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on a widespread scale due to issues of usability, visual presentation, and navigation. Some of
these issues seem to indicate a lack of sound pedagogy behind the implementation of e-texts.
These are not new issues as electronic learning materials have been in place for the better part of
two decades with similar concerns.
As early as 1990, Fitz (1990) realized that computer based training would have the
potential to transform teaching and learning. However, she noted that the medium would not
compensate for poorly planned material and that many educators were not taking advantage of
the new mediums potential.
McFall (2005) also pointed out in his studies of the use of e-texts among university
students that the supplemental tools often went underused. Student feedback was generally
neutral on the uses of e-readers and their greatest concern was the underutilization of the tools by
the instructor (McFall, 2005).
It is interesting to note that the pedagogical concerns span two decades and that various
studies have shown a great need for instructors to be more purposeful in the implementation of etexts and other electronic learning materials.
Other Common Challenges and Concerns
While the historical concerns regarding the underutilization of e-texts are one factor to
the lack of widespread implementation, other factors also need to be considered. These factors
cover everything from physiological concerns to practical issues such as the economic feasibility
of wide scale adoption of e-readers.
The number one concern among students regarding the use of e-texts is eyestrain
resulting from prolonged periods of reading digitized text (Appleton, 2005; National Association
of College Stores (NACS), 2006; Schwartz, 2012; Wasshuber). Given that this a recurring
concern within various studies and at various times, this is a concern that needs addressing.
However, a recent article in the New York Times stated that e-readers, as a device, are not the
cause of eyestrain but the manner in which users utilize their devices (Bilton, 2010). Moreover,
it seems that with newer devices, such as the new iPad, eyestrain is less of an issue if users read
from their devices using the manufactures recommendations for reading distance (Pachal, 2012).
The implication seems that students will need to be mindful of how they are reading e-texts and,
as the quality of e-readers improve, this concerns regarding eyestrain will be lessened.
Other student concerns deal with other practical issues. Some students are concerned
with the reliability of e-texts (via e-readers) in terms of battery life and/or the device crashing
(NACS, 2006; Wasshuber). Still others are concerned with being able to access content wither
by downloading it or by reading it online (Appleton, 2005; NACS, 2006; Wasshuber). Others
are concerned with the creation of a divide between the haves and have-nots in terms of
access to the requisite e-reading devices and having access to reliable, high-speed Internet
connections (NACS, 2006). Still further, others are concerned about re-sell value that is to say
the ability to recoup some of the costs invested into purchasing core textbooks (BISG, 2011).
All of the concerns that have been listed are ones that may be addressed, and fixed, as
electronic devices improve in both quality and affordability. Connectivity is a factor that may
limit those in outlying areas from being able to reap the early benefits as the adoption of e-texts
takes place, but hopefully that can be addressed as infrastructure improves. Overall, the greatest
concern is those that deal with pedagogical issues.
of e-texts should be driven by educational value not by economic factors (Murray & Perez,
2011).
Even if instructors would want to use e-texts simply as a digitized upgrade to a printed
textbook, they would need to understand that one does not read digitized text in the same
manner. Fitz (1990) postulated that people read digital text at 75% of the speed of printed text.
Moreover, students do not read the information in a linear manner (Fitz, 1990). Students are
likely to be skimming material rather than reading in a detailed manner (Murray & Perez, 2011).
These bear consideration in light of course design. The very nature of reading changes with
using e-texts and so instructional design must reflect this.
The most appealing functions of e-texts are that it facilitates annotation, collaboration,
and note sharing between instructors and students and among students (Schwartz, 2012). If
instructors would utilize these tools, students would get more out class. Many instructors
annotate their own texts for their own purposes and clarifications; sharing these annotations with
students would only benefit the overall learning environment. Moreover, if students shared their
own annotations with one another, collaboration would be realized in a much richer sense.
Additionally, students would be able post questions about the text that their peers or the
instructor could address during, or even before, class. Utilizing these tools could mean a more
meaningful use of classroom time to work on activities based on the readings (McFall, 2005).
The collaborative benefits of e-texts cannot be overemphasized. For some instructors this
may require a significant pedagogical shift. For others, it may mean envisioning collaboration
on a larger scale. Within e-texts, there is the ability for collaborative note taking, among other
annotation tools, and group highlighting (Murray & Perez, 2011). From an instructional design
point of view, this makes the content dissemination of a course more focussed. Moreover,
students will be able to learn how to become better readers. This can also be facilitated by
embedded discussion forums into the e-text (Murray & Perez, 2011). Additionally, the instructor
may choose to embed interactivities into the e-text to enhance student participation with the
content. This will allow immediate usage of the information in a meaningful context. Again, this
collaborative feature can only benefit the primary users of the e-text, namely students.
Taking this one step further, an instructor could seek the input from students to improve
the e-text. E-texts can be updated regularly to ensure the content is relevant. Maximizing
collaborative learning will allow an instructor to benefit from reader participation to create a
nearly flawless e-text (Wasshuber). One of the problems with printed texts is that once the
information is outdated, there is not much that can be done about it. Moreover, any errors will
remain for as long as the particular edition remains in print. Students can spot errors, provide
instant feedback, and edit them in e-texts. This will enhance the overall readability and
reliability of an e-text. The instructor will need to be flexible to allow for reader input and to be
willing to update the e-text to reap this benefit and to empower learners.
Utilization of the embedded tools within e-texts is just one, although significant, facet of
purposeful design in implementing e-texts in a class. The aesthetics of the e-text are another
factor that needs consideration. Appleton (2005) argues that the promotion and embedding of etexts be customized within a specific learning group. Ideally, the instructor of the course should
provide significant input to the overall design of the e-text to maximize the efficacy within his or
her own classes.
E-texts need to be differently designed than print texts. As noted earlier, students tend to
skim e-texts and do not read at the same rate as when reading printed texts. Thus, students will
need an e-text that is well laid out (Appleton, 2005). One implication of this is for designers to
write shorter paragraphs in simpler sentences (Fitz, 1990). Moreover, the e-text design should
utilize alternative presentation methods such as graphs and pictures (Fitz, 1990). E-text designers
could benefit from the principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) when designing their
materials. UDL considers the need of the entire range of learners particularly those for whom
traditional texts are insufficient (Pisha & Coyne, 2001). UDL provides multiple representations
learning materials such as multimedia tools and larger print size (Pisha & Coyne, 2001). While
these design implications will aid those for whom printed text is a challenge, these principles can
benefit all users of e-texts.
Mayer (2003) urges instructors to pursue meaningful learning utilizing multimedia tools.
This means that one should purposefully select and organize words and images for their
instructional design (Mayer, 2003). Particularly with e-texts, designers have the opportunity to
target more than one learning modality. The design of the e-text can incorporate print, video,
audio clips, and so on. The combination of media within the e-text improves the content quality
and capability (Wasshuber). When these multimedia tools are implemented into the e-text, the
opportunity for maximum efficacy is far more likely than if it remains solely a digitized version
of a printed text.
Given that a switch to e-texts requires a paradigm shift in how courses can be offered,
and how texts will be read, another instructional design implication is that instructors will need
to provide scaffolding for their students in how to maximize their usage of the e-texts. Appleton
(2005) found that scaffolding the implementation and effective usage of e-texts to be key in
ensuring their successful adoption by instructors and students alike. Appletons (2005) studies
showed a very deliberate and methodical approach to implementing e-texts within a course. The
instructors started by introducing the resource and training the students in how to make full use
of them. From there, students were provided with the opportunity to provide feedback on the
manner in which they were being used within their course. This type of interaction between
instructor and students is key to ensuring maximum efficacy of the e-text. Moreover, from an
instructional design perspective, more collaboration is usually a good thing. McFadden (2012)
considers stakeholder participation to be one of the key strategies in successful implementation
of e-texts. This is particularly important to do because, as McFall (2005) points out, students
have developed particular reading habits and need to learn a new way of reading. By scaffolding
their transition to the usage of e-texts, instructors will promote the principles of collaborative
learning.
This can be taken to its furthest end, namely open source, open content collaboration.
Chesser (2011) postulates that as more and more interactivities are embedded in e-texts, the
logical next step is an Open E-Text. This would function much like Wikipedia with the content
created and curated by a group of authors. In order for this to be successful, instructors would
need to work together to monitor the quality of the content (Chesser, 2011).
Maximizing the potential of e-texts requires a key shift in how instructors use textbooks.
Instructors will need to fully embrace collaborative learning in order to make the transition to etexts worthwhile. The collaborative features within e-texts as well as the design aspects require a
re-thinking of how courses will be taught.
Not only does Perlow have concerns with the hardware costs, the sales
model behind Apples iBooks eliminates the notion that textbooks are a school asset, as each
student will own the textbook. While there may be some pedagogical value behind that notion,
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there does need to be some consideration on the overall cost of such a program. However, cost
alone cannot be the only issue to consider, as has been previously discussed within this paper.
While cost is not the only factor, e-texts should still be cost-effective while retaining the
key features that enhance their use as a tool for learning as outlined earlier. Perlow (2012b)
argues that the ideal e-reader is durable, is fairly inexpensive, is easily managed from an
educators perspective ... and has zero value from a theft perspective. What Perlow suggests is
an Educational Pad. Such a device would be something that is educationally based and powerful
enough to render media-rich textbooks, present web curriculum, play videos and run educational
apps but without all of the clutter of a mainstream touch screen device. The device should be
intuitive to use, utilize a standardized charging station and an operating system that resembles
those of current devices but focussed more on running educational software. Perlow (2012b)
argues that open source might be the viable option for a device like this and that the overall cost
of this device could be had for around two hundred dollars. Given the specific design functions
to maximize educational value this notion is certainly worth exploring.
An open source e-reading device designed to maximize the efficacy of e-texts while
remaining cost efficient is the future challenge in the journey to implement e-texts on a wide
scale. A proliferation of devices presents the challenge of ensuring that e-texts are accessible on
all devices. The use of a single device presents challenges regarding corporate involvement in
education. An open source e-reader seems logical but it does not yet exist, which presents its
own set of issues. Clearly, the path to widespread use of e-texts in educational institutions at all
levels is still some years away.
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Conclusions
Despite some of the questions and concerns that have been presented with recent
developments within electronic platforms that can be used in conjunction with e-readers, there is
still a trend within educational institutions to transition to widespread use of e-texts. Hardware
concerns are one avenue that still needs exploration prior to wide scale adoption, particularly in
K-12 contexts. Moreover, there is a need to re-examine pedagogy in light of how textbooks will
be used in future classrooms.
With a renewed focus on collaboration and integrating the principles of UDL, educators
at all levels will be able to reap the benefits that e-texts bring to education no matter which
device is being utilized. As with the integration of any technological device in the classroom, the
educator needs to be prepared and to be able to scaffold students into integrating the technology
into a meaningful learning experience. The transition to e-texts will be of major importance in
education, both at the K-12 level and at the post-secondary level, as long as purposeful
instructional design is utilized alongside the implementation of cost-effective devices.
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