The Future of the Automobile

Autumn Quarter 2013

Section 2: Safety and Performance

The Future of the Automobile Section 2, Part 1

Safety

2"

Definition of Safety

What is Safety?

3"

Definition of Automobile Safety

4"

Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and
regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of automobile accidents. Road
traffic safety more broadly includes roadway design.
! Active safety is [] prevention of a crash
! Passive safety is [] to protect occupants during [and after] a crash.

Active Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

good visibility from driver's seat

low noise level in interior
legibility of instrumentation, warning symbols
early warning of severe braking ahead
head up displays
good chassis balance and handling
good grip
anti-lock braking system
electronic stability control
chassis assist
intelligent speed adaptation
brake assist
traction control
collision warning/avoidance
adaptive or autonomous cruise control

Passive Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

passenger safety cell

deformation zones
seat belts
airbags
loadspace barrier-nets
laminated glass
correctly positioned fuel tanks
fuel pump kill switches
(automatic) emergency call
emergency medical services

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_safety [adapted]

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards - FMVSS

5"

! The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has a legislative mandate under
Title 49 of the United States Code, Chapter 301, Motor Vehicle Safety, to issue Federal
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) and Regulations to which manufacturers of
motor vehicle and equipment items must conform and certify compliance.
! These Federal safety standards are regulations written in terms of minimum safety
performance requirements for motor vehicles or items of motor vehicle equipment.
! These requirements are specified in such a manner "that the public is protected
against unreasonable risk of crashes occurring as a result of the design, construction,
or performance of motor vehicles and is also protected against unreasonable risk of
death or injury in the event crashes do occur.
! Standard No 101135 CRASH AVOIDANCE
Controls and Displays; Transmission Shift Lever Sequence, Starter Interlock, and Transmission Braking Effect; Windshield Defrosting and Defogging Systems; Windshield
Wiping and Washing Systems; Hydraulic and Electric Brake Systems; Brake Hoses; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment; New Pneumatic Tires for
Passenger Cars; Tire Selection and Rims for Passenger Cars; Rearview Mirrors; Devices; Hood Latch System; Theft Protection; Motor Vehicle Brake Fluids; Retreaded
Pneumatic Tires; Power-Operated Window, Partition, and Roof Panel Systems; New Pneumatic Tires for Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars; Tire Selection and Rims for
Motor Vehicles Other Than Passenger Cars; Air Brake Systems; Motorcycle Brake Systems; Motorcycle Controls and Displays; Accelerator Control Systems; Warning
Devices; New Non-Pneumatic Tires for Passenger Cars - New Temporary Spare Non-Pneumatic Tires for Use on Passenger Cars; School Bus Pedestrian Safety Devices;
Light Vehicle Brake Systems

! Standard No 201224 CRASHWORTHINESS

Occupant Protection in Interior Impact; Head Restraints; Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering Control System; Steering Control Rearward Displacement;
Glazing Materials; Door Locks and Door Retention Components; Seating Systems; Occupant Crash Protection; Seat Belt Assemblies; Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages;
Windshield Mounting; Child Restraint Systems; Side Impact Protection; Roof Crush Resistance; Bus Emergency Exits and Window Retention and Release; Motorcycle
Helmets; Windshield Zone Intrusion; School Bus Rollover Protection; School Bus Body Joint Strength; School Bus Passenger Seating and Crash Protection; Rear Impact
Guards; Rear Impact Protection

! Standard No 301304, 500 POST CRASH STANDARDS

Fuel System Integrity; Flammability of Interior Materials; Fuel System Integrity of Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles; Compressed Natural Gas Fuel Container Integrity, Low
Speed Vehicles

Source: http://www.nhtsa.gov/cars/rules/import/FMVSS/index.html

4 Quadrants of Vehicle Safety and Protection

6"

Self-Protection

Active
Safety

Passive
Safety

Partner-Protection

Phases of an Accident Active / Passive Safety

7"

Source: http://www.sae.org/events/gim/presentations/2010/deanmcconnell.pdf

Side 7.2%

Accident Types Direction of Impact by Numbers

9"

Rollover 2.8%

Rear 2.3%

Off Center 12.3%

Frontal 21.0%

Source: U. Seiffert, Fahrzeugsicherheit , VDI Verlag, 1992

Definition of Safety

Passive Safety

11"

Definition of Automobile Safety

12"

Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and
regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of automobile accidents. Road
traffic safety more broadly includes roadway design.
! Active safety is [] prevention of a crash
! Passive safety is [] to protect occupants during [and after] a crash.

Active Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

good visibility from driver's seat

low noise level in interior
legibility of instrumentation, warning symbols
early warning of severe braking ahead
head up displays
good chassis balance and handling
good grip
anti-lock braking system
electronic stability control
chassis assist
intelligent speed adaptation
brake assist
traction control
collision warning/avoidance
adaptive or autonomous cruise control

Passive Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

passenger safety cell

deformation zones
seat belts
airbags
loadspace barrier-nets
laminated glass
correctly positioned fuel tanks
fuel pump kill switches
(automatic) emergency call
emergency medical services

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_safety [adapted]

Types of NCAP Crash Tests (European Version)

Front Impact

Side Impact

Pole Impact

Pedestrian Impact

13"

Source: http://euroncap.com

Viewer Discretion is Advised

!The following videos show vehicle crash tests.

!Some material may be disturbing for viewers.
!No humans (or animals) participate in the test, only dummies.
!No bodily injuries are shown.
!The purpose of the material is to demonstrate vehicle safety research.
!The purpose of the material is not to entertain, disturb, or scare anyone.
!No specific recommendation for / against a certain vehicle is being made.

14"

Standard Crash Test of an SUV

15"

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VLcza8aDr0

Phases of a Crash

16"

Source: http://dc428.4shared.com/doc/L7K5S6GD/preview_html_m7bb82bd3.png

Pedestrian Impact Test

17"

Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Di7SAzfTe30

Weight Difference in a Crash

18"

Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j9RqljSJAQ

Small Vehicle Safety

19"

Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2j9RqljSJAQ

Old vs. New Progress in Automobile Safety

20"

Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joMK1WZjP7g

Accident Statistics Fewer Fatalities (finally!)

21"

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_annual_VMT_vs_deaths_per_VMT.png

Traffic Statistics More Miles

22"

Source: Self-Driving Vehicles A good problem to have, B. W. Smith, Lecture in ME302, 05/01/2012

Combined Statistics Safer Vehicles, Safer Roads

23"

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_annual_VMT_vs_deaths_per_VMT.png

NHTSA New Car Assessment Program - NCAP

Frontal Crash Test

Side-Impact Crash Test

24"

Rollover Test

10% or less chance of ser. injury 5% or less chance of ser. injury

10% or less risk of rolling over

11-20% chance of serious injury

6-10% chance of serious injury

10-20% risk of rolling over

21-35% chance of serious injury

11-20% chance of serious injury

20-30% risk of rolling over

36-45% chance of serious injury

21-25% chance of serious injury

30-40% risk of rolling over

46% or greater chance of ser. inj 26% or greater chance of ser. inj 40% or greater risk of rolling ov.
Sources: http://www.safecarguide.com/exp/intro/intro.htm, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/NCAPLabel.jpg,
http://www.autoevolution.com/news/nhtsa-and-iihs-crash-test-scores-explained-4239.html

4 Quadrants of Vehicle Safety and Protection

25"

Self-Protection

Active
Safety

Passive
Safety

Partner-Protection

Definition of Safety

Active Safety

26"

Definition of Automobile Safety

27"

Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and
regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of automobile accidents. Road
traffic safety more broadly includes roadway design.
! Active safety is [] prevention of a crash
! Passive safety is [] to protect occupants during [and after] a crash.

Active Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

good visibility from driver's seat

low noise level in interior
legibility of instrumentation, warning symbols
early warning of severe braking ahead
head up displays
good chassis balance and handling
good grip
anti-lock braking system
electronic stability control
chassis assist
intelligent speed adaptation
brake assist
traction control
collision warning/avoidance
adaptive or autonomous cruise control

Passive Safety Systems, examples

!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!

passenger safety cell

deformation zones
seat belts
airbags
loadspace barrier-nets
laminated glass
correctly positioned fuel tanks
fuel pump kill switches
(automatic) emergency call
emergency medical services

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_safety [adapted]

External Forces Acting on Automobile

Wheel Forces (road / tire)

Body Forces (aerodynamics, crash)

28"

29"

Tire Characteristics Limit Of Adhesion

Fx
Fz

Fy
Fz

Longitudinal

dry asphalt

Lateral
dry asphalt
wet asphalt

wet asphalt

snow

snow

Friction Coefficient (maximum adhesion): a =

Fx,y max
Fz

General values for a under different conditions (depending on tire type, wear)
Dry asphalt 1.01.2 (depending on temperature, road texture)
Wet asphalt 0.00.7 (depending on water depth and velocity)
Snow
0.40.6 (depending on density, temperature)
Ice
0.10.4 (depending on temperature)
Source: M. Mitschke, Dynamik der Kraftfahrzeuge, Springer Verlag 2004

Geometric Parameters for Safe Handling Part 1

Fxf

Fxr
Fzr

Fzf

To maximze tire adhesion :

l
h
t
m

=
=
=
=

wheelbase
center of gravity height
track width
vehicle mass

Fyr
Fzr
h
h
,
, m
l
t
"
"
"
"

large
small
large
small

Fxl
Fzl

30"

Geometric Parameters for Safe Handling Part 2

cr"

cf"
l
a

m"
cf"

cr"
2

To avoid instability : l c f c r - m v (a c f - b c r )> 0

l
a cf b cr
m
v

=
=
=
=

wheelbase
weighted cornering stiffness
vehicle mass
velocity

" large
" rear stronger than front
" small
" small

31"

Further Education in Vehicle Dynamics

ME 227: Vehicle Dynamics and Control

The application of dynamics, kinematics, and control theory to the analysis and
design of ground vehicle behavior. Simplified models of ride, handling, and
braking, their role in developing intuition, and limitations in engineering
design. Suspension design fundamentals. Performance and safety enhancement
through automatic control systems. In-car laboratory assignments for model
validation and kinesthetic understanding of dynamics. Limited enrollment.
Prerequisites: ENGR 105, consent of instructor.
Terms: Spr | Units: 3 | Grading: Letter (ABCD/NP)
Instructors: Gerdes, J. (PI)

32"

Vehicle Dynamics Control Systems Active Safety

33"

Source http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wR1SSxpKitE

Crash Avoidance Pedestrian Protection

34"

Source: Volvo Cars

Further Education in Driver Assistance

ME302 (winter): The Future of the Automobile
+++ Advanced Driver Assistance Systems +++
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems help drivers to maneuver their vehicles
through traffic. Those systems can be as diverse as navigation, adaptive cruise
control, night vision, lane departure warning, park assist, and many more. With
this breadth of applications, advanced driver assistance systems play an
important role in making traffic safer, more efficient, and more enjoyable.
This course, which is lectured by an industry expert in the field, will introduce
students to technologies, benefits, challenges, and future perspectives of this
exciting field. The goal of the course is to develop an understanding for the
interactions of technology, business, and society with a specific automotive focus
and assess technology in a larger context than someones primary educational
background. Students should have a basic background in engineering, social
sciences, business, or law. This background should provide the students with the
ability to discuss automotive topics and put them in an interdisciplinary context. It
is essential to understand that an automobile, beyond technology, influences and
is being influenced by a variety of culture, society, legal, and business aspects.
Terms: Win| Units: 1 | Grading: Satisfactory/No Credit
Instructors: Becker

35"

The Future of the Automobile Section 2, Part 2

Performance

36"

Definition of Performance

What is Performance?

37"

Definition of Performance
performance [per-fawr-muhns]
Noun
1. a musical, dramatic, or other entertainment presented before an audience.
2. the act of performing a ceremony, play, piece of music, etc.
3. the execution or accomplishment of work, acts, feats, etc.
4. a particular action, deed, or proceeding.
5. an action or proceeding of an unusual or spectacular kind:
His temper tantrum was quite a performance.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/performance

Specific Meaning in our Context

performance the execution or accomplishment of work, acts, feats, etc.
execution of work, acts, feats is a lot about motion
Examples: 0-60mph, top speed, stopping distance, cornering capability,
range of operation, seating / cargo capacity, off-road capability, independence

38"

Dynamics as a Science to Describe Motion

39"

Dynamics
The branch of classical mechanics that describes the causes of motion and
changes in motion. In other words the study of forces and why objects are in
motion. Dynamics includes the study of the effect of torques on motion.
Note: Since the mid-20th century, the term "dynamics" (or "analytical dynamics) has largely superseded "kinetics" in physics text
books.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanics

External Forces Acting on Automobile

Wheel Forces (road / tire)

Body Forces (aerodynamics, crash)

40"

Subsystems and Internal Forces

Wheel Forces

Body Forces

Internal Forces

41"

Longitudinal Dynamics of a Automobile (simplified)

42"

Common Data for Passenger Vehicles

Mass, m:
10003000 Kg
Aerodyn. coeff, cAx:
0.250.45
Aerodyn. proj. area, AA:
1.52.5 m2
Wheel radius, rW stat:
0.250.35 m
Powertrain inertia factor P: 1.051.50
Rolling resistance, fR:
0.0060.015
Max. road grade, p:
30% (=16.7)
Air density, A:
1.25 kg/m3

Driving Force:

n
MW i
A
2
D = m
x + m g p + m g fR + cAx AA v =
2
i=1 rW stat i

Inertia
Rolling
Resistance
Resistance
Inclination
Resistance
Power required

Aerodynamic
Resistance

P = D v = (
x + g p + g fR ) m v +

Wheel
Torque
as Force

A
cAx AA v 3
2

43"

Power Requirements for a Compact Vehicle

A
3
P = (
x + g p + g fR ) m v + cAx AA v
2
450"
450"

P [kW]

400"
400"
350"
350"
300"
300"

p=30%

Vehicle Parameters
m = 1400 kg 3086 lbs
A = 2.0 m2 21.5 sq ft
cx = -0.3
fR = 0.01

p=25%
p=20%
p=15%

65 mph

250"
250"

100 mph

300 hp

200"
200"

p=10%
p=5%

200 hp

150"
150"
100"
100"

p=0%

100 hp

50"
50"
0"0"
0"

10"
10"

20"
20"

30"
30"

40"
40"

50"
50"

60" v [m/s] 70"

70"
60"