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A. B a r e l l i , R. C e l a t i , G. M a n e t t i , and G . N e r i 2
Over a p e r i o d o f two years s e v e r a l Horner curves w i t h d i f f e r e n t product i o n times o b t a i n e d from T r a v a l e 22 w e l l were s t u d i e d w i t h a view t o i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e k i n d of boundary c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n t h e r e s e r v o i r .
Due t o t e c h n i c a l problems p r o d u c t i o n h i s t o r y has o f t e n been v e r y f a r
from i d e a l , t h u s r e s u l t i n g i n d i f f i c u l t i e s i n a n a l y s i s .
nt
a, we
A t fixed 1 +
, pD increases w i t h an increase i n t D A , as expected f o r
near imeermea6le boundaries, b u t a l l PD approach zero when At- .
A c o n t r i b u t i o n t o p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p from t h e b o i l i n g o f a l i q u i d phase
cannot be excluded.
During
w i t h d i f f e r e n t t can be drawrr.
A comparison between these curves and those taken from t h e a v a i l a b l e
l i t e r a t u r e for many t h e o r e t i c a l models ( F i g s . 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5) can h e l p towards
an understanding o f t h e n a t u r e , geometry and boundary conditiions o f t h e
actual reservoir.
There i s one d i f f i c u l t y when drawing these Horner p l o t s f o r T22 w e l l :
p i i s n o t c l e a r l y determined i n a l l t h e b u i l d u p s , except f o r t h e f i r s t one.
Every p r o d u c t i o n p e r i o d a f t e r t h i s one began b e f o r e s h u t - i n p r e s s u r e had
s t a b i l i z e d so t h a t t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n p r i n c i p l e must be a p p l i e d .
(4
where A q l = 41, A42 = 92-41,
.... , A q j
= qj-qj-l,
and IC
j*
I f a l o g a r i t h m i c approximation f o r P D is adequate,
( 1 ) becomes
and a c l a s s i c a l s e m i l o g a r i t h m i c graph i s o b t a i n e d by p l o t t i n g
and
j =h-t
or, i f
i s the l a s t f l o w r a t e
w i t h t and A t defined i n F i g . 8.
For gas w e l l s , eq
At)-PD(At)
5 becomes
v s log(-t+At
At
- 103-
Tt-IKMW
2
The kh v a l u e used t o c a l c u l a t e G ~ Z R T(Pext
2
pws
--
9 we can observe t h a t :
From F i g .
--
--
(Pext
PWS)
-f
0 when t
+-.
- 104-
--
---
--
The hypothesis o f a h i g h p e r m e a b i l i t y zone surrounded by lower permeabili t ' y zones agrees b o t h w i t h t h e g e o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e and t h e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e curves o f T 22 w e l l and those o f F i g s . 4 and 5. The
t h e o r e t i c a l case considers a 1 i n e a r o r r a d i a l d i s c o n t i n u i t y , i n mobi 1 i t y and
a u n i f o r m d i f f u s i v i t y , whereas t h e a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n , a l t h o u g h n o t completely
known, may c e r t a i n l y be considered r a t h e r more complex. The. complex geometry
may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e shape o f t h e b u i l d u p curves. However, we consider
i t v e r y l i k e l y t h a t a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e pressure b u i l d u p comes from t h e b o i l i n g of l i q u i d w a t e r b o t h on t h e boundary o f , and i n s i d e , t h e vapor dominated
zone.
The r e d u c t i o n i n pressure can f a v o r t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n o f l i q u i d water
from t h e r e l a t i v e l y c o l d boundaries toward t h e warmer p a r t s o f t h e r e s e r v o i r .
These o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e based on two- dimensional models. As t h e r e a r e
doubts as t o t h e v a l i d i t y o f p u r e l y r a d i a l f l o w models, a three- dimensional
model i s now b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d .
For a
we a r e g o i n g
A match o b t a
s u i t a b l e fam
u a n t i t a t i v e comparison of t h e v a r i o u s models w i t h t h e f i e l d d a t a
t o use l o g - l o g i n s t e a d o f conventional semi l o g Horner graphs.
ned w i t h v e r t i c a l displacement o n l y w i l l l e t us choose t h e most
l y o f curves and determine kh and tDA.
-105-
Nmencl ature
a = distance from we 1 to the linear discontinuity
A
= reservoir area
c = compressibi 1 ity
Fs
reservoir thickness
permeabi 1 ity
mobility ratio
Mw = molecular weight
p
pressure
PD
dimensionless pressure
Pex t
p i = initial pressure
production time
t ~ 't~~
= dimensionless time
absolute temperature
compressibility factor
*P = Pi'P,
At
= shut-in time
= porosity
1-I
= time
viscosity
- 106-
Ref e r e n ce s
Bare1 1 i, A., R. C e l a t i , G. M a n e t t i , G. N e r i , "Bui ld- up and back- pressure
Second Symposium on Development
t e s t s on 1 t a l i a n geothermal wells."
and U t i l i z a t i o n o f Geothermal Resources, San Francisco, CA., May 1975.
B i x e l , H. C . , B. K. L a r k i n , and H. K. van P o o l l e n , " E f f e c t o f L i n e a r
D i s c o n t i n u i t i e s on Pressure Bui ld- up and Drawdown Behavior.''
J. Pet. Tech. (Aug., 1963)- 885-895.
B i x e l , H. C. and H. K. van P o o l l e n , " Pressure Drawdown and b u i l d u p i n t h e
Presence o f R a d i a l D i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . " Paper SPE 1516 presented a t 41st
Annual SPE F a l l Meeting, D a l l a s , Texas (Oct. 2- 5, 1966).
Burgassi, P. D., R. C a t a l d i , A. Rossi, P. S q u a r c i , G. S t e f a n i , and L. T a f f i ,
"Recent developments o f geothermal e x p l o r a t i o n i n Travale-Radicondol i
a r e a . ' ' Second Syinposium on Development and U t i 1 i z a t i o n o f Geothermal
Resources, San Francisco, CA., May 1975.
C e l a t i , R . , and L. G a l a r d i , "Applicazione d e l metodo d i Horrier a l l e curve
Unpublished r e p o r t , l s t i t u t o
d i r i s a l i t a d e l pozzo T r a v a l e 22."
l n t e r n a z i o n a l e p e r l e Ricerche Geotermiche, P i s a , 1975.
Ramey, H. J.,,Jr.,
and W. M. Cobb, " A g e n e r a l p r e s s u r e b u i l d u p t h e o r y f o r a
w e l l i n a square drainage area.''
J. Pet. Tech. (Dic. 1971), 1493-1505.
Ramey, H. J., J r . , A. Kumar, M. S . G u l a t i , "Gas w e l l t e s t a n a l y s i s under
w a t e r - d r i v e c o n d i t i o n s . " American Gas A s s o c i a t i o n , A r l i n g t o n , Va.
(1973), 312 pp.
-107-
10
- H o r n e r plot
Fig. 1
lo3
104
r+Ar
Kt
. ( R a m e y e t al., 1 9 7 1 ) .
= GxcA
* /
0
61t
Q
3 I-
I
_
1
.
1
lo4
lo2
10
At
Fig.
2 - Horner plot f o r
square
tPp,=
- Kt
d si;?
L I
-108-
t,,=
1
I
0.01
GI3
r\c
IO
-ctosed
- _ _ _constarit
_
pressure
-.5
12
lo2
10
IO3
t+dt
--
io4
dt
Fig. 3
- FIorner
Yt
1
+y=A
0
a = 3048 cm
rw= 7.62 crn
7, = q 2 = 1000
15
10
Icgs,l
lo2
lo3
t+nt
lo4
At
Fig. 4
- Homer
-
(bd
K-I t
6
' ! i LLi,3,2
1
( Kf;4
12
).
( i i / L1 L f i
- 1 og-
- 110-
_-
10
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Pc x t
r3
--T--
-r-------
1-----r---r---i
in
-112-
\3