Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
3.
Also recommended:
Nordin, Margareta and Frankel, Victor H.: Basic Biomechanics of
the Musculoskeletal System, 3rd Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia, 2001. Chapter 10:Biomechanics of the Lumbar
Spine
Epidemiology of lower
back pain
1.00
1.00
0.80
0.80
Probability
Probability
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.20
0.00
0.00
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000
(a)
80 Nm
69 Nm
(b)
193 Nm
151 Nm
(c)
213 Nm
Review Questions
Why are spinal forces non-zero during
standing?
Why are spinal forces higher during sitting
than standing?
What factors affect spinal forces during
lifting?
What lifting techniques should be used to
minimize spinal loads?
Strength of spinal
segments
20
LBP
incidence
(freq. rate
per 200,000
man-hours
worked)
15
10
5
0
0-250
250-450
450-650
>650
Lifting models
Lifting Models
Analytic models:
HAT model of lifting
Cantilever low back model of lifting
Link segment static models
Computer models:
4D WATBAK computer program
(Univeristy of Waterloo)
3D Static Strength Prediction Program
(University of Michigan)
WHAT
WHAT 1/2 BW
WHAT
Fhand
MO = Fd
d = "moment arm"
L4
L5
5-6 cm
Sample problem
Sample problem
1
Lw = 0.18 m
Lp = 0.35 m
Lw = 0.25 m
Lp = 0.5 m
Find the
muscle
moment (MM)
and the
muscle force
(FM),
assuming the
erector spinae
moment arm
is 5 cm
Sample problem
For the loading condition
shown, calculate the
erector spinae muscle
force FM and the
compressive and shear
0.05 m
components of joint
reaction force (FJC and FJS)
at the L5/S1 vertebrae (red
square).
FM
Is FJC greater than the
maximum safe value of 3.4
kN recommended by the
U.S. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH)?
35 deg
450 N
O
0.25 m
FJC
35 deg
FJS
0.4 m
200 N
X