Axial skeleton

by Ivo Klepek

Vertebrae, ribs, sternum,

axial
skeleton
thorax, columna vertebral
column, pelvis
Varieties, malformations

skeleton axiale cranium,

ossicula columna vertebralis,
costae, os sacrum

skeleton appendiculare
cingulum membri superioris,
scapula; cingulum membri
inferioris, coxa

axial skeleton

Ossa membri superioris humerus,

ulna, radius, carpalia, metacarpalia,
phalanges

Ossa membri inferioris femur,

patella, fibula, tibia, tarsalia,
metatarsalia, phalanges

C1-7
vertebrae cervicales

Th 1-12
vertebrae thoracicae

axial skeleton
L1-5
vertebrae lumbales

S1-5
vertebrae sacrales os
sacrum

Co1-5 Os coccygis

sti obratle
Vertebral parts

axial skeleton

Development of vertebral
column
Mesenchymal cells from
the sclerotome (somite
part) are cummulated in
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar

axial skeleton

sacral and coccygeal levels

Each sclerotome
participates on creation
of the two vertebrae
Sclerotomes surround
notochord and relate to
neural tube

axial skeleton

Mesodermal cells are organized in paraaxial mesodermal groups

(somites), in their dorsolateral part dermomyotome and ventromedial part -

sclerotome

axial skeleton
PAX 1
SHH

axial skeleton

Thoracic vertebra Th

axial skeleton
5/ articular facet

Cartilaginous stage of vertebral

development
Primary ossification centres: prenatal month 3
One in the centrum
One in each half of the vertebral arch

axial skeleton

1. year halves fuse

3.-6. year arches
and bodies fuse

Secondary ossification centres:

year 14

One for the tip of the spinous process

One for the tip of the transverse processess
Two annular (circling) epiphyses

axial skeleton

Ossification finishes about year 18-25

Th
axial skeleton
Aortic
impression

C4

axial skeleton
Obecn vzhled krnho obratle
General feature of the cervical vertebra

Ossification starts
from anterior arch
yr 1

axial skeleton

C1

Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)

axial skeleton

C1

Ossification begins from anterior arch (1 year)

axial skeleton
1 Vertebral artery
2 C1 nerve
3 anterior branch C1 nerve
4 posterior branch C1 nerve
5 plexus venae vertebralis

C1 + C2

axial skeleton

Axis has other primary

ossifying centers in
dens and apex of dens

axial skeleton
One centrum inside anterior
arch year 1
Two centers inside posterior
arch and other centers inside
massae laterales

Typical feature
of the C4 vertebra
and
vertebra C6
(massive carotic
tubercle
(tuberculum
caroticum)
and
C7 - vertebra
prominens

axial skeleton
C7 has two
ossifying
centers
inside procc.
transversarii
(year 7)

(huge and palpable

spinous process
(processus spinosus))

axial skeleton

C4
C7

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Os sacrum

axial skeleton
Promontorium
Promontory

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Ossification, homologous signs

and varieties of the vertebrae

axial skeleton

Some vertebral
parts exhibit
similar origin

Cervical
and lumbar
ribs
become part
of the
transverse
processess

axial skeleton

Remnants of
notochord persists
as chordoma

Sacralisation
Lumbalisation
Spondylosthesis
Hemivertebra
Srst obratl

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton
Spina bifida

Vertebrae (Vertebras)
Cervical 1-7 Thoracic
1-12 Lumbar 1-5
Sacral 5 Coccyx

axial skeleton

axial skeleton
Hyperextensio colli arcus fracturae colli posterioris

axial skeleton
Hyperextensio colli Fractura et dislocatio corpuis
vertebrae et discus intervetebralis

axial skeleton
Hyperflexio colli Fractura colli disci intervertebralis

Canalis
vertebralis

axial skeleton
Vertebral
canal

Connection in the
vertebral column
Synchondrosis intervertebral discs,
syndesmosis ligaments, synostosis sacral bone
aand coccyx, diarthroses intervertebral joints

axial skeleton

Intervertebral discs (fibrocartilagines)

Articulationes zygapophysiales (intervertebral joints)

Ligamenta flava (interarcual), interspinous,

intertransverse ligaments
Longitudinal ligaments (anterior and posterior)
a their derivatives (sacrococcygeal ligg.)

Discus
intervertebralis
1/4 a 1/5 of full length of
the vertebral column

axial skeleton
thicker in lumbar region

serves as elastic bumper

dry in the elderly age

axial skeleton

Herniation into
vertebral canal
usually in lumbar or
lower cervical
region

axial skeleton
Herniation into
vertebral body
- Schmorles
node

axial skeleton
articulationes uncovertebrales

Long and short

ligaments

axial skeleton

Long and
short
ligaments

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Klouby pten
articulationes intervertebrales

axial skeleton
Voln pouzdro, monost uskinut as
(meniskoidy)

Craniovertebral
connections
Atlantooccipital joint
(Articulatio atlantooccipitalis)

axial skeleton

Atlantoaxial lateral and mediana joint

(Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis et
mediana)

Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
mediana

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton
Ligamentum
cruciforme
Ligamentum
apicale et alar
ligaments

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Articulatio
atlantoaxialis
lateralis
et
atlantooccipitalis

axial skeleton

Vertebral column
movements
It is a count of all intrervertebral joints
movements

axial skeleton

direction of the movement depends on orientation and

arrangements of the articular facet
Motions:
Anteflexion and retroflexion
Lateroflexion
Rotation and torsion
Spring-like movements

Flexion,
extension,
Lateral, flexion,
hyperextension,
Rotation,
torsion
It is a count of all intrervertebral
joints
movements

axial skeleton

direction of the movement depends on orientation and

arrangements of the articular facet
Motions:
Anteflexion and retroflexion
Lateroflexion
Rotation and torsion
Spring-like movements

Movements

axial skeleton

Flexion, extension (retroflexion)

mostly in the neck and lumbar parts; in the thoracic region is

eventual movement blocked by ribs

Lateroflexion neck and lumbar parts

Rotation (demirotation, torsion)
krn sek, mn hrudn

Spring-like movements
thoracic and lumbar parts

Gyratory movements

(flexion, extension and

lateroflexion neck and lumbar part)

The range of movements is limited by:

thickness, elasticity and compressibility of the
IV disc;
shape and orientation of the zygapophysial
joints
tension of articular capsules of above joints
resistance of the back muscles and ligaments
(flava ligg., longitudinal posterior lig.)

axial skeleton

Vertebral column
curvatures
In sagittal and coronal planes
Juvenilis et adultus

axial
skeleton
Fetus

Lordosis ventrally curved Kyfosis - dorsally curved

Dorsal convexity (kyphosis fetalis)

anomalies:
Flat back curved back hunchback
Scoliosis
Physiologic and idiopatic scoliosis

Neck lordosis appears

first; after that lumbar
lordosis (during time
of first steps)

axial skeleton

fully developed
lordoses appear about
year 5 6
it is a proove of the
fully developed neck
and postural back
muscles

Vertebral column curvatures

Concave and convex
curves in median
plane

axial skeleton

Kyphosis
Lordosis (C4-5; L3-4)
Pathologic curvatures
Scoliosis

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

hyperkyphosis

hyperlordosis

Zda prohnut
(velmi vyvinut svaly)

Zda ploch
(chab svaly)

Boitost
(Scoliosis)

Costa
ebro
Rib

axial skeleton

Costae verae
C1- 5
Costae spuriae
C6- 8

axial skeleton

Costae fluctuantes
C11- 12
Rib, costa (lat.) :
true, false, floating

axial skeleton
Formation of the ossifying centers:
Red order of the center appearance
Black fetal month or year, when they are
appeared

Development of
the sternum

BMP 2, BMP 4, BMP 7

transmitting factors are
responsible for the bone
morphogenesis

axial skeleton
Sternal bars

axial skeleton

Connections in thorax
Sternoclavicular joint
Costovertebral joints

axial
skeleton
artt. costotransversaria (

art. capitis costae (joints of the head of ribs)

costotransverse

joints)

artt. sternocostales sternocostal joints

Costochondral joints and

interchondral joints

axial skeleton
Articulatio sternoclavicularis

sternoclavicular joint

axial skeleton

Pipojen eber

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

articulationes
costochondrales
et
interchondrales

axial skeleton

Costochondral
and
interchondral connections

axial skeleton

axial skeleton
articulationes uncovertebrales

Thorax as a whole
Forms and changes during
life

axial skeleton

Vat (inspiration-like)
Asthenic (expiration-like) also
described as a fthisic (TBC)
thorax

newborn

axial skeleton
Thoracic
(pulmonary)
grooves

adultus

axial skeleton
Inspiration
Expiration

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Costa prima C1
Sulcus a. subclaviae
Sulcus v. subclaviae

Tubercula mm. scaleni anterioris et medii

Development of the ribs

Mesenchymal cells
from the sclerotome
are cummulated in
the three main
areas:

axial skeleton

True

ribs
False ribs
Floating ribs

axial skeleton

Pelvis
pelvis major
false (greater)
pelvis

axial skeleton

pelvis minor
true pelvis

Osifikace os coxae

axial skeleton
Hip bone
ossification

Shenton line

axial skeleton
Khler
teardrop

axial skeleton

axial skeleton
Rozdly mezi tvarem musk a ensk pnve
Male and female pelvis - differences in external form

axial skeleton
male

female

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

axial skeleton

Tepny
Arteries

axial skeleton

ly
Veins

axial skeleton

Connections in the
pelvis
Iliosacral left and right joints

axial skeleton

Sacroiliac long ligaments (ventral,

interosseous, dorsal)
Iliolumbal ligaments
Symphysis

axial skeleton

Symphysiss
pubica

axial
skeleton
pubic
symphysis

KONEC
axial skeleton
END