.
90% by weight of particles with at least two fractured faces and 100% by weight
of particles at least one fractured face.
Soil
7.
Soundness loss by sodium sulphate not more than 12% subjected to 5 cycles.
8.
Liquid Limit not more than 25 and Plasticity Index not more than 6 for material
passing sieve #40.
9.
The amount of material passing sieve #200 not more than one half of the material
passing sieve no. 40.
10.
The maximum size of aggregate not more than 2/3 of the thickness of the
layer.
Plant Mix:
1.
2.
Traveling plant.
2.
The layer should not be less than 7 cm. Nor more than 15 cm. Of compacted
thickness.
3.
The aggregate shall not be spread more than 2,000 sq.m. in advance of the rolling.
4.
After the course has been completely compacted the surface shall be tested for
smoothness and accuracy of grade and crown.
5.
The finished surface shall not vary more than 9 mm from a 5 m straightedge when
applied to the surface parallel with and at right angles to the centerline.
Thickness:
56.
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59.
1.
2.
When the difference is more than 12 mm, the contractor shall correct such areas
by scarifying, adding base mixture, rolling, reshaping and finishing.
Q-
A-
Yes, we can use A6, A7 in embankment after stabilization by lime and run the tests
required to know the actual required classification.
Q-
In Sabkh area did we can use rock fill? And if rock fill not available what type of soil
we use ?
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Yes, we can use rock fill or soil type A-1a, A-1b, A-2-4 for the first 1.5 m from the
natural ground.
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Min. 5 times.
Q-
- Increase
Athe shear strength of soil.
- Decrease permeability and water absorption.
- Decrease settlement of embankment under repeated loads.
60.
61.
Q-
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Soil
62.
Q-
Decrease settlement
Increase resistance to shear stresses and erosion.
Decrease swelling and shrinkage of soil when exposed to water.
Increase soil resistance against seepage of water and absorption of water by
capillarity rise.
e) Increase density of soil.
State four factors affecting density of soil?
A-
63.
Q-
Can pure clay be used as an embankment material? If not, why not? If yes, under what
conditions?
A-
Clay soils are poor soils having higher plasticity index 11 minimum. Shrinkage is likely
to take place in such soils. Materials which expands and contracts a great deal such as
clay offers an undesirable base for supporting surfaces.
Soils may be fully compacted, but as water penetrates, the materials expand and as the
water evaporates, the materials contract, attain the flexibility and damage to the surface
area. This is extremely critical on rigid surfaces such as concrete highways or buildings.
Such clayey soils are compacted at their OMC which happens to be higher than
shrinkage limit. So clayey soils should be avoided to use in the embankment.
If any better material is not available than clayey soils can be used provided it is
compacted with sheep foot roller.
The typical sheep foot roller can be self-propelled or towed, and compacts with a
kneading action on the soil. These units generally range in weight from 2 tons to 20 tons
and vary in coverage width normally between 30 and 100 inches. The feet or pads can
be of various shapes and are normally less than 10 inches in length.
The sheep foot compactor is operated on the theory that the feet will compact the lower
layers of the soil first and work towards the surface in successive passes.
64.
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66.
Q-
If you find loss material on top of sub grade about 1 cm, what your action?
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QA-
By hands:
67.
Q-
Soil
68.
69.
70.
Q-
R=
Wc PL
or (Liquidity Index).
P.I
A-
When we have materials such as clay, chalk or sand shall be spread in alternate layers
over the full width of embankment.
Q-
What is the meaning of reinforcement layer and what are its uses ?
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71.
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72.
Q-
What is the time elapse bet. Two embankment layers to get proper compaction?
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Not more than 3 days prior to the application of subsequent layers or prime coat, should
be retested.
73.
Q-
74.
A- 1- Compression:
The loss in external volume under sustained load.
2- Consolidation:
The loss in volume with time.
3- Shrinkage:
The loss in volume resulting from capillary stresses during drying soil.
4- Compaction:
The loss in volume due to artificial temporary loads as rolling, tamping, vibration.
5- Rebound:
The increase in volume due to remove sustained load.
6- Expansion:
The increase in volume with time.
7- Swelling:
The increase in volume resulting from increasing of water content.
8- Loosening or scarifying:
The increase in volume due to artificial operations.
Q- What are the ideal soils for road?
A- It should be dense, free from excessive moisture, high in internal friction and cohesion
and possess low compressibility and capillarity.
75.
Soil