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1
Report upon the Practicability and Advantages of the Introduction of Railways into British India, R. Macdonald
Stephenson,1845,https://archive.org/stream/reportuponpract00stepgoog#page/n10/mode/2up
2
See,forexample,IanJ.Kerr,BuildingtheRailwaysoftheRaj,18501900,OxfordUniversityPress,1995.
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Revisedin1989.
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PaulTheroux,TheImperialWay,1983.
KarlMarx,TheFutureResultsofBritishRuleinIndia,1853.
8
Therearesomeproblemswiththedata.Forexample,ifrailwaylinesusedforcommonusagealonearecounted,
theRussianfigureismorelike85,000km.Therearealsotimelagswithdata.The201213Indianroutelengthis
65,436km,with115,833oftrackkm.
7
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Gentlemen always carry with them a counterpane padded with wool, and a small pillow
or two. At night the settee is converted into a sleeping berth by the aid of the counterpane
and pillows. At daybreak the train stops to allow passengers time to eat the chota-hazare,
or early breakfast, and inhale the cool, dewy air before the intolerable heat begins.
Etiquette permits ladies and gentlemen to appear during this meal in the light sleeping
costume always worn by through travelers. After the early breakfast comes the bath,
dressing, and reading of the novel or newspaper. Native gentlemen used to travel firstclass, but they made themselves such a nuisance to the English lady passengers by
chewing pan, smoking their hookahs, and removing their clothing above their waists,
that they were quarreled with by English gentlemen, and soon by tacit agreement they
learned to take the second-class cars, where they make themselves disagreeable to
English clerks and soldiers only.
The swart Hindoos arrive at the station four or five hours before the starting of the train.
They are always accompanied to the depot by friends, or dependents, numbering from
two to a hundred, and the peasant, if his stay abroad is to be for a week or so, often
fetches along a bag of rice, one of flour, a supply of ghee (or clarified butter), and a
small donkey-load of sugar-cane; for he has heard that provisions are dear where he is
going, and he chuckles at his foresight in taking his supplies with him. But the poor
fellow finds at the last moment that the freight charges are such as to turn the scales the
other way; he cannot, however, throw away his provisions, and so pays the bill with a
heavy heart, and many groans and maledictions. There are often as many as one or two
thousand natives at a station awaiting the arrival of a train. They are not admitted within
doors until about an hour before the train starts. So they squat on their hams outside in
the sun, chewing sugar-cane, eating sweetmeats, and chatting with those who have come
to see them off. The noise, confusion, and stench are something wonderful. When the
ticket office is opened the clatter of voices rises into a wild uproar as the crowd rushes in,
each man fighting his way forward as best he can. When a native from the back country
presents himself at the ticket-window he is told that his fare to such a place is, say one
rupee six annas. Now he has all his life been accustomed to have one price asked him,
and to pay another, and the state of mind of the English official may be imagined when
he is asked if he will not take one rupee two annas for the ticket. If the native does not
come instantly to terms he gets a rap from the stick of the policeman who stands nearby
in order to expedite matters. The Hindoo next rushes to the freight agent to get his
baggage weighed; and there again he tries to beat down the price asked. In the meantime
the train has arrived, and is now ready to start. But the locomotive whistles and the
station-bell rings in vain; only one half of the crowd is yet aboard. If one of them wishes
to find a friend in the crowd he raises so terrific a yell for him calling him by name
that the sound drowns even the locomotive whistle. It is usually half an hour after the
advertised time before the last man is in. his place and the train moves off. There are no
seats in the cars occupied by the natives; they all squat on the floor, first stripping
themselves to the waist. "The third and fourth-class cars," says an anonymous writer,
"are one and all distinguished by the quiet and the fragrance of a monkey-house, the
roominess of a herring-barrel, and all the picturesqueness derivable from an endless
welter of bare brown arms and legs, shaven crowns, and shaggy black hair, white cloaks,
red wrappers, blue or scarlet caps and turbans, grinning teeth, rolling black eyes, and
sharp-pointed noses adorned with silver rings so huge that you feel tempted to seize them
and give them a double knock, all exhaling a mingled perfume of coconut oil and
overheated humanity sufficient to knock down a fireman."
24

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IndianRailways,LifelineoftheNation,MinistryofRailways,February2015.
EconomicSurvey201415,Vol.I,DepartmentofEconomicAffairs,MinistryofFinance,February2015.
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TheFrontierMail(rechristenedastheGoldenTempleMailin1996)runsbetweenBombay(now
rechristenedasMumbai)Central&AmritsarJunction.Itisadailyservice,coveringthedistanceof
1891km in 32 hours 15 mins. It leaves Mumbai Central every day at 21:30 hrs and reaches
AmritsarJunctionat05:45hrsthethirdday,averagingaspeedof58.6Kmphoverthisjourney.
In1928,whenthetrainservicewasintroduced,ittook40hrsfromBombaytoAmritsar,leaving
Bombay at1950 hrsandreachingAmritsarat1145 AMthethirdday,averagingaspeedof47.3
Kmph. The train was nonvestibuled and needed at least 30 minute halts at each of the major
stations for passengers, to alight for meals inthe diningcars(for upper class passengers) and at
rd
refreshmentroomsfor3 classpassengers.Thiswasalsotheintervalforthirdclasspassengersto
nd
attend to natures call, as only the first class, Inter class and 2 Class coaches had toilets
provisioned.Adiningcartimetableoftheeraisreproducedbelow.Thetotaltimenecessitatedby
thesemealhaltswasonefourthofthetotaljourneytime.
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lowerjourneytimeforpassengers.
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NationalTransportDevelopmentPolicyCommittee.
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basic role and purpose of the organisation.32 DQG:KLOHLQWKHRU\VXFKDVWUXFWXUH

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The deep roots of Departmentalism in IR, that is, excessive departmental
consciousness, beyond what would be legitimately be in order in a multi
disciplinaryorganization,lienotsomuchintheexistenceofdifferentspecialized
functional services and disciplines as in .. Inadequate implementation from
timetotimeofexistingnorms&policies;Lackoftransparency;.Continued
existenceofseriousinequalitiesininterservicenorms&policiesthemselvesand
Shorttenuresatdecisionmakinglevelsleadingtoinitiativesinimprovements
notgettingtheadequatefollowupaction.

GuptaNarainCommitteereport

thecurrentstructureencouragesexcessivedepartmentalismatthemanagement
levelandoftenleadstoprioritiesbeingsetnotfortheorganisationasawhole,but
on departmental considerations(page 62 Human Resources Management,
NTDPCRailwaysreport)

RailTransporthastwocharacteristics:aseverelyguidedmode,andwithcontrolled
access.Thisinturnmakesmultidisciplinaryinputsamustforitsoutput...Thisisthe
rootcause ofthedepartmentalism in theIR atthemanagement level. (Page63,
NTDPC,Railwaysreport)

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107
THESEAREONLYAFEWILLUSTRATIVEOPTIONSASSUGGESTEDBYSOMEMEMBERS
Methodology1:
Commoninterse seniorityofGroupA officersofthetwoservices(IRLogS&IRTechS)canbearrivedatbygoingthroughthe following
steps:
(a)Takeintoaccountthemarks/ranksecuredbytheofficersintheCivilServiceExam,theIndianEngineeringServiceExamortheSCRA,as
thecasemaybe.Addthemarksallottedtoeachofficerduringtraining,whereverapplicable.Basedonthecombinedmarksatrecruitment
and training stages, a combined seniority should be drawn up for each stream one list for members of five existing services recruited
throughIES,anotherformembersofthreeservicesrecruitedthroughICE,andathirdforthoserecruitedthroughSCRAexamination;
(b)Inordertomergethethreesenioritylists,ranksecuredbyeachofficerinthethreelistswillbeconvertedtoapercentilenumber,so
thateachofficerinthethreesenioritylistswillgetauniquenumber;
(c)Basedontheuniquepercentilenumbersassignedtoeachofficer,thethreelistswillbemerged.Twoormoreofficersobtainingsame
percentile(asmusthappenatleastinthecaseand topandbottomplaced officers)will be ranked/sortedonthebasis of theirDateof
Birth,withtheoldercandidatebeingrankedassenior.
(d)Normalisationoftrainingmarks,ifrequired,couldbedone.InterpolationofGroupBofficersinthesenioritylistwillcontinuetobe
doneasperthepresentprovisionsoftherecruitmentrulesoftheexistingservices.
Anillustrativedepictionofthemethodologyisgivenbelow.

A:
ModeofRecruitmentUPSCIndianEngineeringServiceExamination
ServiceA
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20

CombinedSeniorityServiceA
andServiceB
ServiceB
UPSC Training Total

Dateof
UPSC Training Total Dateof
Name
Marks Marks Marks
Birth
Marks Marks Marks
Birth
54
18
72 02121960
B1
57
18
75 14021960
51
18
69 03111960
B2
50
17
67 13021960
50
17
67 26011961
B3
50
16
66 13021961
49
16
65 23121960
B4
47
18
65 12091960
46
18
64 18121959
B5
49
15
64 14031960
51
12
63 16041961
B6
48
16
64 18091960
46
15
61 15031960
B7
47
14
61 23061960
45
14
59 11081960
B8
43
17
60 14091960
45
13
58 13091960
B9
39
15
54 03111958
40
17
57 12021961
B10
39
12
51 12111959
43
12
55 17081960
B11
39
11
50 19021960
36
16
52 08011961
B12
30
12
42 17061959
37
14
51 19011961
34
16
50 15091959
36
13
49 16081958
33
15
48 14031960
34
13
47 01011961
33
12
45 13091960
33
11
44 17041960
33
10
43 14011959

Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
B1
A1
A2
B2
A3
B3
B4
A4
A5
B5
B6
A6
A7
B7
B8
A8
A9
A10
A11
B9
A12
B10
A13
B11
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
B12
Total Percentile
Marks
Position
75
100.0000%
72
96.7742%
69
93.5484%
67
90.3226%
67
87.0968%
66
83.8710%
65
80.6452%
65
77.4194%
64
74.1935%
64
70.9677%
64
67.7419%
63
64.5161%
61
61.2903%
61
58.0645%
60
54.8387%
59
51.6129%
58
48.3871%
57
45.1613%
55
41.9355%
54
38.7097%
52
35.4839%
51
32.2581%
51
29.0323%
50
25.8065%
50
22.5806%
49
19.3548%
48
16.1290%
47
12.9032%
45
9.6774%
44
6.4516%
43
3.2258%
42
0.0000%

108

B:
ModeofRecruitmentUPSCIndianCivilServiceExamination
ServiceC
UPSC Training Total

UPSC Training Total
Dateof
DateofBirth Name
Marks Marks Marks
Marks Marks Marks
Birth
C1
51
17
68
04051960
D1
54
18
72 14021960
C2
50
17
67
13021960
D2
48
17
65 13021960
C3
50
16
66
12081960
D3
48
16
64 13021961
C4
51
15
66
16091960
D4
48
15
63 12091960
C5
47
15
62
18041960
D5
45
14
59 12041960
C6
46
14
60
16041961
D6
43
16
59 18091960
C7
47
11
58
15031959
D7
41
12
53 23061960
C8
36
12
48
14031960
D8
36
16
52 14091960
C9
33
13
46
19121958
D9
39
11
50 03111958
C10
32
11
43
13021960
D10
37
12
49 12111959

D11
37
11
48 19021960

D12
30
12
42 17061959

D13
29
12
41 13091960

D14
27
13
40 17041960

Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

C:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
D1
C1
C2
C3
C4
D2
D3
D4
C5
C6
D5
D6
C7
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
C8
C9
C10
D12
D13
D14
Total
Marks
72
68
67
66
66
65
64
63
62
60
59
59
58
53
52
50
49
48
48
46
43
42
41
40
Percentile
Position
100.0000%
95.6522%
91.3043%
86.9565%
82.6087%
78.2609%
73.9130%
69.5652%
65.2174%
60.8696%
56.5217%
52.1739%
47.8261%
43.4783%
39.1304%
34.7826%
30.4348%
26.0870%
21.7391%
17.3913%
13.0435%
8.6957%
4.3478%
0.0000%
CombinedSeniorityofallcandidates,basedonPercentile
Number
Seniority
Percentile Seniority
Percentile
Name
Name
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
CombinedSeniorityService
CandServiceD
ServiceD
D1
B1
A1
C1
A2
C2
B2
A3
C3
B3
C4
B4
D2
A4
A5
D3
B5
D4
B6
C5
100
100
96.7742
95.6522
93.5484
91.3043
90.3226
87.0968
86.9565
83.871
82.6087
80.6452
78.2609
77.4194
74.1935
73.913
70.9677
69.5652
67.7419
65.2174
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
A6
A7
C6
B7
D5
B8
D6
A8
A9
C7
A10
D7
A11
D8
B9
A12
D9
B10
D10
A13
64.5161
61.2903
60.8696
58.0645
56.5217
54.8387
52.1739
51.6129
48.3871
47.8261
45.1613
43.4783
41.9355
39.1304
38.7097
35.4839
34.7826
32.5281
30.4348
29.0323
Seniority
Percentile
Name
Rank
Score
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
D11
B11
A14
C8
A15
C9
A16
C10
A17
A18
D12
A19
D13
A20
B12
D14
26.087
25.8065
22.5806
21.7391
19.3548
17.3913
16.129
13.0435
12.9032
9.6774
8.6957
6.4516
4.3478
3.2258
0
0

109

Methodology2:

Thismethodologyinvolvesinterpolationofofficersofvariousservicesinacombinedlist,arrangedininproportiontototalstrengthofeach
service. The service with the largest number of officers will form thebase. Atthe top of the combined list, toppers of all services will be
placed in order of their date of birth those born earlier being assigned higher seniority. Thereafter, officers of various services will be
interpolatedinbetweentheofficersofthebaseserviceintheratioofnumberofofficersinthatservicevisvisthenumberofofficersinthe
baseservice.

Forexample,supposetherearefourservicesA,B,CandD.Theirstrengthinaparticularyearsbatchis20,11,8and5respectively.Service
Awillbethebaseservice.Inthefirstround,toppersofeachoftheseservicesA1,B1,C1andD1willbeplacedatthetop,intheorderof
theirdateofbirth.

RatioofnumberofofficersinthebaseserviceAtoratioofnumberofofficersinservicesB,C,andDis20/11=1.8,20/8=2.5,20/5=4
respectively.Inthesecondround,B2willbeinterpolatedat1.8+1=2.8levelinA,i.e.betweenA2andA3.C2willbeinterpolatedat2.5+1
=3.5,i.e.betweenA3andA4,andD2at4+1=5,i.e.betweenA4andA5.Inotherwords,combinedinterseseniorityrankwillbe=1+
(Rankinownservice1)xratio.

110

Budgetary

Relationships

Between
Governments
And
Indian
Railways

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35
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These numbers are from 2001. See Perkins, Stephen (2005) Role of Government in European Railway
InvestmentandFunding,paperpresentedatChinaRailwayInvestmentandFinancingReformForum,Beijing2005
38
As such, Railway employees enjoyed more generous pension allowances and earlier retirement than average
industryworkers.Insomerailwaysretirementdateswerebroughtforwardinthepastinplaceofpayincreases,in
ordertodeferdemandsonpublicbudgets
119
Box:RelationshipbetweentheGovernmentandRailCompaniesinEurope
Directive91/440/EECcoveredthreekeyareas:
x Restructuringdeficitstoputrailwaycompaniesonaviablefinancialfootingandmaintain
financial sustainability, specifying the kinds of public budget contributions permitted for
reducingtheindebtednessofrailways;
x Unbundling of servicesstarting with separation of accounts for infrastructure and train
operations but subsequently extended by Directive 2001/12/EC to separate freight from
passengeraccounts;
x Introductionoftrackaccessrightstoenablecompetitionforfreightservicesinitiallyinan
extremely limited way but subsequently extended (by Directives 2001/12/EC and
2004/51/EC) to cover all freight services both international and domestic. European
Commissionproposalsforintroducingtrackaccessrightsforpassengertrainoperatorsare
nowunderexamination.
Two further regulations on the financing of rail operations concern public service obligations.
PSOs aredefinedas a governmentrequirementfor a train operatorto provide services (often
withregulatedtariffs)thatwouldnotbeoperatedifthetraincompanywereactingsolelyinits
own commercial interest. Regulation 69/1191/EEC defines the public budget contributions
permittedby EUlaw forthe support of rail passenger servicesand requires compensation for
public service obligations to be adequate. In 1991, in conjunction with Directive 91/440, the
rules were complemented with regulation 91/193/EEC. This requires PSO compensationto be
providedforbyacontract(ratherthanbudgettransferstoregularizeaccountsattheendofthe
financialyear)anditimposedaccountingseparationbetweenPSOoperationsandcommercial
services. In July 2005, the Commission proposed a long awaited amendment to regulation
69/1191/EEC that if adopted [Note: this has since been adopted in July 2007] will make
competitivetenderingcompulsoryfortheawardofPSOcontractsforsuburbantrainservicesin
the interests of efficiency. As an alternative, Governments will be allowed to contract these
services to a dedicated local operator that will not be allowed to compete for contracts
elsewhere. Forthetimebeinginterregionalservicessupported byPSOsare exemptfromthis
proposedcompetitionforthemarket.
State aid to infrastructure is permitted under a specific regime, subject to EU regulation
70/1107/EEConthegrantingofaidsfortransportbyrail,roadandinlandwaterway.Thisallows
various types of public budget contributions to support operating costs for the management
andmaintenanceofinfrastructureandforcapitalgrantsforinvestingininfrastructure.
Aid to train operating companies requires approval from the European Commissions
competitionauthorities.Suchsupporthasbeenapprovedinrecentyearsonthebasisofonce
only payments to support restructuring in the transition to a competitive market
environment. This was the case for example in March 2005 when the French government
obtainedapprovaltocontribute800milliontoSNCFtorestructureitsfreightbusinessovera
three year period. The financial discipline formalized in EU Directives and regulations has
been reasonably successful in putting European train operating companies on a more
financiallysustainablepath.
Source:ExtractedfromPerkins,Stephen(2005)RoleofGovernmentinEuropeanRailwayInvestmentandFunding,paper
presentedatChinaRailwayInvestmentandFinancingReformForum,Beijing2005

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39
Indian Railways, Lifeline of the Nation, White Paper, Ministry of Railways, February 2015. These are the BE
figuresfor201415.ExtrabudgetaryresourcesincludetheIRFCchannel.
40
Thereareminorexceptionstothis.Thecapitalmaybeamortized,ortherecanbewritebackadjustments.But
theseareminor.
41
WhitePaper,Ibid.
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Ibid.
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44
45
Ibid.
SeeIndianRailwaysYearBook201314,MinistryofRailways.
123
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Box:IFCsInvestmentinStateOwnedEnterprises(SOEs)
IFC (International Finance Corporation) is usually thought of the World Bank Groups
private sector lending arm. However, it does also finance SOEs, both at the state and
national level, and through both equity and debt. This is especially so in the case of
natural monopolies, like power transmission networks. Rail track infrastructure would
appeartobeagoodfittoo.
Recently in India, the IFC has financed the national power transmission utility through
both debt and equity support. In addition to USD 20 million in equity, it proposes to
providePOWERGRIDuptoUSD100millioninAloansandanotherUSD300millioninB
loans (syndications). It is justified by the IFC as enabling POWERGRID to progressively
reduce sovereign guarantee support and tap international commercial sources of
financingcurrentlynotavailableforlongtenorsasrequiredforinfrastructurefinancing.
IFC has also financed a statelevel SOE like Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission
Company Ltd. (MSETCL), also a power transmission utility. The proposed investments

160

fromIFCareexpectedtohelpenhancethecommercialorientationofMSETCL,tohelpit
transition (at least partially) from sovereign guaranteed funding, including from the
World Bank, to market based financing, involving commercial due diligence, financial
covenants and security creation. IFCs financing will also send a signal that MSETCL can
attractcommercialfinancingforlongtenorsandtherebymakeitmoreattractiveforlocal
funding.
In both the above examples, there are strong similarities to the situation of IR, viz. the
network character, the transition from sovereign sources to commercial funding, the
needforlongtermfinanceandthepositivesignalingeffectsofsuchaninvestment.IFCs
willingnesstolendtoMSETCLalsobodeswell,giventhepossibilityofjointventuresofIR
withstategovernments.
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Box6.7:RefinancingPensions

Source:IndianRailwayBudgetdocuments
A number of previous Committees have recommended that this pension liability should be borne, fully or partially, by the Union
government. However, this has not been accepted in the past. While efforts to pursue this avenue should continue, it is prudent to
exploreotheroptionstoaddressthisexpenditureobligation.
At the simplest level, a longterm bullet bond or a zerocoupon bond, as discussed earlier, i.e., a bond whose repayment (including
interest and principal) is at maturity can be issued to meet a part (the exact share would need to be determined through a detailed
modellingexercise)ofthecurrentpensionobligations.Thiswouldreducetheexistingobligationwhileincreasingtheobligationatatime
whentheclaimsonrevenueareless.Inlieuofbearingthepensionliability,thesebondscouldbeguaranteedbyGOIinordertoreduce
costs, and could also be made taxfree. The exact instrument can be more sophisticated and structured than a bullet bond, but
implementationofthisstrategywouldneedafewprioractions.
First, this would require an extensive actuarial modelling to forecast the pension obligations of IR for the next thirty year in order to
structure these instruments. Second, it would also require a vehicle such as a separate Railway Pension Fund. Third, IR would need to
committotransferfundsneededtomeetapartofthepensionobligations(setatalowershareofrevenuethancurrently)totheFundfor
an extended period of time, which can then raise the remaining resources required to meet the pension obligations for that year by
issuingstructuredinstruments,asabove,towhichpensionandinsurancefundscansubscribe.

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198081
20.5
103.9
57.7
199091
26.4
147.6
76.6
201213
32.5
241.5
130.4
201314
37
257.5
138.0

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3$66(1*(56(59,&(6

Year
Suburban(Millions)
NonSuburban
(Millions)
TrainKms. VehicleKms.
TrainKms. VehicleKms.
TrainKms.Per
runningtrackkm.
suburban
non
suburban
198081
35.55
601.5
258
5,582
36.6
9.7
199091
48.37
840.7
316
7,739
40.0
11.5
201213
78.53
1651.8
626
20,595
42.7
20.4
201314
81.77
1824.0
652
23,542
44.6
21.0

235

PASSENGER REVENUE
( in millions)
Year
Suburban
Nonsuburban
Total
198081
905.20
7,369.50
8,274.70
199091
3,569.80
27,877.40
31,447.20
201213
20,104.40
2,93,124.00
3,13,228.40
201314
22606.60
342,715.90
365,322.50

236

)5(,*+723(5$7,21
25,*,1$7,1*7211$*(0LOOLRQWRQQHV
Year
Revenueearningtraffic*
Totaltraffic
198081
195.90
220.00
199091
318.40
341.40
201213
201314
1,008.09
1051.64
*ExcludingloadingofKonkanRailway.
1,014.15
1058.81

237

)5(,*+723(5$7,21
1HW7RQQH.PVPLOOLRQV
Year
RevenueEarningtraffic
Totaltraffic
198081
199091
201213
201314
147,652
235,785
649,645
665,810
158,474
242,699
650,625
666,728

238

)5(,*+723(5$7,21
COMMODITYWISEORIGINATINGTONNAGE(MILLIONS)
BULKCOMMODITIES
201314
Coal
508.06
IronOres
124.27
Cement
109.80
MineralOils
41.16
FoodGrains
55.09
Other
213.26
Total
1051.64

239


FREIGHTOPERATION
COMMODITYWISENTKms.(Billions)
BULKCOMMODITIES
Coal
IronOres
Cement
MineralOils
FoodGrains
Other
Total
201314
271.92
37.22
60.50
29.74
70.54
195.89
665.81

240

FREIGHTOPERATION
AVERAGELEAD
Year
AverageLeadofrevenue
earningfreighttraffic(Kms.)
Index(198081=100)
198081
199091
201213
201314
754
741
644
633
100
98.3
85.4
84.0

241

FREIGHTOPERATION
REVENUE
Year
Revenue*(inmillions)
Revenuepertonnekm.(Paise)
198081
199091
201213
201314
15,509
82,470
834,788
915709
10.50
35.00
128.50
137.53

242

FREIGHTOPERATION
COMMODITYWISEREVENUEEARNINGS(inmillions)
BULKCOMMODITIES
Coal
IronOres
Cement
MineralOils
FoodGrains
other
total
201314
3,91,444
76,887
85,074
53,440
79,975
2,28,889
9,15,709

243

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52//,1*672&.
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Year
198081
199091
201213
201314
BroadGauge
Steam Diesel Elec.
4361
1295

1866
2893
4939
5232
1016
1723
4568
4823
MetreGauge
Steam Diesel
Elec.
2763
1482
30
30
470
731
267
262
20
20

TOTAL(includingNG)
Steam
Diesel
Elec.
7469
2915
43
43
2403
3759
5345
5633
1036
1743
4568
4823

245

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180%(52))5,(*+7&$56,181,76
Year
BroadGauge
MetreGauge
TOTAL(incl.N.G.)
198081
199091
201213
201314
309194
284362
240923
241577
86839
58576
3731
3531
400946
346102
244818
245267

246

75$&.5287(.,/20(75(6

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Year
198081
199091
201213
201314
BG
31827
34880
57140
58177
MG
25167
23419
5999
5334
NG
4246
4068
2297
2297
Total
61240
62367
65436
65808

247

DOUBLE/MULTIPLETRACK
Year
198081

199091

201213

201314
RouteKms.
%ofTotalRouteKms.
13040
21.30
14331
23.00
19843
30.32
19989
30.37

248

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198081
41.2
33.0
17.2
8.6
199091
15.1
47.1
29.5
8.3
201213
48.7
44.0
7.3
201314
48.7
43.9
7.3
25.8

37.8

51.3

51.2

249

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Year
198081

199091

201213

201314
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9.0
Diesel
67
Electric
24.0
0.8
57.8
41.4
33.3
64.7
36.6
65.4

250

(/(&75,),&$7,21
Year
TotalRoute
Kms.
RouteKms.
Electrified
%ageofelectrifiedto
totalrouteKms.
198081

199091

201213

201314
61,240
5,345
8.73
62,367
9,968
15.98
65,436
20,884
31.92
65808
21614
32.84

251

6,*1$//,1*
(INUNITS)
Ason31.3.2014
Installation
LEDLitSignals(no.ofStations)
5446
DataLoggers(No.ofStations)
5292
ColourLightSignalling(No.ofStations)
5658
TrackCircuiting(No.ofLocations)
30509
InterlockedLevelCrossingGates(Nos.)
10493
Others
17669

252

3(56211(/
Year
No.ofStaff(000)
WageBill(in
millions)
Averageannual
wage()per
employee#
Trafficunitper
employee(000)@
198081
1572.2
13167
8435
244
199091
1651.8
51663
31864
346
201213
1307.1
670044
527295
1432
201314
1334.0
762418
588523
1462
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253

254

5HYHQXHLQPLOOLRQV
Year
198081
199091
201213
201314
Passenger
8274.7
31475
313228.4
365322.5
Parcelsand
other
Freight
Coaching
1157.1
16175.2
3363.8
84078.7
30542.3 852625.8
36785.2 939056.3
Misc.
820.8
2417.6
42613.6
57212.9
Suspense
(Bills
Receivable)
()187.6
()370.2
()1684.2
()2795.3
Gross
Traffic
Receipts
26240.2
120964.9
1237325.9
1395581.8
NetRevenueinRs.Cr.
DividendinRs.Cr.
255

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Year
GrossTrafficReceipts
201314
1395581.8
TotalWorkingExpenses
1303207.5
NetMisc.Receipts
25116.4
NetRevenue
117,490.70
Dividend
Expenses(+)/Shortage()
800867.7
(+)37404
256

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/,$%,/,7,(6
201314
Percentage
LoanCapital
Investmentfromfunds
Reserves
Depositsfromothersources
Misc.Liabilities
1796.82
47.78
38.56
1.60
10.79
1.27
1449.81
60.25
405.62
47.81

258

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Wagonkms.Perwagonperday(+)
Nettonnekms.(millions)perroutekm.
198081
73.4
4.34
199091
110.5
6.3
201213
265.5
11.38
201314
266.5
11.45
NTKms.Perwagonperday(+)
386
1407
8453
8471
PassengerKms.(millions)perrouteKm.
5.15
7.12
18.10
18.80
NTKms.Perenginehour
6295
10393
19468
18908
(+)intermsof8wheelers

17.063(5$11803(55287(.0

259


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EngineKilometresPerDayPerEngineInUse
Goods
Year
198081
199091
201213
201314
Steam
89
52

BroadGauge
Diesel
Electric
303
274
445
398
432
464
429
473
Steam
107
88

MetreGauge
Diesel
276
399
121
129
Electric
206
224

261

EngineKilometresPerDayPerEngineInUse
Passenger
Year

198081
199091
201213
201314
Steam
210
189

BroadGauge
Diesel
Electric
610
453
673
482
641
687
631
697
Steam
199
185
30
29
MetreGauge
Diesel
541
569
371
377
Electric
405
382

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6RXWK&HQWUDO
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
538
536
30
492
134
146
(OHFWULF
518
518
32
472
80
263
6RXWK(DVWHUQ
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
299
299
32
267
39
(OHFWULF
523
523
45
460
96
297
6RXWK:HVW&HQWUDO
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
128
128
15
113
20
68
(OHFWULF
204
204
18
170
44
314
6RXWK:HVWHUQ
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
325
308
15
272
92
162
21
:HVWHUQ
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
238
374
32
332
84
98
'LHVHO+\G 0HFK
96
28
24
(OHFWULF
233
318
16
287
82
143
:HVW&HQWUDO
'LHVHO(OHFWULF
362
362
36
297
82
133
(OHFWULF
558
558
34
514
108
406
(OHFWULF
267

5DLOZD\
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(DVW&RDVW
349
189
188
2
279
386
27
255
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7
18
Spare
571
617
618
406
618
242
795
349
149
614
469
614
236
426
372
326
601
279
614
241
501
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EngineKilometresperDay
PerPassenger Pergoods
Engineinuse enginein
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326
326
551
284
551
123
381
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396,984
252,971
319,492
126,703
543,283
154,235
177,350
352,653
303,887
573,227
150,257
473,226
282,060
221,216
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NetTonneKilometres
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(OHFWULF
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(OHFWULF
2
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130
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268
15.0
22.0
21.5
20.7
24.0
24.0
24.8
hoursworkedper
dayperengine
availableforuse
InUseDailyon
238
112
324
112
183
53
484
358
219
Total
Spare
363
733
1038
1152
402
703
473
592
371
432
438
196
554
510
482
579
use
359
623
626
548
473
9
587
461
573
per
engine
inuse
333
315
642
534
385
7
448
358
344
per
engine
online
341,936
402,490
590,642
257,490
356,033
1,192,822
370,660
368,497
pergoods
locomotiveday
ontime
474,200
437,273
1,073,017
384,019
550,297
818,521
327,873
329,089
pergoods
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NetTonneKilometres
18
'LHVHO
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(OHFWULF
47
17
2
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1
3
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'LHVHO
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1RUWKHUQ
126
2
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66
1RUWK&HQWUDO
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'LHVHO
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5DLOZD\
269
15.7
16.0
18.5
26.5
19.4
1.16
23.4
23.4
20.6
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dayperengine
availableforuse
19
1
16
'LHVHO
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6RXWKHUQ
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24
3
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2
(OHFWULF
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87
3
'LHVHO
(OHFWULF
470
137
377
319
187
13
221
204
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34
4
Spare
548
184
1066
685
679
536
812
359
504
527
602
350
290
546
use
377
201
580
592
536
62
399
645
per
engine
inuse
324
278
455
383
412
48
349
529
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engine
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343,997
23,299
392,750
444,466
109,804
107,766
784,934
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50,254
416,611
443,364
223,033
136,217
798,473
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52
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270
17.3
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18.84
17.42
15.9
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1
(OHFWULF
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996
1003
817
596
337
635
1004
330
660
428
597
431
336
283
365
194
use
618
513
673
241
463
337
410
389
171
per
engine
inuse
569
386
433
205
369
358
384
297
per
engine
online
299,048
126,225
564,722
237,797
328,653
480,297
100,071
pergoods
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ontime
432,631
305,278
456,710
472,302
288,450
251,426
440,528
148,015
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NetTonneKilometres
(OHFWULF
268
24
57
'LHVHO
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36
7
3
Spare
225
24
218
26
261
396
108
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24
41
17
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22.1
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15.6
20.1
17.2
15.2
18.3
15.3
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862021434
1134222381
1437424434
656854663
656144416
Annual
Earningsof
201112
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NCR
NER
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Railway
S.No. NameofStation
6847023
11648181
9452040
10056915
18714900
9125938
5624556
12114705
13515931
12598339
18524731
3047676
14481378
7273583
6471218
9089300
4075540
11134675
11008628
3182165
9949233
Annual
Pass.
during
201112
281
18759
31423
25896
27471
51274
25003
15410
33191
37030
34422
50614
8350
39675
19928
17729
24902
2394504
3150618
30161
8718
27258
DailyAverage
No.OfPass.
booked
during1112
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61.
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12
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669211341
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2475719976
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6017600162
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Annual
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SCR
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NER
NER
NFR
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Ajmer
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S.No. NameofStation
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14456811
6560065
21097228
17809946
10078896
9779396
10190015
7728858
7098452
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Pass.
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201112
282
44767
168361
21178
29652
21426
1838
71151
39180
21748
14697
9097
19380
40158
17973
57801
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Earning
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12
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1231495901
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2447027845
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798750089
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2141387687
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11292927
9031923
17033440
4382948
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9286198
11098015
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283
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$QQH[XUH7KH&RPPLWWHHKHOGPHHWLQJVZLWKWKHIROORZLQJ6WDNHKROGHUV:
S.No.
Officers/stakeholders
1.
ShriArunendraKumar,Chairman,RailwayBoard
2.
ShriP.C.Gajbhiye,Secretary,RailwayBoard
3.
ShriP.S.Mishra,ExecutiveDirector/CorporateCoordination

4.
ShriA.MadhuKumarReddy,EDPM/Rly.Board
5.
Smt.AchlaSinha,ED(S&E)/Rly.Board

ShriRakhalDasGupta,President,AllIndiaRailwaymensFederation,AIRF
6.
ShriShivaGopalMishra,Gen.Secretary,AllIndiaRailwaymensFederation
7.
/AIRF

ShriGumanSingh,President,NationalFederationofIndianRailwaymen,NFIR
8.
Dr.M.Raghavaiah,Gen.Secretary/NationalFederationofIndianRailwaymen,
9.

NFIR
10.
ShriDeepakShelly,President,IndianRailwayPromoteeOfficersFederation,

IRPOF
11.
ShriRamanKumarSharma,Secy.Genl,IRPOF
12.
ShriR.K.Bhatnagar,Adv.(Elect.)/RB,President,FederationofRailwayOfficers

Associaiton,FROA
13.
Sh.R.N.Singh,ED/Track(M)VicePresident/FROA
14.
ShriR.R.Prasad,ED/T(MPP),SecretaryGeneral,FROA
15.
ShriA.K.Panda,GM(Mech)/RVNL,Secretary,FROA

ShriAmitabhKant,Secretary,DepartmentofIndustrialPolicyandPromotion
16.
17.
ShriV.K.Agarwal,retiredChairman,RailwayBoard
Date
17.10.14
27.10.14
29.10.14
30.10.14
18.
ShriR.C.Acharya,retiredMemberMechanical,RailwayBoard
19.
ShriK.B.Verma,RetiredRailwayOfficer
20.
ShriYashPalKedia,RetiredRailwayOfficer
21.
ShriDineshTrivedi,MP&Chairman,StandingCommitteeonRailways
22.
VisittoMumbaiandmeetingwithShriHemantKumar,GeneralManager,
WesternRailway,alongwithPHoDsofWesternRailwayinMumbai
(PHoDs:AGM,SDGM,FA&CAO,CSO,CSC,CMD,CPO,CEE,CME,COM,CCM,
CSTE,CPRO)
23.
MeetingwithMrVivekSahaiformerChairmanRailwayBoard

1.11.14

7.11.14
24.
ShriShailendraKumar,DivisionalRailwayManager,WesternRailway,along
withdivisionalofficersofMumbaiDivision,followedbymeetingwith
stakeholderslike,ZRUCC/DRUCC/RailwayUsers,etc.(DivisionalOfficers:
ADRM,Sr.DME,Sr.DEE,Sr.DFM,Sr.DAuO,Sr.DMM,Sr.DCM,Sr.DEN,Sr.
DOM,Sr.DPO,Sr.DSC/RPF,Sr.DSO,Sr.DSTE,CMS)
314

S.No.
25.
VisittoMumbaiandmeetingwithShriSunilKumarSood,GeneralManager,

CentralRailway,alongwithPHoDsofCentralRailwayinMumbai
Date
8.11.14

CSTE,CPRO)
26.
DivisionalRailwayManager,CentralRailway,MumbaialongwithDivisional
OfficersofMumbaiDivisionCentralRailways)
(DivisionalOfficers:ADRM,Sr.DME,Sr.DEE,Sr.DFM,Sr.DMM,Sr.DCM,Sr.
DEN,Sr.DOM,Sr.DPO,Sr.DSC/RPF,Sr.DSO,Sr.DSTE,CMS)
27.

ShriGirishPillai,Adviser(Infra),RailwayBoard,alongwithEDsCommitteeon
FDI.
10.11.14
(ED/Traffic/PPP,ED/Civil(Infra),ED(Finance)/PPP,ED/ME(Projects),
ED/Signal(Development),ED/Elect.Engg.(Development),
28.
RepresentativesofNFIRandAIRF
29.
MrsR.RaviKumar,FinancialCommissioner,Railways.
14.11.14
30.
NITTMAN,anOrganisationforthedifferentlyabled.
31.
VisittoKolkataandmeetingwithShriRadheyShyam,GeneralManager,
SouthEasternRailway,alongwithPHoDsofSouthEasternRailwayinKolkata

16.11.14
CSTE,CPRO)

32.
PresentationbyShriRadheyShyam,lookingafterasGM/MetroRailwayalong
withPHoDsofMetroRailway.
33.
VisittoKolkataandmeetingwithShriR.K.Gupta,GeneralManager,Eastern
Railway,alongwithPhoDsofEasternRailwayinKolkata
17.11.14
CSTE,CPRO)

34.
PresentationbyDivisionalRailwayManagers,HowrahandSealdahDivisions
alongwiththeirdivisionalOfficers
(DivisionalOfficers:ADRM,Sr.DME,Sr.DEE,Sr.DFM,Sr.DMM,Sr.DCM,Sr.
DEN,Sr.DOM,Sr.DPO,Sr.DSC/RPF,Sr.DSO,Sr.DSTE,CMS)
35.
VisittoNewDelhiPRSCentreandmeetingwithChiefCommercial
Manager/NorthernRailway,CCM(PM)NRandGeneralManager
(PRS)/CentreforRailwayInformationSystem
18.11.14
315

S.No.
36.
VisittoDLW,VaranasiandGeneralManager,DieselLocomotiveWorksalong

withHODsinVaranasi
Date
25.11.14
ShopFloorvisitoftheFactory
RepresentativesofUnionofDLWworkers.
37.
CommitteeofEDsonFDI,consistingofEDEE(Dev.),EDME(Proj.),EDF(PPP)
andAM(PU),AME(Proj.)
27.11.14
38.

S.P.Mahi&Team(CEO,I.R.StationsDevelopmentCorporationLtd.
3.12.14
39.
MrsRaviKumar,F.C.,Railways,MrsSarojRajwade,AdditionalMember
(Budget)&MrsDakshitaDas,ExecutiveDirector(Budget)
40.
VisittoDelhiCantt.RailwayStationforcleanlinessdriveunderSwachhBharat 8.12.14
AbhiyanandmeetingwithShriAKSachan,DRMandBranchOfficersofDelhi
Division.

41.
42.
TheCommitteehelddiscussionswithHonbleMR,ShriSureshKPrabhu,in
CommitteeRoomat1430hrs.inCommitteeRoom,RailBhavan
DirectorGeneral/RailwayHealthServices
9.12.14
43.
DirectorGeneral/RailwayProtectionForce
44.

IndustryRepresentativesCII,FICCI,PHD&ASSOCHAM
CONFEDERATIONOFINDIANINDUSTRY(CII):
1.
ShriTilakrajSeth
ViceChairman,RailTransportation&
EquipmentDivision,CIIandExecutive
VicePresident,Infrastructure&Cities,
SiemensLimited
2.
ShriCPSharma
Chairman&ManagingDirector,
DaulatramEngineeringServicesPvt.Ltd
3.
ShriVishwasMoktali
RegionalDirector(SubSaharanAfrica&
India),EMDLocomotives
4.
ShriNalinJain
President&CEO,GETransportation
5.
ShriBabuKhan
SeniorDirector,CII
6.
ShriTuhinChatterji
Director,CII
316


FEDERATIONOFINDIANCHAMBERSOFCOMMERCE&INDUSTRY(FICCI):
1.
ShriSanjivRai
2.
ShriManjeetNarwan
3.
4.
ShriSachinBhanushali
ShriSaurabhSood
5.
ShriHarshDhingra
6.
Dr.L.R.Thapar
7.
ShriAbdulSalam
ManagingDirectorandChiefExecutive
Officer,IL&FSRailLimited
VicePresident,TexmacoRail&
EngineeringLimited
President,GatewayRail&FreightLtd.
ManagingDirector&CountryHead,
GATXIndiaPrivateLimited
ChiefCountryRepresentative,
BombardierTransportation
ManagingDirector RailOperations,
HindTerminalsPvt.Ltd.
DeputyDirector, FICCI
PHDCHAMBEROFCOMMERCE&INDUSTRY(PHD):
1.
ShriSandeepAggarwal
Chairman,PHDRailwaysCommittee
2.
ShriYogeshSriastav
Director,PHDChamber
THEASSOCIATEDCHAMBERSOFCOMMERCE&INDUSTRYOFINDIA
(ASSOCHAM):

45.
1.
Dr.A.K.Agarwal
Chairman,ASSOCHAMRailTransport
Committee
2.
ShriAjaySinha
CoChairman,ASSOCHAMRailTransport
Committee
3.
ShriSajalGupta
Sr.Member,ASSOCHAMRailTransport
Committee
4.
ShriAshwaniKumar
Committee
5.
ShriTusharPandey
Committee

ShriSandeepSilas,CCM(Ctg.),NorthernRailway
46.
ShriArvindGupta,AdviserIT(MoR)
47.
Adviser(Staff),ED(T&MPP)&ED(E&R),Rly.Board
10.12.14
48.
VisittoBangaloreMeetingwithMrAggarwalDRM&divisionalOfficersof
18.12.204
317

BangaloreDivision(DivisionalOfficers:ADRM,Sr.DME,Sr.DEE,Sr.DFM,Sr.
DMM,Sr.DCM,Sr.DEN,Sr.DOM,Sr.DPO,Sr.DSC/RPF,Sr.DSO,Sr.DSTE,
CMS)
MeetingWithallHoDs(ChiefEngineers,CSTECEEandFA&CAO)of
ConstructionOrganisationBangalore
VisittoBangaloreRailwayStationanfdmeetingwithStationManagersand
supervisors
VisittoRailWheelFactory,YelahankashopFloor
49.
MeetingwiththeIndustryrepresentatives:
23.12.14
ShriKunalBehl,CEO,Snapdeal
ShriSaurabhSood,CMDGATXIndia
Dr.L.R.Thapar,MDRailOperationsHindTerminals
ShriSachinBhanushali,President,GatewayRail&FreightLtd.
ShriAjayS.Mittal,CMDArshiyaLtd.
ShriKKAgarwal,CMD,DarclLogisticsLtd.
ShriRamakrishnaNagabhirava,GM,ContainerRailRoadServicePvt.Ltd.
ShriVivekSharma,COO,AdaniLogisticsLtd.
50.
AudioteleconferencingwithMr.JohnSwift,London,BritainsfirstRail
Regulator
3.1.15
51.
MeetingwithAKKathpalDRMandDivisionalOfficersofAmbalaDivision;
6&7.1.15
AndwithPrivateRailwayTourOperators.
52.
MeetingwithMr.MasafumiShukuri,ChairmanofInternationalHighSpeed
RailAssociation,Japan
3.2.15
53.
MeetinginSEBIwithInstitutionalFinancingInstitutions
10.3.15
54.

55.
CommitteemetDivisionalRailwayManagersofDhanbad,Alipurduar,Ratlam,
Bhavnagar,Bangalore,Adra,Howrah,ThiruvananthapuramandChennai.
DRMPunejoinedthroughvideoconferencing.
7.5.15
SHRIKMCHANDRASEKHARANDSHRIRAJENDRAKASHYAPJOINEDTHROUGH
VIDEOCONFERENCINGFROMTHIRUVANANTHAPURAM.

Prof.D.M.Bhatia,PuneUniversitymadeapresentationthroughvideo
318

conferencingfromPune
56.
CommitteemetrepresentativesofAIRFandNFIR:
14.5.15
ShriShivGopalMisra,AIRFandShriRaghavaiah,NFIR
57.
SubCommittee(ShriRajendraKashyap)andShriChandrasekhar(through
videoconferencingfromThiruvananthapuram)metFROArepresentativeShri
R.N.SinghinCommitteeRoom,RailBhavan
21.5.15
58.
CommitteevisitedDHRandmetvariousstakeholdersincludingState
Governmentofficials.
21.5.15to
25.5.15
ShriRaviInderSingh,PrincipalSecretary,GTA,Darjeeling
ShriAnuragSrivastava,DistrictMagistrate,Darjeeling
ShriAkhileshChaturvedi,SuperintendentofPolice,Darjeeling
ShriSamirDeepBion,Chairman,KurseongMunicipality
ShriAmarRai,Chairman,DarjeelingMunicipality
ShriAjaySingh,ExecutiveEngineer,NHIXPWD,WestBengal
ShriKKGurung,ManagingDirector,HimalayanTravels,Darjeeling
ShriSonamBhutia,ExecutiveDirector,TourismGTA,Darjeeling
ShriVivekVaid,President,DHRSIndiaGroup,CenderellaHotel,Siliguri
ShriRajBasu,Convenor,HeritageConservationConvenor,Heritage
Conservation&RuralTourism&SecretaryGeneral,DHRIndiasupportGroup
ShriDawaLepcha,MemberonDutyonTourismGTA,Darjeeling
ShriSumitPeriwal,Director,ClubsideTours&TravelsPvt.Ltd.,Darjeeling
ShriJeetuGiri,President,AdventureOrg.Kurseong

ShriC.Zangpo,SecretaryTourism,Govt.ofSikkim
ShriBhaduria,SecretaryTransport,Sikkim
AdditionalSecretary&JointSecretary,Transport,Sikkim
President,HotelAssociation,Gangtok
President,Tours&Travels,Gangtok

319


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