Mark of The Métis - Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Rights-Bearing Métis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary
Rights-Bearing Mtis Community
Timothy David Clark, Dermot OConnor & Peter Fortna

Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc.
February 2015
Acknowledgements
Much of the information presented in this report was drawn from primary interviews with
McMurray Mtis community Elders. We would like to express our profound gratitude to
all of the participants in the Mark of the Mtis project. Thank you for sharing your
knowledge, memories, and insights. We hope that by documenting your perspectives on
Mtis history, identity, culture, and land use in the Fort McMurray area, we can help
sustain the Mtis way of life for future generations.
Thank you also to past and present members of the McMurray Mtis including Local
Council members James Dickie Dragon, Bill Loutitt, Gail Gallupe, Tosha Moore,
Trudi-Ann Plamondon, Harvey Sykes, Sara Loutitt, Doug Golosky, and Cindy Punko.
This project has been supported throughout by McMurray Mtis staff, including Kyle
Harrietha, General Manager, Carmen Wells, Heritage and Traditional Knowledge
Administrator, and Renee Stanley, Executive Assistant. Thanks also to Laura Waniandy,
Jane Stroud, Salem Al-Ahmad, and David Waniandy.
Legal Counsel: Debbie Bishop, Prowse Chowne LLP.
Interviews by Peter Fortna, Joe Hamelin, Nonnie Roth, Sara Loutitt, Trudie-Ann
Plamondon, Mary Irla, and Sherri Labour.
Research support provided by Tara Joly, Hereward Longley, and Vinay Rajdev.
Cover Photo: Mtis Freighters at Portage at Grand Rapids, Athabasca River, Alberta,
1899, Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-949-83. Used with permission.
Willow Springs Strategic Solutions

Suite 3201, 101 Sunset Drive
Cochrane, Alberta, T4C 0W7
McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935)

441 Sakitawaw Trail
Fort McMurray, Alberta, T9H 4P3
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
Background Alberta Government Policy on Mtis Harvesting ......................... 3

Mark of the Mtis Project Methodology and Data Sources ................................. 5
1.2.1 Traditional Land Use Definitions and Data Sources .............................. 6
1.2.2 Historical and Archival Sources ................................................................ 8
1.2.3 Oral History ............................................................................................. 10
1.2.4 Genealogy................................................................................................. 11
Methodological Considerations ......................................................................... 12
Report Overview ................................................................................................. 15
The McMurray Mtis Community ........................................................................ 17

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Origins of the McMurray Mtis ......................................................................... 17

Spatial Extensiveness: The Athabasca-Clearwater Axis .................................... 18
Early Mtis Settlers in Fort McMurray: Lineage and Continuity ..................... 28
2.3.1 The McDonald Family ............................................................................. 35
2.3.2 The Loutitt Family .................................................................................... 39
2.3.3 The Sanderson Family .............................................................................. 42
2.3.4 The Golosky Family ................................................................................. 46
2.3.5 The Waniandy Family .............................................................................. 47
Distinctiveness and Integral Practices of the Mtis Community ....................... 50
2.4.1 Internal Cohesion ..................................................................................... 50
2.4.2 Culture and Self-Identification ................................................................. 52
2.4.3 The Traditional Mtis Lifestyle and Practices Integral...54
2.4.3.1 Selective Integration with Labour Markets ................................. 55
2.4.3.2 The Fur Trade: Foundations of the Moditional Economy .......... 56
A Mtis Community Prior to Effective European Control ................................. 62
3. Change, Adaptation, and Continuity: The Emergence of an Early Modern

Mtis Village in Fort McMurray ................................................................................... 66
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
The Presence of the State: Regulation and Development ...................................... 68

Changing Settlement and Employment Patterns.................................................... 70
The Railway and the Lac La Biche-Conklin-Anzac Corridor ................................ 74
Continuity of Commercial Trapping and Subsistence Harvesting ........................ 76
3.5 The Mtis Community of Fort McMurray .............................................................. 81

4.
The McMurray Mtis in the Era of Oil ................................................................ 85

4.1 Challenges of the Oil Industry and Boomtown Dynamics ..................................... 86
4.2 The Mtis Social Movement and Political Mobilization ........................................ 92
4.3 Practices Integral to the Contemporary McMurray Mtis Community................. 95
4.3.1 The Trapline as a Source of Culture and Community ............................... 95
4.3.2 The Continuity of Traditional and Subsistence Harvesting .................... 100
5.
6.
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 105

References .............................................................................................................. 109
Appendix I Archival Documents...114

Appendix II Matsui and Ray Report on Historical Mtis Communities in the
Fort McMurray Environs.....123
List of Figures
Figure 1. McMurray Mtis Identified Places in Northeastern Alberta....20
Figure 2. Descendancy Chart of John MacDonald..37
Figure 3. McDonald, Shott, Golosky Traplines...............38
Figure 4. Family Tree for William Loutit41
Figure 5. Descendancy Chart of Charles Sanderson43
Figure 6. Descendancy Chart of George Golosky...............45
Figure 7. Descendancy Chart of Adam Waniandy..................48
Figure 8. Radial Kinship Network for James Dickie Dragon..............51
Figure 9. Fort McMurray Population, 1916 to 1972................69
Figure 10. Mtis Settled Areas in Fort McMurray.71
Figure 11. Historic McMurray Mtis Traplines Circa 1960..77
Figure 12. Fort McMurray Population, 1961 to 2013....87
Figure 13. Historic and Current Mtis Traplines and Burial Sites.96
Figure 14. McMurray Mtis Consultation Area Boundary..................101
List of Tables
Table 1 Piche Family Members Enumerated in Fort McMurray, Census of Canada
of 1881.......29
Table 2 Mtis Individuals Enumerated in Fort McMurray, Census of Canada of
1901...30
Table 3 Mtis Individuals Enumerated in Fort McMurray, Population and
Agricultural Census of 1906..........................................30
Table 4 Mtis Individuals in the Alberta Homestead Records for Fort McMurray,
1870-1930..................................31
Table 5 Scrip Applications in Fort McMurray, 1899-1907................31
Table 6 Mtis Family Names Registered in Fort McMurray in Census,
Scrip, and Homestead Records..............32
List of Photos
Hudsons Bay Company Steamer Grahame at Fort McMurray, Alberta, 1899-1900,
Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-4035-98. Used with permission..................................22
Captain Emile Shot Fosseneuve and Crew, Fort McMurray, Alberta, Circa 1900,
Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-1324-2. Used with permission33
George Golosky and Bill Gordons Sawmill, Circa 1920, Fort McMurray Historical
Society, P2008.74.1. Used with permission.47
Emile Shot Fosseneuve and son Roderick, Fort McMurray, Alberta, 1922, Glenbow
Museum Archives, NA-1324-3. Used with permission....57
Trap Set by McMurray Mtis trappers on RFMA 2422, August 2014.
Photograph by Hereward Longley. Used with permission...............96
Mtis River Lot and Cabin Site Along the Athabasca River, August 2014.
Photograph by Tara Joly. Used with permission............................................................103
List of Archival Sources

Census of Canada 1881, Athabaska District, Fort McMurray. Based on Image No.
e008212412. Retrieved from Library and Archives of Canada,
http://data2.collectionscanada.gc.ca/e/e329/e008212412.jpg..........................................115
Census of Canada 1901, Athabasca District, Fort McMurray. Based on Image No.
x0001184366. Retrieved from Library and Archives of Canada,
http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/1901/z/z004/jpg/z000184366.jpg...............................116
Census of Northwest Provinces 1906, Athabasca District, Fort McMurray. Based
on Image No. e001214443. Retrieved from Library and Archives of Canada,
http://data2.collectionscanada.ca/e/e049/e001214443.jpg..............................................117
Plan of McMurray Settlement, 1911. Based on Plan of McMurray Settlement,
Provincial Archives of Alberta, File Number GR1976.0206.0005.118
Hudsons Bay Biographical Sheet, John McDonald. Retrieved from Archives of
Manitoba, http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/mc/mcdonald
_john-c1874-1889.pdf.............................................................119
Hudsons Bay Biographical Sheet, William Loutit. Retrieved from Archives of
Manitoba, http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/l/loutit_williamcornwallis.pdf..................................................................................................................120
Hudsons Bay Biographical Sheet, Paul Fontaigne. Retrieved from Archives of
Manitoba, http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/f/fontaigne
_paul.pdf..121
Hudsons Bay Biographical Sheet, James Bird. Retrieved from Archives of
Manitoba, http://www.gov.mb.ca/chc/archives/hbca/biographical/b/bird_
james_jr.pdf.122
Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community
1. Introduction
This report presents archival information, primary oral history interviews, secondary
historical scholarship, and primary government sources that demonstrate Fort McMurray
is a historic and contemporary rights-bearing Mtis community as defined in R. v.
Powley. 1 Historical census data, Hudson Bay Company archives, oral history accounts,
and genealogical information enable the McMurray Mtis community to trace its origins
as a distinctive settlement within a broader regional Mtis community prior to the time of
Effective European Control (herein effective control) of northeastern Alberta. Today, as
historically, McMurray Mtis community members self-identify as Mtis, maintain
traditional land use practices in the areas around Fort McMurray, and consider
themselves part of a distinctive historic and contemporary Mtis community.
From the second half of the nineteenth century, the Mtis residents of the Fort McMurray
area developed a distinctively Mtis lifestyle that combined traditional and modern,
Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian socioeconomic and cultural practices. This mixed
economy was rooted in fur-trade-related activities, subsistence harvesting of traditional
resources, and seasonal employment in transportation (river boat freighting, railroading),
forestry, and commercial fishing. Mtis workers and entrepreneurs in turn developed
early local industries including salt mines, mills, construction, and oil and gas extraction.
Indeed, Fort McMurray itself was very powerfully shaped by its distinctively Mtis
community in the first half of the twentieth century, whose local inhabitants moved
between the village and the boreal forest and relied as much upon local plants, wildlife,
and fish for food as they did on imported grains and dry goods.
From the 1960s, however, the large-scale expansion of the Athabasca oil sands has
dramatically reduced the terrain available for Mtis people to pursue traditional
harvesting and fur-trade activities. Local inflation, particularly in real estate, coupled with
a decline in the world fur market in the 1970s and 1980s, has made full-time trapping
unviable for many, and has forced some Mtis residents, and particularly Elders, to move
to other settlements within the wider regional Mtis community. Rapid industrialization
and the large-scale migration of outside workers into Fort McMurray have thus
threatened the Aboriginal character and identity of what was once a vibrant and cohesive
Mtis community.
R. v. Powley SCC 43 (CanLII).
Despite these challenges, Mtis community members continue to preserve their

distinctive lifestyle consisting of traditional food-provisioning alongside commercial
activities and/or wage labour, consistent with historical practices. Mtis people who live
in Fort McMurray, many of whom are employed in the extractive industries, still hunt,
fish, gather berries, and travel regularly on the Athabasca River to access traplines,
camping areas, and cabins. Some community members continue to operate Registered
Fur Management Areas (RFMAs), colloquially called traplines, despite having to travel
farther from Fort McMurray and the ancestral traplines nestled between the rivers and
creeks of the area, from the Hangingstone and Horse to the Clearwater and Athabasca.
In order to protect their unique way of life, economic interests, and cultural integrity, the
Mtis of northeastern Alberta have organized politically through self-governing Local
organizations that operate under the umbrella of the Mtis Nation of Alberta Association
(MNAA). Founded in 1987, Mtis Local 1935 (ML 1935) is the largest Mtis Local in
MNAA Region 1 and represents the Mtis people of Fort McMurray and its environs. Its
mission is to pursue the advancement of the Mtis people of Fort McMurray and
northeastern Alberta, guided by a vision of a strong Mtis Nation embracing Mtis
rights as recognized and affirmed in Section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. 2
The McMurray Mtis are committed to maintaining the traditional harvesting practices
that are integral to their Mtis lifestyle. To this end the community has consciously
organized around its Mtis identity and culture to assert and defend its collective
Aboriginal rights in the face of potential infringements on the part of government and
industrial-project proponents. By tracing its member genealogies in the area to the time
prior to effective control, demonstrating continuity between historic practice and the
contemporary community, and by organizing politically to protect traditional harvesting
practices and the exercise of Aboriginal rights, the McMurray Mtis meet the criteria set
out in Powley as both a historic and contemporary Mtis community. Despite the
historical and contemporary evidence, however, Fort McMurray is noticeably absent
from the list of historic and contemporary Mtis communities in the Alberta
Governments Policy Statement on Mtis Harvesting (Government of Alberta, 2007).
The omission of Fort McMurray from the list stands in stark contrast to the inclusion of
other settlements of the same regional Mtis community, including Fort Chipewyan, Fort
McKay, Conklin, and Lac La Biche.
McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935), About Us, http://www.fortmcmurrayMtis.org/aboutus.
The purpose of this report is to present and discuss the evidence in support of the claim
that Fort McMurray is a historic and contemporary rights-bearing Mtis community. The
evidence is drawn from a variety of sources, including historical and archival records, in
particular the Hudsons Bay Company Post records from Fort McMurray (1876 to 1911),
historical census data featuring Mtis family names, secondary academic sources, trapline
maps from the 1950s and 1960s, 3 and biographical accounts of life in early Fort
McMurray and its environs. Most importantly, the report draws upon family history and
genealogical information provided in primary interviews with Mtis Elders, land users,
and community members. These firsthand accounts reveal a wealth of information and
detail about Mtis harvesting practices, cultural traditions, historic and current patterns of
mobility, sites of occupancy, and family histories. It is with the voices of these 100-plus
Elders that the argument and narrative are woven: of a distinctive Mtis culture and
community, its 19th-century presence in Fort McMurray, the processes of change,
adaptation, and continuity in its 20th-century evolution, and its persistence in the face of
the challenges posed by a dynamic extractive-industry-based economy.
1.1 Background Alberta Government Policy on Mtis Harvesting
In 2003 the Supreme Court handed down its decision in R. v. Powley, the landmark
Mtis-rights case. The court affirmed that Mtis harvesting rights are protected under
Section 35(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982, and established a set of ten criteria, known as
the Powley test, by which Mtis rights and those eligible to exercise them can be
determined. The initial response of the Alberta Government to the Powley ruling was
conciliatory and constructive. On September 28, 2004, the Alberta Government and the
MNAA signed an Interim Mtis Harvesting Agreement (IMHA) that permitted those who
could prove membership in the MNAA to hunt, fish, and trap for non-commercial
purposes throughout the year.
The IMHA was immediately subject to criticism from non-Aboriginal resource users and
conservationists, in part for its failure to apply the Powley test to determine entitlement to
the exercise of constitutionally-protected Mtis harvesting rights. In 2006 the
announcement of the resignation of Premier Ralph Klein whose wife was Mtis added
fuel to the fire and served unfortunately to politicize further the issue of Mtis harvesting
rights in the race for the leadership of an Alberta Progressive Conservative Party that was
deeply divided on the issue. Although the leadership candidate most opposed to the
Provincial Archives of Alberta, Historic Trap Line Maps, File Number GR1990.0377.
recognition and codification of Mtis harvesting rights, Ted Morton, finished third in the
race, he would be named Minister of Sustainable Resource Development by new-Premier
Ed Stelmach, bolstering the opposition forces within the government (Devine,
2010/2011).
Following a court decision that deemed the IMHA unenforceable in January of 2007, the
Alberta Government and the MNAA entered into negotiations for a permanent agreement
to regulate the exercise of Mtis harvesting rights in the province. After negotiations
stalled, the Government notified the MNAA in March of 2007 that it would terminate the
IHMA unilaterally in four months if no new permanent agreement were reached.
Following its unilateral termination of the IMHA, the Alberta Government issued a new
statement on Mtis harvesting in July of 2007 (updated in 2014). The statement set out
three elements considered by the Government to be essential to the recognition and
regulation of Mtis harvesting rights in the Province of Alberta:
Determining who are Mtis harvesters
What comprises Mtis harvesting rights
Where those rights can be exercised
In its discussion of who qualifies as a Mtis harvester, the Alberta Government

established, among other criteria, that individuals must demonstrate both an ancestral
connection to a historic Mtis community and acceptance/belonging to a contemporary
Mtis community in Alberta. To this end, the Government recognized the 8 Mtis
Settlements and listed 17 additional communities as both historic and contemporary
Mtis communities (Government of Alberta, 2007, p. 2). Despite its rich Mtis heritage,
Fort McMurray was and remains omitted from the Alberta Governments list of historic
and contemporary Mtis communities.
The exclusion of Fort McMurray from the list of historic and contemporary Mtis
communities imposes hardships upon local Mtis harvesters, who are either barred from
harvesting near where they presently reside, leaving them vulnerable to prosecution under
Albertas game laws, or forced to travel great distances to harvest. As well, the
community itself faces additional consequences, including being excluded from the
consultation process prior to industrial project implementation and thus facing the greater
possibility of infringement of constitutionally-protected Aboriginal rights. As the
evidence described in this report shows, however, Fort McMurray is a historic Mtis
community that today still houses a vibrant contemporary Mtis community whose rights
have not been extinguished and whose members have maintained their distinctive
lifestyle and culture alongside integration into the industrial and extractive sectors.
1.2
Mark of the Mtis Project Methodology and Data Sources
The Mark of the Mtis is a multi-phase, participatory-action research and heritage project
initiated by the McMurray Mtis in 2007 to collect members oral histories, document
and map traditional land use patterns and practices, identify the impacts of local
industrialization on the Mtis community, and collect archival and historical information
about the Mtis in northeastern Alberta. 105 interviews with community Elders, local
historians, leaders, and land users, including hunters, trappers, berry pickers and other
traditional knowledge holders, were conducted between 2007 and 2011 by the authors
and community members. The first phase of the project culminated with the 2012 release
of the Mark of the Mtis: Traditional Knowledge and Stories of the Mtis People of
Northeastern Alberta. This 259-page atlas outlines in broad strokes the location of
historic Mtis sites, villages, cabin complexes, burial places, berry patches, hunting
grounds, ancestral trapping areas, and a variety of other Mtis-identified and culturallysignificant places.
The second phase of the project began with the digitization and archiving of the
information into a searchable database. For each interview conducted, the full transcript,
audio recording, map and coded set of notes were uploaded, indexed, stored and
searched. This dynamic, full-text, searchable and interactive land-use database ensures
that land use information is stored in a safe, accessible, and organized manner. Data or
information from these interviews is cited in this report as (MOTM ## XY##). Mark of
the Mtis interviews provide a wealth of information on local family histories,
genealogies, settlement and migration patterns, land use, employment, and historical and
actual sites of importance to McMurray Mtis culture and identity.
In addition, historical/archival information on the Mtis community was also collected
and compiled by leading fur-trade historians Kenichi Matsui and Arthur J. Ray. Matsui
and Ray presented the McMurray Mtis with a commissioned report outlining the
contents of Hudson Bay Company archival documents from the Fort McMurray and Fort
McKay Trading Posts from 1876 to 1911 and the Lesser Slave Lake District Reports and
Post Journals from 1820 to 1911, as well as census and scrip records (Appendix II). 4
These sources revealed the presence of Mtis fur traders in what would become the Fort
McMurray area dating as far back as 1820. The report submitted by Matsui and Ray is
included in the Appendix of this report so that readers may refer directly to the source
data and author findings.
The present report marks the end of Phase 2 of the Mark of the Mtis project. Its purpose
is to present the archival data, census, scrip records, and homestead records, and the oralhistorical and autobiographical accounts of Mtis community members to identify the
origins, evolution, and present state of the McMurray Mtis as a historic and
contemporary community under Powley. The evidence demonstrates the presence of a
distinctive Mtis community in the Fort McMurray area from the time before effective
control and the continuity of practices integral to the community, based on boreal-forestresource harvesting alongside integration into the commercial economy. Prior to the
presentation of evidence, the principal sources of information from which this report
draws are briefly described, as are the methodological considerations implied by the use
of these various sources.
1.2.1
Traditional Land Use Definitions and Data Sources
In addition to the Mark of the Mtis interviews, which were autobiographical in scope
and touched upon a wide range of themes, this report refers to traditional land use data
that has been collected with the participation of McMurray Mtis community members
over several years. In collaboration with industrial project proponents interested in
identifying potential project impacts on the exercise of Mtis harvesting rights, several
traditional land use research projects have been completed and archived by the
McMurray Mtis under the direction of the authors since 2012. Traditional land use
refers to practices that are integral to the identity, culture, and lifestyle of the Mtis
community. These include not only subsistence harvesting practices but also cultural
activities, spiritual activities, intergenerational knowledge transfer, learning on the land,
and even what outsiders might call recreation camping, socializing, and gathering. The
assumption is that the practices integral to Mtis culture are connected to landscape and
place. However, the physical state of the landscape does not simply determine Mtis
4
Dr. Kenichi Matsui is an Associate Professor of Sustainable Environmental Studies at the University of
Tsukuba. He is the author of several books and scholarly articles on Aboriginal peoples and rights in
Western Canada. Dr. Arthur J. Ray is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of British Columbia.
He is the author of numerous scholarly books and articles on the fur trade and Aboriginal peoples and
treaty rights in Canada.
culture, identity, and knowledge transfer. Land use is one observable and identifiable
manifestation of Mtis culture in practice. Land use does not and cannot capture all of
the myriad facets of meaning, knowledge, language, and feeling that a vibrant culture
as a community of meaning and purpose implies.
Land use also implies the broader concept of occupancy of sites. McMurray Mtis
community occupancy of particular places denotes continuity between current land use
and historical presence. Current land use is defined here as use within living memory
(Tobias, 2009, p. 440). Knowledge of the location of traditional burial sites and
cemeteries is one indication of historical occupancy and presence on the land. As Terry
Garvin et al. point out, many people around the turn of the 20th century would have been
buried in traditional graves on traplines or sandy knolls, sometimes with log or stone
markings or even surrounded by small fences. As many Elders recall the locations of the
burial sites of their parents and grandparents, traditional burial sites represent an excellent
indicator of historical occupancy and knowledge of such sites suggests continuity in the
local knowledge, culture, and collective memory of a particular geographic area often
dating back to the 19th century (Garvin et al., 2001, p. 29).
Another indication of continuity with historic land use and ancestral occupancy areas is
knowledge and ongoing use of sites of historical occupancy, whether these are used for
trapping and subsistence harvesting, camping, and / or visitation, among other uses. Sites
settled by community ancestors often retain profound meaning and a sense of presence
for community members. This is particularly evident in the ongoing use of historical
settlement sites along the rivers around Fort McMurray. Such meaning endures even in
cases where industrial projects bar access or have radically altered the landscape once
inhabited or frequented by the Mtis community. The presence of mine sites, tailings
ponds, well-pads, pipelines, access roads, and processing and other infrastructure on and
around ancestral trapping, gathering, and dwelling sites, while making the land
inaccessible, does not destroy the significance of those sites for the people who remember
living there and who plan to use the sites post-reclamation.
Traditional land use information from studies with the McMurray Mtis are discussed
here in order to describe the McMurray Mtis lifestyle and culture, both historically and
contemporarily, to demonstrate the continuity of traditional harvesting practices and their
centrality to the communitys distinctive culture, and to discuss the necessity of
recognition and protection of these practices in an era of rapid resource-based
development. Considering the intense personal, socio-economic, and cultural importance
of specific harvesting sites and activities, the identity and discussion of precise location
and details of harvesting practices are omitted here. There are two exceptions to this rule,
however: the first is for historic and current trapline maps, which are already part of the
public domain; and the second is for the locations of burial sites, which either have
already been documented as archaeological and heritage resources or would benefit from
documentation so that appropriate protective measures can be taken.
1.2.2
Historical and Archival Sources
The historical and archival sources cited in this report include Hudson Bay Company
archives containing trading post notes and journals from Fort McMurray (1876-1911), as
described in the accompanying Matsui & Ray (2014) report commissioned for this
project; census data from 1881, 1891, and 1906 from the original records, as well as from
the Anuik and Tough report for the Mtis Nation of Alberta Association (MNAA) Region
1, of which the McMurray Mtis are constituent members (2012); Mtis scrip records,
particularly from the North-West Half Breed Commissions; and Alberta Homestead
Records, from 1870 to 1930.
Two important methodological challenges regarding the consistency of the archival data
and its presentation emerged over the course of researching and writing this report. The
first relates to the definition of the boundaries of the historic McMurray Mtis
community, particularly with respect to discrepancies between the definition provided in
Matsui and Ray (2014) and that utilized in this report. The former characterize the
historic community as extending east along the Clearwater River to La Loche and north
up the Athabasca River to Fort McKay, while this report expands the boundaries further
up the Athabasca River, towards Embarras Portage and Big Point, as well as southwest
towards Grand Rapids and the southeast towards Willow / Gregoire Lake.
There are three points to keep in mind regarding the differences in the definition of
boundaries between Matsui and Ray, on the one hand, and this report, on the other. First,
the definitions are consistent, in that all of the area identified by Matsui and Ray is
encompassed by the definition provided here. Second, because their work was based
only upon the Hudsons Bay Company Post records for Fort McMurray, Fort McKay,
and Lesser Slave Lake, the data used by Matsui and Ray are inevitably post-centric,
incomplete, and often bereft of adequate context. This is why Matsui and Ray are clear
that their more restricted data sources suggest only that the elements were in place for
the likely formation for a spatially-extensive Mtis community around Fort McMurray
(2014, p. 40). Based upon more complete historical, biographical, and archival sources,
the boundaries defined here in effect flesh out and complete the more preliminary
findings of Matsui and Ray. And third, the boundaries of Mtis communities are by their
nature fluid, given the mobility that is characteristic of the Mtis, and over time
individuals and families moved between numerous locations within the broader regional
community. Indeed, the requirement to define a spatially and temporally-delimited
community is an imposition of the Supreme Court in Powley that is in permanent
tension with the shifting and fluid character of Mtis society (Teillet, 2013, pp. 1-37).
Another challenge related to the data and its presentation was the inconsistent spelling of
surnames across government records, the result of numerous factors ranging from
inattention and sloppiness on the part of local officials to literacy limitations and the
transcription of Mtis names into English (see Ray, 2014, pp. 4-8). As a result, there is
considerable variation in the spelling of Mtis surnames in historical sources, from
census and scrip commissions to HBC Post journals, interviews, and family genealogies.
For instance, the last name Loutitt is variously spelled Loutit and Louttit, with
spelling differing in some cases for the same person in different governmental records.
Likewise, the surname McDonald is spelled as such for most of the earliest generations
in Fort McMurray, but shifts to MacDonald in later generations, including in the
establishment of MacDonald Island Park. Where doubts emerged as to the identity of
individuals with multiple spellings of surnames, the authors have taken great care to
corroborate identity for genealogical purposes. As a rule, this report will adhere to the
spelling found in governmental records wherever possible.
To produce the present report, the authors also accessed historic trapline maps from
Alberta Fish and Wildlife circa 1957 to 1960, found in the Provincial Archives of
Alberta. 5 These hand-drawn maps record the boundaries of registered traplines, as well
as the name of the registered trapper, and were the earliest such maps of registered
traplines in northeastern Alberta produced by the Alberta Government. Since trapping in
northeastern Alberta remained largely self-managed by trappers prior to formal
registration with Fish and Wildlife, these same represent not simply the issuance of new
trapping dispositions but also the codification of the extant distribution of trapping areas
of Mtis and other Aboriginal peoples prior to registration. Many of the same Mtis
family names and in some cases the same individuals appear in both early census and
scrip records for McMurray and the late-1950s-era trapline maps. As such, these maps
10
provide clear evidence of the continuity of McMurray Mtis involvement in the fur trade
and subsistence harvesting from the late-19th century to the 1960s.
1.2.3
Oral History
The analysis and evidence presented in this report draw in large part upon the oral
histories of McMurray Mtis Elders. Oral histories provide the historian, social scientist,
or legal scholar with a host of benefits when compared to traditional written accounts.
Oral histories make available a greater variety of perspectives on historical phenomena
and serve to democratize history, telling about the past from the vantage point of the
individuals who experienced it directly. Oral histories are often among the best and in
many cases the only sources of information on the perspectives and experiences of
marginalized groups. As such, oral histories provide for a much richer, representative,
and nuanced base of information from which to draw conclusions. Not surprisingly, oral
history has played a central role in the epistemological and methodological
decolonization movement from the 1970s that has sought to bring to fore the perspectives
of previously excluded groups such as Aboriginal peoples, women, labourers, farmers,
and immigrants, among others. 6 Oral history is widely accepted by historians and other
social scientists, as well as the Supreme Court of Canada, as a valuable source of
information on historical events within the living memory of witnesses. 7
Nevertheless, oral histories are prone to the faults and limits of human memory and some
critics question the accuracy and reliability of oral-historical accounts. 8 There are two
important methodological points to keep in mind, however, when considering the usage
of oral history as evidence. The first is that critics of oral history often fail to recognize
the limitations of written sources, and in consequence fail to see that much of the
criticism levelled against oral histories applies equally to written sources. For instance,
there is no compelling reason why oral history would be subject to greater individual or
interpretive bias than written accounts, as the authors of both will invariably interpret
events of their lives through a particular lens that reflects their experiences,
understandings, prejudices, and aspirations. To the extent that they could be present in
oral historical accounts, it is clear that omission, deception, and distortion could be just as
For more on the role of oral history in decolonization, see Leavy (2011) and Thompson (2000).
For epistemological, methodological, and legal debates regarding oral history and its uses, see Hoffman
(1984), Thompson (2000), Daum Shanks (2004), Charlton, Meyers, and Sharpless (2007), and Leavy
(2011).
8
For more details, see Hoffman (1984).
7
11
common in written sources, whether for the purposes of discrediting opponents, personal
redemption, or support for predetermined arguments.
For the most part, the information presented in Mark of the Mtis interviews and the types
of questions asked provided participants with little reason or opportunity to deceive the
interviewers or distort the past. Interviews were autobiographical in scope and
respondents provided first-hand accounts of a wide range of topics including trapping and
traditional harvesting, family genealogy, schooling, transportation, employment, and
elements of Mtis culture and traditions including traditional craft-making, dancing, and
social-gatherings, as well as eye-witness accounts of local historical events such as
strikes, evictions, and even floods. As such, the interviews consisted of respected
community Elders being asked about the sorts of things they were uniquely qualified to
answer, such as where they were born, who their parents were, where and how they lived,
and how they grew up and used the environment around them.
The second point, which flows from the first, is that oral history, like any form of
knowledge and information, can and should be triangulated and verified as much as
possible, whether through the confirmation of stories and facts via multiple individual
accounts or support from other primary and secondary data. To this end, where
individual interviewees provided references to the names and birthdates of ancestors, the
information can be verified by historical and archival sources including census data, scrip
records, Hudson Bay Post notes, and published biographies. Thus the genealogical and
historical information provided by interviewees (usually going back two or three
generations) has where possible been supplemented by and compared against the written
historical record. For example, the presence of individual Mtis traders and trappers in
the Fort McMurray Hudson Bay Post notes from the 19th century, described by Matsui
and Ray, was used to verify the oral history accounts of ancestors having settled in the
area or trapped around Fort McMurray at that time. Likewise, oral historical accounts of
ancestors were verified by locating the ancestors names in government records, as
discussed in the next section on genealogy.
1.2.4
Genealogy
The oral histories collected as part of the Mark of the Mtis project included family
genealogies that were collected during the interview process. 9 Family genealogies
9
For an excellent discussion of the uses and limits of genealogical data, see Devine (2004).
12
provide a useful primary database from which to reconstruct the origins and experiences
of Mtis communities. Genealogies can shed light on kinship, economy and politics, and
migration. There are limits, however, to what can be deduced from genealogical
information and one must treat such information with great care. At each interview
participants were asked to name their parents and grandparents and their respective years
and places of birth. However, as interviews were often free-flowing and questions were
open-ended, the genealogical information drawn from the Mark of the Mtis interviews
was often incomplete. Individuals were not always able to remember the names and
birthdates of ancestors. Generations would at times be confused or skipped and on
occasion some interviews would get side-tracked and fail to produce the desired
genealogical data. As such, the sample genealogical information presented in this report
was selected from those interviews that produced complete information going back at
least to grandparents, corroborated by means of a variety of sources, including census
data, scrip records, and documented genealogical records. 10
In order to provide a wider and more secure informational foundation from which to
reconstruct the lives and experiences of Mtis families and communities, genealogical
data was complemented by several additional sources and analytical methods, including
oral history, genealogical reconstruction, and historical analysis. Genealogical data
allows the historian or social scientist to place individuals and families in particular
places at particular times, but they can tell us very little beyond that. From there, oral
histories, genealogical reconstruction, and historical analysis contextualize those
individuals and families within particular socio-cultural, economic, and political milieus
(Devine, 2004, chapter 1). By triangulating genealogical data, oral history accounts, and
historical analysis, a narrative emerges of how these same people would have ensured
their livelihoods and constructed the bonds of family and community.
1.3
Methodological Considerations
The methodology deployed in any study is intimately related to two considerations: (1)
the sources of information available; and (2) the type of questions one is attempting to
answer. As noted above, the useable sources of information produced by the Mark of the
Mtis project consisted largely of interviews done with community members in and
around Fort McMurray. The methods through which information was sifted, organized,
10
Library and Archives Canada has extensive digital records of historical census data, Mtis scrip records,
and genealogy and family history data, http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/pages/mega-menu.aspx?lvl=2.
13
analyzed, and presented, are primarily those of the micro-historian. In the present study,
the methods of micro-history were combined with the study of kinship and genealogy to
tell individual and family histories as a means by which to reconstruct the history of the
McMurray Mtis community (Thompson, 1975; Ginzburg, 1993; Macdougall, 2014).
Micro-history, in a sense, turns more conventional historical approaches upside down;
conventional history most often relies upon the dominant historical actors and
institutions, whether to explain historical change directly or reveal the deeper processes
that shape and structure such change. Micro-history, in contrast, focusses on the smallscale, on the lives of individuals and their networks of localized and dense interactions
and what these reveal about the deeper socio-cultural and historical processes at work. In
the words of Giovanni Levi:
The unifying principle of all microhistorical research is the belief that
microscoping investigation will reveal factors previously unobserved
...phenomena previously considered to be sufficiently described and
understood assume completely new meanings by altering the scale of
observation. It is then possible to use these results to draw far wider
generalizations although the initial observations were made within relatively
narrow dimensions and as experiments rather than examples (1991, p. 102).
Central to the study of micro-history is the study of the style of life of a people,
composed of tangible and intangible qualities, guides and influences on peoples daily
behaviours, decisions, and actions. The intangible aspects of culture must be
comprehended if we are to understand a people on their own terms (Geertz, 1973, pp.
50-51). Accordingly, we will speak of the McMurray Mtis style of life or lifestyle as
carried on and described by community members. More details on the content of this
lifestyle are provided in the body of the report. It suffices to state here that the main
elements of this lifestyle are a series of economic activities organized around a hybrid
modern-traditional (moditional) economy that blends localized and traditional harvesting
practices with wage labour and integration into broader regional markets for fur, timber,
fuel and consumer goods. It is this lifestyle and the ongoing importance of traditional
harvesting alongside selective integration into modern markets that is central to the
distinctiveness and culture of the McMurray Mtis.
The methodological lens of micro-history and its focus upon style of life helps to
correct a long-standing problem in the study of the Mtis in Canada: the prevalence of a
racial or ethnic approach that defines the Mtis narrowly as a mixed-race people, most
problematically in the infamous blood quantum. The insidious corollary of the racial or
14
ethnic definition of Mtis is the tendency to reduce the Mtis to a cultural derivative, the
sum of their European and Aboriginal ancestral parts. The danger of an ethnic approach
is the risk of denying the Mtis their own dynamic and unique history and culture; if the
Mtis are only thought of as partial representatives of European and Native peoples, they
effectively qualify as neither (Driben, 1985, p. 6). To escape from the shackles of the
half-man or half-breed label and its subordinating effects on the Mtis in Canadian
history, as well as for the methodological purposes of this report, the Mtis will be
conceptualized not as a static hybrid but rather as a new form of Aboriginality, a new
Aboriginal people constituting and constructing a new Aboriginal culture (Macdougall,
2010, p. 14).
The second methodological consideration that guided the evidence presented in this
report was the conditions identified in the Powley test. 11 Because the Alberta
Government did not make public the criteria by which it determined which communities
would be considered historic and contemporary Mtis communities for the purposes of
the exercise of Mtis harvesting rights, the criteria utilized in this report will be based
upon the test identified in Powley. Drawing from the discussion of Reddekopp on the
status of Conklin as an Aboriginal community, there are four broad evidentiary themes
around which the Powley test revolves (2009, p. 9):
The existence of a historic Mtis community
The period in which integral cultural practices crystalized as Aboriginal rights
Linkages between the historic and contemporary Mtis community
Continuity of practices integral to the culture between the historic and

contemporary communities
More specifically, there are two central questions and associated criteria through which
evidence can be marshalled within and across these four main themes with regards to the
question of whether the McMurray Mtis represent a historic and contemporary
community for the purposes of harvesting-rights recognition (Reddekopp, 2009, p. 37):
11
Is Fort McMurray a historic, rights-bearing Mtis community?

o Ancestral Origins
o Distinctiveness
o Practices Integral to the Culture
An excellent source for information on the Powley case and other legal cases involving Mtis rights
is Teillet (2013).
o Existence Prior to Effective Control
15
Is Fort McMurray a contemporary rights-bearing Mtis community with links to

the historic community that continues practices integral to its culture?
o Common identity and sense of distinctiveness
o Continuity between the historic and contemporary community
o Contemporary existence of practices integral to the culture and continuity
with historic practices
Although the report is not structured mechanically so as to answer these questions in

schematic order, evidence has been compiled and presented to address these central
themes, questions, and criteria of the Powley test. Thus the historic identification and
discussion of the origins of the McMurray Mtis community in the 19th century through
oral history, genealogies, and archival sources is accompanied by a description of the key
aspects of Mtis migration patterns, economy, and lifestyle in and around the Fort
McMurray post from the 1870s to the 1910, in order to delineate the community,
demonstrate its distinctiveness, and identify practices integral to the culture. Similarly,
the section on the contemporary community is structured to address the questions of
common identity and distinctiveness and the existence of contemporary practices integral
to the culture and their continuity with historical practices.
1.4
Report Overview
Section 2 of this report addresses the first three evidentiary themes identified by
Reddekopp: the existence of a historic Mtis community; the period in which practices
integral to the culture crystalized as Aboriginal rights (prior to effective control); and
linkages between the historic and contemporary Mtis community. The section begins by
outlining the historical origins of the Mtis in northeastern Alberta and the geographical
settlement patterns of the community organized around the Fort McMurray Hudsons
Bay Company Post in the second half of the nineteenth century. Then, the question of
ancestral origins is examined via an analysis of census, scrip, and genealogical data that
identifies the early Mtis settlers of Fort McMurray and connects them to members of the
contemporary McMurray Mtis community (as described in the oral historical account),
thereby demonstrating continuity between the historic and contemporary communities.
Following the discussion of ancestry and genealogy, information will be presented that
establishes the distinctiveness of the historic Mtis community, organized around a
16
moditional economy that combined subsistence hunting and gathering alongside

commercial harvesting, wage labour, and seasonal migration, and examines how these
various land use practices and economic activities were integral to the distinctive culture
of the McMurray Mtis community from its origins in the last decades of the nineteenth
century. The section will conclude with a consideration of the period in which the
Governments of Canada and Alberta can be said to have exerted effective control over
the Fort McMurray area and its population.
Section 3 of the report addresses the evidentiary theme of continuity in the practices
integral to the culture and provides the temporal bridge between the historic and
contemporary communities that sets the stage for the examination of the McMurray Mtis
in the era of oil. The section begins with an analysis of the transformations in and
maturation of the McMurray Mtis community induced by the transportation and
industrial revolutions and nascent state intervention. Next, the creation of Mtis railway
communities along the northern rail route is discussed, with emphasis upon how the
migration of members of those communities such as Cheecham, Anzac, and Kinosis
to Fort McMurray would fortify the McMurray Mtis community and the Mtis identity
and character of Fort McMurray.
The section will proceed to examine how the McMurray Mtis maintained practices
integral to their culture and distinctive lifestyle by balancing an expanding urbanization
and proletarianization with the preservation of their Aboriginal subsistence and
commercial-harvesting economy. In conclusion, evidence will be presented that
demonstrates not only the persistence of the common identity and distinctiveness of the
McMurray Mtis but rather its strengthening and solidification. Indeed, not only did the
McMurray Mtis continue to exist as a coherent and cohesive Mtis community into the
early 1960s, but Fort McMurray itself was in many ways a Mtis village.
Section 4 will examine the political origins of the contemporary McMurray Mtis
community and will demonstrate the continuity of integral practices between the historic
and contemporary communities, despite the rapid transformations provoked by the oil
economy. The section will begin with a brief summary of the impacts of the rapid
development of the oil sands from the 1960s onwards and the emergence of a Mtis
social movement in Fort McMurray that would crystallize in political mobilization and
the creation of organizations to defend the Aboriginal rights of the McMurray Mtis
against infringement. Then, the section will consider how the Mtis have continued to
reproduce their moditional economy and engage in traditional harvesting practices
17
integral to their Aboriginal culture, even as they have selectively integrated themselves
into the oil and gas industry as workers, entrepreneurs, and in some cases environmental
stewards. Section 4 will conclude with a discussion of the future of the McMurray Mtis,
the need for recognition of their Aboriginal rights by the Alberta Government, and the
challenges posed by the continued development of the oil sands.
2. The McMurray Mtis Community

The evidence which will be presented in this section clearly suggests that there is an
identifiable historic community whose culture was distinctively Mtis in Fort McMurray
and its environs prior to effective control of the Canadian state over the region. The first
two parts of this section will analyse the origins and settlement patterns of the historic
Mtis community anchored in Fort McMurray from the arrival of Mtis fur traders in the
1820s and the interactions between broader regional Mtis communities which would
eventually stabilize into a more coherent sub-regional community by the 1870s and
whose social and economic epicentre would become entrenched at Fort McMurray by the
early 20th century. Historical research from this period suggests that the settlement and
seasonal movements of the McMurray Mtis community from the 1870s onwards were
centred on the transportation hub that was Fort McMurray but extended north along the
Athabasca River towards Fort Chipewyan; east along the Clearwater River towards
Portage La Loche in Saskatchewan; southeast overland to Willow Lake; and southwest to
the House River-Athabasca triangle.
The third part will examine the identity and family histories of the early Mtis settlers in
the Fort McMurray area and will connect members of the contemporary McMurray Mtis
community to those original settlers. The fourth part will discuss evidence that the
McMurray Mtis represented a distinctive and cohesive Mtis community organized
around a moditional economy that underwrote commercial harvesting and wage labour
activities through a wide variety of traditional subsistence provisioning activities. The
fifth and final part will examine the establishment and exercise of effective control over
Fort McMurray and its environs.
2.1
Origins of the McMurray Mtis
The work of Matsui and Ray (2014), commissioned by the McMurray Mtis for this
project, presents a summary and analysis of the presence of Mtis community members
18
in the archival records of the Hudsons Bay Company, including the Athabasca and
Lesser Slave Lake district reports and the Fort McMurray Post journals. Their research
makes it clear that by 1820 there were several intersecting regional Mtis communities in
the Northwestern Saskatchewan and Athabasca River basins:
A Parkland-Grassland Cree-Mtis Community, organized in and around the North

Saskatchewan River Valley
An Iroquois-Mtis Community extending from Rocky Mountain House to the
northwest side of the Lesser Slave Lake
A Cree-Mtis Community that extended from the Lesser Slave Lake, southeast to
Calling Lake, Lac La Biche, and Moose Lake, and to the northeast along the
Peace and Athabasca Rivers to the Little Red River (now the Mackay River)
A Chipewyan-Mtis Community in the vicinity of Fort Chipewyan
For the purposes of this report, the latter two 1820s-era Mtis communities are of greatest
relevance, as their land use areas and frontiers intersected and overlapped around the Fort
McMurray area. The establishment of a fur trade post in 1870, which would become a
regional transportation hub, set the stage for the emergence of a distinct Mtis community
whose centre would be Fort McMurray but whose ancestors drew from both of the Slave
Lake-Athabasca River-Lac La Biche Mtis as well as the Fort Chipewyan Mtis. The
evidence discussed in this section describes how this distinctive Mtis sub-regional
community emerged from the 1870s by outlining its spatial extent, the identities of its
early members, and the historical circumstances in which the community emerged and
became established at Fort McMurray.
2.2
Spatial Extensiveness: The Athabasca-Clearwater Axis
As indicated by the failed negotiations to replace the Interim Mtis Harvesting

Agreement, how one defines a Mtis community represents a crucial and contested
component in the determination of Mtis harvesting rights. The 2005 Laviolette decision,
for instance, defined the Mtis community to which the plaintiff belonged as extending
from the Red River Settlement in Manitoba through Saskatchewan and into Lac La Biche
and other parts of Alberta. For jurisdictional reasons, however, the boundaries of the
community were restricted to within the Province of Saskatchewan. In his discussion on
the status of Conklin as an Aboriginal community, Reddekopp identified Fort McMurray
as a part of the Lac La Biche regional Mtis community (2009). These wider regional
communities were and continue to be comprised in turn of a series of identifiable sub-
19
regional communities, which later became more fixed settlements and villages around
which localized patterns of harvesting, economic activity, and domestic life revolved.
In most cases, these settlements emerged due to their geographic location within regional
transportation networks. Fort McMurray was at the confluence of the Athabasca and
Clearwater rivers and would be injected with additional importance with the arrival of the
Alberta and Great Waterways railway in the 1920s. Fort McKay was at the confluence of
the Athabasca and the McKay/Little Red and Ells Rivers. Lac La Biche was nestled
close to portage routes between the Athabasca-McKenzie and North Saskatchewan
systems and was later served by the railway. These locations were home to Mtis
families that moved throughout various regional transportation and seasonal migration
routes, and they each developed into sub-regional communities through and around
which members of the broader regional community established denser, more localized
sociocultural, economic, and political networks. These ties of family, kin, and lifestyle
were bound up in fluid yet identifiable Mtis settlements by the late-19th century.
The McMurray Mtis community represents such a sub-regional hub within the wider
Lac La Biche regional Mtis community that extended from le--la-Crosse,
Saskatchewan, to Fort McMurray and down to Beaver Lake and Lac La Biche. The
initial settlement patterns of the Mtis in the Fort McMurray area were shaped
profoundly by geography, specifically by the system of rivers and portages that served as
the veins of the fur trade and westward migration. Indeed, Fort McMurray was built
precisely because of its strategic value as a nodal point the forks in the regional
river system, and it is this strategic location along the waterways that allowed Fort
McMurray to flourish even after its role as a fur trade post had declined by the 1890s.
As a result of its location near the intersections of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers,
Fort McMurray would emerge in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as the
hub of a sub-regional community that extended east along the Clearwater River to La
Loche, south overland to Willow Lake, southwest to Grand Rapids and the HouseAthabasca River triangle, and down the Athabasca River to the north, at first to the
MacKay/Little Red River and then on as far as Embarrass Portage and the Big Point
Channel south of Fort Chipewyan (Figure 1).
1150'0"W
1140'0"W
1130'0"W
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
1090'0"W
!Fort Chipewyan
!
Big Point
Embarrass Portage
Jackfish
Point Brule
580'0"N
580'0"N
Poplar Point
Firebag River
!
!
Lobstick
Klausen's Landing
!
!
Bitumount
Fort MacKay
570'0"N
570'0"N
Fort McMurray
!
Draper
Methye Portage
La Loche
Anzac/Willow Lake
Grand Rapids
Kinosis !Cheecham
560'0"N
560'0"N
House River
Chard
Pelican Settlement
Conklin
Calling Lake
550'0"N
!
550'0"N
Imperial Mills
Athabasca Landing
!
1140'0"W
20
40
1130'0"W
Lac La Biche
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
Figure 1. McMurray Mtis Identified Places in Northeastern Alberta

60
80
100
Kilometers
Scale when printed on 8.5 inches by 11 inches is 1:2,108,086

Projection: Transverse Mercator Datum: NAD 83 Coordinate System: UTM Zone 12
Map Sources: McMurray Mtis, ESRI & Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
1090'0"W
Legend
!
Mtis Identified Places

Railways
Map Produced by Vinay Rajdev (February, 2015)
River
21
According to its founder, Henry John Moberly, the Fort McMurray Post was built in 1870
as a fur-trading post and transportation hub. The site chosen was across the river from
the rubble of an older fort, built in 1790 and closed in the 1840s. Because of its key
location at the intersection of the Athabasca and Clearwater rivers, Fort McMurray
occupied an important point in the Methye Portage transport route of the historic river
road from Saskatchewan via Portage La Loche. Despite its strategic centrality and
abundant resources, from timber to oil and salt mines, the forks remained overlooked
and underused for much of the 19th century. It was not until the competitive phase of the
fur trade after 1870, marked by the rise of the predominantly Mtis free traders, along
with plans to introduce steamships into the regional river system, that the HBC decided to
re-establish its presence at the Clearwater-Athabasca mouth with a permanent post. And
so in 1870, Moberly was tasked by Fort Chipewyan Chief Factor William McMurray
with building the post several hundred kilometres upstream. The new post was named
Fort McMurray after the Fort Chipewyan Factor (see Moberly, 1929; Comfort, 1974).
The centrality of the waterways to Fort McMurray meant it was likely to have a strong
Mtis presence. The river system was the initial means of transport connecting the
northeast of Alberta with the historic trail to the west through Saskatchewan, and the
Mtis played a crucial role in the navigation of the rivers, from scows to steamships. The
extent of these regional communities can be explained by the distribution of families in
river lots, with access to the important transportation route being of key importance for
home sites with land trails extending back into the forest and muskeg. Oral history
accounts are clear that the House River-McMurray-La Loche axis along the Clearwater
was heavily Mtis. One late member of the community referred to the period between
the late 1800s until 1915 and described how his grandfather lived:
Interviewee: He was probably the last person that I know of that was raised
in a round what anthropologists call a round. He lived in a circle.
Interviewer: So that was his area?
Interviewee: Yeah, to House River.
Interviewer: So his area was just south to House River from Fort McMurray
south to House River over and all the way to La Loche.
Interviewee: To La LocheAnd back to Fort McMurray (MOTM53MT28-Other07-53).
Describing a similar area, James Richard Dickie Dragon, a prominent Fort McMurray
Mtis Elder, recalled that there was a Mtis settlementthat ran from the Clearwater
right to the Saskatchewan border you knowAnd, ah, the settlement, like McMurray, I
am sure was a settlement at one time and it's just, you know, been pushed under the rug
22
some place and I am sure if we dig deep enough, we'll be able to find it again
(MOTM14-MT15, transcript, p. 23). As the recollection of the settlement and migration
patterns of these Elders suggest, the geographic extent of the Mtis community in the era
of river transport brought McMurray into regular contact with La Loche via the Methye
Portage. The decline of the La Loche-McMurray fur trade route by the last decades of
the 19th century, moreover, served not to weaken but rather strengthen the Mtis character
of Fort McMurray, first by the introduction of steamships onto the Athabasca River and
later by the development of local industries in sectors like lumber and salt.
Hudsons Bay Company Steamer Grahame at Fort McMurray, Alberta,

1899-1900, Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-4035-98.
The introduction of steamships into the Athabasca River System and later the Mackenzie
Basin, via the launching of the Grahame in 1884, would significantly transform Fort
McMurray and its surrounding areas. On the one hand, the role of Fort McMurray in the
historic regional fur trade would decline precipitously, as the transportation axis shifted
from east-west via the Clearwater River and its system of portages to the Athabasca
River, following the construction of Athabasca Landing and extension of the
transcontinental railway into Alberta. As the historic road of the western fur trade fell
into disuse, the role of Fort McMurray as a fur trading post collapsed. Under intense
pressure from free traders around the Little Red River, many of whom were from wellknown Mtis families, Fort McMurray progressively lost market share, and by the 1890s
had ceased to function as a fur trading post of any significance.
23
The decline of the McMurray-Clearwater-La Loche route did not imply that the
importance of Fort McMurray declined, or that its Mtis population migrated elsewhere.
Rather, as Dragon pointed out, the Mtis character of the place was simply pushed under
the rug by dominant historical narratives related to industrialization and petroleum
extraction. Beneath this narrative, however, the presence of steamboats on the
Athabasca, which could only be navigated seasonally, created numerous opportunities for
Mtis freighters and scowmen who could portage around rapids or shoot right through
them. Once again the strategic location of Fort McMurray between Athabasca Landing
and Fort Chipewyan, but north of the Grand Rapids, made it the natural port for
Athabasca steamboats as well as a convenient home for the Mtis scowmen who could
navigate the Athabasca where bigger vessels could not.
From the 1890s the presence of steamships in the Lower Athabasca and the new northsouth-oriented transport system would shape patterns of migration and settlement in and
around Fort McMurray. The Mtis, well-positioned simultaneously to participate in the
river transport and freighting activities at Grand Rapids south of Fort McMurray as well
as the fur trade to the north, east, and south, were able to strengthen their place within the
regional transportation system, and Mtis captains who hired largely Mtis crew
dominated the scow and steamship routes (Parker, 1980, pp. 13-22; Krahn, 1983, p. 42).
The centrality of the Mtis to river transport around Fort McMurray is made clear by the
names of the most famous captains of the time, nearly all of whom hailed from Mtis
families such as the Shotts, Birds, McDonalds, Atkinsons, and Loutitts (MacGregor,
1974, pp. 97-98). In the words of one McMurray Mtis Elder:
Now we start talking about the people that worked the rivers. And we start
talking about Mtis. And you got to remember, each guy that had a job, he
raised his children, and then tried to get his children a job in the same outfit.
So youll find families that worked the rivers for generations (MOTMMT28-Other02-53).
From one generation to the next, Mtis riverboat captaincies were handed down within
families and Mtis captains regularly hired family and friends as crew. The Mtis also
played a critical role as seasonal labourers in the loading and unloading networks for
barges that stopped at Fort McMurray along the north-south axis from Fort Chipewyan to
Athabasca Landing, particularly at Grand Island, the portage around the Grand Rapids.
In addition to the introduction of the steamships, two other moments shaped the future
trajectory of Fort McMurray: first, the Senate investigations, the first of which took place
24
in 1888, that initiated the geological survey of the area for petroleum; and second, the
initial shift in settlement patterns in the Fort McMurray area, that saw families begin to
move to Fort McMurray permanently from the river lots and develop industry and
commerce, from local stores to salt mines and sawmills.
Bolstered by the announcement of the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway that its
northern terminus would be constructed at or near Fort McMurray, between 1898 and
1910 Fort McMurray was transformed from a declining fur trading post to a slowly but
steadily growing proto-village with a bank, a telegraph office, a school, two sawmills,
and two churches. Many of the proponents and workers in these emergent local
industries were in fact Mtis people who remained in the area and developed additional
industries such as salt mines, fish-packing plants, warehouses, and freighting
infrastructure in the 20th century.
As Fort McMurray shifted gears from a fur-trading post to key transportation hub and
nascent industrial driver of the region, it began to integrate more and more of the
surrounding areas into its orbit. Fort McMurray based freighters and boatmen regularly
travelled north to Fort Chipewyan and beyond and Fort McMurray provisioned trappers
along the river, as far north as Embarrass Portage and Big Point Channel. This subregional area, anchored in Fort McMurray but extending north along the Athabasca
River, southwest towards the Grand Rapids, and southeast towards La Loche and Willow
Lake, was settled in important part by the Mtis and represented an emergent and
integrated Mtis community. Families regularly hunted, trapped, and visited along the
Athabasca River and often worked in Fort McMurray in the summer, freighting, loading
barges or working in the salt mines, acquiring provisions such as salt, sugar, flour and
ammunition, before returning to their traplines for the winter.
The river lots along the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers were among the densest areas
of Mtis settlement in the second half of the 19th century and formed in many ways the
socio-economic foundation of the river transport system. Interviews with community
Elders and other oral histories identified a variety of spots along the Athabasca and
Clearwater rivers where Mtis families settled in the 19th and early-20th centuries
(MOTM-MT66-X07-85; MOTM-MT70&71-X09-89, 90; Hermansen and Labour, 2011,
p. 47). Below is a list of some of the principal settlements and trapping areas, and the
families associated with them, as described in interviews (families that appear multiple
times indicate families that either held multiple lines and / or changed lines):
Big Point: Ladouceur, Dragon, Michael, Cardinal, and Cunningham
Embarrass Portage: Piche, Reid, Armit, Mulawka, Waniandy, Sanderson
Pointe Brule: Flett, Auger, Daniels, Waniandy
Poplar Point: Boucher, Martin, Cardinal, Loutitt, Auger
Firebag: Grant, Ducharme, Castor, Desjarlais, Oakley, McDonald, Bird, Shott
Fort McMurray / Clearwater: Golosky, Bird, Sanderson, McDonald, Shott
25
The importance of the river and river-lot system as means of transportation, economic
livelihood, and social integration cannot be overstated. Living near a navigable waterway
was essential to access local trading posts, markets for fur and wood, neighbours homes,
and more densely settled areas. As McMurray Mtis community Elder Harvey Sykes put
it, the Athabasca River was our only road at one time (cited in Simmons, 2012, p. 7).
Families that settled on river lots engaged in a variety of socioeconomic activities,
combining commercial and subsistence harvesting and seasonal trips to Fort McMurray
both for wage employment and / or socialization. On the traplines, Mtis families
trapped fur-bearers for commercial sale but also engaged in a variety of other commercial
harvesting practices. For example, Dominion Surveyor William Ogilvie observed in
1885 that families located at Pointe Brule sold hay to the HBC Post at Fort McMurray
(Comfort, 1974, p. 233). The river-lot Mtis were also avid and active hunters. Ernest
Seton Thompson took a trip down the Athabasca River, passing through Fort McMurray
in 1907 and noted how his guide, Mtis Captain William Billy Loutitt, and his halfbreed crew hunted at every opportunity (1911).
The river system was similarly the key means of socioeconomic integration around the
hub of Fort McMurray, where families forged social bonds through activities related to
the fur trade. An Elder from the Fort McMurray area who lived near what is now Anzac
recalls how he got to know Mtis families in the vicinity of Fort McKay: Thats where
we got to know everybody from around Fort McKay, because we were kind of well, my
grandfather was interconnected with them and bought a lot of fur off them (MOTMMT26-ID17, transcript, p. 8). The river and its tributaries were also key reference points
where families congregated and socialized. As one Elder recalls growing up along the
Clearwater River:
We used to have a lot of swimming there in the Clearwater. There was a big
delta at the mouth of the Hangingstone there. We used to go picnic there
and fish. We used to paddle up the Clearwater up to the Christina. And
thats where Edmo and them, Ducharme, had their trap line (MOTMMT61&62-X23-60).
26
Finally, the river served as the central means of transport through which families
migrated between traplines and Fort McMurray for economic and social purposes.
Interviews revealed a general historical pattern whereby families would move to Fort
McMurray in the summer to work the barges or in other forms of wage employment, then
return to their traplines for the winter (MOTM-MT24&25-Other19-51). One Elder
described her life growing up around Poplar Point in the following terms:
Yep, the summertime he [the father] was a captain on board, winter time, in
the fall, go down there [to the trapline] and take all the familyHe would
have to take them out of school and everything to take them down there in
the fall, and then spring, come back up again, then they'd go back to school
(MOTM-MT32-X01-55).
Another interviewee who grew up at a trapline on the Athabasca River in what is now
La Saline Natural Area fondly recalled the social life of the community along the river:
We always had people at our place. Like theyd come right in, eh? And wed have
visitors all the time. Even the priest used to come to our place, and put his little chapel
up, and wed have mass there and that (MOTM-MT66-ID86, transcript, p. 23).
The movement of Mtis families would invariably gravitate towards Fort McMurray,
enough so to create local demand for lodging. William Gordon built and rented shacks in
Fort McMurray in the early decades of the twentieth century to Mtis families migrating
to the village-site to work in the summer (MOTM-MT74-ID93). Families would
similarly travel to Fort McMurray in the fall and winter for special events, to socialize
and renew bonds. As one interviewee recalled:
Oh, there was [sic] lots they were along right from McMurray all the way
down the riverUsed to be every four or five miles on side of the river
there'd be a house, other side would be a house, other side would be a
house. Say you lived here in McMurray. Your husband would move you
and the children down to the trapper's shack and that's where you would
stay there. You go there with a boat and stay there until the ice is gone and
you'd come back with a boatIf you were only about 30 miles away from
town, something like that, he'd load up his family, put them in his sleigh, go
to town, go to church, go to the dance, stay in somebody, somebody else's
place (MOTM-MT15, transcript, p. 14).
27
The historic Mtis community of Fort McMurray, however, was not restricted to the
Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers; it also extended southeast towards Willow Lake.
Indeed, the Mtis influence in the area is suggested by the contemporary name of the
lake, Gregoire, named after an early Mtis settler around Fort McMurray who discovered
the lake and began fishing from it (Cheecham, 1974). With the introduction of
steamships into the Athabasca River and the decline of the east-west system of portages,
the community of La Loche, east of Fort McMurray and across the border with
Saskatchewan, went into decline. As the importance of La Loche as a transportation hub
diminished, the families in the area began to move west, and many settled in the Willow
Lake area (MOTM-MT28-Other01-53). As one Fort McMurray Elder commented:
So, when I look at this map, like traditionally, like, around Algar Mountain
and Stony Mountain that was where my traditional people come from. Like
I said, my grandmother, great grandmother come frombasically my
homeland, except it goes over to La Loche (MOTM-MT28-Other04-53).
The Mtis settlers around Willow Lake were not only genealogically related to many of
the families that settled around Fort McMurray; they maintained close socioeconomic
ties. Joe Gregoire, for whom the lake was renamed, settled at Willow Lake but traded at
Fort McMurray and was a contemporary of Emile Fosseneuve and William Gordon
(Anuik and Tough, 2012, p. 7). It was this involvement in local trade, industry, and
transportation that brought early European traders and the Mtis in contact with one
another, but what propelled the growth of the Mtis community were the bonds between
these commercial men and local Aboriginal women and their families.
The bonds of community were reinforced in the Fort McMurray area and throughout the
broader regional community by the Mtis boatmen and their famous travels, as recounted
in the oral tradition of Fort McMurray Elders. As the Athabasca only flowed in one
direction, once disembarking at MacDonald Island many Mtis scowmen would return to
Athabasca Landing overland, visiting in villages and cabins along the way. This route
was known as the Rivermans Trail and has since become Highway 881. A late Mtis
Elder and community historian told it best:
Well, look at MacDonald Island down here in McMurray. When the boat
people used to come from Athabasca Landing and that, they were just sort of
a gregarious bunch, I guess, when they got to McMurray, they wanted to
celebrate. And then theyd walk back from Fort McMurray to Anzac to
Cheecham to near Chard to Winefred Lake, Christina Lake, Heart Lake, Lac
La Biche. And from Lac La Biche, theyd go back to Athabasca
LandingWell, they were following trails that were there for centuries, eh,
because that was the best route back. It was short. There was no steep hill. It
was high land most of the way. See, when we look at the railroad and the
highways that were created in Western Canada, most of those follow old
Indian trade routes, which became Mtis trade routes, and Aboriginal
migratory routes, I guess, became highways (MOTM-MT28-ID53-T04-53).
28
Bound by socioeconomic ties established in the fur trade, even as its prominence within
the fur trade declined Fort McMurray would diversify economically as a transportation
hub and provisioning station. The Mtis community in the area adapted to this shift by
expanding their economic activities to include freighting and wage-labour while retaining
links to the fur trade and traditional provisioning of households and extended families
through the harvesting of boreal forest resources. The McMurray Mtis community not
only persisted but extended its bonds over a larger geographic area as Fort McMurray
grew at the centre of a distinctive sub-regional Mtis community.
2.3
Early Mtis Settlers in Fort McMurray: Lineage and Continuity
Mtis traders, trappers, and labourers were among the earliest permanent settlers of the
area around Fort McMurray, along the Athabasca-Clearwater axis. The Mtis, however,
did not just settle the environs around Fort McMurray; they were among the earliest
permanent settlers in the immediate vicinity of the HBC Post at Fort McMurray circa
1870. Even after the trading post fell on hard times in the 1890s, Mtis people
established roots in and around the confluence of the Athabasca, Clearwater, Snye,
Hangingstone, and Horse Rivers in what was in many ways a Mtis proto village in the
early decades of the twentieth century.
Census and scrip data, combined with the historical accounts of HBC officers and EuroCanadian adventurers, provide several important insights into the role of the Mtis in the
settlement of Fort McMurray. There are several qualifications that must be taken into
account, however, with regards to the reliability of census data and historical accounts.
First, the accuracy of census data, in terms of its representativeness, is limited by the fact
that many of the early Mtis families based at Fort McMurray spent considerable
amounts of time trapping and hunting in the surrounding areas and there exists the
possibility that many would not have been captured by the census. Coupled with that,
those Mtis families who were on hand to respond to census-takers may have hesitated to
declare themselves half-breed or Mtis to government officials following the two
failed rebellions against the Canadian state, including the 1885 uprising in nearby
29
Saskatchewan, and the widespread discrimination faced by the Mtis at the time (Devine,
2010/2011, p. 32; Ray, 2014, p. 10; Teillet, 2013, pp. 1-9).
In addition, historical accounts by HBC officials and Euro-Canadian adventurers often
confused and conflated the terms Half-breed or Mtis with Indian or Native. This
uncertainty as to the identity of local Aboriginal people was likely a result of ignorance
about local seasonal movement patterns, among other factors. According to Parker, in
the communities of northeastern Alberta the Mtis were more likely to be permanent
settlers in the villages that grew around trading posts (Parker, 1980, p. xxiii), while the
Cree tended towards more nomadic lifestyles. In the case of the Cree reserve at the
junction of the Clearwater and Christina Rivers Elder Julian Cree remarked that
historically his people had moved constantly around the region (Cree, 1975). Oral
histories suggest, on the other hand, that Mtis families moved primarily between defined
trapping areas and the townsite itself, frequenting the town in summer and well-defined
family or customary trapping areas in winter. All of these factors suggest that census
data may not be fully representative of the local Aboriginal populations.
The earliest census data available is from the 1881 Census of Canada, which registered
ten members of the Mtis Piche family in Fort McMurray (see Appendix IA). 12
Table 1 Piche Family Members Enumerated in Fort McMurray,
Census of Canada of 1881
Charlos
Caroline
Chrysostom
Franois
Isabelle
Julien
Paulette
Rose
Sophie
William
The presence of the Piche family as settlers in the Fort McMurray area is corroborated by
HBC Post reports, which reference Charlos Piche and his family growing oats and other
crops in 1882 (Matsui & Ray, 2014, 37). The 1891 Census of Canada and the 1898
Northwest Mounted Police Census added the McDonald, Gullion, and Cardinal families,
while the 1901 Census of listed 27 members of the McDonald, Cardinal, Ladouceur, and
Eastman families (see Appendix IB).
12
Census and scrip data drawn from Anuik and Tough (2012), Ray (2014), the Library and Archives of
Canada, http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/census/Pages/census.aspx, and the online records of the Mtis
National Council, http://mtisnationdatabase.ualberta.ca/MNC/index.jsp.
Table 2 Mtis Individuals Enumerated in Fort McMurray,

Census of Canada of 1901
David Cardinal
Henri Cardinal
John Cardinal
Joseph Cardinal
Sara Cardinal
Sophie Cardinal
John Eastman
Albert Ladouceur
Anne Ladouceur
David Ladouceur Sr.
David Ladouceur Jr.
Jean Ladouceur
Lisette Ladouceur
Marie Ladouceur
Narcisse Ladouceur
Thomas Ladouceur
Alex McDonald
Alice McDonald
Edward McDonald
George McDonald
John McDonald Sr.
John McDonald Jr.
Josephine McDonald
Mary McDonald
Robert McDonald
Thomas McDonald
William McDonald
30
The next significant survey of the population at Fort McMurray was the 1906 Census of
Population and Agriculture of the Northwest Provinces that covered Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Although the 1906 census did not contain a question on
ethnicity, the authors were able to identify at least 47 individuals from confirmed Mtis
families residing in Fort McMurray at the time (see Appendix IC).
Table 3 Mtis Individuals Enumerated in Fort McMurray,
Population and Agricultural Census of 190613
Agnes Biggs
Anne Biggs
Celina Biggs
Kate Biggs
Mary Biggs
Amelia Bird
Joseph Bird
Kate Bird
Maggie Bird
David Cardinal
Elijah Cardinal
Joseph Cardinal
George Cardinal
Modeste Cardinal
Sophie Cardinal
Fred Fontaine
George Fontaine
Julia Fontaine
Louise Fontaine
Mary Fontaine
Mary Jane Fontaine
Paul Fontaine
John Manning
Mary Manning
William Manning
Alice McDonald
Anne McDonald
Caroline McDonald
George McDonald
John McDonald
John McDonald Jr.
Josephine McDonald
Louise McDonald (1902)
Louise McDonald (1900)
Mary McDonald (1897)
Mary MacDonald (1899)
Pierre McDonald
William McDonald
William McDonald
Thomas McDonald
Chrysostom Piche
Ellen Piche
Julia Piche
Louise Piche
Margaret Piche
Albert Sanderson
Charles Sanderson
In addition to census records, the Alberta Homestead Records provide further evidence of
the Mtis settler population in Fort McMurray in the last decades of the 19th and early20th centuries. Table 4 lists 15 Mtis individuals (or patriarchs of Mtis families) who
applied for and / or received homestead titles in Fort McMurray between 1870 and 1930:
13
Individuals with the same recorded names are differentiated by year of birth.
Table 4 Mtis Individuals in the Alberta Homestead Records for

Fort McMurray, 1870-1930
Name
File Number
George Golosky
2268463
William Biggs
2268453 / 1828970
Charles Sanderson
2268459 / 2565660 / 1828970
Robert Armit
2268455 / 2268443
John McDonald
2268445
Alex McDonald
2268447
William McDonald
2268449
Alex Cardinal
2268471
David Cardinal
2567120
Marie Cardinal
2268471
William Manning
2268465
Donald McKenzie
2268453
Marie Atkinson
2268471
Mary Jane Atkinson
2268471
William Atkinson
2268471
31
Scrip applications represent another important means of identifying the Mtis population
in the Fort McMurray area because, unlike census records, which at times incorrectly
recorded ethnicity (for instance the 1901 Census recorded William Gordon as French
Breed, when he was in fact born in Europe), the scrip data is based upon selfidentification and is less subject to recording errors. Between 1899 and 1907, Northwest
Scrip Records identify the following individuals as taking scrip in Fort McMurray, or in
the case of William Houle as having been born in Fort McMurray:
Table 5 Scrip Applications in Fort McMurray, 1899-1907
Name
Archive Reference
Christina Biggs
LAC RG 15, v. 1014
Maggie Biggs
LAC RG 15, v. 782
Joseph Bird
LAC RG 15, v. 1336
Thomas Clarke
LAC RG 15, v. 1341
Josephine Cook
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
William Flett
LAC RG 15, v. 1347
William Gullion Sr.
LAC RG 15, v. 1350
William Gullion Jr.
LAC RG 15, v. 1350
Charles Gullion
LAC RG 15, v. 1350
George Gullion
LAC RG 15, v. 1350
William Houle
LAC RG 15, v. 1351
Marie Lapricse
LAC RG 15, v. 1014
John Manning
LAC RG 15, v. 1014
Alexander McDonald
LAC RG 15, v. 1358

Alice McDonald
Edward McDonald
John McDonald Sr.
John McDonald Jr.
Marie Anne McDonald
Marie Caroline McDonald
Robert McDonald
Thomas McDonald
Sophie McKenzie
Kate McLeod
Caroline Quintalle
LAC RG 15, v. 1358

LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
LAC RG 15, v. 1340
LAC RG 15, v. 1359
LAC RG 15, v. 1358
32
The significant number of individuals enumerated as halfbreed in the Census of 1901

and who applied for scrip via the Northwest Scrip Commission confirms the substantial
Mtis presence in Fort McMurray at the turn-of-the-century. In fact, between 1881 and
1907/1930, at least 88 Mtis individuals were identified in Fort McMurray by Census,
Scrip Commission, and Homestead records, organized into 21 Mtis surname groupings:
Table 6 Mtis Family Names Registered in Fort McMurray
in Census, Scrip, and Homestead Records
Atkinson
Armit
Biggs
Bird
Cardinal
Clarke
Cook
Eastman
Flett
Fontaine
Golosky
Gullion
Houle
Ladouceur
Manning
McDonald
McKenzie
McLeod
Piche
Quintalle
Sanderson
The presence and centrality of the Mtis in Fort McMurray in the final decades of the 19th
century is further supported by the accounts of HBC officers and Euro-Canadian
travellers. Historical accounts from the 1870s to the early 1900s reference numerous
Mtis captains and guides based out of or frequently found in Fort McMurray, including
John McDonald, James Gullion, William Loutitt, Paul Fontaine, Joe Gregoire, and the
legendary Mtis captain Louisson Emile Shot Fosseneuve, whose nickname apparently
stemmed from his being the first to shoot the Grand Rapids (see Alcock, 1932;
Comfort, 1974; Anuik and Tough, 2012; Appendices IE, IF, IG).
33
Captain Emile Shot Fosseneuve and Crew, Fort McMurray, Alberta,

Circa 1900, Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-1324-2.
Although Captain Shot lived formally in Lac La Biche, he spent considerable time in Fort
McMurray and had many descendants in the area, some of whom adopted the nickname
Shot or Shott as their surname, including his sons Roderick, Pat, and Joe Shott, who
lived in Waterways (MOTM-MT61&62-Other01-80, 81).
The Dominion Survey of lands of 1910-11 further reinforces the status of Fort McMurray
as a proto-Mtis village at the turn-of-the-century. Of the 15 individuals who had plots of
land surveyed, 10 were either Mtis or Euro-Canadian patriarchs of well-known Mtis
families (see Appendix ID).
14
George Golosky / George Gordon 14
John McDonald
John McDonald Jr.
William McDonald
Alex McDonald
William Manning
George Golosky utilized the surname Gordon at times, and particularly during his youth.
Robert Armick [Armit]
William Biggs
Charles Saunderson [Sanderson]
Donald McKenzie
34
Of the remaining five homesteaders, two were the Gordons, William and Christina, who
had no biological children in Fort McMurray on record but who were the adoptive
parents of George Golosky, the patriarch of one of the most distinguished Mtis families
in Fort McMurray. Of the remaining three homesteaders whose land was surveyed in
Fort McMurray in 1911, there was one, J. Donovan, for whom we could neither
confirm nor disconfirm Mtis status. However, there are members of the contemporary
McMurray Mtis community with the surname Donovan, which raises the possibility
that the original homesteader was either Mtis himself or married an Aboriginal woman.
The latter possibility speaks to an important point: that given the near total absence of
Euro-Canadian women in the area (Christina Gordon was the only one until the 1910s),
most of the Euro-Canadian males that settled permanently would have married Mtis or
Cree spouses, as was the case of Robert V. Grant, who took up a trapline around Firebag
Point and whose descendants are now members of the McMurray Mtis. In fact, scrip
records show that the founder of Fort McMurray, Henry Moberly, had multiple children
with a Mtis woman named Francoise Guilbeault, at least one of whom was born in Fort
McMurray and at least two of whom applied for scrip. 15 The father of the first white
child born in Fort McMurray, Charles Eymundson, estimated the permanent population
of Fort McMurray at the time (1912) to be approximately 70 people, including 34
children, which would make the clear majority of the settled population Mtis
(MacGregor, 1974, p. 145). Taken together, then, the evidence strongly suggests that
most of the permanent population of Fort McMurray around 1910 was either already
Mtis or would soon be assimilated into the Mtis community.
By means of interviews and genealogical records the authors have been able to trace
some of the founding families of Fort McMurray to the contemporary McMurray Mtis
community, demonstrating a clear and unmistakable continuity between the historic and
contemporary Mtis community at Fort McMurray. Prior to presenting the details,
however, several caveats must be addressed. First, much of the genealogical data was
drawn from interviews carried out for the Mark of the Mtis project. Although many
15
Records available online at Library and Archives Canada, http://www.baclac.gc.ca/eng/search/Pages/

search.aspx, Mikan Nos. 1512966 and 1512967.
35
interviewees brought genealogical records to the interviews and attempts have been made
to confirm as much of the information as possible, the potential for error remains.
Second, the following descendancy charts are not exhaustive, i.e., they do not include all
offspring, because complete information was not always available in the transcripts,
particularly with regards to the children of interviewees. As such, the charts
unquestionably underrepresent the contemporary presence of these founding families.
The point, however, is not to provide a full family history but rather to connect historic
settlers with contemporary community members to demonstrate genealogical continuity.
And third, the following families are not the only historic Mtis families whose lineage
traces to the present, but rather the families for which the authors had the most reliable
information. Finally, the genealogical data was drawn from only a small sample of all of
the Mark of the Mtis interviews. In order to confirm the oral history accounts of Mtis
ancestry, attempts have been made to triangulate the names provided through
consultation of various archival records, including scrip records, homestead records,
census data, and historical sources and published biographical accounts. Detailed
genealogical accounts have been pieced together and presented here for the McDonald,
Loutitt/Bird, Sanderson, Golosky, and Waniandy families.
2.3.1
The McDonald Family
The Mtis presence in Fort McMurray must begin with the McDonald family. The
patriarch, John McDonald, was born in St. Andrews, Manitoba, the son of a Mtis man
named Duncan McDonald and his wife Elizabeth Tait. Following the Red River
Rebellion at the end of the 1860s, John McDonald headed west with his brothers Kenneth
and Donald. By 1872 the brothers had made their way up to Fort McMurray, just two
years after Henry Moberly began construction of the HBC Post (Comfort, 1974, p. 203).
When he built his home on what is today called MacDonald Island, John McDonald
became the first permanent settler of Fort McMurray.
With his Mtis wife Josephine Tremblay, McDonald would go on to have twelve children
and his family would connect with many of the principal families of the Fort McMurray
area, including the Cardinals. The McDonald family held several traplines around Fort
McMurray, along both the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers, and John McDonald
became Fort McMurrays first farmer, even providing a plot on the island for HBC Chief
Factor Henry Moberly to farm. John McDonald Senior and Junior were both recorded
numerous times in the HBC Posts (see Matsui & Ray, 2014).
36
Although the genealogical information for the descendants of John McDonald is partial,
and no doubt significantly underestimates their continued influence within Fort
McMurray, interviews done with Fred MacDonald, the son of Harry MacDonald, and
Margaret MacDonald, the daughter of John McDonald Junior, permit us to establish
genealogical continuity. Consistent with the historical census data, HBC Post records,
and historiography are oral-history accounts that describe the presence of these wellestablished Mtis families McDonald and Shott in Fort McMurray in the late
nineteenth century:
Interviewee: They [John McDonald and his son John Jr.]he had a trap line
across the river from thereOn the banks of the river where Pat Shott and
them lived.
Interviewer: Yeah. So was it this JoeJoe Shotts line?
Interviewee: Yes. Joe took it over after. Yes.
Interviewer: Thats theso that was your grandfathers line.
Interviewee: Yes. That was Johnny MacDonalds lineThats the reason why
they call it MacDonald Island (MOTM-MT61&62-$TR03-81, 80).
The presence of John McDonald as a resident and trapper in and around Fort McMurray
is further supported by the memoir of adventurer Peter Baker. In his discussion of the
years from 1907 to 1912, Baker talks about how William Billie Loutit, another early
Fort McMurray Mtis resident and well-known captain, took him from Fort Resolution to
Fort McMurray. Over the course of his discussion of their arrival at Fort McMurray,
Baker describes passing the trapline of John McDonald:
The next day when we started out, Billie said we wouldn't have to get off
the ice until we reached Fort McMurray. That was true; the going was fairly
good except for some thin slush over the ice. We were both wearing
mooseskin moccasins with two heavy pairs of wool socks. We always had
wet feet. We had walked about three hours when we saw a man rowing a
skiff coming toward us. He yelled, "Hi Bill!" then stopped and pushed his
skiff up on the ice. It was John McDonald of McMurray, the owner of
McDonald Island off McMurray. He told us he had seen us coming a long
way off and waited till we came closer so he could take us to his shack for
lunch. His wife and grand-daughter had some rabbit boiled which I didn't
care for but ate a lunch of my own. I produced the bottle of the home made
whisky, as Ole called it, and Old John was certainly happy (Baker, 1976).
This detailed account clearly places McDonald's trapline cabin downstream within
walking distance of his homestead on the island.

FIGURE 2 DESCENDANCY CHART OF JOHN MCDONALD
37
483000.000000
486000.000000
489000.000000
6301000.000000
480000.000000
6298000.000000
Athabasca River
6292000.000000
6295000.000000
6295000.000000
RFMA 1582
Joe Shott's Trapline 1582
6289000.000000
er
alt
W
MacDonald Island
Snye River
a
Tr
s
'
y
sk
olo
4
e2
lin
22
RFMA 2422
Waterways
Athabasca River
Clearwater River
Ho
on e R
rse
Riv
i ng s t
er
Hang
6283000.000000
6283000.000000
Prairies
6286000.000000
6286000.000000
Downtown
Fort McMurray
6292000.000000
477000.000000
6289000.000000
474000.000000
6298000.000000
6301000.000000
471000.000000
iver
471000.000000
474000.000000
477000.000000
480000.000000
483000.000000
486000.000000
489000.000000
Figure 3. McDonald/Shott/Golosky Ancestral Trapping Areas

and Current RFMAs 1582 & 2422
4
5
Kilometers
Scale when printed on 8.5 inches by 11 inches is 1:100,000

Map Sources: McMurray Mtis, ESRI & Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, Provincial Archives of Alberta
Legend
Railways
Rivers
39
From the last decades of the 19th century John McDonald and his family occupied what
would come to be called MacDonald Island at the confluence of the Athabasca,
Clearwater and Snye Rivers. His trapping area on the north bank of the Clearwater was
operated in the winter while summer activities on MacDonald Island included domestic
gardening, haying, and some livestock to provision the HBC post. As stated in the
interview transcript, John McDonalds trapline later was taken over by Joe Shott in the
1940s, another son of Captain Fosseneuve. The line then became RFMA 1582, operated
by Fred MacDonald, the grandson of John McDonald. The McDonald trapline was just
to the north of the historic trapline and RFMA of the Golosky family, 2422. At the time
of writing the historic McDonald and Golosky traplines were still trapped by members of
the McMurray Mtis community, demonstrating the clear continuity between the historic
and contemporary practices integral to the McMurray Mtis culture and lifestyle.
2.3.2 The Loutitt Family

Another of the early Mtis families in the Fort McMurray Area is the Loutitt family.
Peter Loutitt was born in Scotland in 1846 and was brought to Fort Chipewyan by the
Hudsons Bay Company in 1865, where he met and married Ellen Grace Flett, daughter
of a prominent Scottish-Mtis family. Peter Loutitt was a carpenter for the HBC, but he
also worked as an independent trader with William Gordon. The Loutitt family trapped
around Poplar Point and several of his children would play key roles in the early years of
Fort McMurray. One of Peters sons for whom we unfortunately lack genealogical
information, John James (J.J.) Loutit, was a prominent resident of Fort McMurray in the
early 1900s. Building upon the free-trading networks established by his father with
William Gordon, John James Loutit was named Factor at Fort McMurray in 1907 and
served later as Post Manager from 1928 to 1931, according to the HBC archives
(MacGregor, 1974, p. 141).
Another of Peters sons, William Billy Loutit, was born in 1877 and began to work the
scows as a teenager in 1894. By 1907, William had settled permanently in Fort
McMurray, where he met and married his wife, Agathe Ladouceur. William worked as a
riverboat captain out of Fort McMurray and lived on MacDonald Island in the summer, in
a home on the west end of the island, near the Snye. Baker describes arriving at
McDonald Island with William Loutit:
We reached the edge of McDonald Island where Billie had his house and his
wife and family. There was a gap of about six feet to the shore, over which
Billie took a jump and barely made it, with one foot in the water. I took my
pack off and pitched it to shore, and then backed away, ran and jumpedIt
was still early in the day, about four o'clock, but I picked up my pack sack
and took my leave, for I wished to get a room at the hotel and have a good
rest. I walked about a hundred yards to the channel between the island and
the town of McMurray. It was usually called the Snye and was a branch of
the Athabasca River, where it joined the Clearwater River from the south
end of McDonald Island (Baker, 1976).
40
However, the account also puts the residence of William Loutit on the west side of
MacDonald Island. In the winter, Captain Loutit would move his family up from Fort
McMurray to the trapline. One of his children recalled how her father cut cordwood for
the steamships:
Like, we lived off the land over there. There was always something to do,
you know. Like, my dad used toin the wintertime, he used to cut
cordwood for thefor the steamboats and we all used to goget dressed up
and go across the river and go to cut cordwood, the whole family (MOTMM32-X02-55).
Captain Loutit was a renowned figure, reportedly running from the House River to
Athabasca Landing one time, and another time from House River to Fort McMurray to
warn of a flood, arriving both times before a horse and rider dispatched to do the same
tasks (Thompson, 1911). Loutit was also the guide for Ernest Seton Thompson on much
of his epic journey through the Athabasca-McKenzie river system.
As one can see from Figure 4, the Loutitt family tree connects with several of the most
prominent Mtis families of the area, including the Ladouceurs and the Waniandys. In
fact, the father of Agathe Ladouceur, David, was enumerated in Fort McMurray in the
1901 Census of Canada, and his wife Marie Rose hailed from another of the early settlers
of the Fort McMurray, the Houle family, whose members were registered as living in
Fort McMurray as early as 1874. The Loutitt family also intersects with two other
prominent families of the Athabasca River: the Frasers and the Birds. Eliza Jane Loutitt
married Roderick Fraser, son of Colin Fraser, one of the most famous and wealthy Mtis
free traders of the area. Their daughter, Ethel Fraser, in turn married William Bird, the
son of one of the earliest Mtis settlers in Fort McMurray, Joseph Bird.

FIGURE 4 FAMILY TREE FOR WILLIAM LOUTIT
41
42
The Bird family of Fort McMurray traces back to the Bird clan of the Red River Valley
and James Jemmy Jock Bird, the mixed-race son of the British-born HBC officer,
James Bird (Appendix IH). Fiercely independent, Jemmy Jock spent much of his life
living with the Blackfoot Indians in Northern Montana and Southern Alberta. In the mid1850s, Jemmy Jock settled in the Red River region, where his father and much of his
family resided. Following the failed Riel Rebellion of 1869-1870, however, Bird moved
west again towards Alberta, where he served as an interpreter in the negotiation of Treaty
7 in the 1870s. James Bird passed away in East Edmonton in 1892, where he resided
with his brother, Dr. William Bird (Comfort, 1974, pp. 259-260; Jackson 2003).
James Birds son Joseph moved to Fort Chipewyan in 1897 and is recorded in the HBC
Post Records as working for the HBC at Fort McMurray in 1901. Joe Bird is then listed
as a permanent resident of McMurray in 1908 by Inspector W.H. Routledge during one of
his northern patrols (Matsui & Ray, 2014, p. 451; MacGregor, 1974, p. 141). In Fort
McMurray Joseph Bird married Catherine Cardinal, who gave birth to William Bird in
Fort McMurray in 1907. A captain like his father, William Bird started working on the
sternwheel steamer from 1922 until his retirement in 1972. As did most of the Mtis who
worked the rivers during the summer, William Bird trapped in the winter and lived in
Waterways before building a log house on Franklin Avenue (Comfort, 1974, p. 259).
Captain Birds children were interviewed for the Mark of the Mtis project and his
descendants are still prominent members of the contemporary Mtis community.
2.3.3
The Sanderson Family
Charles Sanderson was born in England and came to Canada with the Hudsons Bay
Company. He is recorded in the Fort McMurray HBC Post journals as active in the area
from the 1880s (see Matsui & Ray, 2014). He married Mary Malaterre, who was born in
Fort McMurray in 1883 and gave birth to George Sanderson in Fort McMurray in 1907.
George Sanderson married Katie Powder, the daughter of Jonas Powder from Rock Lake,
Saskatchewan, who moved to Lac La Biche in the 1800s and married into two of the
oldest and most established Mtis families in Alberta when he wed Mary Rose Cardinal,
daughter of Joseph Cardinal and Eliza Desjarlais. Indeed, a great many of the Mtis
families from Lac La Biche down the Athabasca, Peace, and Clearwater Rivers can trace
their lineage to the Cardinal, Desjarlais, and Powder families. In Fort McMurray, George
Sanderson and Katie Powder had several children, two of whom were interviewed for the
Mark of the Mtis project: Francis and Gertie Sanderson.

FIGURE 5 DESCENDANCY CHART OF CHARLES SANDERSON
43
44
George Sanderson initially trapped around Embarrass Portage, and his daughter Gertie
was born near Jackfish Lake in 1934. The family decided to move to Fort McMurray
permanently in 1937, when Gertie was three-years-old, so the children could begin
school, and George took up a trapline near Horse Creek, southwest of the downtown
(MOTM-MT24&25-Other03-51/Other04-51). George was a hardworking man, but he
suffered a hunting accident that would cost him one of his legs:
He was out early in the morning, on his way home. He was probably
hunting for partridges or something. And he said a shot rang out and it hit
the tree beside him. And he hollered out, Hey, watch where youre
shooting! And another shot rang out, and it hit him just below the knee in
the calf of his leg. And it just blew it apart I guess. So they had him in the
hospital for quite some time, and then they sent him to Edmonton. And they
amputated his leg just above the knee. And after a recovery time they sent
him home, and gangrene set in. So they had to take him back to Edmonton
and remove probably about eight inches of his leg then, yeah, and left him
just a little short stump of a leg (MOTM-MT103, transcript, p. 14).
George did not let his amputation slow him down for long though. He continued to hunt
and trap with his wife Katie for many years after losing his leg. His daughters told how
he was even capable of fending off a bear attack despite having only one leg.
In Fort McMurray, Gertie Sanderson married William Castor. Colin Castor, Williams
father, was born in Plamondon but moved to Poplar Point in the early 1900s, where he
trapped in the winter and worked the summers in Fort McMurray on the barges. William
Castor, like Gertie Sanderson, was born on his family trapline in 1928. Colin Castor and
his wife moved permanently to Fort McMurray in the 1930s so that William and his
siblings could attend school (MOTM-MT24&25-Other-02-50). It was in Fort McMurray
that William Castor met and then married Gertie Sanderson.
As their family grew up and their children married, George and Katy continued to trap
around Horse Creek and later along the south bank of the Clearwater River. Their
traditional handcrafts, hunting and trapping proficiency, and fishing expertise have been
documented in photographic exhibitions and books (Garvin, 2005). In fact, Katie
Sanderson has literally become the face of the traditional lifeways of the McMurray
Mtis, appearing on the cover of Garvins volume of photographs and records of
traditional harvesting, food preservation, and Aboriginal craftsmanship.

FIGURE 6 DESCENDANCY CHART OF GEORGE GOLOSKY
45

2.3.4
46
The Golosky Family
If the Mtis were born of the marriage of old Europe and old America and the Mtis
lifestyle combines elements of European commercial and Aboriginal subsistence
economic systems to create a new form of Aboriginality, then few family histories could
be more archetypically Mtis than the Golosky clan. The story of George Golosky is one
of the most compelling and deeply-rooted in the history of the McMurray Mtis
community. George Golosky was born in Romania in 1892. He immigrated to Canada
but was orphaned in Edmonton as a young boy, before being brought to Fort McMurray
by William and Christina Gordon in 1903. Golosky would later deepen his ties to the
original families of Fort McMurray when he married Agnes Biggs, the Mtis daughter of
one of the earliest and most influential settlers in Fort McMurray, William Biggs. In fact,
the marriage of George Golosky and Agnes Biggs was the first marriage performed at the
Catholic Mission at Fort McMurray in 1915.
George Golosky found himself connected not only to two of the oldest families in Fort
McMurray, but two of the most entrepreneurial as well. His father-in-law, William
Biggs, founded one of the first sawmills in Fort McMurray, on Marshall Street near the
Clearwater River, and George would become an owner and operator of the mill. His
adoptive father, William Gordon was of course the famous Scots-Canadian fur trader and
entrepreneur. In addition to his well-known free-trading and ownership of considerable
real estate in town, Gordon was the owner of the first store in McMurray, run by his sister
Christina, and one of the earliest sawmills. Gordon even built mud huts in the early
1900s that he would rent out to Mtis families who would come off the traplines in the
spring to work on the barges or in one of the early mines or mills until the fall (see
Comfort, 1974). As with his father-in-law, George Golosky operated helped to operate
the Gordon sawmill. George Golosky and William Gordon would also go on to be
among the largest landowners in Fort McMurray, owning large tracts of land from the
Prairies to the downtown, as well as land along the Clearwater River. The Golosky
family continues to operate traplines in the Fort McMurray area, reproducing the Mtis
traditional lifestyle of hunting and living partially from the land alongside commercial
activities, including trapping and transportation.
47
George Golosky and Bill Gordons Sawmill, Circa 1920, Fort

McMurray Historical Society, P2008.74.1
George and Agnes Golosky had 11 children in Fort McMurray and George
complemented his business interests with trapping and the sale of firewood for the
steamships in the winter. Unfortunately, more detailed genealogical data was available in
the interview database for only one of the sons, William Golosky, born in 1915. William
married Eva Auger, from another of the early and leading families of the Fort McMurray
area, and they would have several children, including Richard, Grant, and Douglas
Golosky, who continue to this day to own and operate the trapline of their grandfather to
the northeast of Fort McMurray. The entrepreneurial spirit, moreover, is alive and well in
the Golosky family. Douglas Golosky, the grandson of George, founded Clearwater
Welding and Fabricating Limited in 1984, a company that would grow and eventually
transform into the multimillion-dollar Golosky Group, with interests in construction,
trucking, and steel, among other sectors. Douglas is one of Fort McMurrays most
esteemed sons and is the recipient of numerous awards and honours, including the
Entrepreneurial and Ivan Ahenakew Awards, and was selected one of the 50 Most
Influential People in Alberta in 2006 for his entrepreneurial and social accomplishments.
2.3.5
The Waniandy Family
The Waniandys of Fort McMurray originate from the Iroquois-Mtis community that had
settled along the Rocky Mountains, from the Jasper area to northwest of Lesser Slave
Lake (see Matsui & Ray, 2014).

FIGURE 7 DESCENDANCY CHART OF ADAM WANIANDY
48
49
The patriarch of the McMurray clan was Adam Waniandy, the son of Ignace Waniandy, a
free trader from the Jasper area with connections to the Cardinal and Gladu families
(Fromhold, 2012, p. 141). Adam Waniandy was born in 1865 and married Christine
Gladu. This marriage produced six children and the growing family moved to the Fort
McMurray area in 1911. Adam Waniandy took up a trapline near Embarrass Portage,
where he would raise his family while working seasonally for the HBC.
Adams son Modeste Waniandy married Caroline Coutreille, with whom he would have
at least six children, including Mary Waniandy. Having lived most of her life on the
trapline, Mary married into the Ducharme family, another early Mtis settler family FortMcMurray area, and she and her husband Gilbert moved to Fort McMurray permanently,
settling down in the Prairie, near the Golosky, Castor, Auger, and Fontaine families. Leo
Waniandy, for his part, married a Blackfoot-Mtis woman named Vera Girlie Daniels,
with whom he would have seven children, and lived on the trapline year-round until the
1940s, when they moved to downtown Fort McMurray. The Waniandy family lived a
very traditional Mtis lifestyle, hunting and trapping, cutting cordwood for the steamers,
picking berries near the intersection of the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers, storing food
for the winter in basement cellars, and working as seasonal labourers (MOTM-MT66Other02-85). The multicultural nature of the family meant the grandchildren of Adam
Waniandy grew up around a myriad of languages, from Iroquois and Cree to French and
English.
The Waniandy family connects directly to another long-time Mtis family of the Fort
McMurray Area: the Malcolm family. Harry Malcolm appears in the Fort McKay HBC
Post journals of 1906 as working for the HBC in a variety of capacities from cordwood
supplier and trapper to general labourer (see Matsui & Ray, 2014). Malcolm married
Caroline Thompson. The marriage would produce several children and grandchildren
that trace directly to contemporary Fort McMurray and were interviewed for the Mark of
the Mtis study, including Dorothy and Diane Malcolm (the daughters of William and
George Malcolm) Florence Paquette, and Geraldine, Betty, and Dorothy Auger (the
daughters of Jean Malcolm and Henry Auger). It is through Jean Malcolm that the family
in turn connects to the Waniandys, as Jean would take Theodore Waniandy (son of
Adam) as her second husband, with whom she would have five children who are
contemporary members of the McMurray Mtis community.
2.4
Distinctiveness and Integral Practices of the Mtis Community
50
In order to demonstrate that the Mtis of Fort McMurray represented a historic and
rights-bearing Aboriginal community, it is not enough to document the geographical
extensiveness, ethnogenesis, and lineage of the original settlers and their progeny; one
must likewise provide evidence that these settlers represented a distinct and cohesive
Aboriginal community engaged in traditional harvesting practices that were integral to
the community and its culture, so as to constitute an Aboriginal right.
2.4.1
Internal Cohesion
One of the conventional indicators of a distinct Mtis community is intermarriage among

members of that community. This is based on the idea that Mtis ethnogenesis in the
generations following the initial marriage between a European male and an Aboriginal
female is propagated by a tendency of the offspring of such pairings to seek out and
marry Mtis people, having been brought up in a space between the Indian village and
the fur trade post (Devine, 2005; Foster, 1994). The internal cohesion of the McMurray
Mtis community is evidenced by two genealogical trends. On the one hand, perhaps the
most striking element of the genealogical information of the McMurray Mtis was the
distinct lack of examples of marriages between the Mtis and nearby Cree and
Chipewyan populations. On the other hand, both the oral-history accounts and the
genealogical data clearly demonstrate the deep interrelations between the principal
families of the McMurray Mtis community: the Cardinals, Loutits, McDonalds, Biggs,
Gladus, Ladouceurs, Powders, Birds, Waniandys, Goloskys, Augers, Castors,
Sandersons, and so on. As Reddekopp noted, The Mtis and Indian communities of Fort
McMurray were among the easiest to distinguish in all of [the] Treaty 8 [territory]
(2009, 54).
James Richard (Dickie) Dragon is a respected McMurray Mtis community Elder and
former president of the McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935). Mr. Dragons ancestry and
extended-family history suggests the high degree of internal cohesion among generations
of the McMurray Mtis community. Figure 8 shows a radial kinship network for Mr.
Dragon, based upon the genealogical and family-history information drawn from the
Mark of the Mtis interviews. Rather than presenting a tree or branch to denote ancestors
and cousins, Mtis families to which Dragon is related by birth and / or marriage over
several generations are presented as a web.

FIGURE 8 RADIAL KINSHIP NETWORK FOR JAMES DRAGON
51
52
One must keep in mind that the extent of the kinship relations of Dragon is
underestimated by the incompleteness of the data available and one can say with a very
high degree of certainty that the complete web would be more extensive. Despite the
incompleteness of the base data, the depth of the family interconnections within the
McMurray Mtis and Lac La Biche regional Mtis communities is striking.
The names appearing in Dragons radial kin network cover most of the original settlers
and founding families of Fort McMurray (McDonald, Bird, Loutitt, McSwaine,
Sanderson, Laboucane, Waniandy, and etcetera). In addition, there are links to the key
families of the broader regional community including established Mtis families from
Ford Chipewyan (Flett, Fraser) and Lac La Biche (Desjarlais, Ladouceur, Boucher, and
Cardinal). When one considers the centrality of the founding families of the McMurray
Mtis community within Dragons kin network and the appearance of members of
important Mtis families from Fort Chipewyan and the Lac La Biche regional Mtis
community, the radial kinship network of James Dragon demonstrates the historical
process of Mtis ethnogenesis at work.
This process begins with the establishment of a sub-regional community centred at Fort
McMurray at the outer margins of both the Fort Chipewyan Mtis and Lac La BicheAthabasca-Slave Lake communities in the late 19th century. Through generations of
intermarriage between local Mtis people, a distinctive local identity and culture emerges,
enabling the clear identification of a distinct, sub-regional community based at Fort
McMurray. Through ongoing links of marriage, trade, and kinship, this sub-regional
community maintained connections to the broader regional Mtis community, eventually
becoming the regional axis, at the same time as its core families remained in Fort
McMurray and grew in both size and economic diversification, integrating newcomers
into the community and its way of life.
2.4.2
Culture and Self-Identification
The McMurray Mtis were culturally distinct from their First Nations and Euro-Canadian
counterparts and identified themselves as such. One of the distinguishing cultural
characteristics of the Mtis, when compared to First Nations, was the attachment to the
Roman Catholic Church, and to a lesser degree the Anglican Church in the case of some
Mtis of part-Scottish descent. Oral histories suggest the McMurray Mtis were
primarily Roman Catholic. As one Elder observed, referring to the Fort McMurray of his
parents generation, circa 1920s:
53
Oh no, everybody was Catholic. Maybe a few that were Protestant, but
everybody was Catholic. We didnt have these different churches coming
into our town like Pentecostal and stuff like that. Everybody went to the
Catholic Church. That was a big thing, going to church (MOTM-MT05,
transcript, p. 19).
The significance of the Catholic Church, not simply in terms of the nominal affiliation of
the population, but also the substantive attachment to the Church and its teachings, is
supported by another Elder, who responded, when asked about the major celebrations and
events of the McMurray Mtis:
Well, Christmas was a big thing for us, because everybody was made to go
to Midnight Mass and such like that. It was a big thing, and Easter was a
big thing. We all got a new outfit andbecause we were all made to go to
church in our younger day. We were Catholic religion; well, most Mtis
people are (MOTM-MT54-ID73, transcript, p. 10).
Religion was not the only significant cultural marker that distinguished the Mtis from
other populations; language further differentiated the McMurray Mtis from the nearby
First Nations, as well as the Euro-Canadian communities to the south.
Language is intimately connected to the culture and identity of a community.
Considering the central role of the English and Scottish administrators and fur traders of
the HBC after 1820, the language of commerce in Fort McMurray was English. Distinct
from the First Nations populations, then, many of the Mtis grew up listening to and
speaking European languages, primarily English and French. Consistent with the
matrilocal settlement patterns characteristic of the Mtis, however, where the Aboriginal
females determined residency and cultural milieu (see Macdougall, 2010), Aboriginal
languages predominated in the home. In the words of a Mtis matriarch, describing her
seasonal journeys on the Athabasca River, between the trapline to Fort McMurray:
Because we used to stopwed come up to McMurray for a little trip on the
houseboat. And wed stop all along the way and visit peoplethe Augers too.
There is [sic] Jenny Auger and them; Henry Auger and them. They used to
live at Poplar PointAnd then GeraldineGeraldine was one of them,
because I remember they were brought up like me. Theres Dorothy, Betty
and Geraldine. Lena was dark, the oldest one, eholdest girl? But the rest
theres three little girls there with red heads, eh, and like Jenny. And they
used to talk nothing but Cree. They could talk Cree to beat hell (MOTMMT66-ID86, transcript, p. 43).
54
The McMurray Mtis were not only distinct from First Nations in their usage of both
Aboriginal and European languages; they were distinct from the Euro-Canadian
population in that Aboriginal languages primarily Cree in the case of the McMurray
Mtis predominated in the home.
Scrip applications represent another important means of differentiating the Mtis from
other populations because they speak to the question of self-perception and selfidentification. The utilization of scrip applications is of particular value to demonstrate
those who self-identified as Mtis and not First Nation. During the Treaty 8 process, the
Mtis were offered the choice of scrip or treaty, in part in recognition of the substantial
size and influence of the Mtis population in the area (Ray, 2009, p. 53). As mentioned
above, members from 13 Mtis families received scrip in the 1890s and early 1900s,
including individuals from most of the founding families of the McMurray Mtis, such as
McDonald, Biggs, Bird, McKenzie, and Manning. Oral histories similarly support the
existence of a population that self-identified as Mtis. In the words of the granddaughter
of one of the first Mtis settlers in Fort McMurray: My dad always taught us to be proud
to be Mtis. He was proud of the fact that he was Mtis and he was a very proud man
(MOTM-MT72, transcript, p. 33). Adherents to Roman Catholicism and Cree speakers at
home, the oral history and archival records suggest that the early Fort McMurray
residents were distinctively Mtis and self-identified as such.
2.4.3
The Traditional Mtis Lifestyle and Practices Integral
From the late nineteenth century and throughout the twentieth, the McMurray Mtis
developed a distinctively Mtis lifestyle that is a key point of differentiation between the
McMurray Mtis and their First Nations and Euro-Canadian counterparts. This
traditional Mtis lifestyle is anchored in a moditional economy in constant mediation
between traditional and modern economic systems. Living on the frontier between a
more traditional, subsistence, and Aboriginal economy in which production was geared
toward the reproduction of kin and community, and a commercial economy in which
production was geared toward exchange for money, the McMurray Mtis have developed
a unique and dynamic economic system. This system is based upon fur-trade-related
activities, subsistence harvesting of traditional resources, and selective participation in
labour markets and local industries. The traditional-harvesting and subsistence
foundations of this moditional order constitute practices integral to the community.
55
The Mtis economy in the Fort McMurray area from 1870 to the second-half of the
twentieth century can be described as a mixture of elements of modern and traditional, or
moditional. Lutz defines a moditional economy as "neither traditional nor
modern...combining wage labour, capitalist investment, prestige, subsistence, and
welfare" (2008, p. 281). Haggarty (2013) applies the moditional concept to describe the
Mtis economy that articulated local modes of subsistence and norms of kin-based
support and sharing with the mercantilist fur trade and the emergent Euro-capitalist
economic order. For the Mtis, wage labour and other commercial endeavours did not
negate the Aboriginal character of their traditional land use. To the contrary, they were
and are two sides of the same coin.
The moditional economy is the core of a unique and vibrant Aboriginal lifestyle. From
their earliest manifestations as the scowmen and river-lot trappers and traders who
hunted, farmed, and harvested berries and medicinal plants, the Mtis lifestyle and
economy have been moditional from their inception. As such, this hybridized economy
comprises an important part of the distinctiveness of the McMurray Mtis while
cementing their traditional land-use practices as integral to the Aboriginal community,
constituting an Aboriginal right. The discussion of the distinctiveness of and practices
integral to the McMurray Mtis community will examine how the Mtis way of life
balanced partial integration into seasonal wage employment so as to maintain seasonal
commercial trapping and traditional harvesting practices for subsistence purposes.
2.4.3.1 Selective Integration with Labour Markets

Unlike First Nations, Mtis participation in the Euro-capitalist commercial economy
formed part of a distinct and hybridized economic system from their beginnings. Not
surprisingly, the Mtis have historically been more likely to commercialize harvested
resources via the fur trade, work as wage labourers, first at the HBC Posts and then in
transportation and industry, and settle in the villages that coalesced around trading centres
(Parker, 1980; Reddekopp, 2009). Unlike Euro-Canadian settlers, however, Mtis
participation in wage labour was continuously articulated with and anchored in the
trapping, hunting, fishing, and foraging economy of Aboriginal harvesting. In their study
of trapping in Fort McMurray, Fox and Ross found significantly higher levels of wagelabour participation among Mtis trappers than their First Nation counterparts (1979, p.
66). The evidence suggests then that the Mtis navigated wage-labour opportunities
selectively, so as to maintain the traditional Aboriginal subsistence economy.
56
Although there are means by which participation in the wage economy can strengthen the
traditional land use of First Nations, the abundance of evidence strongly suggests that
participation in the wage economy over time undermines such traditional harvesting
practices (Brody, 1977; Teillet, 1979; Gibson and Klinck, 2005). This does not seem to
have been the case for the Mtis since selective and often seasonal integration with the
labour market appears designed to supplement and maintain traditional winter trapping.
From the scowmen on the Athabasca River to the early workers of the oil sands in the
1960s, however, the Mtis successfully blended wage labour and traditional land use in
and around Fort McMurray. The seasonal migration pattern of wage work in Fort
McMurray in the summer and trapping in the winter ensured that the wage economy
supported rather than undermined the subsistence economy. The hunt continued to
provide families with food throughout the winter, and summer harvests of garden
vegetables, wild plants, and berries were preserved for consumption throughout the year.
Referring to the generation circa 1930s, one Elder stated:
So, they didnt make money, people didnt make much money, but like with
my dad, he trapped in the wintertime[and] He worked in the summertime,
thirty-five cents an hour loading boats or whatever he was doing at that time
when we were really small. My mother could go down to the store with five
dollars and buy enough stuff toyou know, like, staples and stuff, to last the
week. And, then theres the rabbits and the moose meat and all that stuff and
the fish, you know. They used to fish in the river, and these rivers, they were
beautiful rivers, you know, the Athabasca, the Clearwater, you know, before
they started tampering with them (MOTM-MT74-$TR09-93).
The combination of summer wage labour and winter trapping would persist into the era
of rapid-oil-sands development, where today many members of the present-day
McMurray Mtis community work in the oil and gas sector and other industrial activities
while maintaining time and space for traditional subsistence harvesting and commercialfur-trapping activities, despite the encroachment and despoliation of the areas
surrounding Fort McMurray by oil sands extraction.
2.4.3.2 The Fur Trade: Foundations of the Moditional Economy

The fur trade was in many ways the original moditional economy. The arrival of
European fur traders altered Aboriginal settlement patterns and economic practices while
producing a unique sociocultural and economic system that nevertheless remained
embedded in and consistent with local Aboriginal values and culture (Berger, 1977, p.
86). The Mtis were the chief interlocutors and proponents of this unique sociocultural
57
and economic system produced by the fur trade. The fur trade integrated the Athabasca
River Basin into continental and international markets from the late-18th century to the
early-20th century. While fur trading provided cash, opportunities for credit, and
consumption of consumer goods and provisions from industrializing Europe and Canada,
local families supported themselves according to local customs and available resources.
The trading posts at Fort Chipewyan, Fort McKay, Fort McMurray/Waterways, and
Athabasca were connected by a series of smaller outposts, portage routes, and Mtis
villages, the traces of which can still be found at sites such as Pelican Settlement, Grand
Rapids/Grand Island, Poplar Point, and Embarrass Portage. These sites provided
provisions to those working in the fur trade and were stocked with dry goods and fuel via
the river. Wherever trapping was lucrative and transportation routes accessible, Mtis
families trapped in the cold months and harvested wild game, picked berries, and
stockpiled food during the warmer months. While the Catholic Church and the Hudsons
Bay Company shaped Mtis culture and civilization at the trading post, governance out
on the land was managed in extended family and kin-based networks of harvesters,
Elders, and community leaders. Wildlife management, usufruct rights to territory, and
the provision of welfare were decided by the people who own themselves according to
local customs (see Devine, 2004). One feature of this system was trapline management.
Traditionally, Mtis families practiced their own system of territorial and wildlife
management (Ray 1976, 1990). As fur traders moved into new territories and opened up
trading routes, trapping families would settle along rivers and around posts. The
competitive phase of (the fur trade from the 1860s to the 1890s coincided with the
establishment and settlement of trapping families in and around Fort McMurray.
Intergenerational hunting bands would look after their own areas and coordinate wildlife
supply management with neighbouring parties. Customary traplines were essentially kinbased collective harvesting areas recognized by tradition. Prior to the 1930s, trapping in
the Athabasca River basin was open and unregulated. Trappers operated from bases at
the forts, from the small, informal hamlets that dotted the Northern Alberta Railway, or
from outposts along the Athabasca River, and regulation and conservation practices were
decided by local Aboriginal and Mtis customs (Fox and Ross, 1979, p. 20). Although
fur was traded for cash or credit used to purchase consumer goods produced in distant
markets, trappers depended upon the subsistence economy for their survival and the local
modes of production and consumption remained largely Aboriginal and subsistence in
character. As one Elder who grew up on the trapline remarked, Like, we lived off the
land over there.

transcript, p. 9).
58
There was always something to do, you know (MOTM-MT32,
Trapping is in many ways the foundation of the distinct Mtis lifestyle, fusing the
commercial and subsistence economies. Traplines have to be carefully spaced to avoid
over-exploitation of local resources and fur-bearing-animal populations have to be
managed carefully according to local environmental knowledge. Having to travel often
large distances to traplines from larger population centres such as Fort McMurray in the
fall and winter made it necessary for trappers to have stable, local food supplies for the
duration of the season. While geared toward commercial production for fur markets,
trapping as an occupation entails a particular subsistence lifestyle. Trappers have to be
relatively self-sufficient on the line, hunting game for food, collecting plants, and
firewood and storing food for winter. If the trapper has dogs, and prior to the 1960s the
trapper always had dogs, then a source of fish to feed the sled-dog was needed (MOTMMT-101-F10-116). In order to participate in the commercial fur trade, then, a trapper
had to be based in the subsistence economy.
Emile Shot Fosseneuve and son Roderick, Fort McMurray, Alberta, 1922,
Glenbow Museum Archives, NA-1324-3.
Oral history accounts shared by Elders who told how their grandparents and parents lived
(pre-1930s) suggest that trapping areas are integrated geographical spaces of economic
activity, cultural practices, and socialization of youth cultural geographies. Although
trapping happens primarily in late fall, winter and early spring when fur coats are thick,
59
animals are hungry, and lakes and ponds are frozen and easier to navigate, in the summer
traplines are used for hunting, fishing, berry picking, camping, and gathering. Trappers
could catch and sell muskrat, beaver, mink, weasel, otter, fisher, marten, even fox and
wolf, but on the trapline Mtis harvesters required sources of game meat big enough and
plentiful enough to feed families and neighbours. According to one Mtis local historian,
As far as food sources of course and their spring rounds, there was trapping and muskrat
season, muskrat, the beaver, caribou, moose, deer, and bearand of course fish and
ducks (MOTM-MT 28-Other03-53). Given the proximity of cabins to the rivers and
year-round accessibility, fish such as jackfish, pickerel, whitefish and goldeye which
were smoked in the fall and winter but eaten fresh in summer represented a key source
of meat protein for families and sled dogs (MOTM-93-F40).
In addition to hunting and fishing, families would harvest berries in summer and fall.
Some berries would freeze on the bushes and could be harvested frozen deep into the
winter. Berries and produce from trapline cabin gardens could be canned or stored in
cellars to feed the family through the winter trapping season:
Oh, yeah, she used to go up there, her and her friends, blueberries, but my
mum used to pick any kind of berries. If she knew there was a patch of
berries somewhere, she would go and get them, like raspberries,
strawberries, you know. And in the fall she used to do a lot of canning, like,
beets, pickles and that sort of stuff, jams (MOTM-MT95-B18-110).
In fact, before natural resource legislation and fish and game laws prohibiting permanent
trapline habitations and gardens, trappers often lived on lines with gardens, root cellars,
and even livestock. As one Elder recounted of life growing up on the trapline:
Interviewer: Did your mum have a garden or your grandma have a garden?
Interviewee: Oh, we had big gardens, yeah, always had gardens.
Interviewer: Do you remember what she planted or
Interviewee: Well, potatoes and beans and carrots, all that stuff, you know.
Interviewer: And where would she store it?
Interviewee: We had a cellar.
Interviewer: In the basement?
Interviewee: No basement, just a cellar (MOTM-MT104, transcript, p. 7).
It was not just berries and vegetables that were preserved and stored for the winter. In the
absence of refrigeration, much of the McMurray Mtis diet was preserved:
Interviewee: The caribou was all canned, all canned, the fish was canned and
in the summer we had, like, almost two lots of garden that we had to tend to
and then we had a root cellar for all the root vegetables and any of the other
vegetables, everything was canned (MOTM-MT75-CA07-94).
60
While subsistence use of land on the traplines sustained trappers through long and
relatively isolated stretches of winter, subsistence living supported the growing village of
Fort McMurray. Families that resided in Fort McMurray regularly engaged in a range of
subsistence-harvesting activities. The silt deposits on the shores of the winding
Clearwater River made good land for growing grass to feed livestock or gardens to feed
families and the commercial centre and the surrounding forests on the hills overlooking
the Athabasca-Clearwater confluence provided fuel, food and water, while the Prairies
were used to grow hay, garden, pick berries, and produce hides and traditional clothing
materials. In addition to food preservation, the subsistence economy spawned a series of
ancillary activities, such as the making of traditional clothing.
Now more a matter of cultural expression, traditional clothing was at one time a question
of necessity. On the frontier and at outposts of the fur trade, such as Fort McMurray,
where transportation routes were sporadic and trade was impeded by weather and
geography, it became necessary to make clothing and shelter with locally-available
resources. According to one of Fort McMurrays most distinguished residents, referring
to the 1940s: Agnes Biggs would make moccasins and clothing out of animal hidesas
a matter of fact, down there at the end of Franklin, that's where she and Mrs. Castor
would go and tan moose hide (MOTM-MT17-ID43, transcript, p. 14). Another Elder
born around the same time recalls the more traditional manner of obtaining clothing in
the Fort McMurray of her youth: My mum used to do beadwork, she used to make
moccasins, she used to make our coats, out of old coats and stuff like that (MOTMMT54-ID73, transcript, p. 9). Speaking of life as a child in Fort McMurray, another
respected community Elder noted: You always had your moccasins or your mukluks on.
You always had some kind of hide, hide gloves or something, yes, we always had them.
There was quite a few of us that wore that stuff (MOTM-MT29-ID08, transcript, p. 40).
Some entrepreneurial Mtis people took the opportunity to make money from this rich
boreal forest environment full of traditional resources that could be commercialized for a
tidy seasonal profit, again demonstrating the interconnectedness of the commercial and
subsistence economies within the moditional order of the Mtis:
Interviewee: If you look at Arthur Huppie, Dumas Huppie. They lived on

their traplines as long as I can remember. They, I don't think they ever owned
land. Arthur did in his later years but that was in Lac La Biche. Arthur's dad,
Simon Huppie, he's another one that lived on a trapline and his big thing in
the fall was to take people picking blue-berries along the railway tracks, pay
them 20 cents a pound and he's sell them and obviously he made money every
year picking blue-berries. That was a big thing. I can remember that being a
big thing for him. There was, there was several places along the railway track
that was known for having blue-berries. So they would load up their tents and
go to these blue-berry spotsThere was these known blue-berry spots, so he
would hire people, pay them so much a pound to go pick blue-berries and he
would set up tents and he would provide the blue-berry boxes, because I
remember putting them together (MOTM-MT18-B03-44).
61
Berries were just one traditional resource that was harvested for subsistence and
commercial purposes. Wood was necessary as a domestic fuel source, but could also be
sold in Fort McMurray. Families who could hunt for their own food, trap and sell furs,
chop wood, and make clothing found a market for their goods in the village of Fort
McMurray, even though providing a growing settlement with traditional resources from
what was essentially a subsistence economy proved to be hard work:
Interviewee: Wed go pick blueberries every fall, the whole family. We lived
downtown there by the Prairie and my dad would hook up the horses and the
wagon and bring the whole tribe up here on Saturday. Starting from the
Sawridge, all around this area, wild blueberries. Wed go home with two tubs
full at night. My mother used to can 600 to 700 quarts every fall, blueberries,
vegetables and all that - 600 or 700 quarts at least. And my dad would make
sure we got wood in the yard. My dad used to sell wood in this country. My
dad had four head of horses and wed go up here and get wood, haul it
downtown, buck it up and people would come and say, I need a load of wood.
I need a load of wood. Sometimes we used to deliver wood, 10:00 at night.
We done that for years, until propane come in. When the propane come in it
killed us. My dad said, Thats good. Im tired. There was a lot of wood too.
Lets say from here where I am to that trailer, it was nothing to have six or
seven feet high of wood in our yard, all dry. The old man was a hard cuss,
boy, he was hard. He survived for his family. Couldnt read or write though.
My dads side, the parents, they done good. They used to knit and they used
to ship it on the train. Theyd knit wool socks and mitts and ship it on the
train, and Id go round and sell it to the storekeepers. One storekeeper, hell
buy the whole works and sell it to the trappers and double his money. The
crook. He doubled his money. But my grandparents were so happy to see
$150 worth of knitting (MOTM-MT04-B11-33).
62
The Mtis moditional economy anchored the Euro-Canadian commercial economy in the
kin-based support networks of the Aboriginal subsistence economy, which enabled Mtis
trappers to navigate seasonal commercial or employment opportunities, whether it was
for the production of fur, fish, wood, berries and later petroleum products. To survive in
remote areas, families had to harvest and store food for extended periods of time. Ever
the opportunists, local knowledge of seasonal cycles of growth and wildlife movement
enabled the Mtis to take advantage of opportunities to earn cash from the sale of furs,
lumber, and food plants. With this income, Mtis harvesters could purchase supplies at
the trading post, including flour, sugar, salt, and sausage or canned goods, rifles, pots,
pans and stoves. Thus traditionally, Mtis economic activities were closely supported by
subsistence harvesting of traditional forest resources with commercialization of some
seasonal products such as fur in winter, berries in summer and wood as needed. This
style of life, this mixture of subsistence and commercial activities, formed the primary
substantive activity or content of a Mtis familys material existence in the historic
community.
As Section 3 of the report will outline, from the 1930s to the 1960s, the Mtis style of life
remained largely intact in Fort McMurray and its environs, despite incremental changes
in government regulations and land-use management, which sought to formalize trapping
activities and codify and delineate licensed trapping areas, and nascent industrialization.
By the 1960s, however, the increase of investment in and production of oil and gas
production would provoke massive transformations in the local population, economy, and
culture, threatening to bury the rich Mtis history and identity of Fort McMurray under an
avalanche of outside workers, commercialization, and environmental despoliation.
2.5
A Mtis Community Prior to Effective European Control
The evidence presented to this point establishes that there existed towards the end of the
19th and early 20th centuries a Mtis community anchored in Fort McMurray that
extended north down the Athabasca River, east up the Clearwater River, southwest
towards Grand Rapids, and southeast towards Willow Lake. Shaped powerfully by the
network of waterways in the area, the McMurray Mtis settled along the rivers and lakes
of the area and were among the first permanent settlers around the Fort McMurray HBC
Post, rebuilt in 1870. Grounded in the systems of trade and transportation centered in
Fort McMurray, the Mtis established a distinct lifestyle comprised of extensive intracommunity kinship networks, multilingualism, and Christian spirituality, and a
moditional economy that blended and rooted commercial harvesting and wage labour in a
63
range of kin-based-subsistence activities that represented the practices integral to the

Aboriginal community.
If a historic Mtis community existed in and around Fort McMurray by the last decades
of the nineteenth century, the relevant question in terms of the Powley test is, did this
community predate the establishment of effective control? In Powley, effective control
was defined in negative terms and with somewhat ambiguous language, via the
description of the pre-effective-control period as that in which the Mtis were largely
unaffected by European laws and customs (Ray, 2009, p. 3). Subsequent jurisprudence
has served to clarify the definition and criteria somewhat, though no general test exists
and conceptual and evidentiary ambiguities remain. In R v. Willison, the trial judge in
British Columbia defined effective control as existing when European settlers exerted
government-like control over the territory, providing the examples of the creation of the
Dominion, the appointment of a customs commissioner and a Chief Justice, as well as the
influx of the Euro-Canadian population associated with the gold rush (Ray, 2009, p. 3).
However, de jure control of a territory does not signify de facto control and does not in
and of itself equate with the effective ability to enforce laws and thus effect existing
customs and practices.
In R v. Belhumeur, a Saskatchewan judge defined effective control as having emerged
when the Crowns activity had the effect of changing the land tenure, lifestyle, and
economy of the Mtis in a given region (cited in Reddekopp, 2009, p. 28). Later, in the
case of R v. Laviolette, another Saskatchewan judge found that effective control was not
established in Northwestern Saskatchewan until 1912, when the Department of the
Interior established townships and the Mtis registered their land under the new tenure
system (Ray, 2009, pp. 3-4). Again, implementation and enforcement of land tenure laws
does not necessarily herald transformations in the lifestyle and economy of those subject
to the new laws. From these examples, one can distil two critical points with respect to
the establishment of effective control: (1) for effective control to be established, the state
must have erected formal institutions for legal control over the land in question, i.e.,
systems of land tenure, regulations over hunting and trapping, and law-enforcement
apparatuses; and (2) that this legal and institutional framework is implemented and
enforced so that it effects a substantive transformation in the lifestyle of the Mtis
population of the territory.
Interventions and regulations over lands advanced earlier than those over trapping. The
most significant encroachment of the Canadian State into the lands of Northern Alberta
64
would take place with the signing of Treaty 8 in 1899 and one might be inclined to
consider this point as confirming the establishment of effective control. However, many
of the Mtis did not sign Treaty 8, despite the government inviting them to do so.
Moreover, Ray found that the Aboriginal lifestyle in the Athabasca and Peace River
districts remained largely unaffected for many years after the signing of the treaty (2014,
pp. 52-53). With regards to systems of land tenure, Fort McMurray was not surveyed
until 1911 and the Dominion Lands Office was not established until 1913.
Another critical barometer through which one can evaluate the exercise of effective
control in the area around Fort McMurray is the immigration of Euro-Canadian settlers.
Indeed, the objective of the land survey of Fort McMurray and the installation of a
Dominion Lands Office was precisely to encourage the immigration of Euro-Canadians
into the area, in particular to exploit its petroleum resources. However, as was discussed
above, Christina Gordon was the only Euro-Canadian women in Fort McMurray prior to
1910, and there were no Euro-Canadian children born in Fort McMurray until 1912.16
Despite the periodic and temporary influx of oil speculators and developers, the evidence
presented above and in the subsequent sections suggests that among the Fort McMurray
population, an Aboriginal and particularly Mtis identity and lifestyle remained central if
not dominant at least until the 1960s.
Even when laws to regulate and protect personal safety, hunting, and property rights are
in place, they must be enforced in order to constitute the exercise (rather than the mere
assertion) of effective territorial control. Fort McMurray was included in the
Northwestern Mounted Police (NWMP) patrol in 1897. However, the patrol itself was
over 2,000 miles. The N Division was established at the Lesser Slave Lake in 1904, but
its focus was towards Edmonton to the south. There was an outpost at Fort Chipewyan
by 1905, but it consisted of one person. Writing on effective control in the early
twentieth century, Ray observed that Most of the old Athabasca Districtand beyond
the Peace River more generally, remained sparsely controlled for many years (2014, p.
53). When Fort McMurray finally received its own NWMP detachment in 1913, it
consisted of one corporal and was closed in 1917 when the Alberta Provincial Police took
over policing responsibilities in the province (Comfort, 1974, p. 290).
Regulations over hunting, trapping, and land tenure are among the main ways in which
the state exercises control over new territories and are of particular interest in terms of the
16
Ms. Gordon was described by one Euro-Canadian traveller in 1907 as the only white woman on a five
hundred mile stretch of the Athabasca (Cameron).
65
kinds of exercise of state authority that might effect changes in the lifestyle and economy
of the Mtis. In northern Alberta up until the end of the 1930s, there was practically no
regulation of subsistence harvesting. As Devine observed:
After 1885, responsibilities for the management of wildlife populations were
a federal responsibility, and, because of the logistical factors involved,
enforcement of any federal wildlife legislation during this period was moot.
In fact, the Canadian governments attitude to northern Aboriginal
populations at this time was one of benign neglect (2010/2011, p. 32).
In northern Alberta, open and unregulated trapping was the norm, whether around the
networks of forts and trading posts or the informal settlements that lined the major
transportation routes (Fox and Ross, 1979, pp. 20-21). It was not until responsibility for
the management of natural resources was transferred to the provinces in 1930 and Alberta
Lands and Forests began registering traplines in 1937 that there was any meaningful
attempt to impose state regulations on hunting and trapping activities (Fox and Ross,
1979, pp. 20-21). As the Alberta Government began to assert jurisdiction over wildlife
and natural resource management in the 1940s and 1950s, trappers had to be licensed.
Alberta Lands and Forests began registering traplines and eventually transformed
traplines into trapping areas.
The impact of trapline regulation upon the McMurray Mtis is questionable. Interviews
with Elders and trappers suggest that regulations of trapping and other traditional
harvesting were largely unenforced until the 1960s (MOTM-MT28, transcript, p. 43).
Much the same could be said for the regulation and enforcement of property rights. As
Parker observed in his study of Fort McMurray, despite the limited land survey done by
1911, the majority of the Mtis prior to the 1950s and 1960s had little interest in or
concern for private property, as land remained abundant and systems of land tenure
remained fluid and open (1980, p. 35). Indeed, the lack of concern for property rights
(and the absence of their enforcement) would prove costly to the McMurray Mtis in the
1960s, when the first wave of oil-sands development and the concomitant population
influx resulted in many Mtis families being forcibly removed from the homes in which
they had lived for decades.
In addition to the lack of trapline-regulation enforcement, oral history interviews and
trapline records available publicly suggest that trapline regulations failed to transform the
material practices and cultural significance of trapping within the McMurray Mtis
community. Despite the clear intention of legislation to reduce trapping to a strictly
66
commercial and individualistic activity, many Mtis families successfully navigated the
new system by registering traplines and passing them on to their children. In some cases
sons and daughters took over traplines adjacent to the family area after a period of
apprenticeship. Families would often have two or three adjacent lines held between
generations in neighbouring townships. Thus the trapline, or Registered Fur Management
Area (RFMA) as it came to be called, remained a collective cultural concept: by the midtwentieth century, Mtis families used the trapline as they had customary territories in the
past, trapping in winter and using cabin infrastructure in various parts of the traplines (if
they were accessible in summer) for hunting, gathering berries, and plants, and passing
on cultural traditions and knowledge. Trapline regulation and licensing rules did not
therefore alter the Mtis economy and way of life in the Fort McMurray area and for
some families enabled its preservation in the event of intrusion from outsiders looking to
move into new trapping territories long controlled by local Mtis families.
As will be shown in Section 3, throughout much of the 20th century the McMurray Mtis
continued to hunt, fish, and trap as they had for most of the previously century, with very
little impact from the encroachment of the state. Given the sporadic and tenuous
regulation and enforcement of laws related to personal safety, trapping and hunting, and
property in the Fort McMurray area, one would be hard-pressed to define effective
control as existing prior to the 1920s, when the railroad was completed. And in any
event, the precise date is of minor importance, given that under no circumstances could
effective control be considered to have existed prior to 1910 and the evidence presented
here quite clearly demonstrates the existence of a Mtis community in and around Fort
McMurray for decades prior.
3. Change, Adaptation, and Continuity: The Emergence of an Early

Modern Mtis Village in Fort McMurray
This section bridges the analyses of the historic and contemporary communities, with an
emphasis upon the common identity, sense of distinctiveness, and cultural uniqueness of
the McMurray Mtis community and the continuity of the practices integral to its
Aboriginal culture. The period from the early twentieth century to the 1950s brought
several significant changes to the Fort McMurray area. The growing presence of the state
supported the nascent industrialization of resource exploitation, in the forms of sawmills,
67
salt mines, and fish-packing plants, that generated new demands for wage labour and
bolstered the place of Fort McMurray as the economic axis of the region.
The strategic centrality of Fort McMurray, as the regional hub linking northeastern
Alberta to the rest of the province, Canada, and the world, was further extended and
solidified in 1925 when construction on the Waterways Terminal of the Alberta and Great
Waterways Railway was completed. The extension of the railway north to Fort
McMurray deepened the interconnections of the Lac La Biche regional Mtis community,
as families worked, migrated, and settled along the railways, while shifting its centre of
gravity definitively towards Fort McMurray by the 1940s and 1950s.
The socio-economic transformations supported by state intervention and industrialization
in the Fort McMurray area would modify the settlement and seasonal movement patterns
of the Mtis community. Many of the Mtis families along the river lots became semiurbanized as they started to move to and build permanent homes in the village, travelling
to the traplines for the winter or taking up traplines closer to town. Whereas prior to the
1920s many families were based at the traplines and travelled to Fort McMurray from
time-to-time or for the summer, by the 1940s and 1950s many families had created
permanent homes at Fort McMurray and travelled to the traplines primarily in the winter.
At the same time, the pull of Fort McMurray was strengthened to the south by the
railway, which spawned a host of new Mtis settlements along its traverses, many of
whose inhabitants would eventually end up in Fort McMurray.
The residents of Fort McMurray similarly experienced important sociocultural changes.
In particular, children were institutionalized in the public school system, the result of
which was the progressive loss of the Cree language among many young people. At the
same time, however, many of the socio-economic and cultural transformations of the
decades were shaped by the McMurray Mtis themselves as part of their moditional
economy and lifestyle. The Mtis were actively involved in the extension of public
services in the city and played crucial roles in the early economic development and
industrialization of Fort McMurray.
Despite the acceleration of the processes of urbanization and proletarianization,
moreover, the moditional economy of the McMurray Mtis remained anchored in their
traditional Aboriginal style of life, including subsistence and commercial harvesting. As
such, the McMurray Mtis sustained a strong sense of common identity and cultural
distinctiveness throughout the period. Because so many of the new permanent settlers
68
between the 1930s and 1950s were themselves Mtis, whether from the Athabasca River
lots or the railway communities to the south like Conklin, migration toward the growing
town had the effect of strengthening existing the McMurray Mtis community, its
connections to the regional community, and indeed the Mtis character of Fort
McMurray, which was itself in many ways a Mtis village.
3.1
The Presence of the State: Regulation and Development
By the early 1900s, interest in the Athabasca oil sands had brought the first wave of
prospectors, led by a handful of Euro-Canadian speculators such as Von Hammerstein
and J.K. Cornwall. In 1909 the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway announced it
would build its northern terminus near Fort McMurray, sparking transformations in the
geographic centrality and developmental trajectory of the small proto-village. In 1910
the first salt wells were successfully drilled near the mouth of Horse Creek and within a
couple of years the first sawmills were running in Waterways (MacGregor, 1974, p. 143).
In recognition of these developments, the Government of Canada moved to establish a
property-rights regime. Fort McMurray was surveyed by 1911 and declared a settlement.
By 1913 a Dominion Lands Office was installed to handle the boom in land speculation
fomented by oil prospectors and in 1937 the Alberta Government began regulating
trapping by requiring trappers to register their lines with and pay fees to Alberta Lands
and Forests.
As the state moved to regulate property relations in support of private enterprise and the
population slowly grew, the government designated Fort McMurray a school district in
1912 (then changed to a village district 1915) and the first public school was built in
1913. By 1927, population growth had resulted in the opening of a second school, Peter
Pond. In 1937, St. Gabriels Hospital was opened to meet the health-care needs of the
emergent proto-village. The hamlet grew slowly but steadily until it was declared the
Village of Fort McMurray in 1947 and the Town of Fort McMurray in 1948, when the
population exceeded 1,000 for the first time in its history.
The transformations initiated by the transportation and industrial revolutions going on
around northeastern Alberta, however, should not be understood in a mechanical sense as
external forces imposed upon the passive Aboriginal population. Quite to the contrary,
and consistent with their moditional socioeconomic system, the McMurray Mtis were
active participants in the changes taking place within and around their community. When
the Dominion Surveyors arrived in 1910, many of the initial landowners that emerged
69
from the division of land into the original 26 plots were Mtis, including members of the
McDonald, Biggs, Manning, the McKenzie, and Armit families, among others. Around
the same time, William Biggs founded one of the first sawmills in Fort McMurray that
would later be operated by his son-in-law George Golosky. The founding of the first
school, moreover, was a thoroughly Mtis affair: in 1912, the community selected Alex
McDonald, Donald McKenzie, William Biggs, and William Gordon to oversee the
establishment of the first public school in Fort McMurray. McDonald, McKenzie, and
Biggs were all from prominent Mtis families that had taken scrip in McMurray, and
Gordon was of course the step-father of George Golosky with deep ties to the Mtis
community. It must also be remembered that despite the village and later town
designations, Fort McMurray remained a relatively small northern community until the
1960s, when the first major oil-sands operations began.
Figure 9 - Fort McMurray Population, 1916-72
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1916
1951
1961
Source: Drawn from censuses of population in years depicted
1972
The population of Fort McMurray was a mere 158 inhabitants in 1916. Although census
data for the 1930s and 1940s was unavailable, by the 1950s and 1960s the population was
holding steady at just over 1,000 people. An important part of the jump between the
registered population in the 1910s and the 1950s, moreover, would be accounted for by
the amalgamation of Fort McMurray and Waterways in the 1940s, which suggests that
despite the railway connection in 1925 and the nascent industrialization that began from
around 1910, the population of Fort McMurray between the 1920s and the 1950s grew
rather slowly and did not witness a mass influx of Euro-Canadians immigrants from other
parts of the country until the period from 1961 to 1972. The Mtis character of Fort
70
McMurray thus remained strong, from its inception as a fur-trading post until at least the
1960s, and many of the members of the McMurray Mtis community took advantage of
local commercial opportunities to integrate themselves and their community into the
developing Alberta resource economy.
3.2
Changing Settlement and Employment Patterns
Transportation and industrialization fomented important transformations in the patterns of

settlement and employment among the McMurray Mtis. In the last decades of the 1800s
and early 1900s, trapline cabins on river lots were the primary residences for most of the
settlers in the area. The river lots, moreover, were where much of the economic activity
of the family took place, including trapping, other commercial activities like cutting
cordwood, and subsistence harvesting. Some families migrated to Fort McMurray in the
summer to work the barges, and trips to town to visit friends and purchase provisions
were common, but the river lots remained the centre of family life for many of the
inhabitants of the area.
From the 1920s onwards, however, the possibilities of wage labour, whether in the
rapidly growing transportation industry or the saw mills and salt mines of the protoindustrial economy, drew more families into Fort McMurray for longer periods of time
(see Parker 1980). The provision of education and other government services, moreover,
strengthened the urban pull. As one Mtis community member put it, We lived on the
trapline foryou were five-almost six, because we had to go to school, when we came
up. And we came up on the paddleboat, because that's the only time I can remember
coming off that trapline, really. And I didn't remember thatand we didn't speak
English (MOTM-MT70-ID89, transcript, p. 18). Indeed, the possibility of education of
children emerged in interviews as the main reason families built permanent homes in Fort
McMurray.
As more and more families settled in Fort McMurray as their principal residence, the
three main neighbourhoods of the Mtis community took shape: the Downtown, the
Prairies, and Waterways (see Figure 10). Most of the earliest Mtis families, such as the
McDonalds, Shotts, Goloskys, Armits, Biggs, and Sandersons, lived in the downtown and
nearby Prairies, augmented by those that moved permanently to Fort McMurray in the
decades after 1910, like the Ladouceurs, Paquettes, Castors, Augers, Laboucanes,
Martins, Cardinals, Leitners, Powders, Fontaines, and Grahams.
480000.000000
6289000.000000
Conn Creek
6289000.000000
Athabasca River
477000.000000
MacDonald Island
M
il l
Snye River
er
ee
Cr
k
!
HBC Post
Downtown
Fort McMurray
!
Cemetery
Athabasca River
R
orse
Cl
iver
ea
r
Prairies
wa
ter
Ri
ve
6286000.000000
6286000.000000
Railway Station!
Waterways
6283000.000000
ing
6283000.000000
ng
Ha
ne
st o
r
Sa
ve
Ri
e
lin
k
ee
Cr
477000.000000
480000.000000
Figure 10. Mtis Settled Areas in Fort McMurray
Kilometers
Scale when printed on 8.5 inches by 11 inches is 1:45,099

Map Sources: McMurray Mtis, ESRI & Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
Legend
!
Landmarks
Railways
River
72
Farther out in the Waterways lived another group of Mtis residents, including the Birds,
Loutitts, Ducharmes, Oakleys, and Woodwards.
Despite the existence of formal property rights and regulations, the influx of Mtis
residents into Fort McMurray resulted in a highly open and fluid system of land tenure.
As Parker observed, prior to the 1950s, most Mtis showed little interest in or concern
over private property rights, owing to the abundance of open land for settlement, with
families either renting from Mtis owners or more commonly building a shack on
unoccupied land without a permit (1980, p. 35). The lax attitude towards property rights
would prove costly in the 1960s and 1970s, however, when an influx of Euro-Canadian
immigrants seeking work in the oil sands would result in many Mtis families getting
pushed off land they had inhabited for decades.
In an interview with long-time Mtis community historian and self-described squatter in
the ancestral family cabin at Waterways, one community Elder told of the fate of Mtis
families who had not secured formal property rights: between 1967 and 1969, twenty-two
families were displaced from the Hangingstone River by the municipality in order to
build lodging for oil sands workers along the Saline Creek:
Interviewee: Hangingstone Creek, there was about twenty-two families living
there for a few generations and they were all evicted, by the Town of Fort
McMurray and GCOS for their housing. They were given the most these
twenty -two families were given was about 700 dollars. Thats what happened
to all of them.
Interviewer: What year did that happen?
Interviewee: 68-69
Interviewer: Where did they go?
Interviewee: Some families ended up on the streets, some remained here,
moved their house.
Interviewee: () Right near Hangingstone. In there. There was families all
through here, in this area also. Some stayed in the bush.
Interviewer: They were like river lots?
Interviewee: They werent surveyed. They moved in there and stayed there,
they were called squatters, all in that area there. Theres the Hangingstone
there, there were families in there.
Interviewer: How long were these families living there until the municipality
removed themuntil they were kicked off?
Interviewee: For years, long before I was born. Say in the 20s and like that.
Interviewer: When did the municipality kick them off?
Interviewee: 1968-67took all that landfor the Athabasca Realty, the

housing arm of GCOS, so they could develop houses for their employees
(MLU 2013-01, X-03).
73
As this oral history account suggests, the 1920s saw an influx of Mtis families to Fort
McMurray. The greater availability of public services and wage labour in Fort
McMurray, and the attendant semi-proletarianization of many of the families that had
previously spent much of the year on the river-lot traplines, was similarly negotiated
through the existing socio-economic patterns in the reconstruction of the moditional
economy. As the presence of the state in areas such as enforcement of property rights
was limited, Mtis families were able to migrate into Fort McMurray without
dramatically altering their regular domestic patterns seasonal migration between
trapline cabins and informal homes in McMurray. Despite proto-industrialization,
moreover, much of the wage employment in Fort McMurray continued to be in the
seasonal transportation sector. As a result, proletarianization remained partial and was
conducive to the maintenance of traplines and the continuation of the subsistence
harvesting practices that were so central to the Mtis lifestyle. As noted above, even into
the 1970s Mtis trappers in Fort McMurray were 50% more likely to be employed as fulltime or part-time wage earners than First Nations trappers (Fox and Ross, 1979, p. 66).
In fact, for those who continued to live out on the traplines for much of the year, which
many did until the 1940s and 1950s, the role of subsistence harvesting was far greater
than that of wage labour and the monetary economy, as suggested by two community
Elders raised on traplines in the 1920s and 1930s:
Interviewee 1: Mind you, I was sixteen years old when I first seen money,
paper money. My dad used to trap and then all this money goes to the store
But thats what we live on all summer, right? But they never give my dad a
cent but he trade, you know. You go there and write down what you want. So
I dont know, and my dad couldnt read, I dont know if they took some
money from us there but for us, we didnt have any money, but we dont
know. Cause we never seen a cent. They wont give cash, just in trade, eh?
My dad give all his fur there; my brothers the same thing. Wherever they
give their fur, they dont get no money. And I havent seen money before
since I was sixteen years old.
Interviewer: So they just would give you something you needed from the
store?
Interviewee 1: Yeah. When we want something, we go to the store and we
ask them and they get it and they mark it down. Of course, we didnt really
need no cash because there was nothing going on there.
Interviewee 2: There was nothing to buy, anyhow.
Interviewee 1: The reason how I seen the money, my mother happened to do

some sewing, like making parkas and mukluks for the RCMP. So the RCMP
pays my mother with money, first time I seen money. I told my mother,
Why did he give you a piece of paper [laughs]? She says, Thats money,
so I didnt know. And I was sixteen years old. I mean, I didnt even see a red
penny [laughs] (MOTM-MT14&15-Other05-41, 42).
3.3
74
The Railway and the Lac La Biche-Conklin-Anzac Corridor
Whereas the late-19th-century Mtis community was oriented along the water
transportation routes, bringing smaller downstream communities such as Point Brule or
Poplar Point into the orbit of Fort McMurray, the shift to rail transportation after the
1920s saw a reorientation of the regional community southward overland toward Conklin
and Lac La Biche. The construction of the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway from
Lac La Biche to Fort McMurray between 1915 and 1925 exerted a gravitational pull
towards the railway, the stations that dotted the line, and eventually Fort McMurray. As
railway construction moved ahead and connected Edmonton and Fort McMurray via Lac
La Biche, the Mtis from surrounding areas moved closer to the line to work on the rails.
All along the line, small settlements and communities sprang up around railway sidings
such as Conklin, Imperial Mills, Philomena, Behan, Chard, Quigley, Kinosis, Cheecham,
and Devenish.
Although there were First Nations reserves nearby some of these stations, oral histories
suggest the majority of the workers and residents along the railway between Lac La
Biche and Fort McMurray were Mtis. The names of the families who lived around the
railway sidings were those of the early Mtis families of Lac La Biche: Bourque,
Cardinal, Desjarlais, Boucher, Tremblay, Quintal, and Huppie. As told by an Elder who
spent his childhood following his parents from one station to another: 90 percent of
them [along the railway] were Mtis. The reserveslike Janvier, Heart Lake, they had
their little areas. But the rest of the people in the area was all Mtis (MOTM-MT-18ID-44, transcript). Another Elder who grew in Imperial Mills concurred: [It was] all
Mtis (MOTM-MT87-GP29-28). These railway settlements were not only ethnically
or genealogically Mtis; the occupants of those settlements actively participated in and
reproduced the Mtis lifestyle.
Culturally and linguistically the residents of these railway communities maintained their
Mtis identity with its blend of Aboriginal and European influences. As with many Mtis
75
families of the Lac La Biche regional Mtis community in the early decades of the
twentieth century, most of the families along the railway spoke a blend of Cree, English,
and French:
We spoke Cree and EnglishWhen I was a kid, 'cause all the people
around us spoke Cree. All the Bourques, all the Tremblays, the Desjarlais,
all spoke Cree. Quintals all spoke Cree, Cardinal all spoke Cree. So and
they were the biggest influence those names, The Huppies, all the Huppies
spoke Cree. Ah, every one of them that I know spoke Cree at one time or
another (MOTM-MT18-ID44, transcript, p. 36).
Traditional Mtis music and dance were also commonplace in the railway communities
on weekends as families socialized: They get together in a house and they have big
roomone big room house and they had fiddle and guitar and you danced square dance,
jig, waltz, two-step, all this (MOTM-MT87-GP29-28). Tea and bannock fuelled fiddle
and guitar sessions to which young and old danced well into the night.
The Mtis along the corridor from Lac La Biche to Fort McMurray similarly reproduced
their moditional economies, combining wage labour, subsistence and commercial
harvesting, and seasonal migration. As one Elder described growing up on the rails:
There's a bunch of them, they were all foremen on the railway track and
that's who lived all along the railway track. Everybody had a trapline and
they worked the rail road. Clip and section foreman, and then you had the
people that, even in those days, traditionally that's all they did was trap. So
whether they came in from Lac La Biche or where ever for the winters
they'd come and live along the railway line. That's where they trapped some
of them lived there year round (MOTM-MT-18-ID-44, transcript, p. 24).
As Fort McMurray began to emerge as the axis of the regional Mtis community, it
exerted a powerful pull upon the Mtis families living along the railway, integrating them
in its socio-economic orbit. As Fort McMurray was the end of the rail-line and river
transport was seasonal, the summers provided employment opportunities loading and
unloading the boats and railcars that shuttled provisions and people into the AthabascaMcKenzie River basin and shipped out fur, fish, lumber, salt, and petroleum products.
At first, many families would move to McMurray for the summer to work in the seasonal
transportation industry, going back to the rail community in the winter to trap and hunt.
Eventually, however, more and more families found themselves relocating permanently
to Fort McMurray, for economic and educational reasons. One Elder who was raised in
76
Conklin initially moved with her parents to Fort McMurray in the summers for work:
thats what my dad did, it was to trap fur in the winter [around Conklin] and we
moved to Fort McMurray in the summertime and thats where he worked on the barges
(MOTM-MT82, transcript, p. 7). Over time, however, the family eventually moved to
Fort McMurray permanently so the children could attend school: So we [my Elder
siblings and I] never went to schoolbut from me downupdown, my younger
brothers and sisters, they went to school in McMurray (MOTM-MT82, transcript, p. 15).
The interconnections between Fort McMurray and the railway communities, however,
could also run in the other direction. One Elder described how he moved from Willow
Lake to Fort McMurray to work in the sawmill in the 1930s and live in Waterways, only
to move back to Anzac in 1948 when he found work on the rail (MOTM-MT01-X09-30).
Like the water transport routes of the 19th and early 20th centuries, which bound together
Mtis families in and around Fort McMurray into a distinctive sub-regional community,
from the late 1920s onward the railway strengthened the place of Fort McMurray as the
hub of the regional community and fortified its Mtis community. Much as was the case
of employment in the river-transport system, the economic opportunities provided by the
railway were managed so as to enhance and sustain the traditional Mtis lifeways based
on trapline living and hunting, and harvesting for subsistence purposes.
3.4
Continuity of Commercial Trapping and Subsistence Harvesting
Despite shifts in the settlement patterns and regional transportation network from river to
railway, the foundations of the Mtis moditional economy deep within the fur trade
remained intact from the 1920s well into the 1960s and 1970s. Indeed, the historic
continuity of trapping from the last decades of the 19th century into the 1960s is striking
and clearly evidenced by Figure 11, which overlays traditional burial grounds and historic
traplines circa 1960. The traditional burial grounds are utilized here as proxies for the
patterns of both the historic settlement and historic trapping (Garvin et al., 2001, p. 28),
given that most Mtis families around Fort McMurray in the late-19th and early-20th
centuries spent much of the year on the traplines and engaged in the traditional harvesting
of boreal-forest resources as the principal means by which to secure their livelihoods.
1130'0"W
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
1090'0"W
Big Point
Embarrass Portage
Jackfish
Poplar Point
580'0"N
580'0"N
Point Brule
Firebag River
!
!
Lobstick
Klausen's Landing
Bitumount
Fort MacKay
570'0"N
570'0"N
Fort McMurray
Draper
Methye Portage
Grand Rapids
La Loche
Anzac/Willow Lake
Kinosis!
Cheecham
560'0"N
House River
1130'0"W
10
1120'0"W
20
30
40
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
1090'0"W
Figure 11. Historic McMurray Mtis Traplines Circa 1960

50
Kilometers

Legend
Traditional Burial Grounds

Historic Traplines
Historic Trapping Areas
Railways
River
78
The names on the historic trapline maps in the Fort McMurray area circa 1960 include the
following William Castor, 1466; Fred MacDonald, 1486; Walter Loutitt, 1575; Joe Shott,
1582; Fred T. MacDonald, 2214; Edward Waniandy, 2222; James Powder and Michael
Gladue 2317; George Sanderson, 2329; William and Walter Golosky, 2422; and Archie
Cardinal and Gilbert Ducharme, 2565; among several other McDonalds and MacDonalds,
and numerous Piches.
The historic traplines are a composite of 1:50,000 scale hand-drawn paper maps housed
at the Provincial Archives of Alberta. 17 These maps were produced in the late 1950s and
the traplines and RFMAs visualized in Figure 11 are for those families with demonstrated
links to the McMurray Mtis via oral-history and archival documents.
The historic trapline maps are themselves reasonable indicators of historic trapping
patterns, with the qualification that they would tend to underrepresent the historic riverlot trapping areas, such as Pointe Brule and Poplar Point, because by the late-1950s,
many McMurray Mtis families had relocated to Fort McMurray on a more permanent
basis and concentrated their trapping and traditional harvesting closer to the townsite.
Further evidence of continuity between the trapping and harvesting of the late-19th
century McMurray Mtis community and the community by the mid-20th century is
provided by the overlap between the names and surnames from oral histories and the
census, scrip, and homestead records and those appearing on the registered traplines.
The historic trapline maps alone, however, do not tell the full story of the importance of
the fur trade and related subsistence harvesting activities to the cultural identity and
lifestyle of the McMurray Mtis community by the middle of the 20th century. As a
nucleus of the moditional economy of the McMurray Mtis, traplines remained
economically and ecologically viable well into the 1970s. One interviewee, whose
family lived in Fort McMurray but trapped around Willow Lake, described how in good
years trapping could generate an income greater than even the oil sands:
When I say, the family trapping, it would be mom and dad would be out
there, ah, every weekend, during the week whenever they could. To give
you an idea how good trapping was, I believe it was 1970, my dad worked
full-time at Suncor, by this time he'd started at the plant at Suncor, '70 or
'71, somewhere around then. He got a 100 and some lynx, now at that time
they were only worth maybe top 100 bucks. But I know he made something
like 11,000 dollars trapping part time in the winter. Working full-time in the
17
plants, doing two shut-downs, a month in the spring and a month in the fall
he made just under 10,000 bucks. So, that winter he made more from
trapping than he did working full-time at the plant. And at the plant, you're,
you're getting top wages (MOTM-MT18, transcript, p. 21).
79
Because of the continued possibilities of viable traplines and decent incomes from
trapping, some families continued to live primarily on the traplines around Fort
McMurray as their principal residence. One community member recalled growing up on
the family trapline on Horse Creek in the 1950s, where they reproduced the traditional
Mtis lifestyle, fusing subsistence and commercial harvesting:
Interviewee: The trap line was our home my mother had a root cellar, and
she jarred a lot of the berries, and fruits, and stuff. I dont know there was
times I remember there was carrots, shed make meat pies, and stuff. And
there was always vegetables in there, so.
Interviewer: What kind of things was your dad trapping?
Interviewee: Mostly beaver, squirrels, weasels, muskrats. I dont know if
they oh, lynx. I dont know about coyotes and wolves. They probably had
some of those too. But thats mostly what I remember.
Interviewer: Do you remember your father selling the furs, or?
Interviewee: Yes, I did a lot of it too.
Interviewer: Oh, did you?
Interview: Yeah. My dad would well they would prepare their furs. And
then dad would roll them all up into a big roll, put them in a bag. And I
would take them either to Haxton Mr. Haxton was the manager at the
Hudsons Bay at the time. So Id take them there and hed measure them
(MOTM-MT103, transcript, pp. 28-29).
Traplines likewise continued to serve as spaces for family and community socialization
and integration. Traplines were often organized around and managed by teams of
fathers-and-sons, which allowed for multiple means by which to keep traplines in the
family and pass on the culture and socio-economy of trapping and subsistence harvesting.
For instance, RFMA 2013 near Willow Lake was operated by a father-son team from the
1950s until the 1980s (JMLU2013-05; JMLU2013-16 $TR07 12:00). When the fatherson team relinquished that line to take over another trapline further east, the line was
given to two of the fathers other sons, which allowed the family to ensure access to
traplines and the culture of traditional land use for multiple offspring.
Similarly, the trapline was a place at which intra-community bonds were forged and
newcomers integrated, which in turn facilitated the keeping of traplines within the
community and the perpetuation of the trapping lifestyle. One interviewee recalled how
80
upon his arrival in Fort McMurray in 1959, he began trapping on the lines of other
community members, before taking over one of his own (MOTM-MT30, transcript, p.
24). The system of apprenticeship between older and younger trappers, or between local
trappers and newcomers looking to integrate into the traditional lifestyle, is a key process
of knowledge transfer, cultural retention, and community building.
The continuity engendered by this system of family and community-based traplines and
trapping endowed Mtis community members with intimate knowledge of the
topography, waterways, and wildlife of those areas, and infused the area with personal,
family, and community connections and memories to particular places and events.
Referring to RFMA 2494, where his father trapped from the 1930s until his death in
1978, a community Elder had these poignant words:
My father, he diedhe passed away at the trap line in Cheecham in 1978.
And he alwaysbecause he always said he just loved it there and he says,
Ill be here, and thats where Ithats where Im gonna die. Because he
loved it there, and thats where he spent every winter. In the summer, well,
he was up here [at Fort McMurray] and then he worked for the NTCL
[Northern Transportation Company Limited] and the barging systems and
stuff (JMLU2013-07).
Consistent with the moditional economy, seasonal work for wages, whether on the
barges, with the Hudsons Bay Company, or in the industrial mines and factories,
likewise characterized the lifestyle of many Mtis trappers. But no matter how far they
travelled in the summer for work or to harvest, come winter they would return to the
traplines that were so integral to their sense of place and identity.
As was the case at the turn-of-the-century, the trapline remained the principal area in
which families and community members engaged in subsistence harvesting and related
socioeconomic and cultural practices. Interviews with those who grew up in the 1950s
and 1960s clearly evidenced the continuation of subsistence harvesting on and around the
trapline. As one interviewee remarked of hunting and fishing on the family trapline in
the 1950s:
We ate, well, we went and got a moose whenever we wanted. We went and
got caribou wild meat was big, fish, ducks in the springtime, and, ah, my
mother's birthday is April 21st and right today, I still go shoot her a few
ducks on the trapline for her birthday (MOTM-MT18, transcript, p. 20).
81
The trapline, moreover, was not simply a source of subsistence hunting, fishing, and
gathering; it was a place where a whole range of related subsistence activities took place
from butchering and canning meat, tanning hides, and stretching furs to making
traditional gloves, moccasins, or mukluks (MOTM-MT103, transcript, pp. 38-39).
Not all subsistence activities, however, were tied to traplines. Most families in Fort
McMurray maintained large gardens around their homes into the 1950s and 1960s, which
were in turn built close to the water so that families could fish to feed themselves and
their dogs. Hunting trips for moose and caribou, moreover, continued to characterize the
life of even the year-round residents of McMurray:
Yeah, my dad was good, he was a good hunter. I can remember backit
would have been the early 50s and I remember them loading the hay wagon
and a team of horses and heading up the Athabasca River and coming home
with a whole whack of caribou. And I remember it because I was mad
because I didnt get to go, I was too young. I had to stay at Grannys. That
really ticked me off (MOTM-MT105, transcript, p. 11).
Indeed, for many families the regular hunting trips from Fort McMurray would provide
adequate meat protein to last the year: When we were younger, like, there wasyou
never really had a Safeway or anything to go to eitherWe always just depended onto
go hunting and bag a deer or a moose and thats what we lived on (MOTM-MT55&56,
transcript, p. 45). Despite the processes of urbanization and proletarianization that
characterized the period from 1930 to the late 1960s, McMurray Mtis trappers and
harvesters continued to find ways to engage in the practices integral to their Mtis culture
and community, making the immediate vicinities around Fort McMurray and other green
spaces in the area all the more important for traditional harvesting activities.
3.5
The Mtis Community of Fort McMurray
As the transportation and resource industries based in Fort McMurray expanded, the
community and its people experienced both change and continuity. Some aspects of the
Mtis culture and lifestyle were lost or deteriorated. In particular, the culture shock was
perhaps greatest for those young children who were for the first time in their lives placed
in school full time. As one Elder recalled:
Well, Fort McMurray, there was only just a little hamlet, eh. And, when I
start remembering, I remember very distinctly the day I started school. I
started school in the new Peter Pond School in 1927 and my brother was
well, he was four years older than me and he hadnt been in school. There
was nobodyyou know, a lot of people that were fourteen, fifteen years
old, hadnt gone to school yet (MOTM-MT74-X06-93).
82
The institutionalization of Mtis children in the public school system would provide
benefits in terms of future employment and income opportunities, but it would come at
the expense of the Cree language. Mtis children who were raised on the trapline tended
to speak primarily Cree when they arrived at Fort McMurray:
When we got therethere was nothing but a bush road. I mean, the way
fromall the way right to downtown Fort McMurray. And, none of us that
lived here could speak a word of English. We all spoke Cree and I often
think that woman must have had a terrible time, the young girl that taught
us, you know. But, it didnt take us long and my Aunt Katies daughter,
Mary, Mary Bird, she was already in grade nine and so shed come to our
place and shed teach us, you know, how to speak English (MOTM-MT74X06-93).
Within a generation or two, however, institutionalized education would see to it that the
Cree language was undermined so that by 1960:
They wouldnt let us sit in the house while they had company because they
were speaking Cree or whatever and if we learned how to speak it, going to
school and get in trouble because were not supposed to speakyou know,
only one language. Youre supposed to speak English and if you say
something in Cree to your buddy or something, youre going in the office
and getting a strap, because they dont know what youre saying, right
(MOTM-MT-29, transcript, p. 10).
Despite these cultural losses, what is remarkable is the degree to which the Mtis families
settling in Fort McMurray were able to renegotiate and reproduce their traditional style of
life within the burgeoning town. As we have seen, the McMurray Mtis continued into
the 1950s and 1960s to reproduce their moditional socio-economic system that combined
wage labour with harvesting for subsistence and commercial purposes by means of
seasonal migration:
But, if you look in the early '60s, late '50s early '60s, all the people used to
come from up the river to Fort McMurray and they used to stay in all the
Moccasin Flats. They'd set up their tents and they live there all summer and
then come September, they'd go back down river and head to their traplines
and their cabins and that's where they'd stay some of them until early spring,
come out about Easter time. Or Christmas time. And then on the railway, it
was there again, the railway was the mode of transportation and people had
traplines all the way along and they actually made a real good living off the
land (MOTM-MT-18-ID-44, transcript, p. 33).
83
An important question is why were the Mtis residents of Fort McMurray able to
reproduce their traditional lifestyle in the face of the kinds of urban and industrial
pressures that have in so many cases undermined the vitality of Aboriginal socioeconomic and cultural systems? Part of the explanation can be found in the fact that the
Mtis have from the very beginning defined themselves precisely by this ability to
construct and reproduce a unique and vibrant socio-economic system and culture at the
interstices of Aboriginal and Euro-Canadian societies. The other part of the explanation,
however, likely relates to the relative size and influence of the Mtis community within
Fort McMurray. Indeed, interviews with Elders suggested that the Mtis were not simply
a significant demographic and socio-cultural group within Fort McMurray, but rather that
they were the dominant group.
When asked whether Fort McMurray was a Mtis community in the pre-1960s period,
Elders were unambiguous: I always classified McMurray as a Mtis area, because
everybody was pretty well Mtis here And the Mtis still stayed here, you know,
around the community. But I always classified McMurray as Mtis, and the surrounding
area, like, Anzac (MOTM-MT26-ID17, transcript, p. 41). Unfortunately, there is no
census data available from which to verify the ethnic composition of Fort McMurray in
the 1940s and 1950s. In numerous interviews, however, Mtis Elders estimated that
between 2/3 to 3/4 of the permanent population of Fort McMurray prior to the 1960s was
Mtis, with the First-Nations population residing in Fort McMurray only in the summer
months (MOTM-MT24&25-Other09-50; MOTM-MT26-Other13-17).
When one considers that (1) the evidence presented suggests the majority of the
population in and around Fort McMurray in the first decades of the 1900s was Mtis; (2)
there is little evidence to suggest an influx of Euro-Canadian immigrations prior to the
1960s, beyond several small waves of entrepreneurs and speculators, many of whom left
when their ventures failed; (3) that many of the Euro-Canadian migrants would have
married Aboriginal women and integrated into the Mtis community; and (4) that the
recollections of Mtis Elders are of Fort McMurray as a majority Mtis community into
the 1950s and early-1960s, with First Nations living in town only in the summer, one
could reasonably conclude that Fort McMurray not only housed a substantial Mtis
community but that it was itself a majority-Mtis community from the last decades of the
19th to the middle of the 20th century.
84
Because the Mtis retained such demographic and sociocultural prominence in Fort
McMurray into the early 1960s and many of the residents were not only interrelated
genealogically and culturally, but were part of the wider Fort McMurray community prior
to their permanent relocation to town, there was a strong sense of community values and
identity among the McMurray Mtis. Interviews revealed a strong sense of sharing and
mutual support among the members of the community:
We got along, because everybody helped, everybody helped and no matter
if somebody was sick across town, you know, somebody would come and
ask my mother and, you know, shed go over there and shes go and help
her. If a woman was sick and she couldnt look after her children, shes
bring the baby homeeverybody, you know, worked with each other and
they were so good to each otherwhen somebody died, you know, they
kept the body in the house. And old Joe Shott, he was a carpenter, hed go
to work building the coffin and then theyd get the young boys to go to the
graveyard and dig the got the hole and then take the body to the church.
The women would get the things ready and theyd take the body to the
church and that was it. It was just a big family that lived together, you
know? (MOTM-MT-74-ID-93, transcript, p. 15).
The social bonds of the community were reproduced in regular get-togethers, whether to
celebrate Christian holidays or hold traditional Mtis dances with music. Christmas and
Easter were particularly important holidays to the Mtis and served as crucial moments in
the reproduction of wider community bonds: Well, it was just a littleone of those
communities that like Christmas and New Years and all these holidays, everybody gets
together. And then if somebodys having a party at their place, you just walk in.
Everybodys welcomed there because theyre just like one big family (MOTM-MT-66ID-85, transcript p. 37). More than any social activity, however, it was music and
dancing that affirmed the bonds of the Mtis of Fort McMurray:
Soand then when I got older, when we got to be teenagers, then we used
to gobecause old Eli Auger and [indiscernible] and Colin Castor were
good musicians, violin. And Grandmother Auger, used to play the accordion
and so did my mother and then theydeverybody would go to these
dances. Small houses, eh, take all their kids with themAnd thenbut
your parents were there too and you danced like crazy and went home, you
know (MOTM-MT74-X17-93).
85
Even in the winter, when many families would be on the traplines for extended periods, a
few days respite were taken in town to visit family and friends. On these occasions, music
and dance were central to the Mtis sense of community and identity:
The people, like, from up north would come down and visit and spend the
weekend I mean, theres no such thing as spending one day, theyd spend
three or four days. And naturally theyd bring their violin or their accordion
or whatever music that they played. And then they would dance and stuff
like that, have a good time (MOTM-MT-26-ID-17, transcript, pp. 49-50).
Throughout the decades of urbanization, industrialization, and proletarianization, the
McMurray Mtis continued to navigate the spaces between traditional and modern in the
construction and reconstruction of their unique Aboriginal identity and style of life. By
the middle of the century, however, a more significant threat lurked on the horizon. Little
could the Mtis of the small town of Fort McMurray have predicted the changes that
would begin in the 1960s, when the first major and modern efforts to exploit the vast
reserves of the Athabasca oil sands began, bolstered in the 1970s by the unprecedented
spike in global oil prices. As one Elder observed wistfully of her childhood:
There wasnt very many people and I have very good memories of Fort
McMurray. And, then we had the old church, the old little church thats in
Heritage Park now and we had just a few little stores and we were happy. We
didnt know what was over that hill, you know, when we were growing up
(MOTM-MT74-X06-93).
4. The McMurray Mtis in the Era of Oil

Over the first six decades of the twentieth century, numerous attempts (some artisanal,
others more industrial like Abasands and Bitumount) were made to extract oil from the
Athabasca oil sands. It was not until the Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS) opened in
the mid-1960s, however, that large-scale extractive operations achieved commercial
viability. The commercially-viable extraction of the vast petroleum reserves of the oil
sands, long the dream of Euro-Canadian prospectors and speculators, would pose
dramatic challenges to the way of life of the McMurray Mtis community.
The population of Fort McMurray, after nearly a half century of gradual expansion,
would explode from the 1960s onwards. The influx of non-Mtis workers to Fort
McMurray and the extraordinary rise in the cost of living would present an unprecedented
86
economic and cultural shock to those who had grown up in the traditional Mtis village.
The extraction of bitumen from the oil sands would radically alter the geography and
ecology of the region, significantly restricting the space and resources available for
traditional land use and harvesting activities, including trapping.
The sweeping shifts in the socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological landscapes of Fort
McMurray and its surrounding areas, however, did not wipe out Mtis traditional
harvesting practices. To the contrary, the McMurray Mtis continued to trap, hunt, and
gather traditional resources alongside new employment and commercial opportunities.
United by historic bonds of kinship, community and shared values, the local Mtis
community organized politically to defend its distinctive way of life in the face of rapid
modernization, industrialization, and waves of migration. Through various social
movements, from the labour movement and the Aboriginal social movements of the
1960s and 1970s to the formation of the Nistawoyou Association in 1964 and the
McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935) in 1987, Mtis community members fought for the
rights of their people to fair wages, affordable housing, cultural and community space,
and the right to hunt, fish, and trap in the traditional ways.
This section discusses how the rise of large-scale oil sands development and boomtown
dynamics in Fort McMurray have challenged the Mtis way of life before discussing how
the Mtis community has come together to protect its rights and interests from the 1960s
and 1970s to the present. Despite the challenges to the maintenance of traditional
harvesting due to industrial activity, environmental despoliation, price inflation, and
population surges, the McMurray Mtis community has managed to maintain ties to its
traditional harvesting and subsistence practices. This is particularly evident in the
maintenance of trapline management, subsistence hunting, and plant harvesting, even as
local workers and students have further integrated into the extractive resource economy,
representing a contemporary manifestation of the moditional Mtis lifestyle.
4.1
Challenges of the Oil Industry and Boomtown Dynamics
In 1962, Great Canadian Oil Sands (GCOS and later Suncor) received approval from the
Alberta Government to build and operate a 10,000 cubic metre per day plant near Fort
McMurray, followed that same year by the proposal of Syncrude to build a 16,000 cubic
metre per day plant. After financial difficulties and government regulations designed to
protect conventional producers delayed the project, Suncor eventually stepped in to
provide additional investment capital. The final project was approved in 1964 and went
87
into commercial production in 1967, while the Syncrude plant was completed in the
1970s and went into production in 1978. Despite ups-and-downs, these two pioneers
ultimately demonstrated the technical and commercial viability of the oil sands and setoff a resource boom of unprecedented scale in Canadian history that continues to this day.
The success of Suncor and Syncrude triggered the arrival of a host of firms that snapped
up leases and initiated commercial operations. The decades-long oil boom produced a
dramatic and yet steady rise in the population of Fort McMurray, despite the volatility
and uneven development of the industry (see Figure 12).
Figure 12 -- Fort McMurray Population, 1961-2013
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1961
1972
1981
1990
2000
2012
Source: Drawn from various censuses of population for years depicted

As the need for and value of land in Fort McMurray increased sharply, the government
began to intensify its interventions into the area via the more stringent enforcement of
hunting and trapping regulations and property rights. Despite the existence of hunting
and fishing regulations from the turn-of-the-century and trapping regulations from the
1930s, local trappers, hunters, and fishermen repeatedly noted in interviews that
regulations went largely unenforced until the 1960s (MOTM-MT26, transcript, p. 21).
As one community Elder and harvester from a family that had been engaged in traditional
land use in the area since the early 1900s observed:
Interviewee: They never bothered me, never, ever. Forestry used to talk to
me a little bit, but he just gave up when I said, Hey, this is my land here
buddy. I said, Youre coming into my territory.
Interviewer: So when did that change, do you think?
Interviewee: Probably when I was probably nineteen or something [mid1960s], it all changed big time (MOTM-MT29, transcript, p. 43).
88
Mtis traditional harvesting was further impacted by the ecological transformations

engendered by the large-scale extraction and transportation of bitumen from the
Athabasca oil sands. Echoing the sentiments of many Elders and traditional land users,
one interviewee lamented the decline in wildlife available for harvesting:
Well a lot of cut lines they dont pick up their stuff, that sort of thing and I
dont know, just with all the construction and everything thats happening
up here, something is bound to get ruinedlike, the wildlife doesnt dont
come in anymore. I mean, I do believe theyre out there, way back, but you
dont see that anymore (MOTM-MT54, transcript, p. 26).
Similar sentiments were expressed in numerous interviews regarding berries in the areas
around Fort McMurray:
Interviewee: There used to be a bunch of raspberries here. And
chokecherries, strawberries, saskatoons. Now you wont even see hardly
any raspberries around here anymore, or strawberries. Or even
chokecherries. Chokecherries, we used to go right by the point here and go
pick them, or right there by the old church. We used to go down, we used to
pick our berries there. Raspberries.
Interviewer: So, how come theres no more berries?
Interviewee: Because of all the air pollution. All these oil companies.
Everything is dried up. Youre lucky if you find any berries around here.
You gotta go a long ways to go find blueberries, Ill tell you that (MOTMMT03, transcript, p. 9).
In addition to potential land use conflicts with industrial proponents and dwindling access
to traditional resources, numerous interviewees expressed concerns regarding the safety
of the water and fish in the area, so much as to dissuade them from drinking the water
from local rivers or eating its fish:
Interviewee: Yeah, see like this clear cut I was telling you that was only
there was only GCOS eh, then it was okay. Then all these other ones, you
know, the animals are gone. No place to go, clear cuts and all that, eh.
Interviewer: What about the water quality?
Interviewee: Oh, the water dropped. You can seeyou can see what you
call sand bars now any place, even in little river, eh, sandyou never seen
that before, sand bars. I see sand bars all over now.
Interviewer: And, how are the fish?
Interviewee: I wouldnt get a fish.
Interviewer: You wont eat the fish from there no more?

Interviewee: Never. I wouldnt, nah, too much pollution, polluted.
Interviewer: Drink the water?
Interviewee: You know, before, we used to drink this water, now you cant
(MOTM-MT30, transcript, p. 56).
89
The government responded to the rising demand for land in Fort McMurray by enforcing
property rights. According to the Provincial Government, in the 1960s there were
approximately 3,200 Mtis living on crown land without satisfactory tenure in
Northeastern Alberta (Maillie, 2012, p. 7). The government responded to the mounting
need for land to house the influx of oil-sands workers by moving or expropriating
families without formal title in a sweep of the city that still conjures anger and resentment
among many of the McMurray Mtis. One community member and local historian
described the scene:
They wouldnt even tell them it was on sale until after it was sold. And all of
a sudden, you start seeing MacDonald Island being taken away for taxes, and
Fred MacDonald not knowing anything about it until one time we went and
tried to find out how come he lost the land, you know. And there was land all
over McMurray that was all of a sudden taken away. You know, down below
the hill here, old Mrs. Bob White, she lived on one side of the bridge, and
she was sort of funny. She was one of the Fontaine families Phil Fontaines
relatives, and well, she come from La Loche [laughs]. And she and Bob
White owned all this land. And he died. The town didnt do anything until she
died. And all of a sudden, they developed a great big low area there where she
where she lived on her land. And nobody got anything for [it]. You know,
when they cleared out Waterways, you know, they straightened the road.
They straightened the creek. And they put in 500 trailers. The local people
Uncle Dan and my Uncle Jimmy and all the people that were living along
from Waterways to the Prairie were toldthey had to moveMy Uncle
Jimmy didnt get nothing. My Uncle Dan, they moved him to Lions Park
there, and they put a little shack, and they left him until he died you know,
no compensation for land. Joe Kreutzer and them moved to Anzac Like all
of a sudden, theyre being phased out (MOTM-MT28-ID53, transcript, p. 24).
This basic account of events appeared repeatedly in interview transcripts. In order to
build apartment towers along the Clearwater and the Snye, Mtis families without formal
title to the land upon which their homes stood were evicted. Another Elder described the
events surrounding the eviction of Pat Shott from his home along the Snye:
Interviewee 1: Pat Shott had a nice little house there. He had a big one.
Interviewee 2: Where? By the Snye?
Interviewee 1: Yeah. Well, they went and when they went to I was in
there when they went and took over when they had that big rigmarole when
they put Pat in jail. Oh my god. That was wicked that time. Do you
remember that?
Interviewee 2: Remember when they built the towers when they built the
towers there. Walter was mad. Walter Malcolm. He was mad. He took his
shotgun and he was going to shoot that guy [indiscernible] [laughs]
[indiscernible]. What do you call them, cranes? [Indiscernible]with a
shotgun. He took a couple shots at him. [Indiscernible] the towers went up.
There was a big field there.
Interviewee 1: One of the court workers came into the office, and he said to
me, "You better get down there, (--------). They're going to they're really
causing a ruckus down there." And I went down, and they were just grabbing
old Pat Shott's stuff and his blankets and pictures and throwing them on the
floor in a great, big pile.
Interviewer: Did he try to put up a fight?
Interviewee 1: He didn't. No, he didn't. He just was worried because
Marieshe had a heart condition, I think, and she was really upset, and he
was worried about her. He neverwhat could he do, eh?
Interviewer: So they threw all his stuff on the floor?
Interviewee 1: Right on the floor in a great, big pile. And they put him in
jail. I don't know. One of the women said that he pushed her or something,
but I don't think so. And they hauled him off to jail, and I got mad and I went
up to see him, and I told those guys he didn't do nothing. There was no
reason for him to be here. So they let him out. And Chuck Knight was the
mayor, and he came down there and he was upset at what they didAnd then
they had, I don't know how many RCMP lined up on the dyke with their rifles
like this, holding their rifles. Yeah. But they got them all out of there
anyway. I forget who else was living down there.
Interviewer: So what did they do? They knocked their house over after, or
what happened?
Interviewee 1: They moved it, I think. I don't think they knocked it down.
Because it was kind of big. And there was some little shacks there. I don't
know what they did with those. I can't remember. And I don't know who did
thatBut anyway, after that, they were homeless, and we got them trailers.
Helen, Roy and I, and I forget who. Anyway, we got them those trailers that
they had put there. They're all gone now. But they all got a trailer after that.
All I remember is them coming into Pat Shott's and doing that, and the police
all standing up there with their rifles.
Interviewer: They had kids at that time?
Interviewee 1: Yeah, he had the boys.
Interviewer: They still put him out, eh? Put him out on the street.
Interviewee 1: Yeah (MotM 43 & 46, transcript, p. 43).
90
Newspaper accounts from the 1960s mention these removals of squatters in Fort
McMurray, but do not provide much detail about the actual actions taken to evict the
91
families. Referring to Fort McMurray as Albertas boom town in the bush, Ben
Tierney of the Edmonton Journal describes how the Mtis population living in shacks on
crown land was largely ignored by local authorities until the location of the shacks
conflicted with plans for roads or buildings, prompting removals. Tierney mentions how
local RCMP officer Terry Garvin and the president of the Nistawoyou Association,
Henry White, were working to ensure alternate locations for Mtis families in a local real
estate market that had seen the price of a single family lot skyrocket from $200 to $1500
(Tierney, 1964).
Events such as the displacement from the Snye or the
Hangingstone/Waterways removals described in the previous sections appear to form a
pattern and hint at attempts to forcibly remove the Mtis community in the river lots. Not
all attempts to remove the Mtis living on informal lots have been successful, however.
From the 1940s to the present, the Sykes family continues to maintain its traditional
Mtis cabin complete with wood-stove and absent running water in the heart of
Waterways.
The influx of workers in the oil sands not only displaced many Mtis inhabitants, some of
whose families had been living in Fort McMurray since the 19th century, the shift from
significant-majority population to small-minority population initiated a host of cultural
transformations that disturbed the sense of place, belonging, and identity of many of the
Mtis inhabitants. One Elder described the 1960s the impacts upon sense of identity,
personal security, and patterns of dress as follows:
Interviewer: Now this next question is, so, like, long ago, you could
probably tell, like a Mtis person, they would have, like, their moose hide
maybe jacket or maybe some mukluks or something, right. Was that
common? Like, to see, like, somebody using that kind ofthose kind of
that kind of clothing?
Interviewee: Yes it was, yeah. You always had your moccasins or your
mukluks on. You always had some kind of hide, hide gloves or something,
yes, we always had them. There was quite a few of us that wore that stuff.
Interviewer: Im just curious, when did things start to change?
Interviewee: Well, thats another one there where itslike, I dont know,
that wasI dont know, I was already nineteen when I quit wearing
mukluks andI think I was nineteen or eighteen I quit doing that. It was
fifty-five years ago or something, you know, it just was out. You know,
because youd see the older guys used to have their leather jackets on,
buckskin jackets. My cousins all wore them, but I quit.
Interview: Is there any specific reason, do you think? Or you just didnt
Interviewee: Well, I think it was because Iwhen I left, eh, like I was out in
the city and stuff like that, you didnt take this stuff with you because youre
out in the open, eh. Youre good game for these guys that want to get in
trouble with, right. And, so you didntyoure in the white boys world
there, you got toyou know, you got to protect yourself andso thats why
I think itit just went from there and didnt do it anymore (MOTM-MT29,
transcript, p. 40).
92
The rapidity of the transformation, in the period of one decade, contributed to a powerful
sense of displacement and frustration captured eloquently by one Elder below:
Probably the biggest one I remember is the culture shock. Like, here we
were, a small community, in the middle of nowhere, kind of isolated from
the world and there wasnt very many of us. Like I said, in 63, there was
only 1100 or 1200 of us there. And we had a way of life, there was a
structured community, everybody had their role. There was the hunters,
there was those who looked after the old people. There were those who
looked after the young people, and it was just a big community and
everybody had their role.
And what happened was, when they opened the highway in the mid 60s,
and all of a sudden there was a population explosion and our whole way of
life was just turned upside down. We no longer had any say in what we
were doing. Our whole way of life changed. Outside influences came in
and said everything we were doing was wrong, etcetera, etcetera (MOTMMT105, p. 24).
What had been up until the mid-1960s a closely knit Mtis and Aboriginal community
with a strong sense of identity, community, and belonging, and a shared way of life based
on seasonal migration between Fort McMurray and the trapline, suddenly found itself at
odds with an influx of outside workers and entrepreneurs looking in the pursuit of land,
money, and opportunity. The impacts of this demographic, economic, and sociocultural
upheaval would spur the mobilization of the McMurray Mtis, first as a social movement
and then as an organized and democratically-represented political community.
4.2
The Mtis Social Movement and Political Mobilization
As a result of the rapid changes initiated by the mounting encroachment by governmental

institutions and oil-sands proponents from the 1960s and 1970s, it became necessary for
the McMurray Mtis to mobilize around their shared Mtis identity in the defense of their
Aboriginal rights and distinctive way of life. In response to the threat of infringement,
the McMurray Mtis began to organize into a cohesive social movement by means of a
host of groups and venues, including local labour unions, the Native Friendship
Association, and the Mtis Nation of Alberta Association (MNAA). One of the central
93
actors in the struggle for the political rights of the McMurray Mtis described the
movement of the 1960s and 1970s as such:
And like I said, you know, there is no real economic virtue in identifying
yourself as either Mtis or Indian until the 60s or 70s. So a lot of the people
were poor bush people.But now weve got political enlightenment. And
were starting to demand rights. And weve got people like myself who are
questioning the status quo. So we demanded change, and we got change, you
know. But at the same timewell, Stan Daniels and us were arguing on one
side for the Mtis. Harold Cardinals writing a book on the other side for the
Indians, eh? And they formed the Alberta Indian Association. And we had
thewe had the Alberta Mtis Association. And we argued. We gotwe
got, you know, housing where we needed emergency housing and stuff like
that for the people. And people always asked me, You did all these things,
how come you got nothing? I said, Because I did it for the people. I didnt
do it for myself. See, and once the people started to demand their rights, and
recognized they had rights, the government started to change the laws. And
some of the laws were the hunting and gathering laws. All of a sudden, the
Mtis couldnt kill their moose anymore, you know, and go hunting on crown
land and kill a moose. They had to hunt on theirin their Mtis settlements.
Well, up in this country, we didnt have Mtis settlements. So where could
they hunt? They hunted on the land and they got charged. They took my
fathers trap line away because he had a job (MOTM-MT28, Other 09-53).
As seasonal labourers making the transition to full-time or permanent work, many Mtis
workers joined labour unions to ensure adequate wages and working conditions (MOTM
-MT44, transcript, p. 26). While the labour unions were one way to ensure rights, the
interests of the McMurray Mtis, in terms of way of life in particular, did not always
align with the interests of outside or migrant workers newly arrived in the area, the result
of which was the proliferation of Mtis and Aboriginal organizations.
One of the seminal organizations of the period was the Nistawoyou Association, founded
under the Alberta Societies Act on September 17, 1964 (see Waquan, 1983), which
would become the Nistawoyou Association Friendship Centre in 1971. Although open to
all members of the Fort McMurray community, the Association was in many ways a
Mtis social movement, and its early officer and employee lists were dominated by the
surnames of prominent Mtis families, such as Golosky, Grant, Sanderson, White, Castor,
Auger, McDonald, Malcolm, and Oakley. Members of todays McMurray Mtis Local
1935 were active in the early days of the Nistawoyou Association, including Evelyn
Webb and Helen Roy. The Association set numerous objectives, among the most
important of which were to provide a centre and meeting place for the discussion of
94
community affairs, acquire lands upon which to build social housing for community
members, and organize a variety of community activities from literacy and debating clubs
to public lectures and musical and cultural events. Of its many early accomplishments,
one of the most significant was the founding of the Nistawoyou Housing Cooperative in
1965, which built 27 homes in the Fort McMurray area. As one community Elder and
activist recalled: And then there was the Nistawoyou Association that we were really
active in. We really were. I loved that association, I did. We had dances, we had
everything, money raisers. We worked really, really hard in that (MOTM-MT98-Other
22-113).
The political activism and foment would eventually result in the establishment of MNAA
Fort McMurray Local Council 1935 (McMurray Mtis). The largest Local in Region 1 of
the Mtis Nation of Alberta Association, it has from its inception in 1987 represented the
interests of community members and defended the Aboriginal rights of the McMurray
Mtis through its interactions with community members and its relations with local,
provincial, and federal governments, industrial project proponents, and environmental
management agencies. The McMurray Mtis are governed by a Local Council that is
elected by members at annual general meetings and adheres to the bylaws of the MNAA
in regards to membership criteria and requirements.
The Local is the flagship organization of the contemporary McMurray Mtis community.
Many of its members trace their ancestry back to the founding families of Fort McMurray
and the Local counts among its membership hundreds of local hunters, berry gatherers,
Elders, and trappers. The McMurray Mtis mission statement is To pursue the
advancement of the Mtis people of Fort McMurray and northeastern Alberta through
areas such as business development, promotion of education, creating spaces for
community gatherings and cultural events, promoting the rights of trappers and
harvesters, and liaising with government and industry on the part of the Mtis
community. 18 As a representative of the contemporary community, the Local is
committed to maintaining ties with the communitys history and promoting the
McMurray Mtis culture and way of life and protecting its Aboriginal rights.
Some of the ways through which the Local promotes the Mtis way of life and the
continuity of practices integral to the McMurray Mtis community is by supporting
community education regarding traditional harvesting practices, documenting oral
history, and mapping traditional land use practices of its members. The Local works to
18
McMurray Mtis Local 1935, http://www.fortmcmurraymetis.org/aboutus.
95
protect the rights of its members to enjoy a clean environment, pursue culturallyimportant harvesting activities, take advantage of local business and employment
opportunities, and access education and training opportunities. These efforts prepare
community members to overcome challenges inherent in the boomtown dynamics of
contemporary Fort McMurray and prepare Mtis workers and businesses to compete with
non-Aboriginal workers, entrepreneurs, and skilled workers, all-the-while seeking protect
and strengthen the traditional harvesting practices at the heart of the moditional economy.
4.3
Practices Integral to the Contemporary McMurray Mtis Community
Despite the enforcement of hunting, fishing, and trapping regulations and the ecological
despoilment provoked by oil-sands extraction and transportation, members of the
McMurray Mtis community continue to reconstruct their unique moditional economy
and lifestyle that combines traditional subsistence and commercial harvesting activities
alongside integration into the regional oil and gas-based extractive-industrial economy.
Community members maintain connections to ancestral and historic traplines through
both RFMAs passed down through the generations or by means of the use of historic
traplines as places for family and community socialization. Hunting, fishing, and berry
picking continue to feed the families of the area, while community members preserve
their profound connections to the Athabasca River, which continues to be the backbone
of the McMurray Mtis community, providing access harvesting areas, traplines, cabins,
and culturally-important sites. This section provides an overview of current Mtis
harvesting practices in the Fort McMurray environs, based on Mark of the Mtis data and
project-specific traditional land use studies completed over the last few years.
4.3.1
The Trapline as a Source of Culture and Community
The decline of fur prices in the 1970s, while undermining the commercial viability of
trapping, did not eliminate the value of traplines and trapping to community members.
When the economic crisis of the 1890s saw Fort McMurrays Hudsons Bay Post decline
in importance, Mtis trappers continued to engage in commercial and subsistence
harvesting and reproduce their distinctive lifestyle, while seeking new commercial
opportunities in other fields. As then and despite the rise of the extractive-industry
economy, trapping remains an important practice integral to the unique culture and
community, and trapping and subsistence harvesting are maintained alongside
employment and business activities in the large-scale commercial sector.
1130'0"W
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
1090'0"W
Big Point
Embarrass Portage
Jackfish
Poplar Point
580'0"N
580'0"N
Point Brule
Firebag River
!
!
Lobstick
Klausen's Landing
Bitumount
Fort MacKay
570'0"N
570'0"N
Fort McMurray
Draper
Methye Portage
Grand Rapids
La Loche
Anzac/Willow Lake
Kinosis! Cheecham
560'0"N
560'0"N
House River
1130'0"W
20
1120'0"W
!
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
Figure 13. Historic and Current Mtis Traplines and Burial Sites
40
60
80
100
Kilometers

Legend
Traditional Burial Grounds

Historic and Contemporary Traplines
Contemporary Traplines
Historic Traplines
Historic Traplines
Map Produced by Vinay Rajdev (January, 2015)
1090'0"W
Railways
97
As discussed in Section 2, trapping is the axis of the moditional economy of the

McMurray Mtis and its distinctive style of life. Despite the decline in the economic
viability of trapping, the decline in access to traditional resources as a result of oil-sands
development, and the efforts of the Government of Alberta to reduce the trapline to an
economic rights to harvest a surface resource (profit prendre), the McMurray Mtis
community continues to trap in the environs of Fort McMurray and continues to utilize
the trapline as an essential and collective family and community space for the exercise of
Mtis Aboriginal rights.
Figure 13 shows the RFMAs presently held by Mtis trappers in the traditional territory
of the McMurray Mtis, overlaid with the location of historic traplines and traditional
burial grounds. Despite the substantial infringement that has resulted from the rapid
development of the oil sands from the 1960s, and the concomitant reduction in the
number of current traplines held, the geographic continuity of traditional burial grounds,
historic traplines, and current traplines of the McMurray Mtis is remarkable. The
historic presence of the McMurray Mtis in these places, coupled with current knowledge
of the location of burial sites, only further underlines the historical continuity of the
McMurray Mtis presence within the Athabasca basin.
Along the Athabasca and Clearwater Rivers to the north and east of Fort McMurray, use
and occupancy of the trapline that is now RFMA 2422 by ancestors of the current license
holder predate the establishment of the Registered Fur Management System and likely
effective control itself. The license holder is the third generation trapline holder, while
the current junior partner, who will inherit the line when the license holder passes on, is a
fourth generation family trapper. The junior partner intends to pass the line on to her
children in turn. RFMA 1582 is a trapline that has been held by several generations of
Mtis members, first the McDonalds and Shotts and now the Golosky family. The
RFMA was purchased by the current license holder in the early 1990s and represents
another example of historic continuity that predates effective control.
98
Trap Set by McMurray Mtis trappers on RFMA 2422, August 2014.

Photograph by Hereward Longley.
The contemporary significance of traplines extends beyond the economic into the realm
of cultural identity, the socialization of youth, intergenerational transmission of
knowledge, and the reproduction of family and community bonds. As one Elder stated:
They still have their culture, our grandkids have their culture. They know
their culture because we have the cabin and you could teach them all the
you know, that kind of things. But, I think they live quite well actually,
between the two worlds, you know, the Mtis and the yeah, I think they do
quite well (MOTM-MT49-ID68, transcript p. 41).
As described in this quote, Elders actively seek to ensure the transmission of cultural
knowledge to younger generations through stories, spending time together on the land, or
instruction in survival, hunting, and traditional-food-preparation methods. Several Mtis
community members are junior partners on the traplines registered to relatives or Elders
and traplines remain focal points for Mtis community-harvesting practices, including
traditional trapping, hunting, and fishing, as trappers continue to sustain themselves on
the line with subsistence harvesting of firewood, wild game, plants and wild-fruits. In
fact, many Mtis children who fished with grandparents have now grown up and provide
fish and wild meat to the same Elders who taught them to harvest (VCITLU2014-03
$TR01/15-01-10, 12, 07; VCITLU2014-03 $TR02-10, 12, 07).
99
Because traplines are collective family and community spaces, regular social gatherings
out on the land provide an ideal space for intergenerational knowledge transfer, cultural
learning, and identity formation. Another contemporary Mtis harvester put the ties to
the land in a socio-cultural context, based on seasonal celebrations that continue today on
ancestral family traplines:
Right now it [the trapline] is still where everybody goes, everybody goes
picking blue-berries. Go shoot ducks every springAh, the barbecues, if
you go May long weekend, right today there are people that come from
Edmonton, all over the place just to come back and visit.It's a family
gatherings, yeah you go May 24th long weekend, yeah there could be ten
trailer beside the three cabinsYeah. Yeah, there's parties there and then,
ah, Thanksgiving long weekend is also another big one. Mom cooks a
turkey out thereSpringtime, we got a great big half barrel barbecue that
we builtThat's for spring and then Thanksgiving long weekend its, ah,
you can be sure the turkey will be cooked and the Huppie relatives all
gather. I mean there's time that there's 30 or 40 people out (MOTM-MT44ID44, transcript, p. 22).
The boisterous community events such as the one described above recall the raucous
fiddle sessions put on over several days by Mtis trappers visiting Fort McMurray in the
pre-1960 period. In northeastern Albertas boreal forest, where private farms and
homesteads are rare and properties in urban centres are relatively small and surrounded
by neighbours, the trapline cabin represents an important space to socialize, prepare and
share wild foods and pass on cultural knowledge. As in the past, ducks, fish, rabbit stew
and moose meat dressed and prepared over the fire nourish the body and strengthen the
bonds of family, community, and identity.
While there has been a decline in the number and spatial extent of the ancestral traplines
still operated by the McMurray Mtis community, there is much reason to attribute this to
industrial encroachment in the form of both reduced access to and confidence in
traditional resources, on the one hand, and the powerful economic pressures to integrate
into the wider resource-extractive economy provoked by rapid increases in the cost of
living, on the other. Indeed, that these traditions are maintained despite the population
explosion, the rise of permanent wage employment in the oil sands, and the
environmental destruction wrought by bitumen extraction and transportation, is a
testament to the resilience and adaptability of the McMurray Mtis moditional economy
and the centrality of these practices to this distinctive Mtis community.
4.3.2
The Continuity of Traditional and Subsistence Harvesting
100
As suggested above, despite the decline in the number of traplines held by the McMurray
Mtis since the rise of the oil sands in the 1960s, historic and current traplines as well as
viable crown land not despoiled by oil sands mining remain central locations for hunting,
fishing, and the gathering of berries and food and medicinal plants. Due to the extent of
industry-led boreal forest fragmentation around Fort McMurray, harvesters now have to
travel further afield from their homes in the Fort McMurray townsite to hunt, fish and
gather. Keeping with a historic tendency to travel large distances to find seasonallyavailable forest resources, Mtis community members have reported hunting and
harvesting berries in locations from the Fort Chipewyan area to Conklin and from the
Clearwater River valley at the borders of Saskatchewan to the Birch Mountains.
None of the specific locations for these traditional activities are revealed here due to
confidentiality and privacy concerns, particularly in an environmental context in which
an influx of outside workers and newcomers creates competition for and scarcity of
traditional forest resources such as moose, deer, bear, berries, and food plants. Although
the Local does reveal specific details about members land use under conditions of
individual anonymity during the consultation processes for individual industrial projects
in order to avoid specific impacts to harvesting, reduce harm, or negotiate compensation
with industrial proponents or government agents for potential rights infringements, only
land use information that is in the public sphere, such as trapline records and archival
material, is mapped.
The McMurray Mtis are interested, however, in publicly defining a territorial
consultation area based on several factors, including existing land use data, historic
settlement and occupancy patterns, the 160 radial kilometers around recognized historic
and contemporary Mtis communities, and contiguous zones of environmental impact
such as adjacent and connected watersheds, airsheds, and heritage-wildlife-species
ranges. Recognition of this consultation area on the part of government and industrialproject proponents would ensure that the McMurray Mtis are included as partners in
specific project-related socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental impact processes, as
well as partners in efforts to measure and mitigate regional and cumulative impacts of
industrial development on the local environment and Mtis and Aboriginal traditional
land use in the exercise of constitutionally-protected Aboriginal harvesting rights. The
McMurray Mtis consultation area is presented below in Figure 14.
1150'0"W
1140'0"W
1130'0"W
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
1100'0"W
1090'0"W
Fort Chipewyan
Big Point
Embarrass Portage
Jackfish
Point Brule
580'0"N
580'0"N
1080'0"W
Poplar Point
Firebag River
!
!
Lobstick
Klausen's Landing
!
!
Bitumount
Fort MacKay
570'0"N
570'0"N
Fort McMurray
! Draper
Methye Portage
La Loche
Anzac/Willow Lake
Grand Rapids
Kinosis !Cheecham
560'0"N
560'0"N
House River
Chard
Pelican Settlement
Conklin
Calling Lake
550'0"N
!
550'0"N
Imperial Mills
Athabasca Landing
1140'0"W
Legend
!
Mtis Identified Places

McMurray Mtis Consultation Area
Waterbodies
1130'0"W
Lac La Biche
1120'0"W
1110'0"W
20
40
1100'0"W
60
Figure 14. McMurray Mtis Consultation Area

Map Sources: McMurray Mtis, ESRI &
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
80
100
Kilometers
1090'0"W
102
Land use mapping interviews with McMurray Mtis community members conducted
between 2012 and 2014 for project-specific impact studies continue to reveal the central
importance of subsistence hunting to the community. Mtis hunters note the presence of
moose, deer, and bear all around Fort McMurray, which they continue to harvest for food
(JMLU2013-01 H42; MLU2013-17 H29; MLU2013-26 H32; AOCTLU2014-05 H23-04;
AOCTLU2014-04 H18-20, 02). Moose and deer kills are not the only important
subsistence hunting and trapping activities. Interview respondents registered the
contemporary hunting of birds, mainly chicken, duck, partridge, spruce hen, ruffed
grouse, and ptarmigans (MLU2013 BH24-25; JMLU2013-04 BH56-13). Given the
rising level of ecological disruption from the oil sands, community members have
expressed concern they will have to travel much further from Fort McMurray to hunt for
moose and deer in the future (AOCTLU2014-05 H23-04; AOCTLU2014-04 H18-20,02).
As part of the historical pattern of the moditional economy and the distinctive lifestyle of
the McMurray Mtis, community members continue to integrate hunting for subsistence
purposes into seasonal commercial activity in the boreal forest. For example, numerous
interviewees worked as hunting guides and outfitters for people looking to hunt moose
and bison along the Athabasca River (TECTLU2014-02 $H08; TECTLU2014-02-$H10).
According to one such guide, when tourists shoot a moose, the meat is donated to the
Mtis community, demonstrating the reciprocity between commercial and subsistence
activities so characteristic of the McMurray Mtis lifestyle (MLU2013-23 H18).
Community members have likewise identified a variety of locations as sites where berries
and plants are harvested. Blueberries, cranberries, raspberries, and dozens of other
boreal-forest resources, including food plants, herbs, medicinal plants, and even fungus,
are harvested in summer and canned, frozen, or dried for storage. One Mtis community
member explained how he used the White Poplar tree and fungus and what it means to
smudge: You get different funguses like the fungus that grows on the side of poplar,
those big ones, they are used traditionally for smudges and stuff. Your prayers ride on the
smoke to go up. The smoke helps your prayers to go up (MLU2013-26 MP31).
The Athabasca River remains an important site for subsistence fishing activities as
outlined by participants in project-specific traditional land use studies. The river has
been identified as habitat for grayling, walleye, pike, and jackfish (MOTM, Fishing Areas
Map File). These fish are caught by Mtis harvesters to eat, to use as bait for snares,
and/or to feed dogs. Given the extent of open-pit mining along the Athabasca River,
community members fear pollution and contamination of the river will make Athabasca
103
River fish unsafe to eat and will have health and safety implications that will further
restrict access to fishing sites and the ability of community members to engage in
traditional land use activities (TECTLU2014-05 $H04).
The wider river system around Fort McMurray, moreover, retains a powerful historic and
contemporary meaning to the Mtis of Fort McMurray. For instance, in the 19th century
seasonal fluctuations in water depth made the Athabasca River impassable in places and
as a result communities formed around portage points and near rapids. These pathways
formed vital links in the river transportation routes and required hardy and dependable
people. The Pelican Portage settlement complex is one such example. Although the
Pelican rapids could be shot in a barge or scow in the spring, it likely would have
required portage during the summer and early fall. The Grand Rapids were initially too
treacherous to pass by boat and a permanent portage was set up on Grand Island,
complete with railroad tracks and infrastructure to haul scows and barges out of the
water, move them across the island, and deposit them back in the water to the north.
When the railroad arrived in Draper in 1922 and Waterways in 1925, the utility and
importance of the portage system south of Fort McMurray declined and the homes and
settlements were abandoned. Despite the decline of the river settlements south of Fort
McMurray, however, their place in collective memory remains. The importance of the
portage system is celebrated, for instance, in stories and traditional recreational practices.
Interviewees told how they follow traditional portage routes in canoes and fishing boats,
some on yearly fishing and camping trips during which they stay at traditional campsites
in the Grand Rapids area (JMLU2013-19, JMLU2013-08). One respondent reported
finding his grandfathers name carved into a rock near the Grand Rapids campground on
Grand Island: There's a spot just on the bottom of the hill here. This is where it looks
like a great spot for camping. Right down on the bottom of here, I went and checked out a
big boulder and I found Leo - my grandfather. It was carved into the stone
(JMLU2013-19). For this grandson, passing through the area in canoe, it was a profound
moment to reflect on his familys inter-generational connection to the land marked in
stone along the river.
The most significant historic and contemporary river to the Mtis of Fort McMurray,
however, is the Athabasca River, to which many community members maintain deep ties.
Historically, the river was used for commercial and subsistence fishing and freight
transportation between Fort McMurray and Fort Chipewyan. Moreover, the river was a
vital transportation link connecting trapping families living along the river and the
104
commercial hub at Fort McMurray. Today the McMurray Mtis community continue to
use the Athabasca River as a means to access harvesting areas, traplines, cabins, and
culturally-important sites. Study participants mapped places they boat on the Athabasca
and described regular trips they take from Fort McMurray to Firebag River, Big Point, or
Fort Chipewyan to pursue activities such as fishing and camping (TECTLU2014-04
WT03-13; MLU2013-14 WT-44), as well as utilizing the river as an access point for
hunting and trapping (TECTLU2014-08 WT10-21; TLUTEC2014-03 T09-24;
MLU2013-04 WT-09). Although the accelerated encroachment of government
regulations and industrial activities over the past five decades has represented a
substantial infringement, the historic McMurray Mtis community is alive and well, out
on the land, on the traplines, and on hunting expeditions.
Mtis River Lot and Cabin Site Along the Athabasca River, August 2014.
Photograph by Tara Joly.
The changes to Fort McMurray since the 1960s have nevertheless taken their toll.
Community members continue to hunt, fish, and trap in the areas once occupied and
utilized by their ancestors, but they do so on a more limited basis and on a precarious
foundation. One can only hope that in the future the McMurray Mtis do not think of the
old river lots on the Athabasca River and the Fort McMurray village of the 1940s and
1950s as a distant and receding dream. In the powerful and touching words of one
community Elder, speaking to the depth of Mtis experience and memory in Fort
McMurray: Even when I dream, I dont dream of McMurray as it is now. I dream of it
as it was when I was a little girl (MOTM-MT35-ID57, transcript, p. 47).
105
While on the surface the Fort McMurray of today appears a radically different place than
it was in the 1950s, a closer examination reveals an important continuity: that the
McMurray Mtis community, once the heart and soul of the town, persists, along the river
lots at the confluence of the Clearwater and the Athabasca, out on the traplines, at
community gatherings and fish suppers, and at Elders teas and fiddle concerts. It
persists in the knowledge of hunting and trapping, food preservation and hide-tanning,
and beading and moccasin making, and the sharing of this knowledge from Elders to
youth. It persists in the community workshops on how to build traditional cabins, in the
restoration of traditional canoes and scows, still paddled today by community members,
and in the smell of wood-burning stoves and dry-meat in the air on the traplines. In the
absence of the recognition by the Alberta Government of Fort McMurray as a historic
and contemporary Mtis community for the purposes of Aboriginal harvesting rights,
however, the advance of oil-sands exploitation will continue to threaten the viability of
this distinctive Mtis lifestyle and culture that has played such an integral role in the
history of Fort McMurray and its environs from the 19th century to the present.
5. Conclusion
Following the landmark decision in R. v. Powley and the negotiation of an Interim Mtis
Harvesting Agreement (IMHA), the Alberta Government unilaterally terminated the
IMHA and issued a new statement on Mtis harvesting in July of 2007 (updated in 2014).
The guidelines set out the position of the Government as to what comprised Mtis
harvesting rights in Alberta, who could exercise Mtis harvesting rights, and where they
could do so. In its discussion of who qualifies as a Mtis harvester, the Alberta
Government established, among other criteria, that individuals must demonstrate both an
ancestral connection to a historic Mtis community and acceptance/belonging to a
contemporary Mtis community in Alberta.
On the basis of unexplained criteria, the Government recognized the 8 Mtis Settlements
and listed 17 additional communities as historic and contemporary Mtis communities, of
which Fort McMurray was not one. The omission of Fort McMurray from the list stands
in stark contrast to the inclusion of Fort Chipewyan, Fort McKay, Conklin, and Lac La
Biche, all of which form part of the same regional Mtis community. This report has
presented a wide variety of evidence to refute the position of the Alberta Government and
support the assertion that the McMurray Mtis are a historic and contemporary Mtis
community. In the concluding section, we will briefly summarize the evidence presented.
106
Because the Alberta Government did not make public the criteria by which it determined
which communities would be considered historic and contemporary Mtis communities,
this report has referred itself to the criteria set out in Powley. Following Reddekopp
(2009), there are two central questions and associated criteria through which evidence can
be selected and presented with regards to the question of whether the Mtis of Fort
McMurray represent a historic and contemporary community for the purposes of
harvesting-rights recognition.
Is Fort McMurray a historic, rights-bearing Mtis community?

o Ancestral Origins
o Distinctiveness
o Practices Integral to the Culture
o Existence Prior to Effective Control
Is Fort McMurray a contemporary rights-bearing Mtis community with links to

the historic community that continues practices integral to its culture?
o Common identity and sense of distinctiveness
o Continuity between the historic and contemporary community
o Contemporary existence of practices integral to the culture and continuity
with historic practices
Section 2 was dedicated to the first question and established the basic facts for the claim
that Fort McMurray contained a historic and rights-bearing Mtis community prior to the
exercise of effective control. It was suggested that by the turn-of-the-century there had
emerged a sub-regional Mtis community anchored in Fort McMurray that extended
north along the Athabasca River, east along the Clearwater River, southwest towards the
House River-Athabasca triangle, and southeast towards Willow Lake. The traditional
pattern of settlement in the late nineteenth century was the river lot, wherein Mtis
families would trap, hunt, and fish along the river system and travel to Fort McMurray for
supplies or to visit relatives. It was further demonstrated that the Mtis did not simply
occupy the areas surrounding the Fort McMurray HBC Post; to the contrary, records
show that most of the original permanent settlers of Fort McMurray were Mtis. The
report then examined the descendancy charts of several of the earliest Mtis settlers in the
area and traced their lineage to members of the contemporary community, thereby
affirming not only historic origins but continuity.
107
The last parts of Section 2 addressed the distinctiveness of the McMurray Mtis vis--vis
other local identity populations and the centrality of traditional harvesting practices to the
historic community. Several clear points of demarcation between the McMurray Mtis
and their First Nation and Euro-Canadian counterparts were presented, including
intermarriage and kinship networks, religion, multilingualism, self-identification, and
scrip applications. It was then suggested that the moditional economy and lifestyle of the
Mtis, which combined the modern commercial and wage-labour economy with
traditional and Aboriginal economies organized around subsistence harvesting and
reciprocal kinship networks, was another distinguishing feature. Finally, subsistence
harvesting activities from hunting and fishing to tanning moose hides and preserving
vegetables were shown to be integral to the survival and identity of the community.
Section 2 ended with a brief discussion of the origins of effective control. Several key
points are worth reiterating. First, it was shown that the basic institutions required for
effective state control, such as land surveys and offices, were absent in the Fort
McMurray area until the early 1910s, after the settlement of the area by Mtis families.
What is more, there was no mass influx of Euro-Canadian settlers until the 1960s and
many of the regulations most central to the assertion of control over the Mtis, such as
those relating to property rights, hunting, and trapping, were either absent or largely
unenforced, the result of which was that most Mtis families continued to live, hunt, and
trap with very little external state influence into the 1950s and early 1960s. The latter
relates to the second main point: that for the exercise of state control to be considered
effective, it must substantively change the traditional lifestyle of the Aboriginal
community in question. To that end, it was shown that the Mtis in Fort McMurray and
its environs continued to live with little conception of or concern for formal individual
property rights and continued to trap, hunt, and fish without external interference from
the state until the 1960s. As such, one would be hard pressed to argue that the period of
EEC predated the second decade of the twentieth century, and one could make a strong
argument that the date should be significantly later.
The second question, regarding the existence of a contemporary Mtis community in Fort
McMurray and its continuity with the historic community in terms of genealogy and
practices integral to the community, is addressed primarily in Sections 3 and 4. The
existence of a contemporary, rights-bearing Mtis community in and around Fort
McMurray with a common identity and sense of distinctiveness was evidenced in the
discussion of the McMurray Mtis community of the 1940s and 1950s and the rise of the
Mtis social movement and political organization of from the 1960s onwards. Indeed, it
108
was the existence of a common sense of cultural identity and belonging to a cultural
community that was activated in response to the rapid transformations provoked by
development of the oil sands. It was around this extant Mtis identity that community
members organized to generate collective demands and establish a Mtis Local to
promote the interests of the community and defend its collective Aboriginal rights. It is
the practice of these Aboriginal rights based on the subsistence harvesting of local
boreal-forest resources that has been maintained continuously by the McMurray Mtis
across several generations, since before the time of effective control until the present,
despite the significant infringements provoked by the development of the oil sands and its
related demographic, economic, and infrastructural transformations.
Genealogical continuity between the historic and contemporary community, as mentioned
above, was supported by the aforementioned descendancy charts and the appearance of
Mtis names like McDonald, Golosky, Loutitt, Shott, Sanderson, Cardinal, and
Waniandy, in the archival records, historical trapline maps, and interviews with members
of the contemporary community. The continuity in terms of practices integral to the
community was demonstrated through an examination of historic traplines and
contemporary traplines and traditional burial grounds. Much as they did in the decades
prior to the 1960s, and indeed prior to effective control, members of the contemporary
McMurray Mtis community continue to hunt moose, deer and bear and fish, gather
berries and plants for subsistence purposes, often sharing food at large community
gatherings and seasonal celebrations.
Despite the dramatic transformations in the socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological
landscapes engendered by the oil industry and the decision by the Alberta Government
not to recognize Fort McMurray as a historic and contemporary Mtis community, the
McMurray Mtis continue to assert and exercise their constitutionally-protected
harvesting rights. This report has fashioned evidence in support of the contention that the
McMurray Mtis community meet the criteria outlined in Powley to be considered a
historic and contemporary Mtis community for the purposes of recognition and
protection of their Aboriginal harvesting rights from infringement. Given the present
pace of oil sands development, it is essential the Government clarify and reconsider its
position on the McMurray Mtis, before industrial expansion proceeds to the point where
the communitys rights are infringed upon irreparably.
6. References
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Garvin, T. (2005). Carving Faces, Carving Lives: People of the Boreal Forest. Edmonton:
Heritage Community Foundation.
Garvin, T., Nelson, S., Ellehoj, E. & Redmond, B. (2001). A Guide to Conducting a
Traditional Knowledge and Land Use Study. Edmonton: Canadian Forest Service,
Northern Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada.
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Gibson, G., and Klinck, J. (2005). Canadas resilient north: The impact of mining on
Aboriginal communities. Pimatisiwin: A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous
Community Health 3(1), 115-139.
111
Ginzburg, C. (1993). Microhistory: The two or three things I know about it. Critical
Inquiry 20(1), 10-35.
Government of Alberta. (2007). Mtis Harvesting in Alberta (Edmonton: Alberta
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development.
Haggarty, L.J. (2013). Mtis economics. In C. Adams, G. Dahl, and I. Peach
(Eds.), Mtis in Canada: History, identity, law, and Politics, edited by Christopher
Adams, Gregg Dahl, and Ian Peach (205-248). Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
Hermansen, B. and Labour, S. (2011). Barb Hermansen: Her story. The last woman to
raise children on the Athabasca river. Fort Chipewyan: Mtis Local 125.
Hoffman, A. (1984). Reliability and validity in oral history. In D.K. Dunaway and W.K.
Baum (Eds.), Oral history. Plymouth: Altamira Press.
Jackson, J.C. (2003). Jemmy Jock Bird: Marginal man on the Blackfoot frontier.
Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
Krahn, H.J. (1983). Labour Market Segmentation in Fort McMurray, Alberta (PhD
dissertation). University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Leavy, P. (2011). Oral history. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Levi, G. (1991). On Microhistory. In P. Burke (Ed.), New perspectives on historical
writing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lutz, J.S. (2008). Makk: A new history of Aboriginal-White relations. Vancouver: UBC
Press.
Macdougall, B. (2010). One in the family: Mtis culture in nineteenth-century
northwestern Saskatchewan. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Macdougall, B. (2014). Speaking of Mtis: Reading family life into colonial records.
Ethnohistory 61(1), pp. 27-56.
112
MacGregor J.G. (1974). Paddle wheels to bucket-wheels on the Athabasca. Toronto:

McClelland and Steward Limited.
Maillie, T. (2009). Historical archives on the Mtis experience in northeastern Alberta.

Report commissioned by Mtis Local 1935.
Matsui, K. and Ray, A.J. (2014). Delimiting Mtis economic communities in the environs
of Fort McMurray: A preliminary analysis based on Hudsons Bay company records.
Report commissioned by Mtis Local 1935.
Moberly, H.J. (1929). When fur was king. Toronto: J.M. Dent and Sons.
Parker, J.M. (1980). History of the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, 1890s to 1960s, Volume
II: Oral History. Calgary: AOSERP.
Ray, A.J. (1974). Indians in the fur trade: Their role as trappers, hunters, and
middlemen in the lands southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660-1870. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press.
Ray, A.J. (1990). The Canadian Fur Trade in the Industrial Era. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press.
Ray, A.J. (2009). Determining effective European control in Alberta. Report
commissioned by the Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Mtis and Non-Status Indians.
Reddekopp, N. (2009). Conklin as an Aboriginal community: Legal analysis. Report
commissioned by Mtis Local 193.
Seton, E.T. (1911). The Arctic prairies. Toronto: W. Briggs.
Simmons, D. (2012). An aboriginal road to reclamation values, goals, and action for a
homeland in the oil sands region. Fort McMurray: CEMA Cumulative Environmental
Management Association.
Sprague, D.N. (2007). Dispossession vs. Accommodation in Plaintiff vs. Defendant
Accounts of Mtis Dispersal from Manitoba 1870-1881. In P.C. Douad (Ed.), The
western Mtis: Profile of a people. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre.
113
Teillet, D.J. (1979). Mid-north Manitoba. Winnipeg: Department of Mines, Resources

and Environment.
Teillet, J. (2013). Mtis law in Canada. Vancouver: Pape Salter Teillet.
Thompson, E.P. (1975). Whigs and hunters: The origin of the black act. London: Allen
Lane.
Thompson, P. (2000). The voice of the past: Oral history. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
Tierney, B. (1964, September 5). Fort McMurray Mtis are forced to move. Edmonton
Journal, p. 12.
Tobias, T.N. (2009). Living proof: The essential data-collection guide for indigenous useand-occupancy map surveys. Vancouver: Ecotrust Canada / Union of British Columbia
Indian Chiefs.
Waquan, D. (1983). Nistawoyou Association Friendship Centre: Its history, 1964-1982.
Fort Chipewyan: Mamawi Developments Incorporated.
APPENDIX I ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS
114

Appendix IA Census of Canada 1881, Athabaska District, Fort McMurray
115
Appendix IB Census of Canada 1901, Athabasca District, Fort McMurray
116

Appendix IC Census of Northwest Provinces 1906, Athabasca District, Fort McMurray
117

Appendix ID Plan of McMurray Settlement, 1911
118

Appendix IE Hudsons Bay Company Biographical Sheet, John McDonald
119
Appendix IF Hudsons Bay Company Biographical Sheet, William Loutit
120
Appendix IG Hudsons Bay Company Biographical Sheet, Paul Fontaigne
121
Appendix IH Hudsons Bay Company Biographical Sheet, James Bird
122
APPENDIX II MATSUI AND RAY REPORT ON HISTORICAL MTIS

COMMUNITIES IN THE FORT MCMURRAY ENVIRONS
123
REPORT FOR FT MCMURRAY MTIS LOCAL 1935
DELIMITING MTIS ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES IN THE ENVIRONS OF FT

MCMURRAY: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS BASED ON HUDSONS BAY
COMPANY RECORDS
BY
KENICHI MATSUI AND ARTHUR J RAY
5 JUNE 2014
Prepared for Willow Springs Strategic Solutions Inc. on behalf of the Fort
McMurray Mtis Local 1935
MCMURRAY REPORT
Hudsons Bay Company Archives....1
Post Journals..2
Post Account Books.12
District Reports13
Athabasca Country during the early 19thCentury....14
Hudsons Bay Company Records from Ft McMurray and environs, 1876-1911...29
Families at Ft McMurray....30
Spatial Interactions at Ft McMurray..32
Ft McKay (1901-1911)..34
The Mtis and First Nations Settlements and Communities in the
Athabasca/Clearwater rivers Region of the 19th early 20th centuries....39
FIGURES
1: District Report, Lesser Slave Lake, 1820-21.15
2. Lesser Slave Lake District Report for 1897......16
3: Map of Lesser Slave Lake District, 1820-21.....18
4: Map of Lesser Slave Lake District, 1820-21:
Edited and reoriented...20
5: Lesser Slave Lake Connections, 1817-22.25
6: Movements of the Cardinal Family, 1820-2126
7: Dunvegan Connections..27
TABLES
Table 1: Families Mentioned in the Ft McKay Journals, 1901-117
Table 2: People Associated with Moose Lake According to HBC
Ft McKay Journals, 1901-11.36
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Lesser Slave Lake Post Journals, 1817-22...49
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Appendix 2: Lesser Slave Lake Post Journal References to the Cardinal
Family 1820-21.89
Appendix 3: Ft McMurray Post Journals, 1877-85....95
Appendix 4: Families Mentioned in the Ft McMurray Journals, 1877-85...342
Appendix 5: Places Mentioned in the Ft McMurray Journals, 1877-85..344
Appendix 6: Ft McKay Post Journals, 1901-1911...347
Appendix 7: Places Mentioned in the Ft McKay Journals, 1901-1911...447
Appendix 8: Individuals mentioned in the Ft McKay Journals...465
Appendix 9: Individuals Mentioned in the Ft McKay, Ft McMurray,
and Lesser Slave Lake post journals...465
Appendix 10: Individuals Mentioned in the Forts McKay and
Ft McMurray Journals, Census, and Scrip Application Records485
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This report focuses on the delimitation of Mtis, Chipewyan, and Cree economic
communities in northern Alberta from the early fur trade era (pre-1821) to 1911. Because
of financial and time constraints, we have focused on the archival records of the HBC
(although we also cross-referenced some Mtis names that appear both in HBC journals
and Mtis National Council database). With the exceptions of Ft Chipewyan, Ft
Edmonton, and Red River (Peace River), we have examined all of the surviving post
journals pertaining to the region. These records point to the development of regional
Mtis communities in the region before 1821, and to their continued existence in
northeastern Alberta in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Our report
indicates the need for further research into the historical linkages of the later communities
to those of the pre-1821 period partly to address whether these communities developed a
sense of belonging to the Mtis Nation.
The Hudson's Bay Company Archives (HBCA)
Most of the published and unpublished accounts of European trader/explorers provide
passing glimpses of local Native economies. As these visitors travelled during the open
water season, it is difficult to obtain a comprehensive picture of local native economies or
identify any long-term trends. The best sources, when available, are those in the
Hudsons Bay Company Archives, which allow us to understand wintering economic
activities in multiple years. These records were generated for the directors of the
Hudsons Bay Company [hereinafter HBC] to manage by correspondence the
organizations far-flung operations. Most important for our present purpose, this set of
records provides the most detailed written information about the economic life of the
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Aboriginal peoples inhabiting northern Alberta, which overlaps with the eastern parts of
the Treaty 8 region, prior to the negotiation of the treaty in 1899-1900. HBC journals
also provide a glimpse of economic life at Ft McKay immediately thereafter.
HBC Post Journals
It is useful to think of the HBC posts as being a network of observation stations
that bracketed the region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. They
provide us with the only documented in-depth look at the evolving regional Native
economy before the signing of Treaty 8. The record for Ft McMurray reveals local
economic conditions from the late 1870s through the 1880s, including some glimpse of
the effect of the Northwest Rebellion in 1885. The record for Ft McKay covers the
decade immediately after the signing of Treaty 8.
Undoubtedly post journals are the most important set of records because they
contain daily comments on a wide array of information. The HBC expected its post
managers to provide information in their journals on a daily basis about: the weather, any
remarkable natural events, such as the break-up or freeze-up of the lakes and rivers,
movements of migratory birds and game, the work the men were doing around the post,
and the arrivals and departures of Aboriginal people. Ideally, this means the post journals
should provide us with a good indication of the range of movement and the economic
activities of the Native peoples who visited regularly, or were employed at the companys
posts.
The picture is rarely complete, however, for the following reasons. From the
outset the Athabasca District was a hotbed of competition. Prior to 1821 it was a
battleground where the HBC and the North West Company [NWC] fought for
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dominance. After 1821 smaller competitors entered the region. Initially most of these
were Mtis free traders from Red River. As early as the 1880s expanded trading
networks, especially through steamboat, skiff, and scow services on the Athabasca River
between Athabasca Landing and Ft Chipewyan, and also on the Mackenzie River, made
it easier and cheaper for smaller competitors to bring trading goods into the region and
export fur. The Ft McMurray and Ft McKay journals, for example, contain frequent
comments about the passing of steamboats,1 scows, skiffs, canoes and boats. Regarding
competitors, the journalist noted the presence of a number of White and Mtis traders
who were operating in the local area. Among those mentioned in the Ft. McKay journals
were: W. S. Connor (1901),2 Colin Fraser (1901-11),3 Gordon (1901, 1906),4 Peter
Loutit. Among them, Fraser was recorded as Mtis in the 1901 Census. Journals for Ft
McMurray also mentioned traders from Lac la Biche, such as Antoine Ducharm,
Ladouceur (or Ladonaur), and Lawque. Durcharm was recorded in the 1901 Census. The
Ladouceurs were one of the prominent Mtis families at Fort McMurray.
The presence of this strong opposition in the region, especially in the late
nineteenth century, meant that some Indians and Mtis would not have dealt with the
HBC on a regular basis and, therefore, it is likely that they do not appear in the
companys journal records with the frequency that reflects their importance in the local
economy; some may be absent entirely. Compensating somewhat for this problem is the
fact that the HBC posts of Ft McMurray and Ft McKay were situated on the Athabasca
River and, therefore, they were well situated to observe passersby. In fact, while Isaac
Cowie was the Chief Trader of Fort McMurray he hired David Galleaux to watch traders
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passing by on the Athabasca River.5 Generally post managers recorded anyone who was
en route upstream or downstream or operated in the vicinity.
A posts orientation and function within the HBC network influenced what post
managers recorded in their records. For instance, Ft Chipewyan was the headquarters for
the Athabasca and Peace River Districts. There are two consequences. The records for
this post are much more extensive and comprehensive than those of any other in the
Athabasca-Peace River area. Furthermore, the journals provide detailed information on
the posts immediate hinterland and the larger district. The other posts were local trading
centers, and/or minor depots on the major transportation routes. Ft McMurray and Ft
McKay served in both trading and transport capacities. The remaining posts of Ft
Dunvegan, Ft Vermilion, Portage La Loche, and Lesser Slave Lake mostly served as
local trading posts.
Most post journals provide uneven amounts of information. There were several
reasons for this. A succession of men made the entries in those posts that have extensive
runs of journals. Given that post managers were not equally diligent in the discharge of
their journal keeping duties, the quality of any given set of post journals tends to be very
uneven. Making matters worse, often there are significant gaps in the daily records. One
key reason for this is that most of the smaller posts were closed periodically. Most
commonly this happened in late summer and early autumn, when post mangers visited
the district headquarters. At these times posts often either were closed, or were left in
charge of subordinates who were largely illiterate. At some of the smaller posts, such as
Ft McKay in the first decade of the twentieth century, gaps in journal entries happened at
other times when the manager made trading trips to the camps of nearby trappers and
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hunters, or he visited neighboring posts, most often Ft McMurray. For this reason there
are extended gaps in the post journals for Ft McKay. Although the entries in the Ft
McMurray journals are generally much richer in detail than those of the Ft McKay, they
often fail to mention the place where Native individuals came from or the place to which
they returned. Most of the entries pertaining to Grand Jose/Bouche are examples. In
contrast, although the Ft McKay journal entries tend to be much more terse, they provide
more locational information.
Tracking movements of First Nations and Mtis in the journal records is further
complicated for a variety of reasons. One problem is that journal entries typically list
only the names of the male hunters who arrived and commonly noted merely that they:
arrived, came to the house, came here, or pitched in. Sometimes the journalists
mentioned where their visitors had come from. Regarding departures, post managers
often did not record them, or only did so with the equally terse remarks to the effect that:
the natives who arrived ... (at a stated time) ... departed. Although the majority of the
journal entries for Ft McKay are very brief compared to those of Ft McKay, they
generally do indicate where several of the primary fishing/hunting/trapping camps of
visitors were located.
Yet another problem that we faced in our attempts to track the movements of
individuals and families through post journals and other records is that the spellings of
given names and surnames are highly inconsistent. Mostly this is because different
journalists (and even the same one) transcribed Cree, Chipewyan, French Canadian, and
Mtis names into English phonetically. Various letter combinations could produce a
roughly similar sound. An excellent example from the Athabasca area is the important
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family name of Boucher. Journalists spelled this name in various ways in the Ft
McMurray and Ft Mckay records: Boucher, Bouche (the most common rendering),
Bouchez, and Bouch being the most frequent. The Taurangeau family name is another
example. Journalists variously spelled this prominent family at Fort Chipewyan as
Tarrango, and Tarrangeau. Even some prominent family names such as McDonald
was spelled as Macdonald or MacDonald for the same individual.6 The journalists
habit, especially at Ft McKay, of forming their a, e, r, and o similarly complicates
deciphering their spelling of family names. A further complication is the common
failures to dot the letter i.
Even more problematic was the common practice of referring to local Aboriginal
people, especially those identifying as First Nations, by their first name only. This
difficulty was compounded further by HBC post managers habit of including an
individuals given name and surname at the time of his/her first visit and, subsequently,
often referring to the individual only by their first or last name. The Loutit family, who
were present in the Ft McKay area (1901-11), provide an excellent example of the
problems that this practice can pose for our efforts to track the movements of a particular
individual. The Loutit name is mentioned in the Ft McKay journals more frequently than
any other family.7 Partly this is because one of them worked at the post (Table 1). Their
first names were Alec (also Aleck), George, and John James (usually referred to as JJ).
The latter was a permanent servant at the post. Other Loutits were Lenny, Peter junior,
Peter senior, and Tommy. In addition there are journal references to P. Loutit and W.
Loutit. The former undoubtedly is a reference to one of the Peter Loutits, but it is not
possible to determine which one. W. Loutit likely refers to William, but there is no way
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to confirm it as he was not listed either in the 1901 Census or Northwest Scrip records.
Thus, when the journalists simply make reference to a Loutit, and if this name is not
recorded otherwise, it is not possible to be certain which member of this family is
involved unless the context makes this clear.
Table 1: References to Families in Ft. McKay Journals 1901-11
NUMBER OF
FAMILY NAME
Loutit
Bouche
Robillard
Fraser
Mercredi
Taurangeau (spelled variously)
Cardinal
Chief
Gordon
Benoit
McDonald
Shot
Lepine
Cree, Paul
Nokoho
*This number is included
in the number of references to
the family.

NUMBER OF
REFERENCES
HBC
EMPLOYEES
REFERENCES
176 JJ Loutit
82
Robillard
82 E.
42

33

32
30

27

23

21

17

16

12

11
3

35*

12*
First, or given name references are even more problematic than surnames. For
example, when an Ft McKay journal entry makes reference to a Peter, which is
common, not only does this raise at least two possibilities with regard to the Loutits, it
also brings up several others. Among the other Peters who are mentioned in the journals
of Ft McKay and nearby Ft McMurray are: Peter Hose, Peter Lorme, St. Peter McKay
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(sometimes St. Pierre) and Pierre8 Mercredi. Another problematic first name, which
appears frequently in the two post journals, is Joseph (Joe and Jose). In this instance the
numerous possibilities are: Joe Bird, Joseph Bouche, Joseph Cardinal, Joseph, Jose,
Grand Jose, Jose Mercredi, Old Jose Bouche, and Joseph Robillard. Other common given
names that pose similar problems are: Adam, Baptiste, George (Gregoire), Jean, JohnBaptiste, Jonas, and Louis (Lowis). Having noted this, it should also be mentioned that
McMurray journals, on the contrary, provide more detailed context to identify first
names. If it was a Cree individual with the name as Paul, the journalist wrote Paul Cree
if he was a member of that family. A servant by the name of Angus often appears in the
journal, but the journalist mentions the full name about once a week as Angus McLeod
or A. McLeod, for example.
Sometimes journalists provide us with the cultural/ethnic identity of the people
they mention, or provide clues that make this possible. From the earliest days, HBC
journalists referred to aboriginal people who identified with their pre-contact ancestors
and traditions collectively as Indians, or they were somewhat more specific by making
reference to an individual or group as being Beaver, Chipewyan, or Cree. Alternatively,
HBC men sometimes described those who were Indian as being members of a band or
tribe. By the early nineteenth century HBC journalists used various terms to identify
people of mixed ancestry. Most commonly they used the term half-breed. They also
used the term Canadian, which usually, but not invariably, signified people of French
Canadian/First Nations ancestry. In his Ft Chipewyan district report for 1820-21, William
Brown identified Canadians and Canadian Metiss.9 Before 1870 when the company had
a legal, if not effective, trading monopoly, Mtis often were referred to as freemen and,
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or, free traders. In other words, by the nineteenth century the HBC records often
distinguished Indians from Mtis in various ways. Deciphering this picture is
complicated somewhat, however, by HBC writers occasional use of the term Indian to
collectively refer to First Nations and Mtis. In other words, on occasion HBC men used
the term in a fashion that is similar to the current use of the expression aboriginal
people, or Native people to include First Nations and Mtis alike. Usually, but not
invariably, the intended usage of the term Indian is clear from the context. In her history
of Ft Chipewyan, anthropologist, McCormack notes that at Ft Chipewyan the term
Chipewyan often was as an inclusive reference to Chipewyan and Chipeywan-halfbreed.10
In the Athabasca District it is unclear what impacts the Red River Uprising of
1870, the Northwest Rebellion of 1885, and Treaty 8 (1899-1900) had on the usage of the
terms half-breed and Mtis by local HBC writers. Anthropologist Patricia
McCormacks research on Ft Chipewyan suggests that prior to 1900 the First NationsMtis socio-cultural boundary was not sharply defined in Athabasca country.11 The
journals that we have examined for Ft McMurray for the early 1880s support
McCormacks conclusion. The journalist identified individuals only rarely as being halfbreed. The prime example was Lowis Bouche, who worked under Isaac Cowie at Fort
McMurray in the 1880s. The journals also indicate that the Chipewyan-Cree social
boundary was not sharp. Prominent families of Chipewyan or Cree ancestry, most
notably the Bouche and Cree families, camped, travelled, and worked together.
By the late nineteenth century two countervailing tendencies likely were
underway. A sharper Mtis consciousness would have been encouraged by the arrival of
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10
increasing numbers of Prairie Mtis immigrants to the region after 1870, and especially
after 1885; on the other hand, the increasing discrimination that Mtis suffered after their
armed clashes with Canada led many of them to stop self-identifying openly as Mtis to
outsiders.
Treaty 8 brought the issue of identity, at least in government records, to the fore
again. The reason for this was that the treaty gave people of mixed ancestry the option of
joining the treaty as Indians, or taking scrip as Mtis. Gerhard Ens research shows that
catholic missionaries, and some government officials, encouraged Mtis to register as
Indians to obtain the long-term benefits that the treaty would provide. This advice
notwithstanding, many took scrip, mostly money scrip, to obtain that an immediate cash
payment to support their ongoing lifestyles in the short run. Thus, as Ens has emphasized,
most Mtis made their decisions about whether to identify themselves to the government
as Indian or half-breed for purposes of Treaty 8 based on their assessments of the
relative economic benefits they would gain. In other words, cultural and nationalist
considerations were not paramount in their decision-making at the time.12 For the
historian, this means that those who were identified as Metis in the fur trading records
may, or may not, appear as Indians in government, HBC, and other records after 18991900.
Of particular concern here is the degree to which changing socio-economicpolitical circumstances impacted the ways that HBC men wrote about Indians and
Mtis in their post journals and other company records. As Ray noted, with Treaty 8 the
federal government formerly acknowledged its responsibilities for the welfare of
Indians in the Treaty 8 area.13 In the short-term the treaty promised economic relief and
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11
government-authorized assistance for Indians through the HBC, other traders, and
missionaries. This meant that the HBC had an incentive to differentiate Indians from
half-breeds.14 Additionally, Indians received annuity payments, whereas the Mtis only
received a lump-sum scrip payment. Thus, after 1900, Indians would have been among
the few groups in the Treaty 8 area that had money to spend annually in the fledgling
local cash-economy.15 The HBC was keen to obtain its share of this new local wealth.
The Ft McMurray and Ft McKay journals do strongly suggest that by the late
nineteenth century naming practices had changed substantially from those of the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Most notably, the Ft McMurray and Ft McKay
journals only use the term half-breed once, whereas it was commonly used in company
records previously. Isaac Cowie, who previously had been in charge of the QuAppelle
district of Saskatchewan as apprentice made the single reference. In the Ft McMurray
journals for 1881, he referred to Lowis Bouche as being a half-breed Chipewyan16
although this individual was not listed as Mtis in the 1881 census. The term half-breed
never was used in the Ft McKay journals. Neither sets of journals ever uses the term
Mtis. The Ft Chipewyan district report for 1885 uses the term half-breed, but only
when citing the government of Canada 1881 census as it pertains to the Athabasca
district.
The news of the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 contained in the Ft McMurray
journals describes it as an Indian rebellion led by Riel. It mentions the participation of
Cree and Poundmaker and the latters followers. This is an instance in which the term
Indian clearly implied aboriginal people and was meant to encompass Indians and
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12
Metis alike. This makes particular sense considering that Riel clearly was neither Cree,
nor Indian in the modern usage of that term.17
At other times, the context in which journalists referred to individuals implies that
they did distinguish Metis from Indians. For example, the journal entry for 20 March
1902 mentioned that J[ohn] Nohoki & 2 Indians [are] in from [the] Mountain.18 This
entry strongly suggests that John Nohoki was Mtis considering that he is differentiated
from his two Indian companions. In another instance, the Ft McKay journal entry for 26
September 1904 notes that: St. Pierre started off up to the fishery. All the Indians are
also off today. Again, this entry distinguished St. Pierre from the Indians.19 In the Ft
McKay journals newcomers to the area or passersby who were not natives are
collectively referred to as to whites.
HBC Account books
Normally HBC account books are second in importance to the post journals for
the kinds of information we are seeking. Typically they provide information about the
furs and other commodities received in trade, synopses of the goods sold, or at least
available, accounts of country produce, which comprised the commodities other than
furs and hides that were obtained locally for the support of the company, and debt
accounts for the men who were stationed at a post, and their types of appointment. When
available, the latter can be very important because the names, places where they were
recruited, types of occupation, and the kinds goods purchased can provide important
clues about the cultural backgrounds of the men stationed at a post. Unfortunately, only
Ft Chipewyan has extensive account books for the late nineteenth century. They are
lacking for Forts McMurray and McKay.
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13
District Reports
In the early nineteenth century the HBC instructed its district managers to file
annual reports. The managers were expected to write short narratives that included
information about the physical geography of their district, an account of the native people
who lived there, and a description of the state of the local fur trade. The company also
expected the managers to make recommendations aimed at improving the companys
local trading options. Most of the surviving reports are from the period 1815-1820s. The
practice of filing district reports declined after the early 1830s, but it resumed again in the
late nineteenth century. Most of these later reports were filed by travelling company
inspectors by the 1890s. Although they cover many of the same topics as the earlier
reports, most of the later ones are not as detailed as those of the 1815-1820s era. Partly
this reflects the fact that travelling inspectors lacked the degree of detailed knowledge
that post managers had acquired. Also, by the late nineteenth century reporting had
become highly formulaic and often was done on printed forms under the headings
provided. In contrast, during the early nineteenth century post managers used blank
journal pages and covered topics in the degree of detail that they thought was appropriate.
Figures 1 and 2 provide examples of the two different styles of district reports. Of
particular importance to our current project is the fact that the late nineteenth century
reports do not provide extensive commentaries on the local aboriginal population. There
are no district reports for Forts McMurray and McKay, but each of those for Ft
Chipewyan for the period of the 1880s and 1890s include one to several paragraphs
pertaining specifically to Ft McMurray.
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Athabasca Country during the early 19th Century
Two waterways led westward from le--la-Crosse into Athabasca country
and the HBC districts of Lesser Slave Lake and Fort Chipewyan (Figures 3 & 4).
These two districts covered an immense territory extending from the
woodland/parkland zone north of the North Saskatchewan to the Peace River
valley and Lake Athabasca: one route was via Portage la Loche and the
Clearwater River to the Athabasca River and the other was via the Beaver River.
The HBC post records indicate that by 1821 most of this once fur-rich country had
been severely depleted of fur bearing animals, especially beaver, but it remained
reasonably well stocked with a variety of game animals, most notably wood
buffalo (in the lower Peace River area and northward), moose, bear, woodland
caribou and barren ground caribou (northeastern quarter). For example, in his
report for the Lesser Slave Lake District, which included Rocky Mountain House
during the 1822-23 outfit,20 William Connolly21 stated:
The large animals are the [wood] buffalo, moose, red and jumping deer,
and in the Rocky Mountains sheep or goats of two different kinds, the
grey and the white. The most numerous are the moose deer, but they are
far from abundant. This scarcity it is supposed is owing to the great
numbers that were destroyed during the winter 1821-22, when the
exceeding depth of snow and the strong crust with which it was covered
during the months of March and April made them easy prey.22
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Figure 1: District Report, Lesser Slave Lake, 1820-21

Although this array of game was present, at Lesser Slave Lake and Lac la Biche,
the traders depended most heavily on their fisheries for sustenance. Emphasizing
the importance of this food source for the region, Connolly claimed: The only
advantage the department possesses is derived from the fish with which most of
the lakes abound rendering the establishment of [Lesser] Slave Lake in a great
measure independent of hunters.23 There were at least three fisheries on Lesser
Slave Lake that sustained the post. In addition, a key fishery was located nearby at
Utikuma Lake.24 At the time the traders referred to this lake as Whitefish Lake.25
Company men also hauled fish from the post at Lac la Biche, which likewise
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relied heavily on its fishery for sustenance. Meat figured more prominently in the
diet at posts along the Peace River, but here too fisheries were important.
Figure 2: General Section, Lesser Slave Lake District Report for 1897 by
HBC Inspector E.K. Beeston
Regarding the fisheries of Lake Athabasca, in 1820 William Brown reported from
Fort Chipewyan that:
Before the year 1812 the NWC used always to starve at this place,26 but
this seems to have arisen from not following a proper system both in the
procuring of provisions, and the taking care of them after they were
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procured. For the country within a few days march of the fort is well
supplied with buffaloe, moose, and [barren ground] caribeau, and I do not
believe there is a lake in the country that is as well stocked with fish, or
one that so many are taken out of as at present and they must have been
more numerous.27
Brown stated that the company operated three fisheries near Fort Chipewyan;
Orkneymen manned two of them and Canadians the third.
By the time of the merger of the HBC and NWC in 1821 the regional
aboriginal population of the Athabasca area had changed substantially as a
consequence of the expansion of the fur trade into the region. One of the most
notable demographic changes that had taken place in the Lesser Slave Lake
District, which extended from the western boundary of the English River district
to the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west, was the emergence before 1821 of
a population of freemen of mixed ancestry who had developed distinct identity
and lifestyle. These Mtis people came to the attention of the HBC traders for
several reasons: they played important roles in the local fur trade; prior to 1821
they mostly were associated with the rival NWC; and after 1821 they acted
independently in economic and social terms.
One of the first HBC traders to comment extensively on the half-breed
Freemen was Robert Kennedy. In addition to the typical discussion of Indians
in the portion his 1819-20 Lesser Slave Lake report that was devoted to the local
aboriginal population, Kennedy included a section about the Freemen their
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18
numbers and the number of these trading with the HBC and NWC.28 He
described the freemen as follows:
Their total number in Spring of 1819 amounted to 97 souls viz: 23 men,
16 women and 58 children. The freemen are Canadians and Iroquois of
Lower Canada and their descendants, the Canadians, are all the old
servants of the NWC, who have Indian women and children of them and
thus get completely attached to the country and Indian way of living and
are all like them constantly moving about living in leather tents made of
the skins of Moose or buffalo.
Figure 3: Map of HBC Lesser Slave Lake, 1820-21. (PAMHBC b 115-e-1.) This
Sketch Map incorrectly rotates the axis of Lesser Slave Lake 90 degrees clockwise so
that it is oriented north-south instead of east-west.
Regarding their skills as hunters, Kennedy stated:
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The half-breeds and their descendants are excellent hunters and will
generally procure at Slave Lake from 150 to 200 skins in a winter. They
are very active in all they undertake and far excel the generality of
Indians in success at hunting.
Kennedy believed that the half-breed Freemen lived a proud and flamboyant
lifestyle, which he thought the competitive fur trade had helped to foster:
They are fond of finery in dress and this of the finest quality. They
possess a large share of pride & vanity and their ignorance is deplorable
and indeed it cannot be otherwise as of all the hired servants of both
companies and freemen at this place there is only one Iroquois that can
read or write. But the freemen are much courted by the traders of the
respective Companies for the sake of the interests of their employers.
Their Pride and vanity is flattered, their faults winked at and, in fact,
humoured in every respect. They are fond of Spiritous liquors and on
coming to the fort seldom fail to indulge in their favorite beverage.29
Former Nor Wester William Connolly was even more critical of the local Mtis
than Kennedy was. In his Lesser Slave Lake report for 1822-23, Connolly
remarked sarcastically:
The Freemen who trade at Lesser Slave Lake are a wretched assemblage
of Canadians, with their half breed offspring, Iroquois, Courteoreilles &
Nippissang, amounting altogether to 55 men & 126 women & children
These people are with a very few exceptions, a most worthless set.
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Many of them are in the habit of passing whole winters along the lakes
where fish can be caught & as long as they have anything to eat, trouble
themselves but little about paying their debts. An ide can be formed of
their value by the hunts received from them this year averaging only 25
skins per man of which 13 were beaver whilst their advances averaged
45 skins. It is true the scarcity of martins & the extreme severity of the
winter operated much against them, but the rascals might have done
better had they been inclined to work. The loss incurred is great & calls
loudly for the adoption of such measures as may prevent any loss being
hereafter sustained.
Figure 4: Sketch Map of Lesser Slave Lake District, 1820-1 (reorienting Lesser
Slave Lake) Showing Primary Cree and Mtis fisheries/wintering sites.
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Connolly complained further:

The coalition has had a good effect with regard to the Indians, who see
the necessity of being industrious. The quantity of liquor being reduced
to less than one third of what was annually expended during the
opposition has a manifest tendency to improve their condition &
conduct. But the Freemen are incorrigible. They are addicted to all kinds
of vices. I have tried fair means with them in vain; and I fear that nothing
but the severest of measures will bring them to their senses. They are
now anxiously expecting an American opposition, and endeavour to
instill the same notions into the minds of the Indians. As such stories
tend to nourish that spirit of independence which was excited by the late
opposition, they must, of course, be injurious, and the propagation of
them ought to be punished.
According to Connolly, the population of freeman at Rocky Mountain House30
was very different in composition and he regarded them as being more reliable
customers:
The freemen who trade at Rocky Mountain House are with the exception
of two Canadians, all Iroquois Half Breeds. They are only twenty men in
all. The few who hunt about the headwaters of the Smoky River & those
that went across [the mountains] they made about forty eight beaver per
man. Thirteen of them are now across the Mountains. They are well
equipped to hunt these being good industrious fellows.31
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Just before the merger HBC trader William Brown32 expressed views very similar
to those of Connolly about Indians and Mtis alike in the western Lake Athabasca
area. After noting that fish and game abounded near Fort Wedderburn, which was
located close to the NWCs Fort Chipewyan, 33 he remarked:
But the Canadians are even more extravagant in expending provisions
than the Indians themselves, while at the same time they are destitute of
that feeling which prompts the savage in the midst of his wasteful
extravagance to look out for a further supply... the effects of this
improvident conduct being fully experienced by those at the head of their
business.34
Brown also compared the Canadians unfavorably to his fellow Scotsmen as
fishermen:
We had three fisheries this year, two of which was managed by Orkney
fishermen and the other by Canadians. Those managed by the Orkney
men produced at least double the fish the Canadian one did, which did
not arise from them being in a better situation for taking fish, but from
them paying more attention to the arranging of their nets, and being more
careful of the fish after they were procured.35
Regarding the impact that the competitive fur trade had on the economic life and
mobility of Indians and Mtis, Brown observed:
Since the opposition the posts have been increased and the Indians better
supplied with ammunition, which has rendered them more unsettled, and
caused them to wander more about, they being always, sure to be well
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treated and receive a good supply wherever they come. So that at present
there are not more than from fifty to sixty families and from twenty to
thirty half-breeds36 and boys, the half-breeds are generally employed by
the NWC as fort hunters and the boys never receive more than a few
skins in debt, which they commonly pay in Martins.37
Brown continued:
At Harrisons House (east end of Lake Athabasca), last fall there were
about forty three Indians [Chipewyan], ten of whom were boys, but three
fourths of them have abandoned that post and proceeded to Churchill, Ile
a la Crosse, and Lac la Loche, particularly to the two last places. Part of
the remainder came here, and the rest stopped to hunt in the vicinity of
that post, to collect provisions in case it should be settled in the summer
or fall.
Regarding the Cree in the vicinity Brown commented:
A few years ago there might be reckoned between thirty and forty
families of Cree Indians, who in general hunted in the vicinity of Pierre
au Calumet (lower Athabasca River), but they could not be considered as
particularly belonging to that place, as they were in the habit of going
between there and Lesser Slave Lake according as they found game, or it
suited their inclination. Of late great numbers of them have died, so that
at present there are not about twenty families at most.38
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The Cree to whom he was referring were closely related to the Freemen who had fish
camps at Whitefish Lake and Lac la Biche. Pierre au Calumet was the name of the
NWC post that was located across the Athabasca River from the later site of Ft
McKay. At the time the HBC operated as small outpost, Berens House, adjacent to
Pierre au Calumet to access these Cree of the Red River (McKay River).
Although the district reports provide an excellent overview of the culturaleconomic geography of the Athabasca region circa 1820-21, it is not a complete one.
This is because discussions in the district reports concerning the local aboriginal
populations focused on those freemen and First Nations who traded at the posts. They
do not include the dependents of the men who were stationed at these establishments
nor those permanent servants who were of mixed ancestry. Significantly, during
the years from 1790 to1821 permanent employees often spent substantial lengths of
time away from the trading establishments to which they were assigned. As in other
regions, they worked as fishers, hunters, and camp traders. Also, during the slack
winter season post managers often freed their men so that they could take their
families and live off of the land thereby reducing the drain on the provision supplies
of the trading posts. The additional advantage for the company was that the men and
their families also had the opportunity to trap thereby enhancing the district returns.
Similar to other regions, it is the post journals that provide information about the
movements of individuals and offer us clues about the interaction spheres of the
interconnected HBC trading posts.
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25
Figure 5: Lesser Slave Lake Connections, 1817-22

The Lesser Slave Lake post journals for the period 1818-22 have been used to
generate Figure 5.39 It shows the number of times different places are mentioned in the
journal. The overwhelming importance of Whitefish Lake and Lac la Biche is readily
apparent. Whitefish lake was mentioned frequently for the reasons already discussed: (1)
the Lesser Slave Lake Post operated an outpost there, (2) this lake had one of the most
important fisheries in the region, and (3) it was the main wintering location for the local
Freemen and Indians. Communications with Lac la Biche were equally frequent for
similar reasons. Most of the contacts with the Rocky Mountains, Smoky River and Bear
Lake were for fur trading purposes. Most of these involved Iroquois Freemen. (Appendix
1) The latter were in the habit of visiting Lesser Slave Lake, Whitefish Lake, Lac la
Biche, and Fort Dunvegan. Most of the contacts with Peace River and Fort Edmonton
were associated with the companys transport business and correspondence. One of the
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26
families mentioned most often in the journals was the Cardinals (Figure 6). They were
one of the foundational Cree/Mtis families linked to present-day Grand Cache, Alberta.
Journal references to the Cardinals are listed in Appendix 2. The entries make it clear that
the Cardinals were closely allied with the Desjarlais family, another major western
Canadian Mtis family. Members of these two families often were hunting/trapping,
traveling, and trading together. In fact, the entry for 22 April 1822 mentioned a band
comprised of Old Cardinal, who had several sons and a son-in-law, Baptiste and
Merisel Desjarlais, and Le Tendres youngest son.
Figure 6: Movements of Members of the Cardinal Family in Lesser Slave Lake

District, 1820-21.
The Dunvegan Journals indicate that most of this posts interactions were with the Smoky
River/Rocky Mountain area, which, as we noted for Lesser Slave Lake, mostly involved
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27
trading with Iroquois Freemen, but did include some Dunneza. Appendix 1 lists the
journal references to the Smoky River/Rocky Mountain area and the Iroquois. In addition
to furs, the post received provisions (fresh and dried caribou and moose meat). Post
hunters maintained several caches in the lower reaches of the Smokey River and near the
Peace River for that purpose. They also maintained caches behind the house (north of)
the post to stockpile the proceeds of the hunts in that quarter. Most of the contacts with
other posts were associated with brigading and correspondence. Some of the contacts
with Lesser Slave Lake involved movements of Indians and Freemen.40
Figure 7: Dunvegan Connections

Unfortunately, there is a major gap in the post journal or district report records for the
Athabasca country from the 1820s until the late 1880s. There is one important
observation from the Fort Edmonton records for 1862. In his district report for 1862,
William Christie, provided the following description of Lac La Biche:
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Lac la Biche on Red Deers Lake: A trading post on lake of same name is
due north from Fort Pitt, and is 5 days journey back from the
Saskatchewan River. Thickwood Crees and Chipewyans trade here, it
sends out pretty good returns, about 30 packs of mixed furs. It is entirely
supported by its fisheries, good crops of potatoes and barley are raised
here. Wheat also grows well. There are at this post 20 head of cattle and
a few horses. The latter are used in hauling provisions from the plains.
There is a Roman Catholic mission at this lake, which is self-supporting.
A few Freemen are settled here. Free Traders from Red River settlement
sometimes winter here.41
Christies observation suggest that the main changes that had taken place in the
area from the earlier period was the presence of missionaries, increased farming
activity, the continuing operations of local freemen, and the presence of traders
from Red River in the region well before the Mtis Diaspora after 1870. As the Ft
McMurray journals of the 1880s make clear below, Lac la Biche remained an
important base of operations for Mtis competitors of the HBC.
Of major importance, the HBC records make it clear that by 1821 there
were overlapping regional Mtis communities in the wooded country to the north
of the North Saskatchewan River (Figure 8]. The Cree/Mtis community was the
most important. It extended from Lesser Slave Lake eastward to Calling lake,
Little Red River (McKay River), Lac la Biche (Red Deer Lake on the district map
of 1821), Moose Lake and beyond toward the English River country. These
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29
peoples economy was anchored at lake fisheries and their primary settlements
were at Lesser Slave Lake, Utikuma Lake, Lac la Biche, and nearby Moose Lake
(Figure 4). An Iroquois-Mtis community resided to their west and northwest.
They were primarily located in the Rocky Mountain region in the vicinity of
Rocky Mountain House, but they had trading contacts with Ft Dunvegan. Both of
these communities were bordered by the Parkland-Grassland /Cree/Mtis
community that was located in or adjacent to the North Saskatchewan River
valley, where they gathered in several settlement. For these people buffalo hunting
was of major importance, but fisheries and woodland fur and games animals also
were significant resources for their economy. To the northeast, a ChipewyanMtis community existed along the lower Athabasca and Peace rivers and in the
vicinity of Ft Chipewyan.42
HBC Records from Ft McMurray and environs, 1876-1911
Ft McMurray, 1876-86
The HBC opened Ft McMurray in 1870 to trade with the Chipewyan and Cree who lived
in the vicinity of the confluence of the Clearwater and Athabasca rivers.43 According to
the 1881 Canadian Census for Athabasca, the population associated with Ft McMurray
was comprised of 10 half-breeds of Chipewyan lineage, 43 Cree, and 58 Chipewyan.44
As the journal entries (Appendix 3) show, these Native People frequented the post for
trading purposes and to seek relief from the food shortages that plagued them in the late
1870s and early 1880s, and again in the 1890s.45 They also visited the post to obtain
seasonal employment on company brigades (boats/canoes in summer and dog trains in
winter), as fishermen, post hunters, laborers, and farm hands (especially late summer and
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30
early autumn). Journal references indicated key Cree camping/fishing/hunting/trapping

camps were located in the vicinities of Lac la Biche, the House River, Little Red River
(McKay River), north of the Clearwater River, and in the vicinity of Ft McMurray. The
Chipewyan, especially the extensive Bouche family (discussed below), lived in the
vicinity of the Ft McMurray and toward Little Red River (McKay River). Many
Chipewyans gathered at Little Red River to trade in spring. Those Indians who worked
on short contracts at the post resorted to various places nearby for firewood, canoe and
sled-making wood, and construction timber. With the advent of steamboat service, felling
and chopping cordwood also became important.
The Families at Ft McMurray
Two native families, Cree and Bouche, dominated life at Ft McMurray. As the surname
indicates, the former family was Cree; the latter is identified in the journals as being
Chipewyan and Chipewyan-half-breed. The Cree family appeared in the record most
frequently (217 times) and the Bouche family second (148 times) (Appendix 4).46 The
members of both families are listed in Appendix 9.
Of the various members of the Cree family, Paul Cree is mentioned the most often
in the journals. The references suggest that when he was not engaged for short terms at
the post, he sometimes hunted north of the Clearwater River and fished at the lake
(likely either Gregoire Lake or Gordon Lake) south of this river. His primary camp seems
to have been located at the lake. Puzzling is the fact that the McMurray journals do not
make any references to the Cardinal family, who appear frequently in the records from
the pre-1822 era at Lesser Slave Lake, and again in the records for Ft McKay for the
1901-11 period.
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The large Bouche family, who are mentioned in the Fort Chipewyan district
reports as early as 1820-21,47 was crucial to Fort McMurray for a number of reasons.
Isaac Cowie made this clear on 17 January 1882, when the family patriarch, Grand Jose/
Bouche, died. About his passing Cowie remarked: he was once a noted hunter and the
headman of the Chips here. He has a large grown up family which constitutes about half
our hunters here.48 Other references in the journal indicate that just prior to his death,
Grand Joses primary camping area was located in the Little Red River valley.49 His
importance is reflected by the fact that there are 77 references to Grand Jose prior to his
death (more than half of all the references to the Bouche family). Appendix 8 lists the
different members of this family who are referred to in the Ft McMurray and later Ft
McKay journals.
The Crees and Bouches engaged in the same range of activities, albeit the former
were more involved in hunting, fishing and summer farming activities near the post. One
of the oldest members of the latter family was Jose Grand Jose, who died at Fort
McMurray in 1882. The Bouche kinship network extended toward Little Red River.
Members of this family traded extensively with the HBC and its competitors for furs,
birch bark, and shingles. Some of them, such as Adam, Lowis, and Maurice, were
engaged as temporary workers for the fort.
Regarding the importance the Cree, Bouche and other local native families to the
regional trapping economy, the HBC records present a contradictory picture. On the one
hand, the Ft Chipewyan district report for 1885 noted that the Indians who traded at Ft
McMurray are among the very best fur hunters in the District. The chief peltries are
Bears, Beaver, Castorum, Fishers, Lynx, Marten, Minks and Otters, with a few Foxes,
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32
Wolves and Wolverine.50 On the other hand, the district reports of the 1890s present a
very different picture. District managers and travelling inspectors complained that Indian
debts (credits to non-whites and those who were not company servants) were high not
only because of poor fisheries and moose hunts, but also because Indians living in the
vicinity of the post were in the habit of resorting to Edmonton and Portage la Loche
where they received better prices for their furs and trading goods were cheaper.51 Also,
game animals were relatively abundant in the mid-1880s whereas many Native hunters
seemed to be suffering from starvation in the early 1890s.
Spatial Interactions at Ft McMurray
Although the HBC originally founded Ft McMurray to trade with local Chipewyan and
Cree, over time it became even more important as a transportation depot on the crucial
Portage la Loche-Ft Chipewyan-Athabasca Landing boat/canoe brigade route. There were
two reasons why it became relatively more important as a transportation depot: (a) it was
situated at the important confluence of the Clearwater and Athabasca rivers and (b) by the
1880s it was becoming of marginal importance to the HBC as a fur-trading place. The
reason for the latter was that there had been a sharp decline in the local moose population
and heightened competition in the region led to over trapping and the siphoning away of
trappers furs to local competitors at Edmonton, Lac la Biche and Portage la Loche. As
early as 1891 Athabasca District manager William McKay observed: for a number of
years this post has been carried at an apparent loss, and might be advantageously
transferred to Red River [the eventual site of Ft Mckay] about 40 miles lower down the
River, but that it is the connecting between the Grand Rapids section of Transport and the
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33
Steamer Grahame, and it is thought desirable to retain the present site. Two of the
Indians of this post accompanied the others to Edmonton.52
Appendix 5 provides a rough indication of the spatial pattern of interactions at Ft
McMurray based on the number of journal references to each place. Its primary
importance as a transportation hub on the routes to and from Ft Chipewyan and Portage
la Loche is readily apparent. Many of the journal references are to people, mostly boat
brigade men and dog sled men of the company who were en route to or from these two
places. With the exception of Edmonton, which had become an important regional
outfitting center by this time for the company and its competitors alike, most of the places
mentioned ten or more times were associated either with local logistical support activities
at Ft McMurray, or this posts trade with the local Chipewyan and Cree. As noted, the
post journals make it clear that in the late 1870s and early 1880s moose were very scarce,
and, as a result, many Native People suffered from starvation.53 Partly for this reason, Ft
McMurray was highly dependent on several fisheries that were located in the vicinity.
Prominent among them were those located on Gregoire Lake, Swan Lake (Gordon Lake)
and Fish Lake as well as river fisheries near the fort and along House River. We have not
been able to identify what lake was associated with the latter reference. Possibly it was
another reference to Gregoire Lake or Gordon Lake. Cowie also wrote about opening up
another fishery at Cree Lake. Perhaps this was another reference Gregoire Lake, which
was frequented by the Cree family.54
Ft McMurray also was supported by a small farm operated by company servants,
who were assisted by seasonal laborers hired from the local native population. On the
island near the fort, likely Rocke Island, company men, with the help of seasonal native
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34
laborers had built a pig and ox byre and a limekiln. The various meadows nearby
provided hay for horses and a few livestock. To obtaining this crucial feed, the servants
and seasonal workers burned prairie hay fields in the spring to promote growth. In the
summer, they scythed prairie grass and made haycocks at several locations on prairies.
The wives of the servants and local native women helped gather hay, plant gardens, and
harvest crops, especially potatoes, in the autumn.
Beyond the immediate vicinity of the post, Little Red River (McKay River) was
very important because it encompassed the primary territory of the Chipewyan and
Chipewyan-Mtis Bouche (Boucher) family. According to the Ft Chipewyan District
Report for Athabasca for 1885, this river also was the place where the company faced its
stiffest competition. It stated: in consequence of the presence of opposition on the
Athabasca at Red River [the company] have had to establish a out or winter post,
which will have to be kept up as long as they remain there. Both are on the winter and
summer lines of communication with the neighbouring District of English River.55 In
other words, similar to the era when the HBC and NWC maintained the outposts of
Berens House and Pierre au Calumet near the confluence of the McKay and Athabasca
rivers, it was a focus of competing trading interests.
Ft McKay (1901-1911)
The journals for Ft McKay cover the first decade after the conclusion of Treaty 8. They
indicate that economic life in the area continued much the same as before the treaty.
Table one lists the families that are mentioned most frequently. Not surprisingly, some of
the families that had figured prominently at Ft McMurray in the late 1870s and early
1880s are well represented, most notably the Bouche family. Ft McKay was situated in
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35
their territory. The strong connection to Ft Chipewyan is evident in presence of the Loutit
family. A key reason for their strong representation is because John James Loutit served
as one of the permanent servants at the post. Other members of the family who are
mentioned included George, who worked on scows for the HBC between Athabasca
Landing and Ft Chipewyan, Peter Senior and Junior, one of whom (likely Peter Senior)
operated in the area as an independent trader in 1901,56 and the Loutit brothers (one of
whom likely was Peter Junior)57, who drove dog teams for the company in winter time
(1902) from Ft Chipewyan.
The frequent references to Ft McMurray and Ft Chipewyan are to be expected
given the close proximity of the two posts and the administration role that the later played
in the region (Appendix 7). Moose Lake, on the other hand, which often was referred to
as the lake, was of key significance for very different reasons. This Moose Lake was
not the one referred to in the Lesser Slave Lake records and map of 1820-21, but is part
of the present-day Gardiner Lakes. These lakes were an important camping place for
Chipewyan, Cree and Mtis families. The families associated with this lake, and the
Gardiner Lake area more generally, were Cardinal, Bouche, Hose and Nakoho. All of
them had close trading ties with Ft McKay. Table 2 lists the people who the journals
linked to this lake during the 1901 to 1911. As the table indicates, Moose Lake was a key
source of furs, which the company obtained by sending camp traders to the lake and
through visits of Moose Lake Cree and Mtis to Ft McKay. The fisheries at this lake also
were vitally important. What the Mckay journals do not tell us is whether the residents of
this lake still maintained ties with Lesser Slave Lake as they had during the pre-1821 era.
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Poplar Point was another important location. It was located near the present-day
Chipewyan Indian Reserve Number 201G. The Ft McKay post journals indicate that it
was an important First Nations fishing, hunting, and trapping camp, the location of a
catholic missionary, Father Crozier (Crosier), and it was a place where traders
congregated or visited during the trapping season. The HBC, sent trippers there collect
furs from time to time. Among those sent from Ft McKay were: Louis Bouche (1901),
Jos Cardinal (1907), Lepines son (1903) and Elezear Robillard (1902, 1903, 1911).
Indians also visited Ft McKay from this location in 1907 and 1908. In 1909, Louis
Piche came in from Poplar Point to trade his furs.58 In 1911, Louis Bouche & Chyastum
Piche travelled down river to Poplar Point to bring back Father Crozier.59
Table 2: People Associated with Moose Lake According to HBC Ft McKay
Journals, 1901-1911
R. Armit- He was an HBC servant at Ft McKay who went there to obtain fish in 1908.
Joseph Cardinal - HBC servant sent off to the lake in 1907, 1908.
Cree families - They were mentioned as being from the lake in (1906 and 1907)
Baptiste Grahame & party - They came in from the lake to trade in 1910
Peter Hose - He was sent to the lake with provisions 1901. He lived there in 1907 and
served as contract fisher there for Ft McKay.
Isadore Bouche - He came in from the lake to trade his furs in December of 190160 and
again in 1908. The context indicates he lived at Moose Lake.
Jonas Bouche - he came to McKay from the lake in 1909.
The context suggests he lived there at that time.
Jose Bouche - He came in to McKay from the lake in 1906.
Louis Bouche - He was stationed at McKay in 1901 when he made camp trading visits to
Poplar Point and was a camp trader/trapper with his son at the lake in 1901; He came in
to Ft McKay to trade in 1906 suggesting that he was living in the vicinity at the time,
possibly at Moose Lake.61
John Nakoho - He served as a contract fisherman for Ft McKay at the lake in 1901; he
came in from the lake in 1906. 62
St. Pierre McKay - He was sent to the lake with provisions in 1901.
S. Rowland - he was an HBC servant who was sent there to bring back fish.
W Wilson - He came in from the lake in 1909 and travelled to and from it in 1910.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
37
Poplar Point and Point Brule were other camp trading locations for Ft McKay. They were
located downstream from the post. The former place was where rival traders gathered to
deal with the local Chipewyan. It was also an important way station on the route between
Ft Chipewyan and Athabasca Landing. Scows carrying goods for a local rival named
Gordon arrived from the point late spring of 1901 and headed back there in November.63
The Ft McKay manager sent various men there as trippers to collect furs for the HBC.
These included Louis Bouche,64 Jose Cardinal,65 Elezear Robillard,66 and John James
Loutit.67
Neither the Ft McKay nor the Ft McMurray journals mention any settlements
being located adjacent to the posts. However, the former records do make it clear that
Native People camped regularly across the river (east bank of the Athabasca River) and
came over for trading and other purposes. Among those from across the river were Old
Charlot Piche and Charlot,68 Chrysostum,69 and Julian.70 At Fort McMurray, on the other
hand, as early as 1882, for example, the post journals noted that the Piche family had a
house and grew oats and other crops. Sometimes men from Ft McKay crossed over to
trade with natives who were camped on the eastern shores of the Athabasca River. On
occasion Chrysostum Piche was retained from there as a post hunter.71 Additionally, there
are a few references that mention hunter/trappers who were from across the Little Red
River from Ft McKay. Maurice and Toldaal were among these.72 Jonas Taurangeau was
another individual who hunted and trapped in the vicinity of Ft McKay. His base camp
was located somewhat farther away. On 3 November 1909, for instance, he arrived from
up river where he had taken a mink and some muskrat.73 Shortly thereafter he returned
to his camp. On 20 November he returned to trade an assortment of cross fox, red fox,
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
38
and muskrat. Immediately thereafter he left for Ft McMurray.74 Jonas returned to sell 500
fish on 6 December 1909.75 The 28 December 1909 journal entry states that he
accompanied John James Loutit and W. Wilson to for Ft Chipewyan with the winter mail.
Apparently by this time he had been hired by the HBC and he continued to work there the
next two years. He continued to carry winter packets (his son sometimes travelling with
him), but the post manager also sent him out as a tripper to local trappers camps.76
At least two Mtis operated near Ft McKay as independent traders. Emile Shot[t]
was one of these. The journal entry for 3 February 1911 mentioned that Shot had arrived
from Ft McMurray and he was going down as far as Jack Fish Creek to inspect his
posts.77 He returned from there via Point Brule on 9 February and left the following day
for the McMurray area.78 On 8 April, a man named Cowie (son of Isaac Cowie?) passed
by Ft McKay en route to Ft Chipewyan, where he was going to trade on behalf of Shot.79
In the autumn of 1911 Emile Shot established a winter trading camp at Poplar Point.80 On
29 October the journal entry at Ft McKay indicates that Shot had hired Elezear Robillard
to trade for him at Poplar Point. Previously Robillard had worked for the HBC at Ft
McKay.81
Colin Fraser was the other important independent Mtis trader. The journals
suggest he obtained his supplies from Edmonton82 and that his primary base of operations
was located at Ft Chipewyan. He was active in the vicinity of Ft McMurray throughout
the period of the Ft McKay Journals. His trading operations reached as far as Lac la
Biche and Calling Lake. He also was involved in the transport business, apparently
having at least one steamboat. 83 Additionally, he operated winter packets with dog
teams.84 In 1901 a trader representing Fraser was located adjacent to Ft McKay. In 1906,
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
39
another Metis, Louis Taurangeau, was one of Frasers traders. He was stationed at Island
Lake [Calling Lake].85
Among the other traders who operated in the area was a man who was referred to
in the Ft McKay journals simply as Gordon. The journal entry for 26 December 1901
indicates that Gordon worked for Mtis trader John McDonald of Ft Chipewyan.86 In any
event, Gordon/McDonald had operations at Ft McMurray, Point Brule, and Poplar Point
throughout the period from 1901-1911.87 Two of the men who worked for them were Mr.
Bellaur (or Belleur) and Maurice Bouche. The latter also sometimes hunted for the HBC
at Ft McKay and traded there.88
Of particular interest, the journals make it clear that the local native population
engaged in most of the range of economic activities that were characteristic of earlier
competitive fur trading eras. In addition to fishing/hunting/trapping for subsistence and
exchange purposes, they also served short-term contracts as hunters, fishers, unskilled
laborers, boatmen, and dog team drivers during the closed water season. While they
generally paid off the advances they received at various times, most notably at the
beginning of trapping season, they also sought to obtain the best prices for their furs by
dealing alternatively with the HBC and its local rivals and/or they travelled to Portage la
Loche and Edmonton.
Mtis and First Nations Communities of the Athabasca/Clearwater Rivers
Region of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
There is no question that the frequency of movement of people up and down the
rivers during the open water season, and overland (and on ice) by dog team in the winter,
meant that the area between Ft Chipewyan, Ft McKay, Ft. McMurray, Athabasca
Landing, and Portage la Loche was closely linked together. The presence of the Bouche,
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
40
Cardinal, Cree, Taurangeau, Loutit and other families in multiple locations speaks to
existence of spatially extensive social and kinship interconnections also. This means that
the HBC records that we have examined for this report indicate that the elements were in
place for the likely formation of two spatially extensive communities: one was a
Chipewyan/Cree/Mtis community in the McMurray area that extended eastward to
Portage la Loche and likely beyond. The other was a Chipewyan/Mtis community
centered at Ft Chipewyan. The two overlapped in the hinterland of Ft McKay. The nature
of the Forts McMurray and McKay journals does not enable us to speculate about the
existence of larger communities.
The relationships of these latter communities to those of the earlier period are not
entirely clear. It is generally understood that Mtis people, and likely some of the Cree,
came into this area in multiple waves. We have seen that in the case of the Mtis, three
communities had been established in northern Alberta before 1821. After 1821
newcomers arrived after 1870 and again after 1885. The Ft McMurray records would
include some of those who arrived in the second wave, but here we have not attempted to
identify who they were. The journals for Ft McKay [and Chipewyan] would include those
who arrived after 1885 and before the negotiation of Treaty 8. So, for the present it is not
possible to speak definitively about the extent to which the communities of the late
nineteenth century were linked to, and or different, from those of the pre-1821 era. There
is no doubt that there was some continuity as is evidenced by the presence of several
families during both periods. These families are: Bouche, Cardinal, Lavalle,89 Lapine,90
Loutit, Martin,91 and Piche (Appendix 9). The family names that appear in the journals of
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
41
Forts McKay and McMurray and also appear in census and scrip records are listed in
Appendix 10.
Regarding future research that should be done, we emphasize we did not have
time to consult extensively non-HBC documentary records, particularly government and
missionary records. Indeed, we were not able to examine the extensive journals for the
companys post at Ft Chipewyan. For this report, we were only able to consult the Ft
Chipewyan district reports. The Ft Chipewyan post journals should be explored fully.
As noted at the outset, we did not consider whether a sense of nationhood
developed among the people of mixed ancestry who lived in the region. In any event, the
records provide little information that is relevant to this question. The pre-1821 records
suggest that the northern Alberta region was relatively isolated from Red River. By midcentury this would have changed somewhat as free traders from Red River penetrated the
region, especially in the vicinity of Lac la Biche. Those linkages would have increased
over time, especially after 1870 with the waves of new Mtis immigrants who did have a
strong sense of nationhood after clashing with Canada. Treaty 8 research has shown that
these newcomers discouraged their First Nations relatives from signing a treaty with
Canada.92 The extent to which these Mtis newcomers from the prairies and parklands
transformed the regional woodland Mtis culture that already was in existence is a topic
worthy of future consideration.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
42
ENDN2TES
1
Those mentioned in the Ft McKay journals are: SS Grahame (HBC), SS
Primrose, the steam tug Ethel, and Colin Frasers Steamer.

2
Appendix 6: McKay Post Journal, lines: 4, 104. Subsequent entries suggest he
might have been working for HBC for winter packet service. On the other hand, the Peter
mentioned in regard to latter service could have been the young Peter Loutit.
3
In the autumn of 1901 a man named Jimas was located adjacent to the HBC post
on behalf of Fraser. Ibid, line 214. Entries for the latter part of the decade indicate he
might have been hauling cargo for HBC.
4
In one instance in 1901 he is mentioned as being a trader for John McDonald.
Most other entries imply he was operating for himself at McMurray, Point Brule, and
Popular Point. Ibid, lines: 109, 120, 239, 315, 319, 709. A reference in 1906 suggests he
might have joined the HBC.
5
B.307/a/3, page 4 (26 November 1884). See also B.307/a/3, page 6d (19
December 1884) for a similar entry.

6
In Appendix 6 we have standardized this and other names to facilitate searching.
They appear 158 times compared to the Bouche family at 87 and the Robillards
at 71. Partly this is because John James, or JJ Loutit was employed at the post. Elezear
Robillard also was employed there. According to McCormack the Loutit (Louted) family
originally was from the Ft Chipewyan area. McCormack,
8
The Problem with this given name is that the English journalists did not always
use the French Canadian/Mtis spelling.

9
Under country of origin Brown identified three Canadian Metiss: Pierre
Blondin ((Milieu), William Flett (Milieu), Jean Philip (Devant). Two of the Boucher
family, Wakin Boucher (Interpreter) and Boucher dit Lamalise Paul (Guide), were listed
as Canadian. Ft Chipewyan District Report, 1820-21, B 39/e/6: 11d-17.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
10
43
Patricia McCormack, Fort Chipewyan and the Shaping of Canadian History,
1788-1920s. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010: 23, 147.

11
Ibid , 147.
12
Gerhard Ens, Taking Treaty 8 Scrip, 1899-1900: A Quantitative Portrait of
Northern Alberta Mtis Communities, in Treaty 8 Revisited: Selected Papers of the 1999
Centennial Conference. Grand Prairie: Grand Prairie Regional College, 1999-2000:
252.See also McCormack, 201-5.
13
Arthur J Ray, Fur Canadian Fur Trade in the Industrial Age, Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1990: 39-40.

14
One response was that the company kept Sick and Destitute Accounts. See
Ray, 206-18.
15
I discuss the impact of treaties on the development of the cash economy in the
Canadian north, and the issue of relief payments by the HBC in Ray, 39-40.
16
1 Nov 1881, Appendix 1, line 1094.
17
Appendix 3, line 2368, 16 May 1885. The Ft Chipewyan district report for 1885
refers to the clash as the Saskatchewan Rebellion. B 39/3/6.

18
Appendix 3: line 534.
19
Appendix 3: line 604.
20
In earlier and later years this post was included in the Saskatchewan District as
an outpost of Fort Edmonton.

21
William Connolly had joined the NWC as a clerk in 1801 and after the merger,
was placed in charge of Lesser Slave Lake, where he served until 1824, when he was
appointed to the New Caledonia District. went west, where he would remain for 30 years.
Connolly had married a Cree woman Suzanne while in the Cumberland District in 1803
and they had six children. Connolly abandoned her in 1832 to marry his second cousin,
Julia Woolrich.
22
Lesser Slave Lake District Report, 1822-23, PAMHBC B 115/e/4, 2-3.
23
Ibid.
24
The name is derived from the Cree word, Uticuma which means big
whitefish.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
25
44
In 1822-23, the report stated that: The fishery at Lesser Slave Lake was very
deficient compared with what was taken in former years only 4,000 in all, tho every
possible exertion was made. At Whitefish Lake 8,000 were taken. Ibid. In his 1820-21
report Robert Kennedy stated: At Whitefish Lake near Lesser Slave Lake a House was
built principally on acct. of the freemen in that quarter but it was of no service in this
respect as the people [NWC] from Peace River had a post at Lac Puant a short distance
from Whitefish Lake. But it was still of great service on account of the fishery 8,000 were
caught and without which we would have been reduced to the last necessity from
famine. PAMHBC, B115/e/2, 2. See also, Appendix 1, Lesser Slave Lake Post Journals,
18 October 1821, 7.
26
Prior to the merger, the HBC maintained a post (Fort Wedderburn), just to the
west of Fort Chipewyan.

27
Ibid.
28
Lesser Slave Lake, District Report, 1819-20, 4.
29
Kennedys report also indicated that there were separate trading tariffs for
Indians and Freemen.

30
In 1821 this post was included in the Lesser Slave Lake District. Previously and
later it was part of the Saskatchewan District and operated as an outpost of Fort
Edmonton.
31
Ibid.
32
Brown was from the Scottish Lowlands (Parish of Kilmaurs) southwest of
Glasgow.
33
At the time the two companies operated three outposts. The NWC operated
Pierre au Calumet on the lower Athabasca River and Harrison House at the east end of
Lake Athabasca. The HBC maintained St. Marys House on the Peace River upstream
from its confluence with the Smokey River
34
Fort Chipewyan [Wedderburn] District Report, 1819-20, PAMHBC, B 39/e/4:
35
Ibid.
36
Most of these would have been family heads.
6-7.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
37
Ibid, 40.
38
Ibid. As noted above, Mtis and Cree maintained fisheries at Utikma Lake
45
(Whitefish Lake). It is likely, therefore, that these Cree were related to the Mtis at the
latter lake and those who lived part of the year at Lac la Biche.
39
PAMHBC B 115/a/1-5.
40
See, for example, the entries for 20 March 1822, 6 August 1822, 12 October
1822, 12 July 1835

41
Fort Edmonton District Report, 1862, PAMHBC B 60/e/9, 4.
42
To date we have not undertaken an in-depth examination of the Ft Chipewyan
records to map the economic life of this community.

43
Ft Chipewyan District Report, 1885.
44
Ibid, 5d.
45
In his Athabasca District report for 1890, William McKay observed: the
statement of Indian debts shows a considerable increase, caused chiefly by starvation.

Their fisheries were very unproductive, and but few moose were killed among them.
Aggravating the debt problem was the fact that the local population took their furs to
Portage la Loche, where they received better prices (B 39/e/18). In his subsequent report,
Mckay reiterated that Ft McMurrays fisheries were far away and far from prolific so
that most of the provisions used there had to be imported (B 39/e/20:3).
46
This is an under representation because members of a family often are referred
to only by their given names.

47
Ft Chipewyan District Report, 1820-21: 12d-17
48
Appendix 3, line 1166, 17 January 1882.
49
For example, see Appendix 3, line 396, 10 May 1879 and line 398, 12 May
50
Ibid, 2d.
51
Ft Chipewyan District Reports, 1890, 1891, and 1893. B 39/e/18-23.
52
Ft Chipewyan District Report, 1891 B 39/e/21: 3.
53
See journals entries in Appendix xx for:
1879.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
54
46
Possibly this was a reference to the lake were Paul Cree and his extended
family camped on a regular basis.

55
Ft Chipewyan Report District Report [for Athabasca], 1885, HBCA B 39/e/11:
56
On 20 August 1901 a scow loaded with goods for him passed the post.
3.
Appendix 6, line 186.
57
During the winter of 1906 Young Peter was doing HBC winter Packet service
with Elezear Greenwood. Appendix 6, line 711, 18 January 1906.

58
26 November 1909, 305/a/7, 88d. The context suggests he was an Indian.
59
Ibid, 18 and 21 December 1911
60
Appendix 6, line 294 6 December 1901.
61
Appendix 6, lines 235 28 October 1901 and 292, 4 December 1901; line 694
January 1906
62
Appendix 6, line 187, 21 August 1901 and line 976, 13 December 1906
63
Appendix 6, line 109, 21 May 1906 and line 239 1 November 1901.
64
He left 1 December 1901 and returned three days later. Appendix 6, lines 286
and 292.
65
Appendix 6, line 1164, 16 December 1907 (away until 19 December),.
66
Appendix 6, line 479, 11 December 1902; line 564, 25 April 1904. It is likely
that he was the son of Louison Robillard. The latter was listed as a fisherman at Ft
Chipewyan according to the district report for 1892. According to this report Louison was
50 years old, had served the company 16 years, and had 5 children resident. Two of his
children were earning their own living and were not an expense to the company. B
39/e/22: 17.
67
Appendix 6, line 949, 6 December 1906 (away until 10 December).
68
Appendix 6, line 242, 4 November 1901; line 296, 7 December 1901; line 303,
13 December 1901; References to Old Charlot are: line 152, 17 July 1901 and line 696, 3
January 1906.
69
Appendix 6, line 264, 15 November 1901; line 296, 7 December 1901;
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
70
15 November 1901, Ibid; line 285, 30 November 1901; line 296, 7 December
71
Ibid, line 870, 18 September 1906
72
Ibid, line 565, 26 April 1904.
73
Ibid, line 1389 and 1397.
74
Ibid, line 1405.
75
Ibid, line 1421.
76
Ibid, line 1452, 22 January 1910 and line 1503, 14 March 1910. On the latter
47
1901;
date he headed off for Maurices Camp, returning five days later (line 1508) with furs
and $600. On 18 March the postmaster sent him off to Long Lake for furs. Line 1750.
77
Appendix 6, line 1707.
78
Ibid, lines 1713-1714.
79
Ibid, line 1771.
80
Ibid, line 1841, 7 October 1911.
81
Ibid, line 1863, 20 October 1911
82
He returned from this city on his way to Ft. Chipewyan on 22 March 1910. 13
February 1911 he passed Ft McKay on his way back to Edmonton. Ibid, lines 1511 and
1717.
83
Ibid, line 1460, 30 January 1910.
84
Usually he is associated with two or more scows. Appendix 6, line 95, 7 May
1907; Fraser also had a steamer SS Kewatin, line 157, 22 July 1901 and line 1816, 12
September 1911; line 430, 14 September 1902; line 508, 29 February 508. Peter Loutit Sr
travelled with Fraser on this packet. [Note: there was a Fred Fraser also: line 746, 22
February 1906 and 762, 10 March 1906].
85
Ibid, line 753, 1 March 1906.
86
Ibid, lines 315-316.
87
Ibid, line 55 22 February 1901; line 109 21 May 1901; line 120 1 June 1901;
line 222, 15 October 1901; line 239, 1 November 1901; line 350, 19 March 1902; line
504, 25 February 1904; line 709, 16 January 1906; line 712, 19 January 1906; line 1754,
22 March 1911; and line 1831 27 September 1911.
5 June 2014
MCMURRAY REPORT
88
48
Ibid, line 227, 20 October 1901; line 869, 17 September 1906; line 1538, 18
April 1910; and line 1904, 9 December 1911.

89
Ft Chipewyan District Report, 1820-21.
90
Ibid.
91
Ibid.
92
Arthur Ray, Determining Effective European Control in Alberta. Report for
the Office of the Federal Interlocutor for Metis and Non-Status Indians, 17 March 2009.
5 June 2014
49
APPENDIX 1
LINE NO
REF
YEAR
PAGE
DAY
2
3
PLACE
Red River,
Cumberland
House, Ile a la
Crosse
Lake Winnipeg
B.115/a/1
1817
2d
28-Jul
B.115/a/1
1817
2d
29-Jul
B.115/a/1
1817
2d
30-Jul
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
2d
2d
31-Jul
01-Aug
B.115/a/1
1817
2d
02-Aug
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
3
3
03-Aug
04-Aug
B.115/a/1
1817
05-Aug
Grand Rapid
B.115/a/1
1817
11-Aug
Cumberland House
B.115/a/1
1817
12-Aug
Red River
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
1817
1817
3
3
3
3d
15-Aug
16-Aug
19-Aug
20-Aug
Beaver Lake
"Lac Moors"
B.115/a/1
1817
3d
22-Aug
Jack River
B.115/a/1
1817
3d
25-Aug
Ile a la Crosse,
Athabasca, Great
Slave Lake
5 June 2014
JOURNAL ENTRY
PEOPLE MENTIONED
This afternoon, left the Fort of Red River with 12 men for Cumberland House, having a large dispatch for
the HBC and NW gentlemen at "Isle a la Crosse" and Athabasca from Colonel Coltman. Slept this night
about half way down the River.
Colonel Coltman
Embarked about 11 o'clocl. Arrived at the Lake Winnipeg.

At noon met Mr. Graffennce with two boats bound for the Colony. Went on this night with a fine sail
wind.
Fine morning, sailing until 5 in the afternoon.
Blowing a strong head wind. Could not proceed until 5 o'clock this afternoon. Went on all night pulling.
Calm morning. Went on until 4 o'clock this afternoon. Obliged to put a shore for the wind it blowing a
gale right ahead.
Did not proceed until 11 o'clock at night.
Fine calm morning, pulling best part of the day. Went on all night
Arrived at the lower gazer of the Grand Rapid. Found a band of Freemen there and a few "Irish River
Indians." Traded meat with them. I heard from the above that some of Mr. Clark's canoes had passed two
days before my arrival.
I arrived at Cumberland House, where I found all company servants in good health.
Early this moring, x was dispatched with a boat loaded with pemmican for the Red River. They had 30
bags as cargo and 2 for their provisions.
This morning, the canoe being finished, embarked. I was ordered to take Mr. Bird along.
Blowing very hard all day.
This morning arrived at Beaver Lake, where we were delayed by the wind until late in the evening.
Early morning entered Lac Moors and was delayed by the wind and rain all day.
About 9 o'clock this morning met with Baptiste Yeole and 12 men servants of the HBC. Proceed to Jack
River.
This morning at the head of the rapid met four canoes from the Athabasca and one canoe of the NWC
which carried the HBC men and officers out as provisions from that quarters. They could not inform me
of Mr Clark further than that the NW had kidnapped him. Clark and 5 men to Great Slave Lake where in
all likelihood they will kill him and his people. I proceeded my voyage for "Isle La Crosse."
Mr Graffennce
Freemen, "Irish River

Indians," Mr. Clark
Mr. Bird
Baptiste Yeole, HBC

servants
HBC men, NWC, Mr. Clark
49
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
1817
3d-4
4-4d
4d
29-Aug
Ile a la Crosse,
Athabasca
01-Sep
Athabasca Lake, Ile

a la Crosse, Peace
River, Great Slave
Lake, Mithy Lake,
Lesser Slave Lake
21-Sep
Lesser Slave Lake,

Red Deer Lake,
Slave Lake
B.115/a/1
1817
4d
09-Oct
Pretty Hill, Beaver

River, Portage la
Biche [Lac la
Biche?]
B.115/a/1
1817
4d
13-Oct
"Portage a Cone"
B.115/a/1
1817
4d-5
14-Oct
"Portage a Cone"
B.115/a/1
1817
5-5d
15-Oct
Plains, Edmonton
House, Portage a
Cone
B.115/a/1
1817
5d
16-Oct
B.115/a/1
1817
5d
22-Oct
B.115/a/1
1817
5d
23-Oct
5 June 2014
Portage La Biche,
Plains
About 12 o'clock I arrived at "Isle a La Cross" House where I found the remainder of our people. Upon
arrival, I immediately went over to the NWC House with the officers belonging to this place and
demanded the HBC property which was "Robbed" last spring. They made no hesitation in giving it up
what remained which was but very little of what was taken. I recovered two new canoes. One was to be
taken to the voyage to the Athabasca. I found Stewart, Alex McDonell, McMurry, and Ogdon, a clark, ....
McDonell as an Irish lad ... whom I demanded to be deliver but he refused.
This afternoon the new canoe being ready I embarked with nine men for the Athabasca Lake. I arrived
there on 9 Sept. in hope of finding Mr Clark but was informed that he had been taken to the Peace River
along with Black who deceived him as going to Ile a la Crosse. Decided to go to the Peace River and
demanded the restitution of the Company property which was seized by Mr McLeod in the spring, which
would have been delived up to me. On 13th Sept, I overtook Mr. Yale and 5 of our men who had been at
Great Slave Lake all the summer with Mr. Clark. They were taken to Ile a la Crosse. Mr Clark was still in
danger by "the half Breeds who were engaged to murder the whole of them." On 16th, passed a light
canoe of the NWC with two clarks and McGilvray, a partner, of the NWC. On 19th, passed all the
Athabasca brigade of canoes at Mithy Lake. Also passed Mr. Stewart who "conveyed over people out
from the Athabasca that returned from Cumberland on his way to the Lake." On 20th, Iarrived again at
the Ile a Crosse where I found a letter from Mr. Bird that ordered to proceed to Lesser Slave Lake to take
in charge of that place.
Men worked gumming and reparing the canoe. After the canoe repair was finished at about noon, I
embarked for Lesser Slave Lake. Arrived at the Moose portage. There "to my great astonishment and
vexation I found two of our men along the River in charge of the best part of the Company's property" ...
half breeds engaged by Mr Dxx last spring at the Red Deer River... On 4th of October, I arrived at Lesser
Slave Lake and on 5th I sent a letter to the Pidgeon with an order to to proceed with all possible
expedition to Slave Lake and collect all the Indians if possible. After sending goods to Red Deer Lake by
dogs and horses, I intend to join them. On 5th, I proceeded to Red Deer Lake with two men in the canoe.
The rest of men walked along the shore, each carrying a backpack.
Eary this morning met B. "Dejarlais" and the man I sent off from the Pretty Hill with a letter from the
Pidgeon, going with three horses to bring a load of goods from the Hill. Also late this evening Mr Smith
and Antoine Dejarlais, our interpreter, came up with me. They walked from the Hill. Mr Smith informed
me that he had passed seven NWC canoes along the way down the Beaver River and in all likelihood
would not be able to reach the portage La Biche by water.
I arrived at the "Portage a Cone" and left the men and the canoe.
Mr Smith's people arrived at the Portage and had to leave their canoe for a day and half because of the ice
in the river and entirely shut up the navigation.
Engaged an Indian to go to the Plains with two men and sent them off with letters for Mr Bird to inform
him of my awkward situation concerning the goods. I was to get a supply of dogs and horses from
Edmonton House. Also Sent Mr Smith and one men with three horses to fetch a load of goods. I also left
the Portage this evening and went on a little way to the night of the Lake to build a Company post for the
winter.
sent one man off with letters for the upper House on a small canoe.
The men employed in preparing for the coming winter. I learned that William Henry for the NWC had
arrived at Portage La Biche though his cargo was delayed due to the ice on the river. Mr Smith returned
with a load of goods from below. The two men I sent off for the Plains returned.
Sent off two men below with dogs and sledges to fetch up a load of goods.
50
Stewart, Alex McDonell,

McMurry, Ogdon
Mr Clark, Mr Bird, Black,

Mr McLeod, Mr Yale,
Halfbreed, McGilvray, Mr
Stewart
Halfbreeds, Indians
B. Dejarlais, Antoine
Dejarlais (HBC interpreter),
Mr Smith
Mr Smith
Mr Bird, Indian engage, Mr
Smith
William Henry, Mr Smith
50
Plains, Portage La
Biche
B.115/a/1
1817
5d-6
30-Oct
B.115/a/1
1817
01-Nov
B.115/a/1
1817
03-Nov
Athabasca
B.115/a/1
1817
14-Nov
Portage La Biche
B.115/a/1
1817
16-Nov
B.115/a/1
1817
17-Nov
B.115/a/1
1817
6-6d
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
21-Nov
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
23-29-Nov
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
02-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
04-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
06-Dec
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
08-Dec
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
6d
09-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
6d-7
11-Dec
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
7
7
15-Dec
17-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
19-Dec
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
7
7
20-Dec
21-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
25-Dec
5 June 2014
18-20-Nov
Pretty Hill
Athabasca River,
Slave Lake River,
Slave Lake
Lesser Slave Lake
The two men I sent off for goods on the 25th returned with six pieces with them. On their way down they
saw a band of Indians belonging to the Plains who sent word that they wish to have some debt and a man
to tent with them to take care of their skins. They men employed as building and fishing. The Indians
were here. Francois Dechamp, the guide, got intoxicated and was fighting with some of our traders. Early
in the morning he came to me and demanded a pint of rum, which was refused to five. I wanted him to
make sledges as fast as possible to carry goods left below to this place. He left to join the NWC at Portage
La Biche.
Early in the morning, I sent off Mr Smith and three men to fetch goods and on his way down met the
Plains Indians and gave them a little credit.
This morning two Indians arrived from the Athabasca. I gave them a little credit and sent a man to tent
with them.
Mr Henry of the NWC was removed from the Portage La Bishe along with a few.
Mr Smith arrived from below having seen two bands of Plain Indians from whom he got a number of
dogs, horses, and a small quantity of provisions.
This morning, sent off Antoine and three men below for more goods as also to make a turn and see the
Indians.
Two men who went with Antoine arrived with sledges loaded with goods. Men arrived from our hunters
and informed me that they had 15 animals each for us.
Sent off two men to fetch the remainder of the Campany's property left on the Fall at the Pretty Hill.
Three men arrived from the Athabasca River with letters from Wm Sinclair and the Pidgeon which
informed me that they were stopped by the ice a little below the Slave Lake River when they built a post
for the winter. The Pidgeon collected all the Indians at the Lake and brought them to the River. The NW
men in that quarters were nearly starving. Also Antoine and one of the men arrived with two sledges load
of goods and a few furs traded wth the Plains Indians.
Three men returned from below with the last load of goods.
Sent off three men this morning to the Pidgeon with three sledges loaded with goods and three horses.
Also sent off 5 trains for meat and 2 to the Indians for furs.
The seven trains that were sent on 4th returned with the meat of 3 cows but very few furs. One Indian
arrived with them as a guide to the Plains.
Sent off Mr Smith, two men, and the Indian guide to the Plains with letters for Mr Bird to get a supply of
goods as we hall be very short owing to the number of Indians at both Houses.
This evening Joseph Dejarlais arrived from his father's tent.
This morning Joseph Dejarlais returned to his tent and three NWC men with him. I accordingly sent off
men after them.
Sent off three men this morning for meat. "Our two southward Indian" arrived with their families.
The three men whom I sent off for meat returned.
Sent off three men this morning for meat. Also in the afternoon Antoine returned with 9 beaver skins and
7 martens.
The three men returned.
Sent off this morning six trains of meat across the Lake.
This morning the six trains which I sent off on the 21st returned. Als the hunter returned with them. This
afternoon, Michel Allani, Capat Runge, Tulibii, Misteomeg and Rochleau arrived. Received from them
three otter and one large beaver skin.
51
Plains Indians, Francois

Dechamp (guide)
Mr Smith, Plains Indians
Mr Henry
Mr Smith, Plains Indians
Antoine, Indians
Antoine, hunters
William Sinclair, Plains

Indians, Antoine
Pidgeon, Indians
Indian guide
Mr Smith, Indian guide, Mr
Bird
Joseph Dejarlais
Joseph Dejarlais, NWC men
our Indians
Antoine
hunter, Michel Allani, Capat

Runge, Tulibii, Misteomeg,
Rochleau
51
B.115/a/1
1817
29-Dec
NW House
B.115/a/1
1817
31-Dec
B.115/a/1
1817
01-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
7-7d
02-Jan
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
7d
03-Jan
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
7d
04-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
7d
05-Jan
Pine River
B.115/a/1
1817
7d
06-Jan
Pine River
B.115/a/1
1817
7d-8
08-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
09-Jan
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
8
8
10-Jan
12-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
13-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
21-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
22-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
23-Jan
5 June 2014
Early this morning Antoine Dejarlais, Caplet, Antoine Alleni and Dejarlais arrived. This afternoon
Boorce and the two sons of the Tondre arrived. I received nothing from them. Three "Aroquis" [Iroquois]
arrived at the NW House.
This afternoon two young lads from the Plain Indians arrived to enquire what had become of the Indians
whom I had sent to the Plains as they are like myself very uneasy about their safety.
This day all the freemen left the House. I sent one man along with the Tulibii for the skins. Sent one to
the tent along with Caplet, and one along with the Athabasca Indians. Sent off this morning four trains for
meat.
Sent off Antoine and one man to the Plains Indians in company with the two young lads who arrived on
the 31st of the last month. William Flett who was sent to tent with the Plains Indians arrived. Our two
"southward Indian Hunters" who arrived on 15 Dec. left the House. One of them had been sick.
This afternoon Mr Smith returned from the Plains and brought only one letter from below, which was
from James Bird, esqr., governor. He also brought a small quantity of goods.
The men whom I sent off with Tulibii returned with all the furs from that tent. He also brought news of a
band of Plain Indians were also in that quarters and wished people to be sent to them. Also the man along
with the Athabasca Inndian returned with a train load of dried meat. Four trains sent off for meat on the
1st retuned.
About 12 o'clock at night sent off two men privately to the band of Plains Indians who are tenting at the
Pine River to collect debts. I am apprehensive their being so near. The NWC might send off and trade all
their skins. Two young men arrived from there this afternoon who informed me that there were about 100
skins at the tent. Also this morning sent off 5 trains for meat and one man to tent with the Athabasca
Indians. This afternoon Antoine returned from the Plains Indians below and brought very few skins.
The two Indians who arrived from the Plains Indians at the Pine River went to our hunters' tent this
morning.
The five trains sent off for meat on the 5th returned loaded. Also two "Coutireals" left the House, sent one
man to tent with them.
This morning sent off five trains for meat. This afternoon the two men sent off to the Plains Indians on
the 5th returned with little with them. The Indians traded only a few skins.
This morning sent one man to tent with our two hunters.
Sent off this morning three trains for meat.
Red Deer Lake

House, Grand
River
"This morning left the Red Deer Lake House with 5 men for the Grand River."
Grand River, Lac la

Biche
I arrived at the House in the Grand River and found all the people in good health and doing pretty well in
the way of furs, but rather poorly for the meat. The NWC I found upon my arrival was in a very poor state
at this place, being obliged to borrow meat from us to keep them alive. The Pidgeon fed them. Upon
arrival, I also learned about Francois Dechamp (guide), who deserted from me at Lac La Biche and went
to the NWC also deserted the NWC house after being refused for rum. Pidgeon also had taken upon
himself engaged a man as interpretor for two years, which "he must be answerable for to the Company."
Sent off Pidgeon and 8 men for meat. One of our men sent off for meat.
The men who left late last night returned from Pidgeon's place. Pidgeon had met three tents of Indians
belonging to the NWC who had a number of skins. I immediately sent off Wm Sinclair and one man with
a supply to him.
52
Antoine Dejarlais, Caplet,
Antoine Allani, Desjarlais,
Boorce, two sons, Tendre,
Iroquois
Plains Indian lads
Tulibii, Caplet, Athabasca
Indians
Antoine, Plains Indians,
William Tlett, "southward
Indian Hunters"
Mr Smith, James Bird
Tulibii, Plains Indians,
Athabasca Indians
Plains Indians, NWC men,

Athabasca Indians
Plains Indians, hunters

"Coutireals"
Plains Indians
hunters
NWC men, Pidgeon,

interpreter
Pidgeon, NWC Indians, Wm

Sinclair
52
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
25-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Lac la Biche
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
26-Jan
Moose Lake
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
27-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
31-Jan
B.115/a/1
1817
8d
2-3-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
04-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
05-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
06-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
07-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
08-Feb
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
9
9-9d
09-Feb
10-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
9d
11-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
9d
12-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
9d
13-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
9d
14-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
9d
15-Feb
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
9d-10
10
16-Feb
17-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
10
18-Feb
5 June 2014
This evening, the men sent off on the 22nd returned from Pidgeon's place. This morning, sent off the
interpreter engaged by Pidgeon to White Fish Lake with a few trading articles. Also sent off Bt. Balleau,
a hunting. Our stock of provisions is very low. Sent off two men to Lac La Biche with letters.
Sent off Wm Sinclair to Moose Lake for furs and a few fish for the dogs who are next thing to falling
down. Also sent off Baptiste La Seaux to tent with Bt. Balleau.
Sent off two men to hunters' tent.
Bt. La Seaux arrived to inform us that Bt. Balleau had killed a buck moose. I immediately sent off two
trains for it as we have been short of allowance in the last three days, having only a little beat meat to eat.
The two trains returned late this evening. The two men who were sent off on 27 last returned with the
meat of one bull, the only meat the hunters had killed since 21st last month.
Pidgeon returned but brought very little with him "as the Indians were too well gourded by a NWt Man
who was there." He also went to Antoine Dejarlais and Caplet but did not get anything from them. Wm
Sinclair had been fishing everyday and got only four small Jack.
This morning sent off three trains to the Indian hunters below. Also this day employed Dishinui in
repairing nets "as we must have a trial for Fish, for to all appearances the meat will fall to nothing." Sent
off two trains to Bt. Balleau.
This morning sent off Dishenui and one man to Moose Lake to fish. This morning I received a note from
Mr Shaw of the NWC requesting a supply of provisions as they are starving. I did not deem it the
interests of the Company to satisfy his needs, so I refused him any assistance. "Humanity does not distate
such a course--interest and Retaliation does the latter of which is to be sweet as they have made me suffer
Fatigue & Hunger and the next thing to Death itself." In the evening, he came over himself "craving a
little food for two or three Children as they were constantly crying for meat not having eaten any thing for
three days." I accordingly ordered Wm Sinclair to supply them with two or three pounds of beat meat.
Lac la Biche
Lac la Biche
"Country"
Sent off Pidgeon and Wm Sinclair for hunting. Late this evening the interpreter who was sent off on 25th
last returned with only 23 martens and one beaver skin and one leather lodge. Also in the evening, one of
the men who was sent to Bt Balleau returned with a load of meat. Bt Belleau killed two bulls.
This morning sent off two trains to Baptist to have the meat to hauled home immediately "as we are in
great want of it."
This evening the two men sent off yesterday returned.
The two men sent to Lac La Biche returned with two of the skins belonging to that place.
This morning sent off two men after Pidgeon to see if he had killed any. Also caught six pike from the
nets and hooks since 5th instant.
The two men returned from Pidgeon's tent without meat. It has snowed in a great quantity since
yesterday.
Early this morning sent off the two men who arrived from Lac La Biche back again to the Place. Also
sent off three trains to Bt Balleau's tent to see if he had killed any.
The two men sent to fish returned without any. "Starving."
Sent off this morning two men again to Pidgeon. In the last three days "living only upon a little beat Meat
and now that is all finished." About 12 o'clock the three trains sent off on 5th returned with a load of Meat
the Indian Hunters had killed only three cows. They moving in the "Country" every day and now in a
very long distance. The men returned from Balleau without meat. Balleau not having killed and are all
starving in that quarters.
Early this morning sent off the interpreter and six trains to Indian hunters with a little rum.
Pidgeon and Wm Sinclair returned along with two men. Pidgeon killed four cows and two bulls.
Sent off this morning trains to fetch meat from Pidgeon. Two of the trains returned at night with three
loads.
53
Pidgeon, interpretor, Bt.

Balleau
Wm Sinclair, Baptiste La
Seaux, Bt. Balleau
Baptiste La Seaux, Bt.
Balleau
NWC men, Antoine

Dejarlais, Caplet, Pidgeon,
Indians
Indian hunters, Dishnui, Bt.
Balleau
Dishenui, Mr Shaw, children,

Wm Sinclair
Wm Sinclair, Bt Belleau
Baptist
Pidgeon
Bt Balleau
Pidgeon, Indian hunters,

Balleau
interpreter
Pidgeon, Wm Sinclair
Pidgeon
53
B.115/a/1
1817
10
19-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
10
20-Feb
Lac la Biche
Two trains returned with loads. Very fine warm weather with a gale of SW wind. "This is the first spring
Day." The snow at present is between two and three feet deep.
Sent off this morning Wm Sinclair and three men to fetch meat from Pidgeon. This evening, Eneas and
one man arrived with a load of meat from the hunter's tent. Mr Henry of the NWC arrived at their House
from Lac La Biche.
54
Wm Sinclair, Pidgeon,
Eneas, Mr Henry
Sent off Pidgeon and Eneas along with two men for hunting. Wm Sinclair and the three men sent off
yesterday returned with three loads. Late this evening the man arrived from Bt Balleau's place with a light
train. Bapt. Having killed nothing and starving at the lodge. They brought news that Baptiste while out
hunting two or three days ago saw two NW Indians who had furs. I immediately Wm Sinclair to get ready
to start after them in the morning.
Pidgeon, Eneas, Wm
Sinclair, Bt Balleau, NW
Indians
Early this morning sent off Wm Sinclair and one man to look for the Indians seen by Baptist Balleau.
Also sent off two trains for meat to Pidgeon. Alex Stewart, a partner of the NWC arrived at this House
from Lesser Slave Lake to make an arrangement concering the Indians belonging to this quarters.
Wm Sinclair, Baptist
Balleau, Alex Stewart
B.115/a/1
1817
10
21-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
10d
22-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
10d
23-Feb
Late this evening two men who went off with Eneas on 10th returned with loads. "if our whole
dependance were upon the rascally Indians I think one now best part of us would have been starved to
Death." Very late evening, an Indian arrived at the NWC House. He came from a band of Indians
belonging to this House who we have two men with to take care of their skins.
Eneas, "rascally Indians,"

Indian
24-Feb
This morning sent off men to bring Bt Balleau back home as he is starving. Wm Sinclair returned. The
Indians turned out to be "northward Indians from the Athabasca Lake." There were four of them and one
mountain man. Sinclair brought 17 martens and 5 dressed skins from them. Two sent off on 22nd
returned with loads.
Bt Balleau, "northward
Indians," Sinclair
Baptist, NWC men, Indians,
two Indian lads, Tubellion,
Pidgeon, Wm Sinclair
B.115/a/1
Lesser Slave Lake
1817
10d
B.115/a/1
1817
10d11
25-Feb
Sent off this morning Baptist and one man after two of the NWC men and the Indians who arrived at their
House. Sent off three trains to fetch the last of the meat from Pidgeon. Late in the evening "two young
Indian lads" arrived from Tubellion's tent. This Indian is the Chief belonging to this House and he is not
seen any of our people since he saw Pidgeon last fall. Sent Wm Sinclair and two men immediately to him.
B.115/a/1
1817
11
26-Feb
The three trains sent off yesterday returned with the last of the meat. The NWC did not learn learn until
late this evening that I had sent off in the night of the 25th to the Indians and then. "I am in great hopes
that Wm Sinclair will make a good haul there...."
NWC, Indians, Wm Sinclair
27-Feb
Early this evening Eneas returned from hunting without any. Bt Balleau came back with him. Balleau had
been sent to the Indians and brought 72 MB, a little beat meat, two dressed skins and one partchment.
One of the men who had been living with the Indians came. He had been suffering from a severe stb
wound in his head by one of the Indians and was in a state of intoxication. The men who went off with
Eneas returned. Two two young Indians returned to their lodges without any of the people from the NWC
with them. I therefore sent one man in company with them to remain at their lodge to take care of what
skins may be killed by them between this and the spring. Also this morning sent off two men after
Pidgeon to see if he had killed any.
Eneas, Balleau, Indians,

mountain man, two Indian
lads, Pidgeon
B.115/a/1
1817
1111d
B.115/a/1
1817
11d
28-Feb
B.115/a/1
1817
11d
01-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
11d
02-Mar
5 June 2014
Athabasca Lake
Lac la Biche
Moose Lake
This morning two men sent yesterday after Pidgeon returned light, not having found him. About two
hours after their arrival, Pidgeon arrived himself along with the man sent with him. He had killed 7 cows
and 1 female moose. NWC hunters arrived at their House in campany with an Indian belonging to us. He
had been taken by force what few skins he had killed. Early this morning Mr Henry of the NWC returned
to Lac La Biche. I sent in company with him one man to our hunters as they are in the road.
This morning sent three trains to fetch meat from Pidgeon. NWC hunters left the House for the other end
of the Lake where the NWC Fort is. At noon one of the men with the Indians whom Bt Balleau was at
arrived.
Sent off the man who arrived from the Indians yesterday back to their tents. The three trains sent off
yesterday returned with their loads. Also sent off Bt Balleau for hunting with his family across Moose
Pidgeon, NWC hunters, Mr

Henry
Pidgeon, NWC hunters, Bt

Balleau
Indians, Bt Balleau
54
55
Lake.
Sent off this morning four trains for meat. Sent one man to tent with Bt Balleau. This afternoon Wm
Sinclair and the two men sent off on 5th last to the Indians returned and by whom I received 335 martens,
12 beaver skins, 70 lb. of beat meat, 7 mule deer skins dressed." I gave orders to Wm Sinclair to meeet
another band of NWC Indians but by misunderstanding between him and one of the man sent with him
Francois Dechamp. They did not go as I had ordered.
B.115/a/1
1817
11d12
03-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
12
04-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
12
05-Mar
Birch River
B.115/a/1
1817
12
06-Mar
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/1
1817
1212d
07-Mar
Lesser Slave Lake
08-Mar
Lesser Slave Lake,

Slave Lake,
Smokey River
B.115/a/1
1817
12d
B.115/a/1
1817
12d
09-Mar
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/1
1817
12d13
10-Mar
Cranberry Point,
Shaws Point, NWC
Fort,
5 June 2014
The men returned from Bt Balleau with nothing. Balleau yesterday missed seven shots at cows and
female moose. The four trains returned with their loads. The man sennt off with Mr Henry on 20th last
returned from our Indian hunters with one of the men sent off with Eneas on 15th last. They told that they
had animals at their tents.
This morning sent off 4 trains to fetch meat from Pidgeon. Also three trains to the Indian hunters who are
now at the Birch River and coming toward the House.
This morning Mr Stewart of the NW Company left this place for Lesser Slave Lake. The four trains
returned from Pidgeon with meat and hides. Sent off three trains to Indian hunters for meat.
Fine mild weather. Two men employed getting canoe wood. Making a little preparation for my intended
journey to Lesser Slave Lake to demand the restitution of the HBC property seized by that Place on the
2nd of December 1816 by Alex Stewart.
At 3 AM, started for Lesser Slave Lake with Eneas (interpreter) and three men. I ordered Eneas and one
of the three men to visit the "Freemen and Iroquois" at the Smokey River. I left Wm Sinclair in
charge. I ordered Pidgeon and one man to go on in search of the Indian not seen by Wm Sinclair when he
was out last at the "Toubellion" [or Tubellion]. This morning after departure, the person incharge of the
NWC house entirely abandoned the place with all his men and all the property with them to Slave Lake.
At 6 AM emabarked and at 9 AM arrived at the Lake. Took breakfast at the old fort and resumed the
journey on the Lake. At 6 PM encamped at Cranberry Point on the north side of the Lake. [At the House]
The two men sent off on the 5th returned with the loads of meat. Informed that this day Dechampt having
got intoxicated last night neglected his duty all day.
At 5 AM left our encampment at the Cranberry Point and at 1 PM arrived at Shaws Point and took
breakfast. Left Eneas and one man with orders to remain there until night and then to proceed with their
journey so that they would not bee seen by any of NWC people. At 5 PM I encamped with the other two
men a little to the south of the NWC Fort. I paid a visit Mr Stewart a visit and was received by him with
very much of outward civility. I finally persuaded he would have dispensed with seeing with more
pleasure than what he appeared to receive me. I saw all his novelty in the way of provisions as they were
in a state of starvation. After staying with him for two hours, I returned to my encampment. [At the
House] Wm Sinclair sent off two men for meat and two men to Indians for furs. Dechamp and one man
employed in getting canoe wood.
Bt Belleau, Wm Sinclair,
NWC Indians, Francois
Dechamp
Bt Balleau, Mr Henry, Eneas
Pidgeon, Indian hunter

Mr Stewart, Pidgeon, Indian
hunters
Alex Stewart
Eneas (interpreter), "Freemen

and Iroquois," Wm Sinclair,
Pidgeon, Tubellion
Dechamp
Eneas, Mr Stewart, Wm
Sinclair, Dechamp
55
B.115/a/1
1817
13-14
11-Mar
Lesser Slave Lake
This morning I demanded the restitution of the HBC property. I received the following: 1 new ledger, 3
old ledgers, 2 boxes of tobacco, 1 box of steel, 2 black ostrich feather, 2 furnace tin [?], 3 flags, 4 1/2
hinges and gates, 2 hinges butt, 42 hook, 3 staples & hinges, 1 large old hatchet, 2 small old hatchet, 1
paper black ink powder, 2 pewter ink stand, 2 large/ small lock pads, 1 lock stock, 2 steelyards, 1 crosscut
saw, 1 Tennon [?] saw, 5 SK sturgeon twine, 1 box wafers, 37 iron hoops, 1 cold horse cream, 8 kegs of
10 gallons, 2 old lock pads, 1 coopers hammer, 1 old hoe, 1 old plain jack, 1 old scythe, 1 old cock brass,
1 old spade, 1 old trap steel, 76 wartappe [?] rolls, 1 iron furniture and door. Mr Stewart invited me to
dinner. I I accepted the offer. After the supper, I returned to my encampment to make ready to start
tomorrow morning on my return. I also asked him about birchbark left by Mr Decoigne at Lesser Slave
Lake in 1816. Mr Stewart assured me that it had not been touched by him or any of his people. [At the
House] Two men employed in getting wood for the canoes.
B.115/a/1
1817
14
12-Mar
Willowy Point
Left my emcampment at 8 AM. At 4 PM emcamped at Willowy Point on te north side of the Lake. The
men at the House employed as before.
13-Mar
old Fort (east end

of LSL), Lac la
Biche, Lesser Slave
Lake, Moose Lake
At 2 PM arrived at the old Fort at the east end of the Lake where we were obliged to remain to repaire our
trains due to heavy snow on the lake. [At the House] the men employed as before. At 7 PM two NWC
men arrived from Lac La Biche with two trains of merchandize for Lesser Slave Lake. The wife
belonging to one of the men sent to fish at Moose Lake arrived to inform Wm Sinclair that they were
catching no fish. Early in the morning I left the old Fort and stopped at 6 AM to look for the birchbark
canoe. It was found without any diffculty. On my arrival I found all well and the two men Wm Sinclair
sent off to the Indians just arrived with 180 martens, 2 dressed skins and a little provisions.
B.115/a/1
1817
1414d
B.115/a/1
1817
14d
15-Mar
Pidgeon and the man who left for the Indians on 8th returned with very little success. The Indians Wm
Sinclair saw last month and got a few martens and a little provisions arrived. In the evening, Baptist
Balleau got a little rum, got intoxicated, and came to me for more. When he was refused, he told me that
he would leave this house tomorrow with his family. He is "a Half Breed from the River engaged by Mr
Colonel Robertson."
B.115/a/1
1817
14d15
16-Mar
This morning sent off three trains to our hunters for meat. Dechamp employed making canoe.
B.115/a/1
1817
15
17-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
15
18-Mar
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
1515d
19-Mar
Plains, Lac la
Biche
B.115/a/1
1817
15d
20-Mar
Lac la Biche
B.115/a/1
1817
15d
21-Mar
Slave Lake
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
16
16
22-Mar
23-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
16
24-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
25-Mar
B.115/a/1
1817
16
1616d
B.115/a/1
1817
16d
27-Mar
5 June 2014
26-Mar
Moose Lake,
Smoky River
This morning Bt Balleau left the House although I tried to stop him. The trains sent off yesterday
returned.
The men sent off on 10th returned. Wm Sinclair and myself employed in writing to the Plains.
Early this morning sent off three men to the Plains with letters for James Bird, our governor. Also sent off
two men for fishing as we have very little meat. Sent off three men to Indian hunters. The men arrived
from Lac La Biche with a letter from Mr Smith who is in charge of this post.
Very cold and disagreeable weather. Sent off early this morning two men had arrived from Lac la Biche.
Tubellion arrived with his two young Indians from Slave Lake, having easten nothing in the last three
days.
Fine cold day. Nothin in particular.
This morning sent off one of the Indians who arrived on 21st for hunting.
Still cold. At 1 PM two men returned from Moose Lake from fishing. Eneas and a man sent off to the
Smoky River arrived with 203 prime martens, 1 large beaver. Wm Sinclair and the Indian sent out to kill
partridges came back with nothing but beat meat to eat.
Cloudy weather. The Indians who arrived here on 21st returned to their tent.
Fine mild weather. Sent off this morning a man to check with hunters. Also sent off Eneas (interpreter)
for hunting. He soon killed one large female moose.
This morning sent off three men to fetch the moose Eneas killed. Also sent off Dechamp for hunting at 4
PM but returned without killing any. Saw the first eagle for the season.
56
Mr Stewart, Mr Decoigne
NWC men, Wm Sinclair
Dechamp
Bt Balleau
Wm Sinclair
James Bird, Mr Smith
Tubellion, two young Indians
Eneas, Wm Sinclair, Indian

Indians
Eneas, Dechamp
56
57
B.115/a/1
1817
16d
28-Mar
The man sent off on 26th returned with 20 marten and moose skins, dressed partchment, 56 lb. of beat
meat that were traded from the NWC Indians. Pidgeon also hunted 8 [?] cows and male moose. Eneas
returned from the hunt unsuccessfully.
NWC Indians, Pidgeon,

Eneas
B.115/a/1
1817
16d17
29-Mar
Fine weather. Sent off this morning five trains for meat killed by Pidgeon.
Pidgeon
B.115/a/1
1817
17
30-Mar
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
1817
17
17d
17d
31-Mar
02-Apr
03-Apr
The three men who arrived yesterday were sent off for Pidgeon's meat. Pidgeon and men went off
hunting. Dechamp getting canoe wood.
Pidgeon and the men returned with nothing. Dechamp employed at his canoe wood.
Fine weather with spring gale. The men employed as usual.
The men employed as before.
Lake Athabasca,
Peace River
Department
Cold. Early this morning sent off men for the meat left at Eneas. Three Indians arrived, and one of them
expressed his great disappointment that his traders had deserted him. He made a long speech about the
dishonesty of the NWC. Later on he brought #x prime martens and 3 whole beaver skins. I also got large
beaver skins from the man belonging to the NWC. ... engaged hunters for the Peace River Department....
at Lake Athabasca, ... princiapally for one to be send down to that Place indiscriminately all Freemen and
Iroaquois. I wonder why he did not wish also all the Indians of this dipartment to be sent to him. But as I
have not been ordered by Mr Bird to commence the demand of Mr. D....
B.115/a/1
1817
17d18d
04-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
18d
05-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
18d19
06-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
19
07-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
B.115/a/1
1817
B.115/a/1
1817
19d20
11-Apr
Lac la Biche,
Plains
B.115/a/1
1817
2020d
12-Apr
Moose Lake,
Athabasca
B.115/a/1
1817
20d
13-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
20d
14-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
20d21
15-Apr
Heavy snow this day with cold wind. Pidgeon and all the men sent off for barks returned.
B.115/a/1
1817
21
16-Apr
Still snowing very hard for the best part of the day. Sent off three men for logs and gum. Also sent a man
off for fish but he returned without fish. At 5 PM Wm Sinclair returned with nothing with him.
5 June 2014
1919d
19d
09-Apr
Lac la Biche
Moose Lake
10-Apr
Portage la Biche
This morning sent off Pidgeon and five men to take bark for the canoes. Also sent off two men for a few
moose killed.
This morning sent off three men to take birch bark. The two men sent off yesterday returned with their
loads. This evening the man who deserted the NWC brought 113 martens and #x large beaver, 1 prime
cat, 1 wolverine, 5 dressed moose skins. He also offered him to remain here and work at the House. I
would give him a passage in my canoes to Lac L Biche.
Fine warm weather with SW wind. Sent off four men for gum. One man employed in gathering wood.
The Indians still drinking, traded from them their dog and leather tent, and 23 lb. of dried provisions.
At night a child belonging to the NWC arrived. At 3 PM, the Indians arrived. Received from the 10 [?]
beaver skins, 72 martens, 1 cat, , and 3 parchments. Sent off men to Moose Lake to fish.
The Indians still drinking. Last night one of the young men was intoxicated and fell down dead.
The men who had been sent off to the Plains have not arrived yet. I am obliged to send men off this
morning to Lac La Biche. I asked two men to make a grave for the deceased young man. All the Indians
came, and I ordered Wm Sinclair to ask them for their need for ammunitions and tobacco. They were now
to go to the other end of Slave Lake except two who are heading for the Plains. A few beaver skins were
traded from Tubellion.
Sent one man to fishermen [Moose Lake] but he returned at noon without anything. A few Indians and
one young man belonging to the NWC at Athabasca came. I received from them one large and 3 common
otter and one marten. "They impressed me that they wished me ...."
Cloudy. At about 2 PM a man brought a few small beaver skins.
Frequent shower. Sent off this morning a man across the Portage La Biche to fish. He returned in the
evening with 20 fish, including carp [white fish?] and pike.
Pidgeon, Dechamp
Pidgeon, Dechamp
Eneas, Indians, NWC,

Freemen, Iroquois, Mr Bird
Pidgeon
NWC Indian
Indians
Indians
young Indian man
Indians, Tubellion
fishermen, Indians
Wm Sinclair
57
B.115/a/1
1817
21
17-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
2121d
20-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22
23-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22
24-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22
25-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22
26-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22
27-Apr
Moose Lake
Portage, Moose
Lake, White Fish
Lake
B.115/a/1
1817
2222d
28-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22d
29-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22d
30-Apr
B.115/a/1
1817
22d23
01-May
B.115/a/1
1817
23
02-May
B.115/a/1
1817
23
03-May
B.115/a/1
1817
23
04-May
B.115/a/1
1817
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
B.115/a/1
1817
1817
1817
1817
1817
1817
2323d
23d
23d
23d
23d
24
24
B.115/a/1
1817
24d
5 June 2014
05-May
Edmonton
Lac la Biche
06-May
07-May
08-May
09-May
14-May
15-May
16-May
Lac la Biche
Fine weather. Early this morning sent off two men to the fishing tent and ordered to remain there for three
days. I left Pidgeon in charge with 5 men of the House and gave him gave him credit to carry on the
canoe work as fast as possible. I sent off Eneas and one man. I took off for the other side of the Lake
Extremely warm in the last three days. I returned to the House. While I remained at the fishing tent, I
made the men shift about the nets.
A man deserted from his wintering post to the NWC. I am informed that Mr C gave order to his men who
were at Edmonton at the time. My men were there that of they said this man by name Maurrau to tell him
that he wished much to see him if the Crossing Place such conduct I cannot approve of as it is a great
detriment to me. He being the best man I had here.
Cloudy. The men employed as usual. 11 fish. Wm Sinclair and three men sent off on 13th to the Indians
returned by whom received 163 martens, 3 large otters, 2 wolves, 5 beaver skins, 1 bear robe, 11 dressed
skis, 3 parchment skins, 4 lb castoreum and a little beat meat.
Fine weather. Sent off this morning six men in an old canoe to fetch hoe the bark left by Pidgeon on 15th.
23 fish of sorts.
The men working around the House. Received 17 fish, maily pike.
Cloudy. Men employed as yesterday. No fish owing to the ice on Moose Lake being too thin to walk on.
All crossed the Portage in the morning for fish could not get on the ice and could not receive fish
altough the fishermen got 33.
Still cloudy. Sent off this morning five men across the Portage. One of them for the tent left yesterday.
Two of them to carry canoes to the lake and the other two to bring home the canoes. At 3 PM Charles
Champagne arrived from White Fish Lake where he wintered with an Iroquois. He brought 30
martens. This being the entire furs the above Iroquois hunted the year. Received 30 fish left
yesterday on the ice at Moose Lake.
This morning sent off Wm Sinclair and one man to our fishermen to bring them back to this side of the
lake.
Cloudy. At the canoes had nothing to eat these two days past.
Still cloudy. Sent one man to see fishermen and returned with10 fish. This is the whole we have had for
these three days amongst twenty four grown persons. This evening Pidgeon took the canoe off. Dechamp,
the guide, also left with another soon after.
Fine weather. Employed three men to pack furs. The rest working at the canoes. Sent one man to our
fishermen but nothing to eat this day.
Fine weather. The men sent off yesterday to fishermen returned with 11 fish. He informed me that the ice
on the lake was constantly shifting and preventing the fishery. The men all constantly working at the
canoes but they go on very slowly as some of them have hardly able to walk because of hunger.
Fine weather. No fish this day. If we be not get fish tomorrow, "I shall be obliged to kill one of the
horses."
This morning 14 fish "which gave a good meal to all of us." At 2 PM sent off Pidgeon and men on his
canoe to Lac La Biche.
Received 18 fish. The last new canoe finished.
Fine weather. Received 24 fish of sorts. The men working from morning until noon at the canoes.
Thunder storm. Received only 13 fish. The men employed as yesterday.
Fine weather. At 10 AM, Eneas and ment sent off returned.
Two of Mr Smith's men went off for bark to make the last canoe with Mr Smith.
Cloudy weather. All the men employed making preparation for embarking.
Fine warm weather. Sent off two men to the mouth of Lac La Biche for some white mud to paint the
canoe.
58
Pidgeon, Eneas
Maurrau
Wm Sinclair, Indians
Pidgeon
Charles Champagne, Iroquois
Wm Sinclair
fishermen, Pidgeon,
Dechamp
Pidgeon
Mr Smith
58
59
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
1820
1820
1820
3d
3d
3d
3d
3d
3d
18-Jun
20-Jun
10-Sep
26-Sep
29-Sep
30-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
4d
01-Jun
Cold Lake
Mr. Stewart of the NWC left early this morning and returned in one hour with a light canoe with Mr.
Laroque, a messenger from Cold Lake?. The men of Mr. Lewis's canoe gummed the canoe and ready to
start tomorrow. 82 fish caught.
Mr. Stewart, Mr. Laroque,

men of Mr. Lewis
B.115/a/4
1820
4d
02-Jun
Moose Lake
Portage
Messrs Stewart and Laroque left before dawn in two light canoes with eight men each. Mr. Lewis
followed with eight men in his canoe. Lewis Bausquet who accompanied will return with Robbeland from
Moose Lake Portage. Only 12 fish caught this morning. At sunset, NWC men loaded canoes and left with
Henry who had been wintering here.
Mr. Stewart, Mr. Laroque,

Mr. Lewis, Lewis Bausquet,
Robbeland, NWC men,
Henry
B.115/a/4
1820
4d
03-Jun
Lesser Slave Lake
Mr. Lewis left with four people. Mr. Kennedy, Antoine Desjarlais, Chaplet [?], Bausquet, and three men
left for Lesser Slave Lake with Cardinal, Robbeland and Lajewness[?]. 11 Caught 11 fish.
Mr. Lewis, Mr. Kennedy,

Antoine Desjarlais, Bausquet,
Cardinal, Robbeland,
Lajewness [?], Chaplet [?]
B.115/a/4
1820
4d
04-Jun
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
4d
4d
05-Jun
06-Jun
Sent two men for small supplies of goods

Two NWC men were killed by the Beaver Indians
Robertson H. Brown? and 10 men arrived and demanded two dogs and a freeman.
Gave an Indian debt to 12 MB, who left for the NWC post.
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
07-Jun
Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
08-Jun
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
09-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
10-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
11-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
5-5d
12-Jun
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
5d
5d
13-Jun
14-Jun
5 June 2014
Beau River, Red

Deer River
This morning two NWC men and four women left for Lesser Slave Lake. They destroyed everything of
use at this House before taking off. Lajewness, Chaplet, and Cardinal covered stores with pine bark.
Antoine Desjarlais began working on a small canoe. Appaquachis and three other Indians came to the
House but brought with them only 30 "Rats skins." They received a small amount of ammunition and left
the House soon. Caught 13 fish.
30 fish caught.
32 fish caught.
26 fish caught. Chaplet, Cardinal, and Lajewness raised pine bark for the roofs of houses. Bausquet and
Robbeland returned from Moose Portage but brought no pemmican with them for Slave Lake. Antoine
Desjarlais accompanied them part of their way to hunt. He is employed in making a small canoe.
Chaplet and Bausquet repaired the damage to the store by the wind. Cardinal raised bark to the roofs, and
Robbeland and Lajewness repaired a small canoe for their trip to Lesser Slave Lake. Antoine worked on
his canoe. 34 fish caught despite thunder storm.
Chaplet, Bausquet, and Cardinal carried barks to cover the houses with. Others were employed as
yesterday. The wind was very strong and the fisherman, Disheneau could not got to the nets until 2 am.
34 fish caught.
People employed as usual. 20 fish caught.
Bausquet and Chaplet sow garden seeds, including turnips, carrots, onions. Antoine Desjarlais worked on
his canoe. Cardinal assisted him.
Old Michel Alani, his two sons and their wives arrived in the afternoon from Beau River. Lajewness
accompanied them and reported that no fish was caught at the other end of the Lake. Lajewness and
Cardinal were sent to fetch dried meat that Old Michel made. Alani reported that Tulibii was in the Red
Deer River for hunting. 15 fish caught.
27 fish caught, mostly white fish.
Chaplet and Bausquet covered the Large House with pine bark. 34 fish caught.
Alex, McC?
Beaver Indians, NWC men
Robertson H. Brown, 10 men
an Indian
Indian chief
NWC men, four women,

Lajewness, Chaplet,
Cardinal, Antoine Desjarlais,
Appaquachis, three Indians
Chaplet, Cardinal,
Lajewness, Bausquet,
Robbeland, Antoine
Deslarlais
Chaplet, Bausquet, Cardinal,
Robbeland, Lajewness,
Antoine Desjarlais
Chaplet, Cardinal, Bausquet
Bausquet, Chaplet, Antoine

Desjarlais, Cardinal
Old Michel Alani, his two
sons and wives, Lajewness,
Cardinal, Tulibii
Chaplet, Bausquet
59

Owl River [Lac la
Biche], Red Deer
River
B.115/a/4
1820
5d
15-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
5d
16-Jun
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
5d
5d-6
6
17-Jun
18-Jun
19-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
20-Jun
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
6
6
21-Jun
22-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
23-Jun
Slave Lake, Lesser

Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
6-6d
24-Jun
Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
6d
B.115/a/4
1820
B.115/a/4
1820
Chaplet, Bausquet, Antoine

Desjarlais, fisherman
Bausquet, Chaplet, Antoine
Desjarlais
Chaplet, Bausquet
Bausquet, Chaplet
Chaplet, Bausquet, Antoine
Desjarlais, Lowisa
Chaplet, Bausquet
Appaquachis, Old Alani,
Antoine Desjarlais
"I" arrived at the Fort at midday and found Antoine had returned from his hunting expedition. He had
killed only one animal. Employed Appaquachis to get two or three animals for Slave Lake people.
Antoine Desjarlais,
Appaquachis, Slave Lake
people
25-Jun
Turbays [?] and his family came to the Fort with one otter and xx rats with Caribou meat. Only 5 fish
caught.
Turbays [?] and his family
6d
26-Jun
Sakahest [?] and Mapurtequan's [?] brother came to the house but only brought a few Rats Skins.
Sakahest [?], Mapurtequan

[?]
6d
27-Jun
Only two fish caught.

"As the little stock of ammunition left here by Mr. Lewis is spended and not a drop of Rum to give an
Indian, I have determined to go to Ile a la Cross in quest of these articles as nothing can be done here
without and there will be no provisions." "as most of the Indians belonging to this Place are at the
Plains and may be expected to return here in the course of 5 weeks without a Supply being procured they
will be necessitated to return and not an Indian be found here on the arrival of Mr. Lewis in the fall.
Engaged Lowisa Alani to accompany to Ile a la Crosse as interpreter.
Mr. Lewis, Lowisa Alani,

Michel Alani
Sent off Antoine Desjarlais with his woman to find Grand Simon and other NWC Freemen he took with
him with the reminder of spirits reserved (4 pints) and a small assortment of goods to trade.
Antoine Desjarlais, Grand

Simon, NWC freemen
Left this place with Lowisa Alani and Chaplet. Old Alani remained in charge of this place with Antoine
Desjarlais. I remained at Ile a Crosse for 20 days and left there on 6th August for Red Deer Lake to
procure the pemmican. Met Bausquet at Moose Lake and found that he had made no provision during the
summer. Arrived at Red Deer Lake on 24h August. There in the store, fetched 9 bags of pemmican and
about 3 packs of furs, consisting of beaver and otter. In July, in the Beaver River, met about eight Indians
from Pierre A'lalmont [?], who wanted to procure ammunition. They were on their way to Slave Lake.
Cardinal's family have raised 200 furs.
Lowisa Alani, Chaplet, Old

Alani, Antoine Desjarlais,
Bausquet, eight Indians,
Cardinal's family
B.115/a/4
1820
6d-7
28-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
29-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
7
7-7d
25-Aug
26-Aug
B.115/a/4
1820
7d
27-Aug
5 June 2014
Chaplet and Bausquet covered the men's houses with bark. Michel Alani left for the Owl River to make
provisions. Ant. Desjarlais and Lewis went to hunt in the direction of the Red Deers River. 50 fish caught.
The fisherman changed his ground to the south point of the Big Island.
Bausquet and Chaplet covered the oven to protect it from the weather as it is built entirely of mud.
Antoine Desjarlais and Lewis returned with small portion of game because the wolves ate most of their
catch. 47 fish caught.
Chaplet and Bausquet harrowed potato patches. Caught 38 fish.
Sent Bausquet and Chaplet to fetch fish net in the lake, but could not find it. Caught 37 fish.
35 fish caught.
17 fish caught. Chaplet and Bausquet raised more pine barks as the houses are not found to be sufficiently
water tight. Antoine Desjarlais and Lowisa went hunting.
17 fish caught.
Only 15 fish. Two men carried pine barks.
"Early this morning to my great surprise the people sent off to Slave Lake on the 12th last returned here
pretending they could not find the Indian." Appaquachis arrived with small pounded meat. "I instantly
went off with Old Alani in quest of Ant. [Desjarlais]" with no avail. Camped at the other end of the Lake.
Only 11 fish caught this morning.
60
30-Jun
Ile a la Crosse
Ile a la Crosse, Red

Deer Lake, Moose
Lake, Beaver
River, Pierre
A'lalmont [?],
Slave Lake
Owl River, Beaver

River
Caught 24 fish in one net as other nets useless.

Made 4 bags of pemmican. Caught 33 fish.
Old Michel Alani and Bausquet returned from a trip to the freemen in the Owl River with 600 pounds of
dried provisions but the proportion of fat is only one to sixty. "Pimbook a Sateau whom I found in the
Beaver River in going to Ile a la Crosse came to the house to inform that he had killed a Moose." Sent
Chaplet and Simmonet, a freeman, to fetch it. Caught 49 fish.
Old Michel Alani, Bausquet,

Pimbook, Chaplet, freeman
(Simmonet)
60
B.115/a/4
1820
7d
28-Aug
B.115/a/4
1820
7d
29-Aug
B.115/a/4
1820
7d
30-Aug
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
1820
1820
7d
7d
7d-8
8
8
31-Aug
01-Sep
02-Sep
03-Sep
04-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
05-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
06-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
07-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
08-Sep
Red Deer Portage
B.115/a/4
1820
09-Sep
Portage
Columbia, Grand
Rapid, Montreal,
Beaver River
B.115/a/4
1820
8-8d
10-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
8d
11-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
8d
12-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
8d
13-Sep
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
8d
8d
8d
14-Sep
15-Sep
16-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
8d-9
17-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
18-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
19-Sep
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
9
9
20-Sep
21-Sep
5 June 2014
the other side of the

Lesser Slave Lake
61
Sent off Ant. Desjarlais with Bausquet to meet the canoes with the pemmican. The heavy wind prevented
the fisherman to visit his nets until late, but he caught 10 fish.
45 fish caught. Chaplet employed in carrying stones to rebuild the chimney in the Hall.
Antoine Desjarlais, Basquet,

fisherman
Chaplet
Send off Lowisa Alani to procure provisions from the Indians at the other side of the lake. 35 fish caught.
Lowisa Alani, Indians
Disheneau and Chaplet began building the chimney in the Hall. 12 fish caught.
Caught 21 fish.
Chaplet arranged stones for the chimney.
18 fish caught.
Finished the chimney in Mr. Lewis's room. 20 fish caught.
Lowisa Alani arrived with 120 xx? But did not see the Indians. Cardinal and his family arrived at the
same time with two moose skins and a few rats. 18 fish caught. [Here he distinguishes 'Cardinal' from
Indians!]
Chaplet and myself put new windows into the Hall and Mr. Lewis's room, which the dogs from the
pressing hunger had torn out in my absence. 30 fish.
Chaplet and Disheneau finished the chimney in the Hall. 17 fish.
Chaplet arranged the chimney which had fallen. 20 fish caught. "In the Evening heard the report of a gun
towards the Red Deer Portage."
Sent Lowisa Alani to the Portage to know if any Indians or canoes were there but he found no one. 15
fish.
Early in the morning, another shot was heard and "I" went to see who shot the gun; found three NWC
canoes for the Columbia and Stuart, NWC proprietor with them. They reported about the capture of Mr.
Robertson and affairs at the Grand Rapid. And also the death of the Earl Selkirk. "Five men in the NW
canoes were killed by the Indians in a general attack in the Beaver River. These Indians had been
threatening vengeance ever since last winter." Antoine's father, Old Desjarlais who came from Montreal
with NW canoes, was also attached and now remained at this house. 21 fish caught.
Disheneau, Chaplet
Took an account of furs traded since June 1st.: Rats 200, prime otter 8, prime black Bear 1, common
black bear 1, fisher 2, large beaver 21, small beaver 5, large summer beaver 5, common otter 2, moose 34.
Chaplet mudded the house. 18 fish caught.
20 fish caught. Chaplet arranged Mr. Lewis's room. In the evening, Old Runnie and Old Sateaux came to
the house with two bears, one parchment moose, and 180 pounds of provisions.
Chaplet employed as yesterday. Sent off Lowisa Alani to procure 3 or 4 animals from the freemen. 9 fish
caught.
13 fish caught.
Chaplet mudded the small cabin and will do the Hall. 18 fish caught.
16 fish caught.
Baptiste, Jos & Marseiles Desjarlais, M. Alani, Antoine Cardinal, Capat Runge, and Capat Cuire, among
other, with their families came to the Fort. 20 fish caught.
Chaplet
Mr. Lewis
Lowisa Alani, Indians,
Cardinal and his family
Chaplet, myself, Mr. Lewis
Chaplet, Disheneau
Chaplet
Lowisa Alani
Stuart, Mr. Robertson, Earl
Selkirk, five men in NWC
canoes, Old Desjarlais,
Antoine Desjarlais
Chaplet
Chaplet, Mr. Lewis, Old
Runnie, Old Sateaux
Chaplet, Lowisa Alani,
freemen
Chaplet
Baptiste, Jos & Marseils, M.
Alani, Antoine Cardinal,
Capat Runge, Capat Cuire,
their families
17 fish.
Owl River, the
other end of the
Lake
Sent off Lowisa Alani and one of the Freemen to bring the cart of provisions made by Michel Alani.
Capat Runge, Chaplet, Desjarlais, Jos Desjarlais went to the Owl River at the other end of the Lake.
Lowisa Alani, Michel Alani,

Capat Runge, Chaplet,
Desjarlais, Jos Desjarlais
Three Freemen went out for hunting.

8 fish caught.
61

B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
9
9
22-Sep
23-Sep
10 fish.
The Sateaux came to the House to inform that he had left provisions to be fetched. 10 fish caught.
Antoine Desjarlais and Alani with Bausquet arrived around the evening. They left the canoe in the Little
Beaver river. They brought two letters from Mr. Lewis: "Rock Depot July 20, 1820. Mr. Kennedy, In case
you should receive this before my arrival you will send off Ant. Alani and family and the 4 men who are
in the canoe for the Lesser Slave Lake with all the cargos he may have on board expecting a keg of Spirits
which you will keep at your place. This you will do if the Indians are as I expect and wish gone up above
but if they still remain at your place you can keep the canoe until I arrive myself, indeed you will receive
an article of the packages which you will open and see that they are correct, (signed)."
B.115/a/4
1820
9-9d
24-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
9d
25-Sep
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
9d
9d
9d
26-Sep
27-Sep
28-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
9d
29-Sep
B.115/a/4
1820
9d-10
01-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
10
02-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
10
03-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
10
04-Oct
Rock Depot, Lesser

Slave Lake, Carlton
House,
Frog Lake
The canoe arrived at 10. I gave Chief Misecabo a small keg of rum and each of the Indians one xx mixed
rum. They drank all at night. Pimbook arrived in the evening. Only 4 fish caught.
Dishenau, Parquets, and Bausquet made nets.
"The Indians & Halfbreeds still drinking. The men making nets.
"The Halfbreeds went to the Frog Lake and killed 90 Rats." The men employed as yesterday.
Stop giving rum to Halfbreeds and Indians. At about dusk, Mr. Lewis and Mr. Dears arrived.
Edmonton
Lesser Slave Lake
Three canoes arrived at midday. The men left one of the canoes at the portage which broke while carrying
it across. It was an old canoe given by Mr. Clark in exchange for another.
The new net was put into the water and men employed making others. Indians drinking.
Caplette [Chaplet?] and St. Paul went to Moose Lake for goods brought by Edmonton boats. Several
articles were given out to Baptiste and Jos. Desjarlais
Baptiste Desjarlais was formerly Intr. with the HBC and made chief. He received clothes and keg of
mixed rum and spirits. 29 fish caught.
Ant. Alani and five men went for Lesser Slave Lake with 19 pieces of guns. NWC men arrived.
Primeaux, an Inr. and 2 men came to this house to trade. Mr. Lewis arranged that Ant. Desjarlais,
Chapplet [Chaplet?], St. Paul, Guertin [?], and xx winter in this place.
B.115/a/4
1820
10
05-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
10
06-Oct
30 fish were caught this morning. The Indians and Halfbreeds drinking.
Gave debts to all the Freemen and Indians. Old Runnie who is to remain at Red Deer Lake for the winter
took 40 skins of goods in debt. Two men took a few necessary items to go to Lesser Slave Lake. Grand
xx and Simmonet along with Michel Bausquet left for their hunting ground. Two freemen above
mentioned left the NWC and joined the HBC. Messrs. Dears, Kennedy, and Ant. Desjarlais are preparing
to start tomorrow by packing their good. 50 white fish caught.
B.115/a/4
1820
10d
07-Oct
Lesser Slave Lake,

Red Deer Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
10d
08-Oct
Red Deer River
B.115/a/4
1820
10d
09-Oct
the mouth of the

Red Deer River
B.115/a/4
1820
10d
10-Oct
first Rapid
B.115/a/4
1820
10d11
11-Oct
Athabasca River,
Red Deer River
5 June 2014
Did not get all arranged to start till 3 pm. Two canoes with Messrs Dears and Kennedy went to the Point
on this side of Red Deer River where we encamped.
Could not embark till 4 am, as the wind was high. We got to the mouth of Red Deers River that night. A
canoe that brought the dogs across the lake returned to the House.
Did not start till 10 pm due to the severe weather. Found a moose that the wolves had just killed. All the
passenger went above the first Rapid and walked till we found the canoes gumming and remained for the
night.
All the passengers and families walked to the Big or Atabasca River where we found the canoes. And the
Freemen who had left the furs there. They reported that Antoine had broken his canoe in the Red Deer
river and had been detained three days in repairing so that the NW canoes will be there long before our
canoes.
62
Sateaux
Antoine Desjarlais, Bausquet,

I.L. Lewis, Kennedy, Ant.
Alani, Indians
Chief Misecabo, Pinbook,

Indians
Indians, Halfbreeds
Halfbreeds
Halfbreeds, Indians, Mr.
Lewis, Mr. Dears
Mr. Clark
Indians
Caplette [Chaplet?], St. Paul,
Baptiste and Jos. Desjarlais
Baptiste Desjarlais
Ant. Alani, NWC men,
Primeau, Mr. Lewis, Ant.
Desjarlais, Chapplet
[Chaplet?], St. Paul, Guertin
[?]
Indians, Halfbreeds
freemen, Indians, Old
Runnie, Simmonet, Michel
Bausquet, Dears, Kennedy,
Ant. Desjarlais
Dears, Kennedy
Dears, Kennedy
Freemen, Antoine Desjarlais
62

B.115/a/4
1820
11
12-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
11
19-Oct
Slave River
B.115/a/4
1820
1111d
20-Oct
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
11d
21-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
11d
22-Oct
Sateaux River,
Slave River
LSL?
B.115/a/4
1820
11d
23-Oct
LSL?
B.115/a/4
1820
11d
25-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
11d12
26-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
12d
27-Oct
5 June 2014
LSL fort?, Red

Deer Lake
The freemen requested a little liquor which was given them, including Simmonet and Sateaux.
Arrived at the Slave River and found Mr. Lewis and Tulibii the chief encamped. He had made about 600
pounds of provisions and had lost a great quantity by animals. Left a bag of flour and some others as the
canoes are too heavily loaded. We all started and camped at the usual time.
All the passengers walked along the rapids till Moose River. Camped there and gummed the canoes.
Morrin, Cardinal, and Lajewsness arrived in a small canoe from Lesser Slave Lake as Mr. Smith was very
worried and the NW giving all the Indians.
63
Simmonet, Sateaux
Mr. Lewis, Tulibii
Morrin, Cardinal, Lajewness,
Mr. Smith
Encamped above the Sateaux River which empties into the Slave River.
Encamped within a mile of the Lake.
Found Tulibii at the entrance of the Lake. He remained behind Mr. Lewis in search of two men
(Corterays Meteomg and Akeaazzy?). He found them and gave them two quarts of spirits. These two men
are excellent hunters and Tulibii tried to entice them to join the HBC service instead of the NWC.
We met a canoe Mr. Lewis had sent to hasten the arrival.
Arrived at the Fort at 7 am. Before the arrival of Mr. Lewis came with ten armed men into the Fort
headed by Henry and Fraser, demanding two dogs which a freemen Myst had sold to Robbeland one of
our men. However, Mr. Smith and Robbeland did not want to return the dogs. Only 8 fish caught.
41 white fish caught in the morning and 5 in the evening. Mannina and Falibii drinking. All the men
capable employed in making nets and other building a chimney in the larger house.
Tulibii, Mr. Lewis, two men

Mr. Lewis
Mr. Lewis, Henry, Fraser,
Myst, Robbeland, Mr. Smith
Mannina, Falibii
63
B.115/a/4
1820
12d
28-Oct
Peace River,
Edmonton, Lesser
Slave Lake, St.
Mary's
B.115/a/4
1820
13
29-Oct
LSL
B.115/a/4
1820
1415d
30-Oct
Red Deer Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
15d
31-Oct
LSL
5 June 2014
44 white fish and 3 other fish caught. Disheneaux and Coromin fishing at Shaws Point. Pacquet, Moraid
[?], Prevost and Mr. Lewis making nets with all possible dispatch. Mannina, an excellent hunter, was
called before Mr. Lewis to decide whether he intended to remain with his as formerly or with the NW.
Despite the effort of Falibii, he decided to remain at the fort only for this winter. In the evening, Charles,
xx, and Michel arrived from Peace River on their way to Edmonton. They brought the letter from Mr.
Simpsons to Mr. Lewis.
Mannina came from the NW house this morning with credit and Mr. Lewis and Mr. Smith and Ant. Alani
to go with his xx and Lake, all that they found which was immediately executed this was done in
retaliation of what the NWC did xx years ago & partly to show the Indians that we did not fear the
NWCo. Stewart, the NW proprietor during the day sent the following note addressed to Mr. Lewis: "Mr.
Lewis Sir, Mannina informs you have taken my property from him have the Goodross to come to the door
of your fort and explain to me your right for such proceedings, Yours (signed) Alex Stewart" Mr. Lewis
immediately went out with Messrs Dears, Smith and Kennedy. After a deal of sharp words on both sides
it resolved in this: what right and for what reason (demanded Stewart) do you take my property from the
Indian. Mr. Lewis answered that his right is to repay debt due by this Indian to the HBCo. .... And until
the Indian pays his debt due to us in Skins the goods shall remain in store...." 31 white fish caught.
" You have a wife and Children and your brothers and Relations also and who know but the chance of
War may cut you off." "Your Brothers and at R.D. Lake told me that they would die before they would
permit me to remain a Prisoner. This is all I ask" Kennedy's reply: "... in Spring I expect that many of
them [relatives] are here to shall be here and that I shall use all my influence to prevent this going to War.
I heartily thank the Company for what they had give [sic] me and particularly you ... I love you as I love
myself for all your past kindness."
Morrin and Bausquet were sent to the Lake in search of a fishing place. Only 18 fish caught. Fine
weather.
64
Disheneaux, Coromin,
Pacquet, Moraid [?], Prevost,
Mr. Lewis, Falibii, Charles,
Michel, Mr. Simpsons, Mr.
Dun Finlayson, Old man,
Baptiste Bison
Mannina, Mr. Lewis, Mr.

Smith, Ant. Alani, Alex
Stewart, Mr. Dears, Mr.
Kennedy
Kennedy's wife, children, and

relations
Morrin, Bausquet
64
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
15d16
1820
1616d
01-Nov
Edmonton, Lesser
Slave Lake, Peace
River, Red Deer
Lake, Rock Depot,
White Fish Lake
Sent Charlois and Grand Michel to Edmonton. The follwing are the copies of letters to Mr Williams and
Mr. Bird: "To William Williams, Esq. Lesser Slave Lake Nov. 1, 1820 Dear Williams, Sir, By an
express passing this place from Peace River to Edmonton. I send you the xx withthe news of this place. / I
arriving here on the 23d Inst. but all the NW Canoes had arrived eight days before me owing to my being
unavoidably delayed at R.D. Lake in equipping the freemen the greater part of whom I found waiting my
arrival here. / Had not the Brigade and myself been so said unfortunately delayed at Rock Depot and
elsewhere and had I arrived here before my opponents I am confident from the acts of the people who
remained Inland that besides x all our Indians as last year we would have had the greatest part of the ring
Indians of the NWC. / I have expended in credits but a small proportion of goods and it is my intention to
have the people going after Indians & Freemen & my advantages over the NWCo in people of capacity is
infinitely succeess. / Besides the post @ Red Deers Lake people are just starting for White fish Lake
where the greatest number of Freemen and Indians passes the winter ~ I had some xx with my opponents
in consequence of my retaliating their former insolence to me 2 years ago in pillaging an Indian of the
credit they had given him to pay debt due by their Indian to the HBCo ~ But they could not gain their
point.... They took advantage before my arrival to come ... to the Fort endeavoring to make a quarrel with
Mr. Smith ~ But they are now quiet .... I had a letter from Mr. Simpson dating 26th Lst. and from Mr.
Finlayson the 22nd Inst. he requests a supply of goods during winter I shall assist them..../ Both Red
Deers Lake and this place were much distressed for want of necessaries for the Summer trade..../ In the
meantime I have the Honor to be Sir/ your Most Oblt Respectful St. (Sigd) John Lewis./ P.S. Jas.
Cardinal"
Charlois, Grand Michel, Mr

William Williams, Mr. Bird,
NWC, Indians, Freemen, Mr.
Finlayson, Mr. Simpson,
John Lewis
02-Nov
White Fish Lake,

Red Deer Lake
Jas. Cardinal was engaged by Mr. Lewis for one year at 2000 livres and equipped of an Inr. -- If he
had not have engaged by Mr. Lewis he would have gone with the NWCo. . He was immediately sent to
White fish Lake with 5 men to establish a Post he has a small assortment of goods with him & nets for
fishing." "Mr. Smith with xx started for R.D. Lake." Eneas and Francois, free Iroquois left this for
their wintering ground. Two of our men, Iroquois engaged to be free in winter accompanying them.
Jas. Cardinal, Mr. Lewis, Mr.

Smith, Eneas, Francois, free
Iroquois
Bay, Big Lake,

Slaves Point
The ice has covered the Bay and the nets could not be taken in till 3 AM when 9 fish were caught.
Chartier, Franeau, and Lazar putting up a chimney in Mr. Lewis's room. Pacquet, Le Tendre, and
Robbeland making and mending nets. Michel cutting firewood. Bausquet and Morin at one part of Big
Lake fishing. Corinier and Disheneau at Slaves Point.
Chartier, Franeau, Lazar, Mr.

Lewis, Pacquet, Le Tendre,
Robbeland, Michel,
Bausquet, Morin [or Morrin],
Corinier, Disheneau
B.115/a/4
1820
16d17
03-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
17
04-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
17
05-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
1717d
06-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
17d
07-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
17d
08-Nov
5 June 2014
65
Shaws Point, Fort,

Slaves Point
Slaves Point, Bay
The men employed as yesterday. The nets were taken in with only 8 fish. The men killed a dog to eat. A
strong wind from west has raised the water in the Bay by two feet.
Nothing transpired.
It snowed all day. Eneas, Robbeland, and Lazar sent to Shaws Point to fetch fish. Chartier, Lajewness,
and Sooscus employed at the xx. Michel cutting firewood. Ant. Alani making sledges. The men who left
on Thursday with Mr. Smith returned to the Fort and reported that Mr. Smith had fallen and hurt himself.
He now laying at Slave Point untill a sledge of dogs takes him to this House. Proceeded on passing Slaves
Point. Fishermen had 2000 white fish and some adds; at Morin's fishery, 600 fish.
Snowed considerably. Franeau, Dears, and Chartier employed at the chimney. Pacquet and Le Tendre at
Michel wood cutting. No fish caught as the Bay before the House was covered with ice but not thick
enough for a man to walk and set nets.
Eneas with Robbeland and Lazar accompanied by Mr. Smith arrived from Slaves Point with 136 fish.
Ant. Alani to remain to raise hedge wood. The men put the canoe upon scaffolds and the remainder of the
day employed about the buildings.
Eneas, Robbeland, Lazar,

Chartier, Lajewness,
Sooscus, Michel, Ant. Alani,
Mr Smith, Morin
Franeau, Dears, Chartier,
Pacquet, Le Tendre, Michel
Eneas, Robbeland, Mr.
Smith, Ant. Alani
65
B.115/a/4
1820
17d18
09-Nov
Rocky Mountains
The men employed as yesterday. Lazar was sent to Morin's fishery for a lod of fish. Robbeland, Pacquet,
and Le Tendre went this morning to make marks opposite the NW House and soon after setting the nets
the NWC people took one of the nets. Prevort [?] and Lazar returned with 80 fish. Four people arrived at
the NWC House from the Rocky Mountains. Eneas, the interpreter, who was engaged by Mr Smith in
summer signed his engagement for 1500 livers per annum. Sent him off accompanied by Chartier to bring
news of affairs at LSL.
Morin, Robbeland, Pacquet,

Le Tendre, NWC people,
Prevort [?], Lazar, Eneas
(interpreter), Chartier
Robbeland, Pacquet, Le
Tendre, Mr Smith, Mr Dears,
Mr Kennedy, Mr Stewart, Mr
Henry, Mr Fraser
B.115/a/4
1820
18-19
10-Nov
Robbeland, Pacquet, and Le Tendre visited the nets and found them on the ice. Robbeland immediately
informed this, and Messrs. Smith, Dears, and Kennedy went to see "the affair." Stewart, Henry, and
Fraser with two others came down armed with sticks, daggers, and pistols. Fraser and Mr. Dears
exchanged some inhospitable words. This prompted Stewart to write a note on Dears's "verbal challenge"
to Fraser. Dears, in his reply, denied such an allegation. Later, Messers Smith and Dears marked the
places for setting nets, and caught 22 fish.
B.115/a/4
1820
19
11-Nov
13 white fish caught. Lazar returned from Morin's fishery with 50 fish. Presort went to A. Alani's place
for sledge wood. Robbeland, Le Tendre, Pacquet, Lajewness, Franceau mudded Mr Lewis's room. Michel
cutting wood.
B.115/a/4
1820
19
12-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19
13-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19
14-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
15-Nov
Lajewness and Franceau sent to enclose the hay stack. 21 fish. Day cloudy. Snow in the evening.
Robbeland hauling wood. Lazar fishing. Franceau, Bousquet, Le Tendre, and Pacquet mudding.
Lajewness plaining boards. Morin and Le Tendre visited the nets in the morning. Sooscus and Michel as
yesterday. Messrs Lewis and Dears and Jas. Ballandryne went out for a "Rat Hunting of which there are
great numbers close to the House." Day cloudy and snowed. Eneas and Chartier arrived from White Fish
Lake. 1500 fish already ... Appaquackis engaged as hunter for the fort here.
White Fish Lake
1820
19d
16-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
17-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
18-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
19-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
20-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d20
21-Nov
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
20
22-Nov
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
20
23-Nov
5 June 2014
Jas. Le Tendre and Pacquet sent to White Fish Lake with another net. Le Tendre was to assit the fishery
and Pacquet was to go with hunters. The men employed as last mentioned. 38 fish taken.
59 fish principally white caught in the morning. Day mild for the season.
48 fish. Sooscus and Lajewness laying the flooring. Franceau, Prevort, Louis, and Lazar putting mud on
the roof of Mr Lewis. Room. Morin and Chartier . Robbeland hauling wood. Michel cutting wood.
Louisa and Jas Ballantyne brought 33 rats they killed this morning. Sabawrin who is tenting with Falibii
[or Tulibii] came to the House to inform that Tulibii had killed 3 animals.
B.115/a/4
White Fish Lake
66
Mr Smith with Ant. Alani, Bausquet, and Sabawrin went to Tulibii's to fetch the meat. Eneas turned a
sledge. The men employed as yesterday. 81 fish caught. The mild weather.
79 fish. Many portriges are flying about which is rather uncommon in this quarters. Cardinal with
Champagne arrived from White Fish Lake at midnight. They have 3600 white laid up there.
78 fish cuaght this morning.
65 fish. Nw wind and thawed all day. The mne employed as follows: Franceau and Prevort sawing; Lazar
and Louis at the chimney in the house; Sooscus and Lajewness flooring Mr Lewis's room. Chartier and
Morin attending the nets; Robbeland hauling and Michel cutting firewood.
72 fish. The people employed as yesterday. The men fetched 3 animals. Cardinal received a few articles
at White Fish Lake. Eneas turned another sledge.
73 fish. Lajigaay came into the NWC House for medicine to a finger that one of his wifes bit off. Cardinal
and Champer went off for White Fish Lake. The men employed as yesterday.
67 fish caught this morning. The people employed as usual at the buildings. Eneas making sledges.
Lazar, Morin, Presort, A.

Alani, Robbeland, Le Tendre,
Pacquet, Lajewness,
Franceau, Mr Lewis, Michel
Lajewness, Franceau
Robbeland, Lazar, Franceau,
Bousquet, Le Tendre,
Pacquet, Michel, Mr Lewis,
Mr Dears, Jas Ballandryne,
Eneas, Chartier, Appaquackis
Jas. Le Tendre, Pacquet
Sooscus, Lajewness,
Franceau, Prevort, Louis,
Lazar, Mr Lewis, Morin,
Chartier, Robbeland, Michel,
Jas Ballantyne, Sabawrin,
Tulibii
Mr Smith, Ant. Alani,
Sabawrin, Tulibii, Eneas
Cardinal, Campagne
Franceau, Prevort, Lazar,
Louis, Sooscus, Lajewness,
Mr Lewis, Chartier, Morin,
Robbeland, Michel
Cardinal, Eneas
Lajigaay, Cardinal, Champer
Eneas
66
B.115/a/4
1820
20
24-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
2020d
25-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
20d
26-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
20d21
27-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
21
28-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
21
29-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
21
30-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
21
01-Dec
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
21
21
02-Dec
03-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
2121d
04-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
21d
05-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
21d
06-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
21d
07-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
21d
08-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
21d
09-Dec
B.115/a/4
5 June 2014
1820
21d22
10-Dec
64 fish caught. Lazar accompanied Morin to visit the nets as Chartier froze his hand. Louis and Bausquet
mudded the men's house. Sooscus flooring the hall. Lajewness at the men's house. Franceau and Prevort
sawing boards. Robbeland and Michel cutting and hauling firewood.
54 fish. The people employed as usual. Mr. Dears and Eneas, and Lazar sent off at midnight after two
NWC men, who went off this morning. Two people arrived at the NWC Fort. Mr Lewis ordered a small
assortment of goods to be packed.
55 fish taken. "Drunken Baptiste" came with nothing, but he had 30 skins at his tent. Gave him 4 paints of
rum in debt.
Michel and Chartier were both unable for their duty having been drunk last night. They were fined for 50
livres each. Chartier had orders the night before to accompany Ant. Alani for Baptiste's tent but could not
start till 2 hours after sunset from drunkenness when two NWC men went after them. As Ant. is also
ordered to go to the "Stinking Lake" as we are informed that Mr Finlayson has a few men and Mr Ray
stationed there. The letter was sent to Mr Ray. Franceau and Prevort sawing boards. Louis and Sooscus
flooring Mr Lewis's room. Lajewness accompanied Morin to visit the nets: 62 fish caught. louisa and Jas
Ballantyne brought in 52 rats.
48 fish. The men employed as last mentioned. Mr Lewis makig sledges and Louisa making a door for Mr
Lewis's room.
59 fish this morning. The people employed as usual about the buildings. Mr Lewis turned another sledge.
60 fish. This day remarkably mild. Nothing different about the employment of the men. Drunken Baptiste
asked for a man to remain with him and Louis the Iroquois went off with him.
40 fish. Lajewness flooring the men's house. Franceau and Sooscus flooring Mr Lewis's room. The others
at their state of employment.
57 fish. The employment of the people the same as yesterday.
47 fish taken. It snowed last night.
Shaws Point
Shaws Point
Shaws Point
Smoky River
56 fish. Sky overcast. Bausquet returned from Tulibii's tent and brought 2 beaver skins. Sooscus flooring.
Lajewness making boards for the windows. Franceau and Prevort sawing boards. Morin at the nets.
Robbeland and Michel getting firewood. Louisa made a second door for Mr Lewis's room. Carmier came
from Shaws Point with a load of fish.
40 fish caught. Prevort and Franceau finished the chimney in the kitchen. The others as yesterday. Mr
Smith hauling two sledges. Mr Lewis making furniture for his room.
34 fish. The NWC only 6. The fishermen came home from Shaws Point. Bausquet and Carmier brought a
load of fish. Others employed as usual about the buildings.
40 fish. Sooscus sent to get wood for horse and dog sledges. Others were employed as usual.
47 fish caught. Sooscus returned from Shaws Point with wood for a horse sledge. Bausquet and 6 men
brought a load of fish.
44 fish. Very cold wind.
37 fish. Snowing. Mr. Dears with Eneas returned from the Smoky River. They were obliged to leave
their sledges from the fatigue of the dogs. An old Beaver Indian chief accompanied them to the Fort
and three boys. They procured all that the Iroquois had only 9 martens. They went further up the
River in quest of Luwrin and Louis Iroquois and found the encampment of La Tber and the Beaver
Indians. They traded 18 whole and one half beaver; 18 male and 6 femal martens; 26 cats with 16 lb. fat
and 7 tongues. La Tber was formerly a great Chif. [note: this entry points to non-exclusive use]
67
Lazar, Chartier, Louis,
Bausquet, Sooscus,
Lajewness, Franceau,
Prevort, Robbeland, Michel
Mr Dears, Eneas, Lazar,
NWC men, Mr Lewis
Baptiste
Michel, Chartier, Ant. Alani,
"Drunken Baptiste," NWC
men, Mr Finlayson, Mr Ray,
Franceau, Prevort, Louis,
Sooscus, Mr Lewis,
Lajewness, Morin, Jas
Ballantyne, Francois
Glandin, Ant. Glandin, Jas
Shallefau, Charles Iroquois,
Myst, Auger
Mr Lewis, Louisa
Mr Lewis
Drunken Baptiste, Louis the
Iroquois
Sooscus, Mr Lewis
Bausquet, Tulibii, Sooscus,

Prevort, Morin, Robbeland,
Michel, Louisa, Mr Lewis,
Carmier
Prevort, Franceau, Mr Smith,
Mr Lewis
Bausquet, Carmier
Sooscus
Sooscus, Bausquet
Mr Dears, Eneas, La Tiber

(old Beaver Indian chief),
three boys, Iroquois, Luwrin
and Louis Iroquois, Beaver
Indians
67
B.115/a/4
1820
22
11-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
22
12-Dec
Smoky River
B.115/a/4
1820
2222d
13-Dec
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
22d
14-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
22d
15-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
22d
16-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23
17-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23
18-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23
19-Dec
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
23
20-Dec
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
23
21-Dec
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
23
2323d
23d
23d
22-Dec
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
23d
26-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23d
27-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23d
28-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
23d
29-Dec
5 June 2014
Beau Lake, White

Fish Lake
Smoky River
Mr Kennedy accompanied by A. Alani and Chartier started for Edmonton House. Charlois and the Peace
River men were sent off at the same time. 40 fish caught.
23-Dec
24-Dec
25-Dec
29 fish taken. The men employed about the buildings. Bausquet and Jas. Ballentyne brought the sledges
Mr Dears left behind.
14 fish. NWC men returned from the Smoky Rivers. They could not find the other Iroquois and
returned with only 3 1/2 sins. LaFerue asked but refused any credits from Mr Lewis and the some at the
NW House. Mr Lewis gave him a little ammunition. Lazar remains at his tent to take the skins. Carmier
brought fish.
22 fish. Exceedingly cold. The people employed as mentioned. Mr Kennedy with Jas Ballantyne went to
Shaws Point for a load of fish.
44 fish caught. The people employed about the buildings. Carmier brought a load of fish from Shaws
Point.
Eneas with his wife went to Akurazzy and Meteomeg's in the River Coutuay. Franceau went off to the
Beaver Indians for trade. Ant. Alani returned from Beau Lake and reported that he followed NWC men to
Beau Lake. He traded a dog of which we are in great need at this place. He left some goods at White Fish
Lake.
44 fish. Charlois and Peace River men returned from Edmonton with letter froms Mr Henry. It is
unnecessary to insert here as they contain one news.
Mr Dears started with Carmier for the Smoky River where he will remain. It snowed just after he started
so that NWC men could not follow the track.
Shaws Point
White Fish Lake,

Shaws Point
Shaws Point
Sent Lajweness to Shaws Point to replace Carmier. 60 fish taken. Mr Dears and Carmier returned at
midday after making an unsuccessful attempt to find the track.
Carmier went to Shaws Point for a load of fish. Prevort mudded the chimney in Mr Lewis's room. 45 fish
caught.
Sent Crwast and Jas Ballantyne to White Fish Lake to desire LaFerue to return to the Fort. 56 fish taken.
Michel and Robbeland employed as usual. Carmier returned with a load of fish.
The men employed as usual. 22 fish. Carmier sent and returned with a load of fish.
22 fish. Franceau, Bausquet and Lazar arrived in the afternoon with 3 whole beaver, 3 made martens, and
one Cat and a moose skin. Carmier returned with a load of fish.
People employed as usual. 9 fish. Carmier returned with a load of fish from Shaws Point. Very cold.
Being Christmas. No work done. Very cold.
Bausquet and Carmier went and returned with a load of fish. 36 fish. Lazar employed in mudding Mr
Lewis's room. The other men employed as usual.
Prevort, Jas Ballantyne and LaFerue with Le Tendre returned from White Fish Lake with 50 lb. of fresh
meat and 29 fish. Lazar cutting firewood. The rest of the men employed as usual. Carmier and Bausquet
returned with fish from Shaws Point.
21 fish taken. Amlin, a Freeman, paid us a visit and informed us that there was a great scarcity of animals.
Carmier and Bausquet returned with a load of fish.
Carmier, Bausquet, and LaFerue mudding the kitchen. Franceau and Prevort sawing boards. James
Ballantyne went to Shaws Point for sledge wood. One of the NWC free Iroquois paid us a visit.
68
Bausquet, Jas. Ballentyne,
Mr Dears
NWC men, LaFerue, Mr
Lewis, Lazar, Carmier
Mr Kennedy, Jas Ballantyne
Carmier
Eneas, his wife, Franceau,
Beaver Indians, Ant. Alani,
NWC men
Charlois, Peace River men,
Mr Henry
Mr Dears, Carmier, NWC
men
Mr Kennedy, A. Alani,
Chartier, Charlois, Peace
River men
Lajweness, Carmier, Mr
Dears
Carmier, Prevort, Mr Lewis
Crwast, Jas Ballantyne,
LaFerue, Michel, Robbeland,
Carmier
Carmier
Franceau, Bausquet, Lazar,
Carmier
Carmier
Bausquet, Carmier, Lazar,
Mr Lewis
Prevort, Jas Ballantyne,
LaFerue, Le Tendre, Lazar,
Carmier, Bausquet
Amlin (Freeman), Carmier,
Bausquet
Carmier, Bausquet, LaFerue,
Franceau, Prevort, James
Ballantyne, NWC free
Iroquois
68
B.115/a/4
1820
23d24
Michel is sick and cannot perform his duty. LaFerue is in his place. 15 fish caught. One NWC Iroquois
paid us a visit. He complained much of the security of xx. Franceau, Prevort and Carmier cuting wood.
Other men employed as usual.
30-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
24
31-Dec
B.115/a/4
1820
24
01-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
24
02-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
2424d
03-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Smoky River
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
04-Jan
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
05-Jan
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
06-Jan
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
07-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
08-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
25
09-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
25
10-Jan
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
25
11-Jan
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
2525d
12-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
25d
13-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
25d
14-Jan
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
25d
15-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Shaws POint
B.115/a/4
1820
25d
16-Jan
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
5 June 2014
White Fish Lake
Laferue [or LaFerue] and Carmier sent for a load of fish: 14 fish taken. Tulibii and Sabannir who is
tenting with him came to the Fort with 9 prime beaver and 8 3/4 lb fat. He informed us that he had in cash
3 female moose. Cardinal and Thomas arrived from White Fish Lake. Sooscus and Disheneau arrived
about the same time.
No work done. The day spent as usual in festivity. Visits through the day from NW Iroquois.
Prevort, Carmier, and Bausquet went to the fishery. Disheneau returned to his fishiery. Sooscus to raise
sledge wood. Ranceau, Lejewness, and Lazar cutting wood. Only 5 fish.
Shaws Point
Sent Bausquet and Carmin for Tulibii's. Franceau and LaFerue building temporary stable. Prevort for a
load of fish. Lazar and Lejewness cutting firewood. Tulibii left the Fort for his tent. Two men and sledges
left the NWC Fort for White Fish Lake. Two men to the Smoky River. Fine weather.
Robbeland sent to tent with Tulibii. Cardinal and Thomas returned to White Fish Lake. Sabannir, Prevort,
and Michel aquiring wood for sledges. Lejewness and Morin cutting firewood. LaFerue hauling it to the
Fort.
Prevort went to Shaws Point for wood to make sledges. Lejewness mudding the kitchen chimney. Other
men employed as usual. Fine weather.
Sent Sabannir to Shaws Point for a load of fish. Prevort and Michel preparing sledge wood. Lazar and
Lejewness mudding and pulling bark in the kitchen roof. Other men employed as usual.
Eneas the Inr. arrived from the country. They are in starvation. He brought 16 premier and 3 half beaver
skins, one prime otter and one cross fox.
Jas Ballantyne went to Shaws Point for a load of fish. Lejewness and Lazar employed.
Sent Lazar and Jas Ballantyne for fish. Lajewness employed at putting barks at the interpreter's house. At
3 AM NWC men returned with meat. Bausquet and Carmir returned with a load of meat. Sent off
Franceau and Sabannir to bring Akasazy who was too sick to walk.
Sent Bausquet, Carmir, Lazar, and Jas. Ballantyne for fish. The NWC men to fish at Shaws Point.
Raining mostly. This morning Mr Dears, Jas. Ballantyne and Carmier went to White Fish Lake with a
supply of trading articles for Grand Simon. Carmier is to staty with this man until the spring. Sent off
Bausquet and Lazar for fish.
Light snow last night. Three men mudding the stable. Bausquet, Lajewness, and Lazar, Prevort, Rochleau
at sledges. Michel and Morin cutting and LaFerue hauling wood. This afternoon returned here with his
nets as there is no fish.
Cold with light snow. Sent Louis, Bausquet, and Lazar for fish. La Tendre returned with wood for two
sledges.
Cold with snow. Sent off Robbeland, Bausquet, to White Fish Lake. Le Tendre and Lazar went to Shaws
Point for fish last night. Both chimneys in the men's house fell down and were repaired today.
Cold calm day. Sent off Mr Smith and Prevort to bring up the horses. Lowisa went to Shaws Point for a
load of fish. Mr Dears and Jas Ballantyne returned from White Fish Lake. They brought 17 beaver from
Appaqueachis [?] Disheneau, Le Tendre, and Lazar making a chimney in the interpreter's house.
Sent Lowisa for jack fish to Shaws Point; the white fish are all consumed. Rochleau making xx to White
Fish Lake. Bausquet went for a load of fish from that place. The employed as yesterday.
69
Michel, LaFerue, Franceau,

Prevort, Carmier
LaFerue, Carmier, Tulibii,
Sabannir, Cardinal, Thomas,
Sooscus, Disheneau
NW Iroquois
Prevort, Carmier, Bausquet,
Disheneau, Sooscus,
Ranceau, Lejewness, Lazar
Bausquet, Carmin, Tulibii,
Franceau, LaFerue, Prevort,
Lazar, Lejewness
Robbeland, Tulibii, Thomas,
Sabannir, Prevort, Michel,
Lejewness, Morin, LaFerue
Prevort, Lejewness
Sabannir, Prevort, Michel,
Lazar, Lejewness
Eneas
Jas Ballantyne, Lejewness,
Lazar
Lazar, Jas Ballantyne,
Lajewness, Bausquet, Camir,
Franceau, Sabannir, Akasazy
Bausquet, Carmir, Jas.
Ballantyne, NWC men
Mr Dears, Jas. Ballantyne,
Carmier, Grand Simon,
Bausquet
Bausquet, Lajewness, Lazar,
Prevort, Rochleau, Michel,
Morin, LaFerue
Louis, Bausquet, Lazar
Robbeland, Bausquet, Le
Tendre, Lazar
Mr Smith, Prevort, Lowisa,
Mr Dears, Jas Ballantyne, Le
Tendre, Lazar
Lowisa, Rochleau, Bausquet
69

B.115/a/4
1820
25d
17-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
26
18-Jan
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
26
19-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
2626d
B.115/a/4
1820
B.115/a/4
70
Rochleau brought a load of fish from Shaws Point.

Baptiste La Cagneau arrived at the NWC House. Sent Rochleau and Jas Ballantyne for a load of fish from
Shaws Point. Bausquet returned from White Fish Lake with 60 fish. Cardinal had seen appaquechis who
was missing these two months that he had four or five animals in cash. Disheneau, Lazar, and Le Tendre
working still at the chimney in the men's house. Michel and Morin cuting and LaFerue hauling. Eneas, the
Interpretor, making sledges.
Rochleau
Baptiste La Cagneau,
Rochleau, Jas. Ballantyne,
Bausquet, Cardinal,
Disheneau, Lazar, Le Tendre,
Michel, Morin, Eneas
White Fish Lake,

Shaws Point
Fine mild day. Sent Bausquet and Lazar for fish to White Fish Lake. Le Tendre and James to Shaws Point
for fish. Rochleau and Disheneau fishishing the chimney. Morin unable to work with his head injury.
20-Jan
Shaws Point
Strong wind with snow. Sent off Le Tendre, Ballantyne, and Disheneau for fish to Shaws Point. Rochleau
making a sledge. Morin still unable to work. Michel cutting, and LaFerue hauling.
26d
22-Jan
Shaws Point
Mild weather. Sent James Ballantyne, Le Tendre, and Disheneau for fish to Shaws Point. Rochleau and
Eneas making sledges. Baptiste La Cagneau left the House.
Bausquet, Le Tendre, James,

Rochleau, Dishneau, Morin
Le Tendre, Ballantyne,
Dishneau, Rochleau, Morin,
Michel, LaFerue
James Ballantyne, Le Tendre,
Disheneau, Rochleau, Eneas,
Baptiste La Cangneau
1820
26d
23-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
26d
24-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
26d
25-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
26d
26-Jan
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
26d27
27-Jan
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
27
28-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Peace River
B.115/a/4
1820
27d
29-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
27d
30-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
27d28
31-Jan
B.115/a/4
1820
28
01-Feb
5 June 2014
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
Shaws Point
White Fish Lake
White Fish Lake
Sent the same for fish to Shaws Point. Bausquet and Lazar returned from White Fish Lake with 114 fish.
The men employed as usual.
Sent Rochleau and Bausquet and three men to Shaws Point for fish and wood for sledges.
Fine mild day. Sent Bausquet and Lazar for fish to White Fish Lake. Le Tendre, Ballantyne, Disheneau,
and James to Shaws Point for fish. Lajewness and Lowiser returned with them in the evening. Other men
employed as usual.
Sent off Lowisa and Disheneau to White Fish Lake. Le Tendre and Rochleau sent to fetch boards squared
by xx.
Sent Sooscus and Le Tendre to Shaws Point for fish and wood. Early this morning, two NWC men
returned. Rochleau and Eneas making sledges. Morin is assisting Michel in cutting firewood. LaFerue
hauling it home. Lajewness squaring boards for sledges. We learned that the NWC is very short of
provisions, having depended on potatoes that they harvested in the fall.
Cloudy but mild. Sent Le Tendre and Sooscus for fish to White Fish Lake. Had a visit this afternoon from
Stewart and Fraser. I was informed by the former that he had intelligence from Peace River of a coalition
taken place between the two rival xx. Bausquet and Lazar returned from White Fish Lake with 135 fish.
Day fine. Lowisa and Disheneau returned with 90 white fish and 50 lb. of grease. Eneas and Rochleau
making sledges. Michel and Morin cutting wood, and LaFerue hauling it home. Lajeweness making Mr
Kennedy's .
Sent off Bausquet, Disheneau, and Lazar to White Fish Lake. This morning, we missed Fraser and one of
the NWC men. Sent Mr Dears to examine the tracks but not much on the ground. We could not find
which one he had gone. Sent Rochleau and three men clear the road to White Fish Lake.
Cold morning, milder toward the evening. Worried about Franceau, sent off Eneas and James Ballantyne,
taking a few fish in case of their being in want of provisions. Sooscus and Le Tendre arrived with 116
fish. They saw a large herd of buffaloes. This afternoon Robbeland, his wife, and child arrived from
Tulibii's tent in a state of starvation.
Snowing. Sent off Sooscus and Le Tendre to White Fish Lake. Mr Dears and Lowisa went to hunt
buffaloes seen by two men yesterday.
Bausquet, Lazar
Rochleau, Bausquet
Bausquet, Lazar, Le Tendre,
Ballantyne, Disheneau,
James, Lajewness, Lowiser
Lowisa, Disheneau, Le
Tendre, Rochleau
Sooscus, Le Tendre, NWC
men, Rochleau, Eneas,
Morin, Michel, LaFerue,
Lajewness
Le Tendre, Sooscus, Stewart,
Fraser, Bausquet, Lazar
Lowisa, Disheneau, Eneas,
Rochleau, Michel, Morin,
LaFerue, Mr Kennedy
Bausquet, Disheneau, Lazar,
Fraser, Mr Dears, Rochleau
Franceau, Eneas, James
Ballantyne, Sooscus, Le
Tendre, Robbeland, his wife
and child, Tulibii
Sooscus, Le Tendre, Mr
Dears, Lowisa
70
B.115/a/4
02-Feb
Colder than yesterday. Cardinal, Morois, Pacquet, and three men sent off yesterday arrived with three
large animals, 18 beaver skins from the hunter and his brother, and two martens and one mink from
Drunken Baptiste. Rochleau returned from making the road. Men working the same as usual. LaFerue
cutting dry wood. We have very little hay left for horses. Mr Dears and Lowisa returned without a
buffalo, having missed a shot.
1820
2828d
03-Feb
Cold and cloudy. Sent off this morning Cardinal, Pacquet, Disheneau, Lazar, and Bausquet and his family
to White Fish Lake. A stranger arrived at the other house. Morin and Michel are sick and not able to
work. LaFerue brought wood. The horse is sick. Robbeland cutting a little hay. Lajewness making a bed
for Mr Dears.
1820
28d
04-Feb
Very cold. Sent LaFerue, Rochleau, Lajewness to look for our other horse but could not find him.
Robbeland cutting hay with his knife. Sooscus and Le Tendre returned with 123 fish. At sunset James
Ballantyne, Franceaur, Sauberin, Eneas, and Akevazzy and his family brought 4 beaver skins.
Cloudy and cold. Sent Le Tendre, Sabawisa, and Sooscus for fish. Also Robbeland and family to tent
with Appaquachis. Four NWC men arrived from the x Iroquois in the Smoky River. They had been
away since a new year's day. Two others arrived from their hunters. Michel and Morin cutting wood, and
LaFerue hauling with the other horse which was found this morning. Rochleau and Eneas working at
sledges and snow shoes. Lajewness finishing Mr Dears bed.
1820
28
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
White Fish Lake
Cardinal, Morois, Pacquet,

Drunken Baptiste, Rochleau,
LaFerue, Mr Dears, Lowisa
Cardinal, Pacquet,
Disheneau, Lazar, Bausquet
and his family, Morin,
Michel, LaFerue, Robbeland,
Lajewness, Mr Dears
LaFerue, Rochleau,
Lajewness, Robbeland,
Sooscus, Le Tendre, James
Ballantyne, Franceau,
Sauberin, Eneas, Akevazzy
and his family
Le Tendre, Sabawisa,
Sooscus, Robbeland and
family, Appaquachis, NWC
men, Iroquois, Michel,
Morin, LaFerue, Rochleau,
Eneas, Lajewness, Mr Dears
B.115/a/4
1820
28d
05-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
29
06-Feb
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
29
29
07-Feb
08-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
29
09-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
29
10-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
2929d
11-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
29d
12-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
29d
13-Feb
White Fish Lake
Very fine weather. Sent off this morning Sooscus with a few fish to Tulibii's family. Le Tendre,
Sabawrin, Lajewness, and Bausquet for fish to White Fish Lake. Also sent off Eneas, Rochleau, and
Lazar to look for Grand Simon.
Sooscus, Tulibii, Le Tendre,

Sabawrin, Lajewness,
Bausquet, Eneas, Rochleau,
Lazar, Grand Simon
B.115/a/4
1820
29d
14-Feb
Plains
Still mild weather. Disheneau and Lowisa returned with 120 fish, but nearly rotten. Early this morning
three NWC men returned from the Plains. Mr Kennedy had been starving. This afternoon Tulibii's family
arrived at the house.
Disheneau, Lowisa, NWC

men, Mr Kennedy, Tulibii's
family
5 June 2014
Smoky River
71
White Fish Lake
Mild weather. Early this morning, NWC men were sent off for meat to their hunters' tents. About 2 AM,
Lazar and Disheneau returned with 117 fish. Lajewness and Franceau working at new x. Other men
working as yesterday.
Sent off Disheneau and Lazar for fish. The NWC sent off 3 sledges to their hunters.
Nothing of consequence occurred.
Cloudy with a little snow. In the afternoon four men returned from White Fish Lake. Sooscus, Le Tendre,
Pacquet, and Bausquet brought 240 fish.
Sent off 4 men who arrived yesterday for fish. Disheneau and Lazar arrived with 120 fish. Disheneau had
met with an Indian who gave him two beaver skins. The Indian is one of the NWC hunters. Franceau and
Lajewness sawing timber. Morin, Michel and LaFerue cutting and hauling firewood.
Fine and mild. Sent off Lowisa and Disheneau for fish. Mr Dears take old Cardinal with him to go to
Manina's tent. It being Sabbath the men not at work. Two NWC men arrived from their hunters with
meat.
Fine, mild weather. Nothing to give the people to eat this morning. In the afternoon, Sooscus, Le Tendre,
Sabawrin, Bausquet, Pacquet arrived with 270 fish. At sunset Tulibii arrived starving. He left his family
at a day's march from the House.
NWC men, Lazar,

Disheneau, Lajewness,
Franceau
Disheneau, Lazar, NWC men
Sooscus, Le Tendre, Pacquet,
Bausquet
Disheneau, Lazar, NWC
Indian, Franceau, Lajewness,
Morin, Michel, LaFerue
Lowisa, Disheneau, Mr
Dears, old Cardinal, Manina,
NWC men
Sooscus, Le Tendre,
Sabawrin, Bausquet, Pacquet,
Tulibii and his family
71
B.115/a/4
1820
29d30
15-Feb
White Fish Lake
Fine. Disheneau, Morin, Franceau, and Pacquet were sent off to set nets at Shaws Point. There are less
than 1000 fish remaining at White Fish Lake now. This afternoon Sooscus returned but could not find
Tulibii's cash. Nothing to give the people for supper.
Disheneau, Morin, Franceau,

Pacquet, Sooscus, Tulibii
Very warm say. Last night we had a very severe storm of wind and hail. Nothing to give the people for
breakfast. At sunset Sabawrin, Le Tendre, Bausquet and Lajewness returned from White Fish Lake with
280 fish. Mr Dears also returned from White Fish Lake. Old Cardinal, who had been at the hunters
arrived. he received beaver skins from Appaquachis. Mr Dears was informed by Cardinal that it was of no
use going to Manina's as he is now hunting for the NWC.
Sabawrin, Le Tendre,
Bausquet, Lajewness, Mr
Dears, Cardinal,
Appaquachis, Manina
B.115/a/4
1820
30
16-Feb
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30
17-Feb
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30
18-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
3030d
19-Feb
Shaws Point, Red

Deers Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30d
20-Feb
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30d
21-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
30d
22-Feb
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30d31
23-Feb
Shaw Point
B.115/a/4
1820
31
24-Feb
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
3131d
25-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
31d
26-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
31d
27-Feb
B.115/a/4
5 June 2014
1820
31d
28-Feb
72
Snowing most of the day. Sent off the same men who arrived yesterday for fish to White Fish Lake.
About 10 PM two NWC men arrived at their house heavily laden with meat from their hunters.
Light snow. Nothing worthy of remark.
Cold clear weather. This morning sent off Lowisa for fish to Shaws Point. Tulibii and his son
accompanied by Sooscus went to work at a house. The men returned with 43 fish and informed that the
fishermen saw and spoke with one of the NWC men who had arrived from Red Deers Lake. The NWC
men said that Mr Smith was still at Red Deer Lake but making preparation for departure. They also
informed that the HBC men at Red Deer Lake were in a state of starvation.
Very cold wind. Fraser with 4 NWC men started this morning for White Fish Lake. I immediately sent
Mr Dears after them to watch their motions at old Cardinal's. James Ballantyne went and returned from
Shaws Point with 38 fish. Very late tonight Le Tendre and Lajewness arrived with 120 fish.
Very cold. Sabawrin and Bausquet arrived with 118 fish. Four NWC men with meat sledeges arrived.
Very cold. Sent off Sabawrin, Le Tendre and Pacquet for fish to White Fish Lake. Sent Bausquet to look
for Tulibii. James Ballantyne went and returned from Shaws Point with 36 fish.
Sent Jas Ballantyne for fish to Shaws Point. He returned with 36 fish. Tulibii returned with one large and
5 small beaver skins.
Very cold. Lowisa went and returned with 41 fish from Shaws Point. Bausquet returned with Tulibii's
cash in which were three large beaver skins. Late at night Mr Dears returned from Old Cardinal's. The
NWC were headed for old Glandin's place.
Lowisa, Tulibii and his son,

NWC men, Mr Smith
Mr Dears, Fraser, NWC men,
old Cardinal, James
Ballantyne, Le Tendre,
Lajewness
Sabawrin, Bausquet, NWC
men
Pacquet, Bausquet, Tulibii,
James Ballantyne
Jas Ballantyne, Tulibii
Bausquet, Tulibii, Mr Dears,
old Cardinal, old Glandin
Sent off James to Shaws Point. He returned with 34 fish. Tulibii gave me 6 beaver.
Bausquet, James Ballantyne,

Ant. Morin, Chartier, Mr
Kennedy, Ant. Dejarlais,
Champagne
James Ballantyne, Sabawrin,
Bausquet, Le Tendre,
Pacquet, old Cardinal,
LaFerue, Champagne,
Michel, Sooscus, Lajewness,
fishermen
James, Tulibii
Fine weather. Sent Chartier and James for fish to Shaws Point. Tulibii and family pitched from the house
to make his spring hunt at the east end of the Lake.
Chartier, James, Tulibii and

family
Shaws Point,
Edmonton
Fine. Sent Bausquet and James to Shaws Point and returned with 70 fish. This afternoon Ant. Morin and
Chartier returned at last from Edmonton but Mr Kennedy was not with them. He was bound for Red Deer
Lake to prevent Ant. Dejarlais from trading skins belonging to Edmonton. Sabawrin, Le Tendre, and
Champagne arrived from White Fish Lake with 180 fish.
White Fish Lake
Snowed in the morning. James brought 22 fish from Shaws Point. Sent off Sabawrin and Bausquet to
White Fish Lake for fish. Le Tendre and Pacquet to wait the return of Old Cardinal to go with him to the
hunters for meat. LaFerue, Champagne, and Michel cutting and hauling wood. Both our horses are too
poor to work. Early in the morning sent Sooscus and Lajewness to build a small hut for the fisherman.
east end of the laks

(spring hunting
ground)
NWC men
72
B.115/a/4
1820
31d32
01-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
32
02-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
32
03-Mar
Auger
Athabasca
B.115/a/4
1820
32-33
04-Mar
White Fish Lake,

Red Deer Lake,
Edmonton district
B.115/a/4
1820
33
05-Mar
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
33
06-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
3333d
07-Mar
Red Deer Lake
Peace River,
Edmonton House
B.115/a/4
1820
33d
08-Mar
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
33d
33d
09-Mar
10-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
33d
11-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
33d
12-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
34
13-Mar
5 June 2014
Shaws Point
White Fish Lake
Very cold with strong wind. Sent Chartier for fish. About two o'clock Manina and Chihio came to the
other house starving. Fraser and five NWC men returned from Auger with vert heavily loaded sledges. In
the evening, Chartier returned with only 78 fish. The fisherman sends information that the number taken
is greatly diminished. If this continues it will be a serious affair as our dependence is solely in these nets.
Strong wind. This morning A. Alani went out for hunting. Sent Chartier for fish. He returned with only 19
fish. Alani returned in the evening without having killed. He saw one track but did not know whether it
was old or new which is a plain proof that he has no great knowledge of the hunting himself.
Lowisa brought 25 fish from Shaws Point. At midday Lazar and Rachleau returned sooner than expected.
They had met with 3 Indians. Two of them from the Athabasca and have a man belonging to that
department. The other belongs to the NWC fo this place and has been missing since the fall. Since the
new years day Stewart has had people to look for this Indian and had given him up as starved to death.
Eneas brought 10 beaver, 43 martens, one otter, 1 wolverine, 2 1/1 lbs. castreum, one mink, one rat, and
80 lbs. provisions.
Fine weather. Sent James for fish but he returned without any. Sent off Sabawrin who arrived yesterday
with 50 fish from White Fish Lake to tent with Tulibii until spring. Manina also was to tent with Tulibii
until spring. About 2 AM Mr Smith, St. Paul, Prevort, and Kinsymirs arrived from Red Deer Lake with 3
kegs of spirits, one bag of ball, and two bales of goods. They brought only two of their horses, having left
the others in the Slave River and others at Red Deer Lake. I learn from Mr Simth that Mr Taylor who
winters at Moose Lake has been trading skins since the fall with the Indians indebted to me and received
credits last fall. Instead of Mr H., A. Dejarlais for the similar affair he should in the first place have
prevented Mr Taylor from showing the exemption. A number of skins Antoine traded with a Plains Indian
was only ten and these are from a Crow Indian who is not indebted to the HBC according to Mr Munroe,
a clerk of Edmonton district, who was at Red Deer Lake at the time. Ant. Alani, Chartier, and Rochleau
were sent to the Indians Eneas had seen. NWC Indian brought 20 to 30 beaver skins, which he would not
at that time trade. I sent him by way of enticement a capote, shirt, and some small articles if he give all he
has to Antoine Alani.
Warm day. Lazar went to Shaws Point and returned with only 9 fish. Sent off early this morning Lowisa
to White Fish Lake with a little linen for old Cardinal to take to the hunters to persuade them to hunt more
diligently as we are now starving here. Michel, Champagne, and LaFerue employed as usual in cutting
and hauling firewood.
Uncommonly mild and thawing. Sent off Eneas and Lazar to look for Meteomeg at the other end of the
Lake. Also sent Prevort for fish and returned with 14 fish. About midnight Lowisa returned from White
Fish Lake with a load of cows meat being all that was at the hunters.
Warmer than yesterday. Lowisa informed me that Baptiste was on his way to the house. Sent a pint of
liquor to him. St. Paul returned without seeing him. 12 fish. Michel and Champagne cutting wood.
LaFerue hauling it home with horses from Red Deers Lake.
fine weather. Four men arrived from Peace River on their way to Edmonton House. "They have no
provisions and I have none here to give them for their journey so that I am at a loss what to do with them
as we are all starving here." St. Paul went to Shaws Point and returned with only 13 fish, which is not a
mouthful for all hands.
Snowing most of the day. St. Paul brought 10 fish.
Snowing heavily. St. Paul brought 23 fish. Franceau returned from the fishermen's.
Rather warm. St. Paul brought 47 fish from Shaws Point. Some of the men are very weak and are able to
go little or no work.
Fine. The men doing some little jobs.
Warm. Fraser and NWC men started for White Fish Lake. I did not sent men after him knowing it to be
not worth the trouble. Received this day 35 fish.
73
Manina, Chihio, Fraser,

NWC men, Chartier,
fishermen
Antoine Alani, Chartier
Lowisa, Lazar, Rochleau,

Indians, Stewart, Eneas,
NWC people
James, Sabawrin, Tulibii,

Manina, Mr Smith, St. Paul,
Prevort, Kinsymirs, Mr
Taylor, A. Dejarlais, a Plains
Indian, a Crow Indian, Mr
Munroe (HBC clerk at
Edmonton dist.), Ant. Alani,
Chartier, Rochleau, Eneas,
NWC Indian
Lazar, Lowisa, Cardinal,

Michel, Champagne, LaFerue
Eneas, Lazar, Meteomeg,
Prevort, Lowisa
Lowisa, Baptiste, St. Paul,
St. Paul
St. Paul
St. Paul., Franceau
St. Paul
73
B.115/a/4
1820
33
05-Mar
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
34
15-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
3434d
16-Mar
Red Deer Lake,

White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
34d
17-Mar
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
34d
18-Mar
Shaws Point, Peace

River, Red Deer
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
34d
19-Mar
Peace River, Shaws

Point
B.115/a/4
1820
34d35
20-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
35
21-Mar
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
35
22-Mar
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
3535d
23-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
24-Mar
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
25-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
26-Mar
Slaver River,
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
27-Mar
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
28-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
35d36
29-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
36
30-Mar
5 June 2014
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
Peace River,
Smoky River
Edmonton
Warm day. Lazar went to Shaws Point and returned with only 9 fish. Sent off early this morning Lowisa
to White Fish Lake with a little linen for old Cardinal to take to the hunters to persuade them to hunt more
diligently as we are now starving here. Michel, Champagne, and LaFerue employed as usual in cutting
and hauling firewood.
fine weather. Not sufficient quantity of provisions to send the Peace River men to the Plains I sent off two
Brunelle and Chartier. Obliged to give 35 fish. Fraser returned from White Fish Lake.
Fine clear day. This morning sent off 5 men to Red Deer Lake to aid canoe making there: St. Paul,
Pacquet, Robbeland, Kinsymirs, Rochleau. Sent old Cardinal to White Fish Lake along with Bausquet
and Chartier. Only 25 fish.
Fine clear weather. 39 fish from Shaws Point.
Fine clear weather. Sooscus returned from Shaws Point with 40 fish. He hearned from the NWC that
Primeaux, their interpreter, had arrived from Red Deer Lake. The NWC had caught only 12 fish in two
days. Sent off Ant. Alani and Imyatte to beat the road and attempt to kill some animal for Mr Lewis as he
is to start for Peace River.
Fine weather. Mr Lewis started in company with Prevort and James Ballantyne for Peace River. Sooscus
brought 40 fish from Shaws Point. As fewer people being at the Fort, we shall have two meals a day.
74

Peace River men, Brunelle,
Chartier
St. Paul, Pacquet, Robbeland,
Kinsymirs, Rochleau, old
Cardinal, Bausquet, Chartier
Sooscus, Primeaux (NWC
interpreter), Ant. Alani,
Imayatte, Mr Lewis
Mr Lewis, Prevort, James
Ballantyne, Sooscus
Cloudy and snowing. At 3 AM Chartier, Carmir, and Robbeland and wife arrived from White Fish Lake
since they had been starving. Carmir left Grand Simon's tent on the 14th having not eaten for 6 days. He
brought 2 whole beaver, 2 prime otther, 14 male and 7 female martens, and one fisher. Received 42 fish.
Late in the evening two NWC men arrived from Meteomeg's tent. They informed us that Eneas was still
at the Indians.
Chartier, Camir, Robbeland,

Grand Simon, NWC men,
Meteomeg, Eneas, Indians
fine. Sent Chartier with Sooscus to Shaws Point. They brought 55 fish. Old Michel, a freeman, passed this
with a sledge for the NWC fort. Chartier to take the remaining fish to Old Cardinal who might be able to
go to Auger, but Chartier refused. Ordered another man.
Chartier, Old Michel, Old

Cardinal
Mild weather. Sooscus left this place at 4 AM for White Fish Lake. Franceau, Lajewness, and Carmier
mudding Mr Lewis's chimney and washed to received Mr Simpson. Chartier brought 32 fish from Shaws
Point. Myst paid us a visit but we could not get anything from him. Auger's wife and NWC men passed
for the NWC Fort.
Cloudy. Chartier brought 44 fish. Received a visit from Auger's wife and was told by her that there was
very short of provisions. Three NWC sledges went to their hunters' tents.
Mild weather. Chartier brought 32 fish from Shaws Point. Fistamitch, a NWC "half breed," returned from
hunting and killed one animal.
Cloudy and calm. Sooscus returned from White Fish Lake with Cardinal and Le Tendre. Chartier brought
40 fish.
Cloudy. Sent Franceau and Chartier to look for horses Mr Smith left on the Slave River. Received from
Shaws Point 29 fish.
Fine mild weather. Thawing. Sent Sooscus for fish. At 4 PM Eneas arrived from Meteomeg and brought
27 whole beaver, 2 otter. 35 fish from Shaws Point.
Sooscus brought 42 fish from Shaws Point. The men at the fort not working for want of provisions. Old
Cardinal arrived from White Fish Lake having left his family on the road.
Sent Sooscus and Morois to recover HBC property. Sooscus returned in the evening and brought . Mr
Stewart returned from Peace River. Two of our Iroquois arrived from the Smoky River, starving.
Fine. Sent Lazar and Carmier for fish. Received 31 fish. Equipped Eneas to go to Edmonton with his
family to meet the Indians .
Franceau, Lajewness,
Carmier, Mr Lewis, Mr
Simpson, Myst, Auger's wife,
NWC men
Chartier, Auger's wife
Chartier, Fistamitch (NWC
halfbreed)
Sooscus, Cardinal, Le Tendre
Franceau, Chartier, Mr Smith
Eneas, Sooscus, Meteomeg
Sooscus, Old Cardinal
Sooscus, Morois, Mr Stewart,
Iroquois
Lazar, Carmier, Eneas and
his family
74
B.115/a/4
1820
36
31-Mar
Peace River, Shaws

Point
B.115/a/4
1820
3636d
01-Apr
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
36d
02-Apr
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
36d
03-Apr
Narrows
B.115/a/4
1820
04-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
36d
36d37
B.115/a/4
1820
37
06-Apr
Shaws Point
Edmonton,
Narrows
Narrows, Shaws
Point
B.115/a/4
1820
37
07-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
37
08-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
3737d
09-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
37d
10-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
37d
05-Apr
Shaws Point,
Narrows
Peace River, New
Caledonia
Fine clear weather. Lajewness and Champagne brought 35 fish. At 3 AM Appaquachis and his family
arrived at the fort starving. Sent Morwois to set a net in the narrows opposite the house.
Cloudy. 11 fish from Shaws Point.
Heavy fall of snow. Sent Cardinal and Chartier along with a Peace River man to Edmonton for
pemmican. Received from Shaws Point 31 fish. In the narrows caught 40 suckers.
Took in the narrows 98 fish. James Ballantyne and Champagne brought 78 fish from Shaws Point.
"Thank God we have now plenty." The NWC catching very few.
Cloudy. Morwois arrived from Shaws River infromed us that Tulibii had killed 2 beaver and one otter.
Mr Lewis asked him what was his intention for the coming summer. 54 suckers. Sent Lajewness for fish
to Shaws Point.
Champagne, Thomas
(Iroquois), Chartier, Eneas,
Mr Lewis
Eneas, Indians
Carmir, Sooscus, Indian
wives, Lajewness, Cardinal,
Morwois, Bausquet,
Appaquechis
Lajewness, Champagne,
Appaquachis and his family,
Morwois
Cardinal, Chartier, Peace
River man
James Ballantyne,
Champagne
Morwois, Tulibii, Mr Lewis
Lajewness returned with 60 fish from Shaws Point. Took 51 sucker from the narrows.
Lajewness
Clear. Engaged an Indian to take Champagne and Le Tendre to Peace River with a small supply of goods
for the New Caledonia. Received from Shaws Point 62 fish.
Caught in the narrows 32 suckers, 42 Jack fish. Late this evening A. Alani and Prevort started after the
NWC Indians Mr Tlett had left. Morin brought one beaver from a NWC Indian. Sent Lajewness to Shaws
Point for fish.
an Indian guide, Champagne,

Le Tendre
A. Alani, Prevort, NWC
Indians, Mr Tlett, Morin,
Lajewness
11-Apr
Shaws Point,
Narrows
Fine mild weather. Mr Tlettt arrived from the fishery. He was pointed out about his playing away the
skins with the NWC Indians. He acknowledged that he had played away some marten skins that he had
killed himself. Mr Lewis reprimanded him. In the afternoon, Ouchickauge, Indian guide, returned having
met with an accident on the road and left Champagne and Le Tendre to proceed. Received from Shaws
Point 20 fish and 70 fish fro the narrows.
Mr Tlettt, NWC Indians, Mr

Lewis, Ouchickauge (Indian
guide), Champagne, Le
Tendre
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake, Plains,
Slave River,
Narrows, Red Deer
Lake
Sent Lajewness and Cardinal to Shaws Point. Indians arrived from White Fish Lake with 20 beaver and
one moose skins. Carmir , Franceau, and Sabawrin arrived from the east end of the lakd with 16 beaver, 4
martens, 3 minks, 99 cats and informed us that three Indians from the Plains had arrived at the east end of
the Lake and Sabawrin had come to the post for a little ammunition. The men could not bring the horses
as a great part of the Slave River had broken up. Received 40 fish from Shaws Point. In the Narrows
caught 39 suckers. Sent Mr Tlettt to White Fish Lake in quest of Ant. Cardinal to get his winter tent. This
day Mr Henry, a NWC clerk and 8 men started for Red Deer Lake to make their canoes.
Lajewness, Cardinal, Indians,

Carmir, Franceau, Sabawrin,
Plains Indians, Mr Tlettt,
Ant. Cardinal, Mr Henry
(NWC clerk)
Shaws Point,
Narrows
Shaws Point,
narrows, Edmonton
House
Fine clear weather. Sent Lajewness and Renni [?] Cardinal for fish to Shaws Point. They brought 28 fish.
In the narrows 54 suckers.
A. Alani returned from the Indians and brought 6 beaver, 5 martens, and 2 lbs. castreum, and half of
moose skin. He had left Brunelle and Chartier at the fishing place. He arrived after stopping at Edmonton
House. Received 22 fish from Shaws Point and 52 from the narrows.
B.115/a/4
1820
37d38
12-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
38
13-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
38
14-Apr
5 June 2014
Shaws Point
Champagne and Thomas, the Iroquois, went for fish as dogs are so poor that they cannot walk.
Chartier arrived at 2 AM with the wives of Turbey's. They informed us that they had but very few skins.
Eneas Started. 36 fish from Shaws Point. At 9 Mr Lewis and men arrived from Peace River with the
disapointing news of starvation in the quarters.
Saw several flocks of geese. Eneas and family took all the fish at the Shaws Point. Gave the Indians with
a small supply to keep them alive.
Carmir and Sooscus with Indian wives went to fetch what they may have at their tent. Received from
Shaws Point 36 fish. Lajewness, Cardinal, and Morwois with goods left on the road arrived. At 5 AM
Bausquet arrived from Appaquechis's tent. His family on the road starving, came in for a few fish to
enable them to come to the fort.
75
Narrows, Shaws
Point
Lajewness, Cardinal
A. Alani, Indians, Brunelle,
Chartier
75
B.115/a/4
1820
38d
15-Apr
Edmonton, White
Fish Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
38d
16-Apr
Peace River
B.115/a/4
1820
38d
17-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
38d
18-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
38d39
19-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
39
20-Apr
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
39
39
21-Apr
22-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
39
23-Apr
Point de Roche,
Mountains
B.115/a/4
1820
24-Apr
Narrows
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
1820
1820
3939d
39d
39d
39d
39d
B.115/a/4
1820
39d
29-Apr
B.115/a/4
1820
39d
30-Apr
B.115/a/4
B.115/a/4
1820
1820
40
40
01-May
02-May
B.115/a/4
1820
40
03-May
B.115/a/4
5 June 2014
1820
4040d
Shaws Point,
Narrows
Shaws Point,
Narrows
Shaws Point,
Narrows, east end
of the lake
25-Apr
26-Apr
27-Apr
28-Apr
04-May

(spring hunting
ground)
Snowing considerably. Brunelle and Chalois arrived from Edmonton. Gave the Indians a little summer
debt and sent them off with Lajewness to tent with them for 30 days, expecting them to kill a few beaver.
At midday, Mr Tlettt arrived from White Fish Lake and informed us that NWC men had pillaged the
skins of A. Cardinal. He owed the NWC. The NWC has been telling the freemen that there would be
some arrangement between the HBC and the NWC that the former would surrender all to them.
Brunelle, Chalois, Indians,

Lajewness, Mr Tlettt, NWC
men, A. Cardinal
Clear weather. James Ballantyne killed the first goose this season. In the narrows, got 57 suckers.
Brunelle and Chalois started for the Peace River.
Cloudy and some rain. Received 27 fish from Shaws Point. Caught 195 fish from the narrows. Sent for
Disheneau as he has no occasion for him at Shaws Point.
James Ballantyne, Brunelle,

Chalois
Fine clear weather. Sooscus returned from Shaws Point with the nets. Caught 162 fish in the narrows.
Sooscus
Fine clear weather. Champagne returned from the east end of the lake and told that the Indians and
halfbreeds gone a beaver making. In the afternoon Disheneau arrived from Shaws Point. Caught in the
narrows 190 fish. Equipped Ant. Alani to go to the east end of the lake.
Fine clear weather. Alani and Mr Tlettt started for the east end of the lake in search of the Indians and
halfbreeds to gather skins.
Fine clear weather. Caught 145 fish in the narrows.
Snowing. Caught 120 fish in the narrows.
Fine clear weather. Sent Michel and Champagne to the other end of the lake. At 4 AM an Indian arrived
from Point de Roche and informed us that he had some skins at his tent. Ordered Franceau in the middle
of the night to start and trade the skins with him. He also informed us that the Indians intend to go to war
across the Mountains. Caught 95 fish in the nets out of open water.
Fine clear weather. At 4 PM Franceau returned with 16 rats and parchment moose. Caught 103 fish in the
narrows.
fine clear weather. 190 fish.
Fine clear weather but cold. Caught only 25 fish in the narrows.
Snowing unsettled weather. Caught only 19 fish in the narrows.
Only 28 fish.
Champagne, Indians,
halfbreeds, Disheneau, Ant.
Alani
Alani, Mr Tlettt, Indians,
halfbreeds
Fine weather. Sent off this morning Mr Dears and Prevort to the east end of the Lake to see Indians for
furs. Caught only 28 fish.
Cold and snowed coninuously. At about 8 AM, Bausquet and Champagne arrived from the east end of the
Lake. The Indian belonging to us arrived but he stayed with his relatives who beloned to the NWC. He
brought two parchment skins and about 2 lbs. of dried meat. Caught this day 33 fish.
Capat, a HBC Indian and excellent hunter, arrived. Caught 76 fish, principally pike and dorries.
Cloudy but warm. 99 fish caught in the narrows.
Fine clear weather. This morning Prevort, Mr Tlett, and Sabawrin arrived from the east end of the lake
with two horses, which Mr Smith was obliged to leave behind in the winter. Upon their arrival at the
entrance of the narrows, one of the horses broke throught the ice and drawned. Caught 130 fish.

(spring hunting
ground), Red Deer
Lake, Athabasca,
Plains, Willow
Point
76
Stormy with frequent shower. About 10 PM left the Fort for the east end of the lake. And to go to Red
Deer Lake in canoe with James Ballantyne and Champagne. I left Mr Smith in charge with 7 men and 3
interpreters. There are now Indians and other daily arriving from the Athabasca and the Plains that it
requires a strong party to look after these Indians. NW accompanied at Willow Point after making a long
Portage. The NWC had 24 beavers from the "Big Bastard Band."
Disheneau
Michel, Champagne, Indian,

Franceau
Franceau
Mr Dears, Prevort, Indians

Bausquet, Champagne,
Indian
Capat (HBC Indian hunter)
Prevort, Mr Tlett, Sabawrin,
Mr Smith
James Ballantyne,
Champagne, Mr Smith,
Indians, 3 interpreters, "Big
Bastard Band."
76
B.115/a/4
1820
40d
05-May
Poplar Point, LSL

Fort
B.115/a/4
1820
40d
06-May
Big Point
B.115/a/4
1820
40d41
07-May
River
B.115/a/4
1820
41
08-May
B.115/a/4
1820
41
09-May
B.115/a/4
1820
41
10-May
River
B.115/a/4
1820
41d
11-May
Plains,
Cumberland,
Moose River
B.115/a/4
1820
41d
12-May
Red Deer Lake,

Big River
B.115/a/4
1820
Red Deer River
1820
41d
41d42
13-May
B.115/a/4
14-May
Pine River
B.115/a/4
1820
42
15-May
Shoal Rapid, Red

Deer Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
42
16-May
Big Point
B.115/a/4
1820
4242d
17-May
"Portage La Biche"
B.115/a/4
1820
42d
18-May
B.115/a/4
1820
42d
19-May
B.115/a/4
1820
20-May
B.115/a/4
1820
42d
42d43
B.115/a/4
1820
43
22-May
5 June 2014
21-May
Fine weather. At 10 PM, met young Big Bastard and band going to the house about 2 AM, accompanied
at Poplar Point.
Heavy rain. Left the encampment at 5 PM and across the lake being in great danger, frequently falling.
Encamped at 3 AM at Big Point.
Fine warm day. At 9 AM arrived at the mouth of the River where I found Mr Dears. He had collected
from Indians 49 beaver, 105 rats, 6 otter, 5 dressed skins, one large bear and one cub, foxes, one fisher, 3
martens, 10 minks, 1 cat, 2 lbs. castoreum. I also found that Akavazzy had died. "He is a great loss to this
department being the best xx Hunter in this quarters.
Fine calm day. Tulibii made his visit for clothes and Big Keg. While all the Indians were drunk in the
remainder of the day, caught 40 fish.
Fine. Sent off Ant. Alani, Champagne Labawrin, the two Iroquois to the Fort. Obliged to pitch the
tent across the River. Caught 45 fish.
Warm weather. All the Indians went for their summer hunt.
Fine warm weather. Being worried about the people who have not arrived from the Plains, I started this
morning with all the people for the mouth of the River. At 1 PM, met Tulibii and Mannina who were
encamped at the "Green woods." Mannina gave me a beaver skin. At 3 PM, met OLD Cardinal and three
men and received 3 bags of pemmican. He informed me that he left Mr Kennedy and Chartier to take care
of 19 more bags of the pemmican at the forks. These are all the provisions for our voyage to Cumberland.
Slept a little below the Moose River.
Unusually warm. Started at 4 AM and at 7 AM arrived at the forks, where I found Mr Kennedy and
Chartier. We stayed for about 2 hours. I left Morin with Mr Kennedy. Also left two men who will take all
the pemmican to Red Deer Lake in Cardinal's canoe. Slept at the Big River.
Fine weather. Started before sun rise and encamped above the Red Deer River.
Light showers of rain. As the river being shallow and full of rapids, Mr Dears, I, and two men walked
along the shore until 1 PM. Slept above the Pine River.
Fine weather but cold. Embarked a little before sun rise. At 6 AM, walked to the head of Shoal Rapid. At
11 AM, reached Red Deer Lake, where we found the whole bay of the lake covered with ice. We walked
along the shore about 4 miles and encamped.
Fine calm day. This morning, made a portage across a Point about half a mile. There we set the net, but
soon obliged to take it away as the ice started to come to the shore. At 1 PM, we embarked and went
along the shore to the Big Point.
Fine weather. The air smoky due to the wild fire in the woods. At 6 AM, made a portage across a Point. I
sent four men ahead to break the ice. We arrived at "Portage La Biche" before sunset and encamped there.
Fine warm weather. Michel the Iroquois, whom I left to take care of the property and canoe, arrived
at the House at about 10 AM. I found the canoe work with little progress due to the uncommon
scarcity of provisions. Ant. Dejarlai could not finish his work and had to walk. Ant. Dejarlais reported
that Baptiste Desjarlai and the Indians were sick throughout the winter. Very few fish are now available.
Cloudy and cold. This evening, Old Tanshend and son arrived. I received from them 19 prime beaver, one
otter, and 8 rats. Still very few fish to be taken.
Still cloudy and cold. NW wind.
The weather uncommonly cold. The wind strong at NE. Ant. put a canoe on the bed, but due to the cold
little could be done to it. 9 fish caught. The men were forced to kill a dog to eat.
The weather still cold, the wind N. Antoine Dejarlais and all the men working at the canoe. 13 fish caught
this day.
77
Big Bastard Band
Mr Dears, Akavazzy
Tulibii, Indians
Ant. Alani, Champagne,
Labawrin, two Iroquois
Indians
Tulibii, Mannina, O D
Cardinal, Mr Kennedy,
Chartier
Mr Kennedy, Chartier,
Morin, Cardinal
Mr Dears, I
Michel the Iroquois, Ant.

Dejarlais, Baptiste Dejarlais,
Indians
Old Tanshend and his son
Antoine Dejarlais
77
B.115/a/4
1820
43
23-May
B.115/a/4
1820
43
24-May
B.115/a/4
1820
4343d
25-May
B.115/a/4
1820
43d
26-May
B.115/a/4
1820
43d
27-May
B.115/a/4
1820
43d
28-May
B.115/a/4
1820
43d44
29-May
B.115/a/4
1820
44
30-May
B.115/a/4
1820
44
31-May
B.115/a/5
1821
3d
19-Jul
Lesser Slave Lake,

Fort William, Lac
la Pluie
B.115/a/5
1821
3d
25-Jul
Lac la Pluie
B.115/a/5
1821
3d
26-Jul
Rocky Mountains,
Montreal
Slave Lake, Lac la

Pluie, Bas de la
Riviere, Ile a la
Crosse,
Cumberland House
B.115/a/5
1821
3d-4
B.115/a/5
1821
19-Aug
B.115/a/5
1821
23-Aug
Grand Rapids,
Cumberland House
Cumberland House
B.115/a/5
1821
25-Aug
Cumberland House
B.115/a/5
1821
4-4d
26-Aug
B.115/a/5
1821
4d
09-Sep
B.115/a/5
1821
4d
11-Sep
5 June 2014
30-Jul
Owl River
English River,
Hudson Bay
Ile a la Crosse,
Slave Lake, Beaver
River, Green Lake
Ile a la Crosse,
Beaver River
Cloudy. The wind fresh from the East. All the ice driven to the other side of the lake. This afternoon,
Baptiste, his father, and his family arrived at the House. Received from Baptiste 12 MB.
The strong wind from the east. Marseil Dejarlais arrived from the Owl River, where he had been hunting
with "Jas. The Banaki." Desjarlais had one large black bear skin, one otter, and 8 rats. He also had two
bear skins and little provisions at his tent. Sent Robbeland and a man to get them. Took 60 fish.
"Uncommon heavy rain." Not much ice to be seen now on the lake. Due to the rain, the people were not
able to work on the canoe. 18 fish were caught. Mr Kennedy arrived after being detained on the lake by
the ice for 8 days. Jas. Dejarlais and Jacques Cardinal arrived with him. They brought only 6 beaver
skins, 8 martens and 8 rats.
Still raining. 60 fish caught.
Fine. This morning, Endipis took his canoe. Michel, Alani, Capat Runge arrived with 23 whole beaver, 4
otters, 16 rats, and 3 bear skins. I also received from Joseph the Banaki one beaver and two bear skins.
Caught 23 fish. Gave Baptiste Dejarlais alias Nishecoas little rum.
Fine weather. All hands at canoes. 28 fish caught.
Very warm, but heavy thunder strom in the afternoon. Sent Mr Dears and eight men to Capat Runges's
tent. In three hours, they returned with three beaver skins, 12 xx, one dressed moose skin, and nine rats.
Ant. took another canoe off. Caught 44 white fish today.
Three NWC light canoes arrived from the Rocky Mountains. They were disappointed at the NWC service
and going to Montreal. All the men employed at canoes.
The men are employed as yesterday. 30 fish caught.
Having been appointed in charge of Lesser Slave Lake Department, I took my departure from Fort
William with Mr J.P. Cameron in the Columbia canoe for Lac la Pluie to meet the Lesser Slave Lake
people.
Arrived at Lac la Pluie, where the men had been waiting for 21 days. I was informed that the post at the
Rocky Mountains would be attached to the Slave Lake department.
Gave the men their advances.
Finished equipping the men. And started for Slave Lake with a brigade of 16 men with 4 canoes, each
loaded with 24 1/4 pieces. The pieces intended to be sent in amounted to 97, of which 8 1/2 pieces were
left at Lac la Pluie. My reason for not loading the canoes more was the necessity of adding provisions at
Bas de la Riviere and Ile a la Crosse because of the scarcity of provisions at Cumberland House. In the
meantime, I requested additional items (2 bags of gun powder and lead) to be forwarded to Norway
House by Mr C. Robertson.
78
Baptiste, his father, his
family
Marseil Dejarlais, "Jas. the
Banaki," Robbeland
Mr Kennedy, Jas. Dejarlais,
Jacques Cardinal
Endipis, Michel, Alani, Capat

Runge, Joseph the Banaki,
Baptiste Dejarlais/ Nishecoas
Mr Dears, Capat Runge
Mr J.P. Cameron, Lesser

Slave Lake people
Mr C. Robertson
We arrived at Grand Rapids. I set off ahead of the brigade for Cumberland House.
Arrived at Cumberland House.
The brigade arrived at Cumberland House. I gave them 1/2 bag of pemmican and sent them off
immediately.
I took my departure. In the English River, I met Mr Dears who was on his way to Athabasca with two
canoes from Hudson Bay.
I arrived at Ile a la Crosse, where I found Mr Paul Fraser, who had lately arrived form Slave Lake. Mr
Fraser had left two hunters at the Beaver River. We made pemmican by using pounded meat obtained
from Ile a la Crosse and Green Lake.
The brigade arrived at Ile a la Crosse with eight bags of pemmican. Mr Fraser and his canoe left for the
Beaver River.
Mr Dears
Mr Paul Fraser
Mr Fraser
78
79
B.115/a/5
1821
4d-5
19-Sep
Green Lake,
Beaver River,
Moose Lake, Plains
Having been informed about Green Lake that a considerable band of Indians was in the River. I obtained
a supply of provisions from them. Reached Moose Lake and sent a letter to Mr Dun, directing him to send
a supply of pemmican. I found one of Cardinal's sons, whom I equipped for the winter. I also left Lewis
Layer to pass the winter with him. A few Plains Indians here with this man traded for provisions.
Plains Indians, Mr Dun,

Lewis Layer, Cardinal's son
B.115/a/5
1821
04-Oct
Red Deer Lake
We reached Red Deer Lake where I found a Canadian called Caplette along with an Albonskor [?] Indian,
both freemen. The former had been left in charge of a few old axes and iron xx by Mr Lewis. I equipped
these men to pass winter there.
Caplette (Canadian/
freeman), Albonskor [?]
Indian [freeman], Mr Lewis
06-Oct
Red Deer River,

Lesser Slave Lake,
Slave River, Rocky
Mountain
I encamped at the foot of the Red Deer River. At night, four men from Lesser Slave Lake arrived. They
were sent by Mr Henry to carry four bags and pemmican. Two bags of pemmican were "laid up" at the
entrance of the Slave River for Mr Dears. Mr Henry also wrote me that he should wait for my arrival at
Slave Lake, which surprised me a good deal. He had been informed by Mr Cameron when he was
appointed to the Rocky Mountain.
Mr Henry, Mr Dears, Mr
Cameron
I reached my destination, and met Mr Henry. Nothing of much importance occurred during the summer.
Indians and freemen tended to stay at their tents. Received 217 beaver at Rocky Mountain Fort, 29 otter.
The terms of the coalition of the two companies had reached by express from Cumberland House a few
days before my arrival. Mr Smith, the governor, who was in charge of the HBC had in conjunction with
Mr Henry taken a quantity of the property at both forts.
Mr Henry, Indians, freemen
B.115/a/5
1821
B.115/a/5
1821
5d-6
12-Oct
Rocky Mountain
House,
Cumberland House
B.115/a/5
1821
13-Oct
Athabasca River,
Slave River
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
6
6d
14-Oct
15-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
6d-7
16-Oct
Unpacked and adjusted the bale of dried goods. Three of Dejarlais's sons, his son-in-law, Cardinal's son,
Old [Le] Tendre, and two sons arrived. The Indians were drinking all night.
Dejarlais's sons, his son-inlaw, Cardinal's son, Old [Le]

Tendre, two sons, Indians
17-Oct
Equipped nine men who passed the summer for the NWC. The tenth man (Racette) was absent with an
Iroquois will take his equipment when he returns. Mr Henry, Mr Fraser, Michel Alani arrived. Mr
Smith and the rest of the men who remained here on the part of the HBC will wait until their supplies
arrive. In the afternoon, Le Capet's sons, his brother, and another young person arrived and brought about
20 beaver and a little pemmican.
Racette, Iroquois, Mr Henry,

Mr Fraser, Michel Alani, Mr
Smith, Le Capet's sons, his
brother
18-Oct
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
The ten men who arrived yesterday took their advances, including Joseph Dejarlais (299 skins),
Thomas Iagneau, and Tarper and Bellecourt, who were both freemen (108 skins). "Ignace the
Espiringen" took the advance of 90 skins. Hermdelle's wife and sons also took advances. Sayer's son took
some articles for his father and brother. Old Michel and a young man called Bte. Regnin took advances.
Sent men to Shaws Point to lay up fish for the winter. Several others worked on the nets. When these nets
are ready, two fisheries will be established at the lake along with the one at White Fish Lake. Mr Henry
is preparing for his departure tomorrow. Charles Lagraur, E. Lambert, C. Sayer, Augt. Picotte,
Jos. Plante, and Antoine Cardinal will accompany him. His men were employed catching horses.
Joseph Dejarlais, Thomas

Iagneau, Tarper, Bellecourt,
"Ignace the Espiringen,"
Hermdelle's wife and sons,
Sayer's son, his brother, Old
Michel and a young man
(Bte. Regnin), Mr Henry,
Charles Lagraur, E. Lambert,
C. Sayer, Augt. Picotte, Jos.
Plante, Antoine Cardinal
Smoky River,
Shaws Point
The weather was so bad that Mr Henry was obliged to remain another day here. Cardinal and the
youngest son received their advances (72 skins). Old Hamelin, his son, Mr Wxx's son, and Tarpen's
brother-in-law were equipped with about 100 1/2 skins. As nets being ready, Disheneau and Dechamp set
off for the fishery. At night deceased boatman's two sons arrived from Louis's place at the Smoky River.
They informed me that Louis had 20 bags of pemmican. The men from Shaws Point brought over 700
fish.
Mr Henry, Cardinal, the

youngest son, Old Hamelin,
his son, Mr Wxx's son,
Tarpen's brother-in-law,
Disheneau, Dechamp, Louis
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
5 June 2014
1821
1821
1821
7d
7d-8
19-Oct
Mr Henry began to prepare for his voyage. At night Mr Fraser arrived having left his canoes at the
Athabasca River contrary to the orders I gave him, which were not to leave them before they should get
into the Slave River. No fish from our nets. Supplement with dry provisions and potatoes.
At night a party of men returned with 500 white fish.
Seven canoes of Indians arrived.
Mr Fraser, Mr Henry
79
Rocky Mountain,
White Fish Lake,
Bears Lake, Grand
River
B.115/a/5
1821
20-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
8d
21-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
8d
22-Oct
Smoky River,
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1821
8d
23-Oct
Shaws Point
B.115/a/5
1821
8d
24-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
25-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
26-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
27-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
28-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
9-9d
29-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
9d
30-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
9d
31-Oct
Shaws Point
B.115/a/5
1821
9d
01-Nov
Grand River, White

Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1821
10
02-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
10
03-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
10
04-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
10d
05-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
10d
06-Nov
5 June 2014
Shaws Point
Shaws Point
Mr Henry took his departure for the Rocky Mountain after breakfast. All the freemen except Baptiste
Le Neperinger set off. The Desjarlais band go toward the east end of the lake. The rest to White
Fish Lake and Bears Lake. After being equipped, the rest of the Indians. Of the Indians, Le Capat band,
her brother and others intend to go toward the Grand River. Tourbellion and others toward White Fish
Lake. In total, 22 Indians were equipped (718 skins).
The men from Shaws Point caught no fish. Engaged two Canadians to cut firewood. Old Simon and
others were at the coal pit. Equipped Patreau's two sons (36 skins).
Patreau's sons set off for the Smoky River. Champagne and one man were sent off to White Fish Lake
as all the nets now being ready. We now have 10,000 white fish.
Not enough fish from the nets here today. Obliged to send men to Shaws Point. Gave Mr Smith and his
men some nets.
Two Canadians began to cut firewood. Cardinal was to put nets for Mr Smith. Our nets produced 52
white fish.
Antoine Desjarlais and Antoine Alani, having been engaged by Mr Lewis as hunters and interpreters, and
as their service not being required at the fort, I mean to employ them for the present as hunters. Our
hunter, Chiatre, is sick and unable to work.
Our nets produced enough fish for all hands. In total there are 92 souls: 36 men, 16 women, and 40
children.
Our hunter is still sick. Only 15 fish today. From Shaws Point, received 500 fish. The men there have
hung up about 17,000 white fish.
Dechamp, who took charge of one of the fisheries with Desheneau, came and informed me that they had
laid up about 1,000 white fish.
Two Antoine were sent off to hunt. Mild weather. The fishery here is still bad, but a few fish that are
caught are of an excellent quality.
This morning, Le Bude, Pendrix, and Bark's son set off. Bastard and his two brothers, Petit Gris and his
son, and two other Indians arrived and brought 12 beaver skins, one bear, 102 lbs. of grease, 204 lbs. of
pounded meat. Bastard being a chief, I gave him a larger keg of rum. The rest got 1/2 of a keg of mixed
rum. As usual, they all got drunk as they could. The weather mild. The fishery slightly better.
All the Indians except Bastard continued drinking the whole day. They got more liquor by trading their
provisions and begging. Bastard took his advances of 85 skins. Caught only 25 fish. The men from Shaws
Point came to inform me that they had laid up about 19,000 fish.
All Indians except two hunters took off for their wintering grounds. Bastard and six young men went
toward the Grand River. Petit Gris and son toward White Fish Lake.
Our two hunters took their departure. Sent Lavard with them to take care of their animals. Equipped 33
men and boys ['Indians'] with advances of 1218 skins. Thirty-two freemen were equipped with
advances of 1072 skins.
Considerable amount of snow this morning. Gave people rations of pounded meat and potatoes in stead of
fish.
Grease and potatoes were substituted for fish.
In the morning, Chiatre (Indian hunter) came to inform that he had killed a Cabril [?]. Sent off Franceau
and Sicard for the meat. The men from Shaws Point have added only 400 fish to the stack. The ice bein
too weak to walk on, but too strong to visit nets.
Franceau and Sicard returned from the hunter. I sent Franceau back to the Bear (Indian hunter) with part
of his equipment and some articles. The nets could be visited but produced only enough for our meal. The
mild weather.
80
Mr Henry, freemen, Baptiste

Le Neperinger, Desjarlais
band, Le Capat, her brotherin-law, Tourbellion
Canadians
Patreau's sons, Champagne
Mr Smith
Canadians, Cardinal, Mr
Smith
Antoine Desjarlais, Antoine
Alani, Mr Lewis, Chiatre
Dechamp, Desheneau
Alani
Le Bude, Pendrix, Bark's son,
Bastard (chief) and his two
brothers, Petit Gris and his
son
Indians, Bastard
Bastard and six young men,
Petit Gris and son
Lavard, hunters, freemen
Chiatre (Indian hunter),

Franceau, Sicard
Franceau, Sicard, Bear
(Indian hunter)
80
B.115/a/5
1821
11
07-Nov
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
11
11
08-Nov
09-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
11
10-Nov
Shaws Point
B.115/a/5
1821
11
11-Nov
Shaws Point
B.115/a/5
1821
11d
12-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
11d
13-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
11d
14-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
11d12
15-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12
16-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12
17-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12
18-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12
19-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12d
20-Nov
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
12d
12d
21-Nov
22-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12d
23-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
12d
24-Nov
B.115/a/5
1821
13
25-Nov
5 June 2014
White Fish Lake
Shaws Point, White

Fish Lake
Shaws Point,
narrows, Bark
River, Athabaska
River, English
River, Ile a la
Crosse, Lac la
Biche
Old Baptiste, the Chipewyan, went out for White Fish Lake to winter. All men were busy cutting
firewood for themselves. 58 fish today, and the meal was supplemented with fresh meat and potatoes. The
weather still mild.
The nets produced fish enough for the day. The weather is still mild.
Franceau and Sicard arrived starving from the hunters' place. They report about the scarcity of animals.
Sent Bidon to live with Bear the Indians. Franceau started at the same time to live with another Indian,
"Cheyahar." All the men except Savard railing wood. The weather is considerably colder than previous
days. We could visit nets at Shaws Point.
Having frozen pretty hard last night, Mr Fraser and five men secured 405 fish from Shaws Point. The
unprecedented mild weather has had spoiled our fish.
The ice was not strong enough to visit the nets. The weather fine and mild.
Six men went to Shaws Point and brought home 603 fish. Two of the men who went to Samcartier's place
reported that he and Disheneau have 6,200 more fish. In addition to 19,000 fish at Shaws Point, the total
number of fish is now 25,200 (excluding the catch at White Fish Lake). "So that starvation is out of the
question for the year.
In the afternoon Bidon and Bear's wife arrived starving. The cold weather.
Sent Promeau and Bidon to the hunters. Mr Dears and two men arrived. They reached the fishery but
were so weak from starvation that they could not come to the Fort. Two of the men who accompanied Mr
Dears remained at the fishery. The Gentleman reports that he was taken by the ice below the Bark River
in the Athabasca River, where he left all the goods which amounted to about 18 pieces, including our
things because he wanted to find a guide. He and his men were at the English River for 27 days. In the
end of September they were Ile a la Crosse. At the time they had Gardipi to guide their canoe until Lac La
Biche. The men went to fetch fish from the fishery. As the narrows open again, caught 44 fish.
Soucipi and Revard having no dogs were sent to xx. Samcartier, Disheneau, Dechamp, and Laponim will
come home. The weather is still very mild.
White Fish Lake
White Fish Lake
Laponim and Dechamp arrived. Also the two men who were left at Shaws Point by Mr Dears arrived.
Laponim brought 137 skins of his own trapping. Caught 53 fish.
Gave axes to the men who arrived yesterday to cut their share of firewood. Mild weather.
Allowed Savard and Grim to fetch their dogs at White Fish Lake. Two inches of snow, but not enough for
sledges.
Old Lemim trapped eight martens. "Martens appearing to be pretty numerous, several of the Men
whenever they can spare time, set up a few traps." The weather was rather cold.
Cold weather. High wind from the North.
Cold. In three nets caught 32 fish.
Antoine Desjarlais arrived and informed me that he has four animals laid up for the Fort. He and Alani
are tenting with Old Tendre and two sons, and they have 39 beaver skins. Antoine had to come around the
lake since the ice was not strong enough to cross. Savard and Grim arrived from White Fish Lake. They
report that about 7,000 white fish had been laid up there. The nets produced 61 fish.
Arranged Ant. Desjarlais to start off tomorrow to his lodge. About 5 inches of snow last night. Only 42
fish from our nets.
Antoine Desjarlais set off with five men to fetch the meat. Two of them, Revard and Tlete will remain at
the lodge to haul the meat out of the woods. Promeau and Bidon arrived from the hunters and report that
they have two bulls laid up for the Fort. They killed two more animals but they were drawned. "The
animals are abundant enough they can kill but few." The fine weather. Caught 74 fish in our nets.
81
Old Baptiste (Chipewyan)
Franceau, Sicard
Bidon, Bear (Indian),
Franceau, Cheyahar (Indian),
Savard
Mr Fraser
Samcartier, Disheneau
Promeau, Bidon, Mr Dears,

Mr Dears, Gardipi
Soucipi, Revard, Samcartier,

Disheneau, Dechamp,
Laponim
Laponim, Dechamp, Mr
Dears
Savard, Grim
Old Lemim
Antoine Desjarlais, Alani,

Old Tendre [or Le Tendre]
and two sons, Savard, Grim
Ant. Desjarlais
Antoine Desjarlais, Revard,
Tlete, Promeau, Bidon
81
B.115/a/5
1821
13
26-Nov
Lesser Slave Lake,

Columbia River,
Bear Lake
B.115/a/5
1821
1313d
27-Nov
Athabasca, Rocky
Mountain House
B.115/a/5
1821
13d
28-Nov
Peace River
B.115/a/5
1821
14
29-Nov
White Fish Lake,

Rocky Mountain
House
B.115/a/5
1821
14
30-Nov
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1821
14
01-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14
02-Dec
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
14
14
03-Dec
04-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
05-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
06-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
07-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
08-Dec
5 June 2014
Bear Lake
Sent five men off for the meat at the hunters. Bidon returned to live with them. The fishery in the Lake
being very unproductive. I ordered Samcartier and Desheneau to take up all the nets. Three Iroquois
from the Columbia River arrived this morning at the fishery, but they were too weak from
starvation to proceed any farther today. A man arrived from Bear Lake but brought nothing with him.
He says that he had left his skins and ten bags of pemmican.
This afternoon Barbelle Bauchi arrived from Athabasca and told that he and his brother-in-law, Charles,
have 50 beaver. Three Iroquois metioned yesterday arrived. They brought a few letters from Mr D.
McKenzie at Rocky Mountain House dated October 31. These "three poor wretches have been 25
days on the way," and it is apparent from their appearance that they have suffered much. "Mr
McKenzie threatens me with another gang headed by Mr LaBitte." The weather is still fine. The fishery is
very unproductive.
Late last night Cartier's son arrived. He belongs to the gang of Francois Gladur, "a hated Rascal." This
band, for five years in the past, belonged to the HBC's Peace River. This young man brought nothing nor
has he left anything behind. "His reason for coming this way is that he alleges I am to remain with one of
our Indians who is a half Brother of his, but I suspect he is sent to spy by old Gladur - he was accused of
this, which he strongly denied." In the end, I advanced his for 26 skins. I will send a man to live with him.
"he promises faithfully to abandon old Glandur and live iwth his Brother as soon as he can find him."
Advanced old Barbelle for 36 skins and put up for the value of 30 skins for his brother in law. Alani and
party arrived with the meat of a bull and cow (1138 lbs.). The two men's den that was laid up was
destroyed by a white bear. Klein also brought 38 skins, 3 foxes, and one fisher from Tendre and sons. Our
nets produced 70 fish.
Early this morning Saponim, Bellinbe and Barbelle left. Cartier also took off. I sent the youngest Brigaut
[?]. Advanced young Auger for 19 skins. All the men being employed. Old Neperingar arrived from
White Fish Lake and brought two cross foxes and six martens. He came along with his daughter, Auger's
wife. The Iroquois from the Rocky Mountain being being quite naked I advanced them a few
clothes (55 skins). I will send them to White Fish Lake to make traps. Fine weather. Caught 70 fish.
Auger's son left with Michel's daughter, to whom he is married. Our ntets produced 74 fish, 34 of which
are Dorries. The rest White Fish. Mild weather.
Three of the men who went for the meat at the hunters returned with our bull. Fine mild weather. Fishing
64.
The men did not go for fish. Two men arrived with the meat of a young bull and informed me that the
hunters have latey killed 3 cows and 2 calf, which are laid up for the fort. I will not send for the meat until
all our fish is stored. Fine weather.
All men hauling fish. No news.
Remarkably mild weather. Our nets produced only 47 fish.
Old Neperinger set off for Bear Lake with his daughter, Auger's wife. The weather still very mild.
The weather is so mild that our fish is quite soft and in danger of rotting. I have ordered to discontinue
hauling fish for the present.
Nothing new. Weather the same.
Sent off Primeau, Alani and 5 men for the meat at the hunters along with wines and some ammunition
and tobacco. In the afternoon I sent Laponim and Bellinbe arrived with Barbelle and his brother in laws.
They brought 45 beaver, 4 small and 2 common otters, 14 muskrats, 2 cats, 2 minks, and 2 martens. The
weather is much colder than usual.
82
Bidon, Samcartier,
Desheneau, Iroquois
Barbelle Bauchi, Charles

Bauchi, Iroquois, Mr D.
McKenzie, Mr LaBitte
Cartier's son, Francois

Gladur, old Barbelle and his
brother in law, Tendre and
sons, Alani
Saporim, Bellinbe, Barbelle,

Cartier, youngest Brigaut [?],
old Neperingar, young
Auger, Auger's wife, Iroquois
Auger's son, Michel's
daughter
Old Neperinger, his daughter,

Auger's wife
Primeau, Alani, Laponim,

Bellinbe, Barbelle and his
brother in law
82
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
09-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
14d
10-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15
11-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15
12-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15
13-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15
14-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15
15-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
16-Dec
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
15d
15d
17-Dec
18-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
19-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
20-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
21-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
22-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
15d
23-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
16
24-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
16
25-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
16
26-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
16
27-Dec
5 June 2014
Late at night, Antoine Allarin [or Alani] and Capat arrived. I gather that Pembrooks and the people who
have not been seen since the spring are now tenting with Bt. Desjarlais. Gave Capat a pint of rum. The
nets produced 98 fish.
Advanced Capat Runge for 31 1/2 skins and put up goods for Tulibii and Pembrook. The former for 40
skins, the latter 32 1/2 skins. This Tulibii owes an immense debt which is absolutely impossible to pay
back. Mr Fraser and Domenique to carry their supplies. Old Tendre also visited. Caught 91 fish.
White Fish Lake,
Shaws Point
Athabasca River
Lac La Biche
Lac La Biche
Early this morning, Capat's son set off for his lodge, accompanied by Fraser and Domenique. Antoine
Alani and Brasqurt started for below. The rest of the people will remain until the 14th so that the hunters
may have time to provide some meat for them. Champagne arrived from White Fish Lake and brought 9
skins (martens and foxes of his own trapping). The men hauled fish from Shaws Point. The weather still
cold. Caught 70 fish.
Promeau, Alani and Morin arrived with the meat of a cow and calf. Snowed a little in the morning. 100
fish in the nets.
Gireaux and three others arrived with the meat of two cows and a calf and half a doe moose. In the
evening Mr Fraser and Dominique also arrived and brought the meat of a buck moose and beaver along
with many martens. Fine weather. Caught 64 fish.
Arranged Mr Smith with eight men to go for the property left in the Athabasca River by Mr Dears. The
men that arrived yesterday were employed at sledges. The rest hauling fish as usual. The weather
continuously fine. Our nets produced only 53 fish.
In the morning, Mr Smith and party set off with 1 1/2 bags of pemmican. They will have to depend a
good deal on their hunter. Being greatly in demad for axes, guns, and salt, I prepare to send Dominique to
request a supply of these articles from Mr McIntosh. Arranged Promeau and Dechamp for this trip. Cold
and cloudy weather.
Promeau and Dechamp set out. Alani and several men sent for the meat which remained at Antoine and
Gireaux. Cold weather, 35 below zero. The nets gave us 71 fish.
The weather continuously cold. I made sledges. 64 fish.
Fine day. The nets produced only 41 fish.
In the afternoon, old Hamelin and family arrived starving. They brought 10 beaver, 39 martens, and one
wolverine. Gave them two pints of rum. Michel returned with only half an animal. Cloudy weather.
Our nets produced only 31 fish. Snowed lightly throughout the day.
Gireaux and party arrived with only 310 lbs. of meat. On their voyage, they killed 11 martens. Old
Simone trapped a beautiful silver fox and 6 martens. Old Hamelin took off to make traps. Only 27 fish.
Cold windy weather. Caught 33 fish.
Two hunters arrived from Lac La Biche and brought one roll of tobacco, 2 bales, and a small box of soap.
They reported that they had been attacked by wild animals and part of their property destroyed. At night
Revard arrived being sent by Antoine Desjarlais for something to eat. Fine weather. 33 fish.
Sent off Revard and one man to carry provisions to Antoine and to assist him home. Od Hamelin and
family set off for trpping. Gave them fish for six days.
Being Christmas day, gave each man a dram and some meat. In the evening, Antoine Desjarlais with his
family and Ant. Allani's family arrived. The weather was remarkably mild.
Papir and Francois Gardipi arrived. Bt. LeCarguin and Gladur's son, Racette, who has been with old Bt.
Sinxx arrived. I am told that Baptiste has killed about 100 beaver and that Gladur and Gardipi have 650
between them. Lawrens 100, and Louis Calehur and Patneau's sons hardly any. Gave Bt. two bottles of
rum. And delivered Racette his equipment. These two men are to go to Lac La Biche.
Bidon, Franceau, and Cheyahar arrived. They have killed only two animals.
83
Antoine Alani, Capat,

Pembrooks, Bt. Desjarlais
Capat Runge, Tulibii,
Pembrook, Mr Fraser, Old
Tendre
Capat's son, Fraser,
Domenique, Antoine Alani,
Brasqurt, Champagne
Promeau, Alani, Morin
Gireaux, Mr Fraser,
Dominique
Mr Smith, Mr Dears
Mr Smith, Dominique, Mr
McIntosh, Promeau,
Dechamp
Promeau, Dechamp, Alani,
Antoine, Gireaux
old Hamelin and family,

Michel
Gireaux, Old Simone, Old
Hamelin
Revard, Antoine Desjarlais

Revard, Antoine, Old
Hamelin and family
Antoine Desjarlais and his
family
Papir, Francois Gardipi, Bt.
LeCarguin, Gladur's son
Racette, old Baptiste,
Lawrens, Louis Calehur,
Patneau's sons
Bidon, Franceau, Cheyahar
83

B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1821
1821
16d
16d
28-Dec
29-Dec
Smoky River
Arranged Cheyahar's departure tomorrow. He and Bear will go to the Smoky River.
Early in the morning, the Indian set off. The weather fine. Fishing only 21.
Cheghar, Bear
At night Mr Smith and party arrived with the property from below. The property is in a very bad order
and some of it damaged by the wild animals. Surprenant also arrived from White Fish Lake in
company with Turpin's brother in law, Hamelin, L'Harmdelle's sons, and three Rocky Mountain
Iroquois. Surprenant brought 13 skins which he killed. L'Harmdelle's sons 27, and the Iroquois 10
martens. Turpin's brother in law and Hamelin's son had between thirty to forty skins which they
left at their hut, and I am informed that L'Harmdelle, Turpin, and Bellemont have sixty or seventy
skins amongst them. Obichon and Morin arrived with the meat from the hunters. The weather mild.
Mr Smith, Surprenant,
Turpin's brother in law,
Hamelin, L'Harmdelle's sons,
three Rocky Mountain
Iroquois, L'Harmdelle,
Turpin, Bellemont, Obichon,
Morin
B.115/a/5
1821
16d
30-Dec
B.115/a/5
1821
16d
31-Dec
B.115/a/5
1822
16d17
01-Jan
White Fish Lake
02-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Riverine des
Sauteaux
As Surprenant not being wanted at the Fort, he was sent to remain at White Fish Lake for making traps.
He took his departure with Cardinal and L'Harmdelle's son. Arranged Ecamegen and Turpin's brother in
law to take off tomorrow to White Fish Lake. At night Martial Desjarlais arrived from Riverine des
Sauteax where he left his father Misteomeg. I hear that Ignace the Neperinger had collected more than
sixty skins. Misteomeg's wife is critically ill now.
Escamagur and Turpin's brother in law set off for White Fish Lake. Old Iroquois goes with them.
Arranged Francois Gardipi and Bte. LeCarguin. Gardipi was equipped for a year. Bte. until the latter end
of April. Put up some goods for Gladur to the amount of forty skins. Gardipi is not to return to the fort
until the end of the year. I will send a man to remain with him in order to bring his spring hunt in time.
Alani and men will accompany them to fetch home their skins and provisions. Three of the Rocky
Mountain Iroquois also will go with them to remain with them until the spring.
B.115/a/5
1822
17
Rocky Mountain
B.115/a/5
1822
17
03-Jan
White Fish Lake,

Rocky Mountain
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
04-Jan
Smoky River
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
05-Jan
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
17d
17d
06-Jan
07-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
08-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
09-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
10-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
17d
11-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18
12-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18
13-Jan
5 June 2014
Peace River
84
Gave Mr Smith and the two Antoines the remainder of their equipment as clerks. The eight men who
returned. Gave men double allawance of meat for tomorrow and the day after.
Gave all the men free and each one pint of rum. Gireaux and Savard arrived from White Fish Lake with
some property that had been left to L'Harmdelle.
Alani and party with Bte. and Gardipi set off for the Smoky River. Sent off Bidon and Franceau to
resume their hunting with the hunters.
Arranged Martial [Desjarlais] to leave tomorrow. Sent off Lajewness and family to go and remain at
White Fish Lake. In the drinking match of New Years day, two of the men (Dominique and Tlett) fought
a battle in which the former bit the latter so much in the hand. Snowed considerably. Caught 46 fish.
Martial Desjarlais took off for his lodge. Cold weather. 49 fish.
Cold weather.
Got the dogs that were squared in the summer taken up to prevent their being burried in snow. Fine day.
The nets produced 39 fish.
I ordered two Antoines to make a dozen pares of snow shoes. Lemim caught 15 martens and Laponim, 4.
The weather continuously fine. Fishing 53.
Racette, who is a kind of a blacksmith, is employed repairing axes. I am concerned about Promeau and
Dechamp who have not returned for so long. 30 fish in the nets.
The weather is still mild. No news for my quarter.
Promeau and Dechamp arrived from Peace River in company with a man by the name of Demarais who
was sent by Mr McIntosh. He is a blacksmith. Mr McIntosh had the goodness to send me a dozen of
trading axes. Mr McIntosh complains much about the Gladur's band. Bidon, Franceau, and Chigahar's [or
Cheyahar's] nephew also arrived half dead with hunger. The weather continuously fine. Took 27 fish in
the nets.
Sent off Laponim and Dominique to hunters and returned at night. Ageyash came to the Fort for
provisions and brought 7 skins. Caught 34 fish.
Mr Smith, two Antoines

Gireaux, Savard,
L'Harmdelle
Surprenant, Cardinal,
L'Harmdelle's son,
Escamagur, Turpin's brother
in law, Martial Desjarlais,
Misteomeg, Neperinger,
Misteomeg's wife
Escamagur, Turpin's brother
in law, Old Iroquois,
Francois Gardipi, Bte.
LeCarguin, Gladur, Alani,
Rocky Mountain Iroquois
Alani, Bte., Gardipi, Bidon,
Franceau
Martial Desjarlais, Lajewness
and family, Dominique, Tlett
Martial Desjarlais

Alani, Lemim, Laponim
Racette, Promeau, Dechamp
Promeau, Dechamp,
Demarais, Mr McIntosh,
Gladur, Bidon, Franceau,
Cheyahar's nephew
Laponim, Dominique,
Ageyash
84
B.115/a/5
1822
18
14-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18
15-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18d
16-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18d
17-Jan
Ageyash returned to her lodge with a load of fish. In the afternoon the hunters with their families arrived.
Antoine Desjarlais went off for hunting. Our nets produced only 17 fish today. Fine weather.
"Antoine returned with nothing!" Gave Franceau a xx of rum. The men bought a few pints for martens.
Gave the Indians 1/2 pint each. Only 15 fish from our nets. I ordered men to take all the nets up
tomorrow. Snowed part of the day.
All the nets were taken up, one of which had only 8 fish. In total, 23,936 fish caught at the fisheries.
Snowed all day.
Snowed all day. Franceau put dogs into "planks."
Alani and nine men arrived from the freemen and brought 218 beaver (large and small), 1 fine and 2
common otters, 56 martens, 4 red foxes, and 1 wolverine, four pounds of castreum. Old Baptiste has only
80 beaver. Gladur and Gardipi had 117 beaver. Old Rogem, one of our Indians, were also at the freemen's
camp and Alani got his skins, which are only 7 beaver, 2 martens. Charles was not at the camp. Alani left
Girreaux and Sicard at the camp in order to obtain his skins when he arrives.
85
Ageyash, Antoine Desjarlais

Antoine Desjarlais, Franceau,
Indians
Franceau
Alani, Old Baptiste, Gladur,
Gardipi, Old Rogem,
freemen, Charles, Gireaux,
Sicard
B.115/a/5
1822
18d
18-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
18d
19-Jan
The weather was so bad that the men could not work. However, Bear set off for hunt along the north side
of the lake. In the evening, old Hamelin arrived and brought 19 martens.
Bear, Old Hamelin
B.115/a/5
1822
19
20-Jan
Cheyahar set off to Riviere xx. Sent Obichon to follow Bear. Old Hamelin returned to his lodge.
Cheyahar, Obichon, Old

Hamelin
B.115/a/5
1822
19
21-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19
22-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19
23-Jan
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
1822
19
19
19
24-Jan
25-Jan
26-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19
27-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19
28-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
29-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
30-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
31-Jan
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
01-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
02-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
19d
03-Feb
5 June 2014
White Fish Lake
Dominique set out to follow Cheyahar. Franceau and Sooscus began to saw. A considerable amount of
snow last night.
Arranged two Antoines to go for hunting. Gave permission to Bidon and Goun to go and make traps at
White Fish Lake until further orders. Very mild weather.
The two Antoines, Bidon, and Goun started in the afternoon. Mother Hamelin came to the Fort and
brought 20 martens. The weather is fine and mild.
The weather sufficiently fine. Some of the snow melted down from the roof of the houses.
Fine day.
Snowed and blowed all day. The men could not work.
Faille and Morin, who had gone off to make traps fill in with Cheyahar. They had killed a bear and
brought the meat to the Fort. Cheyahar sent back Dominique and desires that Laponim should be sent in
his place. The two Antoines came home. They killed 4 calves , out of which they brought 27 lbs. They
saw the tracks of Savard and Morin, but could not catch up with them. Old Hamelin came to the Fort and
brought 9 marten skins.
Sent Laponim to live with Cheyahar.
Dominique returned with two calves and informed me that the Indian has killed a young moose, which
Asperim was hunting in the woods. The weather is fine and mild.
Sent Dechamp and Savard for the meat of the animal the hunter killed yesterday. Fine weather continues.
Faille and Morin who went out yesterday to make traps arrived with six martens and the meat which
Dechamps and Savard were yesterday sent for. The latter two went for a buck moose the hunter killed
yesterday. In the afternoon, Obichon arrived from Bear's place to inform of his having killed four moose.
The two Antoines went out for hunting but returned with nothing. Mild weather.
Obichon and six men were sent to fetch the meat at Bear's lodge. In the afternoon, Dechamp and Savard
arrived from Cheyahar's with the meat. Eight inches of snow last night.
The men arrived with the meat from Bear's place. They also brought one fine otter and 8 marten skins.
The people of the Fort caught 15 martens. The weather continuously mild though snow fell again at night.
The snow continuously fell until late.
Cheyahar, Franceau, Sooscus

Alani, Bidon, Goun
Alani, Bidon, Goun, mother
Hamelin
Faille, Cheyahar, Dominique,

Laponim, Antoine Desjarlais,
Antoine Alani, Savard,
Morin, Old Hamelin
Cheyahar
Dominique, Asperim
Dechamp, Savard
Faille, Morin, Dechamp,
Savard, Obichon, Antoine
Desjarlais, Antoine Alani
Obichon, Bear, Dechamp,
Savard, Cheyahar
Bear
85

B.115/a/5
1822
20
04-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20
05-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20
06-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20
07-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
2020d
08-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20d
09-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20d
10-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20d
11-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20d
12-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
20d
13-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
21
14-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
21
15-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
21
16-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
21
17-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
21
18-Feb
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
1822
21
21
21d
19-Feb
20-Feb
21-Feb
5 June 2014
Old Hamelin came for a load of fish and brought only three skins. The weather has cleared up at last.
Faille, Paku and Morin set off in the morning to make traps, but returned about midday, two of them
having frozen their toes. Antoine came to inform that his father had killed a buck moose. In the morning
temperature was below 34, but the evening was mild and snowy.
Two men set off for the meat at Antoine. Three others were sent to see if Cheyahar has killed anything.
Sent Promeau for a similar errand to Bear's place. At night the two men returned with moose from
Antoine. Mild weather wigh a high wind.
Antoine Alani came to inform that he and Desjarlais have killed a doe moose with 25 young ones.
Obichon arrived from the Bear's place in quest of a gun. He also informed that he had a bull and 3 doe
moose. The three men returned from Cheyahar's place with the meat of a bull and doe moose. Also
Cheyahar came to the Fort. He wounded a doe moose but could not kill for want of balls. He expects to
get her tomorrow. The weather is still mild.
Sent off 5 men with Obichon to appoint Promeau and Bausquet to fetch home the meat. Cheyahar set off
in pursuit of his doe moose. Fine and mild weather.
Racette and Morin were sent for the meat at the hunter's. Racette returned with part of the doe moose
which Cheyahar pursued yesterday. Old Hamelin and family arrived with only six marten skins. Beautiful
weather.
Racette and Decheneau went for the meat that was left yesterday along the road by Cheyahar. Morin
arrived from Cheyahar and Promeau and party from Bear. The meat received today amounted to 1943 lbs.
Very fine and warm weather.
White Fish Lake
Old Hamelin set off for White Fish Lake and his old wife and her son to make traps. No news yet of
Gireaux and Sicard who remained to wait for Charles. I suppose the great depth of snow is what ditains
thems so long. The weather was so mild as to soften the snow very considerably. At night we had a
shower of rain. Antoine Desjarlais killed a doe moose.
Sent Racette to dress the animal that was killed yesterday. Antoine killed another within six miles of the
House. "Animals are very abundant for every day almost fresh track are seen by the men who have traps."
The men were employed for beating the road in the woods in order to haul home the logs as it snowed
again last night.
The two animals Antoine killed were fetched.
Late last night Tackayear arrived from his lodge, which is two days from the Fort. He left Manina there.
He asked people for fetching their skins and supply them with ammunition, tobacco, and a few others.
Advanced this young man for 16 skins and gave him powder, balls, and other supplies. Promeau will
accompany him. Decheneau brought the meat of a young animal and Morin was assisting Laponim to
haul a buck moose to the lodge. Fine weather.
Promeau and three men with the Indian took off for Manina. Decheneau went back to the hunters to haul
meat. Sent off Antoine Alani for hunting furs. Fine weather.
Decheneau returned with the meat of a young bull and left Morin to assist Laponim to haul four cows to
the lodge, which Cheyahar killed yesterday. Lemim caught 9 martens. Mr Smith six and Alani 1 marten
and a fisher. Fine day.
Sent off Alani with five me for the eat at the hunter's lodge. The weather fine.
Alani and three men arrived with each a load of meat. The rest of his party remained to dress cows
Chiyahar killed yesterday. Still fine weather.
Alani and four men went off for meat. Racette arrived with a load. Cold weather.
Cheyahar and his xx came to the Fort to settle. Gave them 8 pints mixed rum. The weather as yesterday.
Gave some xx to the Indians who arrived yesterday. Cold and windy.
86
Old Hamelin
Faille, Paku, Morin, Antoine
Antoine, Cheyahar, Promeau,
Antoine
Antoine Alani, Desjarlais,

Obichon, Bear, Cheyahar
Obichon, Promeau,
Bausquet, Cheyahar
Racette, Morin, Cheyahar,
Old Hamelin and family
Racette, Decheneau,
Cheyahar, Morin, Promeau
Old Hamelin, his wife and
son, Gireaux, Sicard,
Charles, Antoine Desjarlais
Racette, Antoine Desjarlais

Antoine Desjarlais
Manina, Tackayear,
Promeau, Decheneau,
Laponim
Promeau, Tackayear,
Manina, Decheneau, Antoine
Alani
Decheneau, Morin,
Cheyahar, Lemim, Mr Smith,
Alani
Alani
Alani, Chiyahar
Alani, Racette
Cheyahar
Indians
86

B.115/a/5
1822
21d
22-Feb
Antoine arrived with a load of meat. Cold weather.
Antoine
Promeau and party arrived from Manina and Tackayear. They brought 411 beaver skins, 118 martens, one
red fox, one wolverine, and one fisher along with some dry meat. Manina desires to have a man to live
with him to assist in working beaver houses. Having men to spare, I will comply with his request. In the
afternoon LaBatte and his son with Dowtepatte [?] arrived from the Rocky Mountain. They brought me
letter from Messr D. [Donald?] McKenzie and Henry. The letters mentioned their appreciation for canoes
and provisions to take the "Columbians" out. It also informed that Mr Henry had reached the Smoky
River about 16th December and his horses being all "knocked up" he was obliged to put up them
for the winter. It appears that the place is "the most advantageous station for an Establishment and
where returns might be made, if a few industrious Freemen could be prevailed upon to go there."
Animals are abundant in that quarter. Fourteen Iroquois of Peace River are in the vicinity of Mr
Henry's establishment. Some of them are engaged.
Promeau, Manina,
Tackayear, LaBatte and his
son, Mr Donald McKenzie,
Mr Henry, Iroquois, freemen,
"Columbians"
B.115/a/5
1822
21d
23-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
22
24-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
22
25-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
22
26-Feb
B.115/a/5
1822
2222d
27-Feb
Rocky Mountain
Eight men arrived with 2000 lbs. of meat and skins. Beautiful weather.
The men who went off yesterday returned with 955 lbs. of meat. Eight men started this morning.
Arranged Conetepalle to take off tomorrow in order to find his brother who is at Bear Lake. , Mr Fraser,
Auger and old Michell will accompany Conetepalle too to fetch him their skins and provisions which
Auger has. I also arranged Promeau to go to see of Tourbellion, Soldaxx, Apaquate who are supposed to
be around "Lac de Forke." Three men, including Cardinal, will look for Indians. Mild weather.
Smoky River
Mr Fraser, Promeau, and party set off to pass the spring with Manina. Tackayear and six men arrived with
1536 lbs. of meat.
Morin set off for Manina's. Received 49 lbs. of meat. In the afternoon, Gireaux and Sicard arrived from
the Smoky River without skins. The men brought one beaver and 6 martens from Gladur and 15 skins of
their own trapping. A little snow in the morning.
B.115/a/5
1822
22d
28-Feb
Sent LaBatte with two others to go and see what Bear is about since I have not heard from him for a long
time. Antoine Desjarlais not being required here, I ordered him to go for hunting. Fetched the rest of the
meat at Cheyahar's (540 lbs.). Rognen arrived with 7 1/2 skins in martens. Gave him 5 pints of mixed
rum. He traded his provisions for the same. Beautiful weather.
B.115/a/5
1822
22d
01-Mar
LaBatte and party returned from Bear's with 699 lbs. of meat and left about 1 1/2 sled loads at the lodge.
This fellow does so little, I will immediately send him for hunting. Fine mild weather. The men were
employed for cutting ice.
B.115/a/5
1822
22d
02-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
22d
03-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
23
04-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
23
05-Mar
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
23
23
06-Mar
07-Mar
5 June 2014
87
Prairie la Ronde
Bear's wife with Gireaux set off early in the evening. Gireaux came back with Obichon with the
remainder of meat. The Rognen set off to make traps along the Lake. Gave him two other ammunition.
Old Lemim arrived and has taken only four skins. He was obliged to abandon some of his traps as foxes
destroyed them as soon as he put them up. Got the store filled with ice. Snowed considerably.
No news. Fine weather.
LaBatte, Patrie, Savard, Deschamp began to split wood for two canoes. Got shelters and doors put to the
store for fish. Allowed Sicard to go and make traps with Antoine Desjarlais. Old Lemim set off for the
Prairie Ronde and Mr Dears and Gireaux to go and see Bear which Rognen told was about two days walk
from this fort. No arrivals from any quarter, which makes me worried. I am anxious to learn what our
Indian, Sooscus, have had in hunting. The snow melting very fast.
Got 4,000 white fish. Put them in the canoe store. Mother Hamelin and family arrived and brought one
red fox and 37 martens. Lemim caught 6 martens and Canada 3 rats and one fox. Mr Smith found all his
traps destroyed by wolverine.
No news. Fine weather.
The men hauled the canoe wood to the fort. Mr Dears and Gireaux arrived. The weather still fine.
Conetepalle, Auger, Mr
Fraser, Michel, Promeau,
Tourbellion, Apaquate
Mr Fraser, Manina,
Tackayear
Morin, Manina, Gireaux,
Sicard, Gladur
LaBatte, Bear, Antoine
Desjarlais, Rognen
LaBatte, Bear
Bear's wife, Gireaux,
Obichon, Rognen, Old
Lemim
LaBatte, Patrie, Savard,
Deschamp, Sicard, Antoine
Desjarlais, Old Lemim, Mr
Dears, Bear, Rognen,
Sooscus (Indian hunter)
Mother Hamelin and family,
Lemim, Canada, Mr Smith
Mr Dears, Gireaux
87
B.115/a/5
1822
23
08-Mar
Bear Lake, White

Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
23d
09-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
23d
10-Mar
Smoky River,
White Fish Lake,
Bear Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
23d
11-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
24
12-Mar
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
24
13-Mar
Bear Lake, White

Fish Lake
In the afternoon, Mr Fraser arrived from Bear Lake and brought 49 beaver skins, 169 martens, one
wolverine, 2 fine and 2 common otters, one red and three cross foxes, and 4 bags of pemmican, 2 of
which he left at White Fish Lake. There are still six bags of pemmican at Auger's. Gladur and gang are
also at Bear Lake.
Late at night, Tarpen arrived from White Fish Lake with his whole hunts (227 skins in martens). Fine
weather.
Sent off Alani and Obichon for the Smoky River. Lawrents, Gireaux and four others started for White
Fish Lake and Bear Lake in quest of the provisions. Sent Auger, Michel and Gladur some ammunition
and tobacco. Arranged Tarpen to leave tomorrow. The weather mild.
Tarpen set off. Bausquet accompanied him to carry some ammunition and tobacco. Sons of Francois
Gladur arrived. One of them brought 9 good and one damaged martens. Apaquachis, Cartier, and two
others were sent with them. Bidon and Goun arrived from White Fish Lake with part of Promeau's trade,
amounting to 30 beaver, five otter, 383 martens, 2 wolverines, 2 fishers, 2 minks, 5 dressed skins and
some bags of pemmican.
Arranged Gladur's sons. I advanced one of them 7 skins of ammunition. Another got an axe and four
skins of ammunition. Bidon and Goun will set off tomorrow to fetch a load from White Fish Lake.
Promeau was sent to place Tlett with Toubellion. Late at night Bausquet arrived with two bags of
pemmican and two sacks of pounded meat. Still fine weather.
Gladur's sons, Bidon, and Goun set off. The sons left for Bear Lake. Bidon will go to the Indians'. Goun
to fetch a load from White Fish Lake.
88
Mr Fraser, Gladur
Tarpen
Alani, Obichon, Lawrents,
Gireaux, Auger, Michel,
Gladur, Tarpen
Tarpen, Bausquet, sons of
Francois Gladur, Apaquachis,
Cartier, Promeau
Gladur's sons, Bidon, Goun,
Promeau, Tlett, Toubellion,
Bausquet
Gladur's sons, Bidon, Goun
B.115/a/5
1822
24
14-Mar
White Fish Lake
Promeau and Champagne arrived and brought 57 beaver, 211 martens, 1 otter, 1 cat, 2 red + 1 cross
foxes, 1 fisher, 2 minks. These were obtained from Turpin's brother in law, Tourbellion, his son, Soldat,
Tonnen, and Capat Runge. They also brought 310 lbs of dry and pounded meat and 99 lbs. of grease.
Tlett will remain at White Fish Lake. Promeau informed me that the Indians seemed determined to make
a spring hunt. Cardinal, his son, and Joseph Desjarlais have not done much. The latter has been sick in the
last part of the winter. the weather still mild.
B.115/a/5
1822
2424d
15-Mar
White Fish Lake,

east + north end of
the Lake
Bellecourt and L'Harmdelle arrived and brought 166 martens, 5 beaver, 1 fine otter, 4 red + 7 cross foxes,
2 wolverines, 2 fishers, 2 minks, and 38 muskrats. Sursrenent's women who accompanied him from
White Fish Lake brought about 20 pxx. I have not heard from Indians and freemen at the east and
north shore of the Lake. some snow in the afternoon.
Belecourt, L'Harmdelle,
Sursrenent's women, Indians,
freemen
Bear Lake, Peace

river
In the morning, Gireaux and Dominique arrived from Bear Lake and brought 6 and 24 skins.
Apaquachis, Cartier, and their two companions brought 4 bundles of dry provisions. Old Gladur and
Auger's youngest son accompanied the people from Bear Lake. Part of the reason of Gladur's visit
was to clear the accusation against him by Mr McIntosh. He explained that he left Peace River
because of the scarcity of furs in that part. I am "inclined to believe the old man's story."
Gireaux, Dominique,
Apaquachis, Cartier, Old
Gladur, Auger's youngest
son, Mr McIntosh
Desjarlais River
Arranged all the five men and Old Gladur. I gave Bellecourt permission to remain here until the
beginning of May 1823. Goun and Desheneau arrived with the rest of loads from Promeau's, including 10
bundles of dry provisions. At night Old Tendre's two sons arrived from Desjarlais River and informed
that they had about 60 skins. Gave them each a pint of rum.
Old Gladur, Bellecourt,

Goun, Desheneau, Promeau,
Old Tendre's two sons
Early in the morning, all the freemen set off and promised to make a spring hunt. They will come in
between the 4th and 11th of May. About 10 AM the two Antoines arrived with Tulibii and Pembrook.
They brought 54 beaver and 35 marten skins altogether: sufficient to pay their debts of this year.
freemen, Antoine Desjarlais,

Antoine Alani, Tulibii,
Pembrook
B.115/a/5
1822
24d
16-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
25
17-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
25
18-Mar
5 June 2014
Promeau, Champagne,
Tourbellion and his son,
Soldat, Tonnen, Capat
Runge, Tlett, Indians,
Cardinal, Joseph Desjarlais
88
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
25d
25d
19-Mar
20-Mar
Dunvegan,
Coppermine River
Tendre's sons took their departure with Primeau and Faille to fetch their skins and carry some ammunition
to the old man. Prior to the departure of these two young men, they were equipped for the spring. Agoung
and a Beaver Indian arrived from Dunvegan. They brought in letters from Messrs McIntosh for
McGillivray and P.W. Dean. "The letters convey the melancholy lives of Eleven of Mr Franklin's party
having pushed through ... Coppermine River."
Tendre's sons, Primeau,

Faille, Agoung, a Beaver
Indian, Mr McIntosh, Mr
McGillivray, P.W. Dean, Mr
Franklin
Peace River
Tulibii, Pembrook, and Capat Runge set off, having previously arranged in ammunition and tobacco for
the spring. The two Antoines also set off for a spring hunt. Mother Desjarlais and her interim son went
with them. About 10 AM, two young men, Ryeshis and Apistinapeshis arrived from the Bastard's. They
had 200 skins, chiefly in martens. They went a long way but found very few beaver. They also have a
good deal of dry provisions. Gave them 4 pints of mixed rum each Wrote to Messers McIntosh,
McGillivray, and Dean for sending back the Peace River people tomorrow.
Tulibii, Pembrook, Capat

Runge, Antoine Desjarlais,
Antoine Alani, Mother
Desjarlais, Ryeshis,
Apistinapeshis, Bastard, Mr
McIntosh, Mr McGillivray,
Mr Dean, Peace River people
Cheyahar, Lafrenum and
family, Lajewness, Bastard,
Faille, Old Tendre, Old
Promeau, Antoine
Mr Dears, Bastard, young
Indian, Cheyahar, Dunvegan
people
B.115/a/5
1822
26
21-Mar
White Fish Lake
Cheyahar arrived. Lafrenum and family arrived soon after. This Indian is encamped about six miles from
this fort. They have only 15 marten skins. Gave him tobacco and 4 pints of mixed liquor. Lajewness
arrived from White Fish Lake. Put up some ammunition, tobacco, and others for the Bastard to continue
hunting as long as possible. At night Faille arrived from Old Tendre and brought 34 beaver skins, 20
marten skins, three parchment moose skins, and 10 lbs. grease. Old Promeau remained at Antoine's lodge,
and he will not be here till tomorrow. The mild weather with high wind.
B.115/a/5
1822
26
22-Mar
Dunvegan
Early in the morning, Mr Dears and party set off for the Bastard's accompanied by the Young Indian.
Chiyahar went to his lodge and is to return here tomorrow. I forgot to mention yesterday that the Duvegan
people had left for their place.
B.115/a/5
1822
2626d
23-Mar
Ft. des Prairie,

Cumberland
House, Athabasca
B.115/a/5
1822
26d
24-Mar
Peace River
B.115/a/5
1822
26d
25-Mar
Peace River
B.115/a/5
1822
26d
26-Mar
Fort des Prairie
27-Mar
Smoky River,
Rocky Mountains,
Riviere au
Sauteaux, Fort des
Prairie
B.115/a/5
5 June 2014
1822
27
89
In the morning, Cheyahar arrived. In the afternoon two men from Ft. des Prairie arrived with letters from
Messrs Sutherland and Rowand. Mr Nelson of Cumberland House and Mr John G. McTavish. Mr
Sutherland informed me that he does not expect to have a good return in furs this year. This express also
carried letters for Mr Smith of Athabasca.
Wrote to Mr McIntosh and commanded to a man to go for hunt tomorrow toward Peace River with the
letter to Mr Smith. Cheyahar took his departure to kill a few beaver. Cold and disagreeable weather.
Early in the morning Deschamp and Laponim set out for the Peace River. Cold.
Wrote letters to the gentlemen of Fort des Prairie that I will be able to embark in about 30 bags of raw
meat for the Athabasca Brigades alongs with provisions for ourselves and "the Columbians." I will send
two men to Ft. des Prairie to bring down the provisions. Fine weather.
Alani and Obichon arrived from the Smoky River with one of the deceased Petxx's sons. They brought
Lawrents's skins at last, amounting to 94 skins, 1 fine otter, 2 damaged otters, and 20 lbs. of castreum. I
received 3 beaver, 265 martens, 3 cross and 4 red foxes, two wolverines, and one wolf from Gladur,
Gardipi, Louis, and his two brothers in law. Patneau's son came to get ammunition and some other articles
for himself, his brother and Louis, who promised to kill some beaver this spring. They desire that a man
will be sent to help them break the beaver house. I am told that Old Baptiste Le Caguine is gone towards
the Rocky Mountains. In the afternoon, Neperinger arrived and told that his hunt amounts to 90 skins, 40
of which are beaver and others. He is encamped in Riviere au Sauteax with Misteomeg, old Desjarlais,
and his son Martial. The first has about 50 skins. Gave Neperinger rum for his good behaviour. All have
complained about the scarcity of beaver. The men from Fort des Prairie are still here. I will send them
with Mr Dears.
Cheyahar, Mr Sutherland, Mr
Rowand, Mr Nelson, Mr
John G. McTavish, Mr Smith
Mr McIntosh, Mr Smith,
Cheyahar
Deschamp, Laponim
gentlemen of Fort des Prairie,
Columbians
Alani, Obichon, Lawrents,

Gladur, Gardipi, Louis and
his brother in law, Patneau's
son, Old Baptiste Le
Caguine, Neperinger,
Misteomeg, Old Desjarlais,
Martial Desjarlais, Mr Dears
89
90
B.115/a/5
1822
27d
28-Mar
Fort des Prairie,

Slave River
The blacksmith was employed to repair iron for Neperinger. The rest of the men at their usual
employments in preparing canoe wood and sawing boards. In the afternoon, Mr Dears arrived and
brought 81 beaver skins, 540 martens, 1 cat, 3 wolverines, 5 dressed moose skins, 99 lbs. of grease, and
200 lbs. of dry and pounded meat. Old Rognen and Bear arrived. Rognen had 6 skins and Bear 20 skins in
marten. Gave them each 4 pints of rum. They traded a few more for some meat. Commanded Faille and
Bellecourt to be ready for departure tomorrow in company with the Fort des Prairie men. They are to be
at the entrance of the Slave River by the 20th of May. Very poor weather.
B.115/a/5
1822
27d
29-Mar
Fort des Prairie
The Fort des Prairie men and the two from the Plains set out on their journey in the morning. Equipped
Neperinger for the spring. He will take his departure tomorrow with the intention of getting 30 beaver
skins. Caught 32 fish in the morning.
Fort des Prairie men,

Neperinger
30-Mar
Arranged Patneau's son and put upon articles for Lawrents, Louis, and Gladur to be arranged to them by
Canadian who is to remain with Louis until the beginning of May. Old Mother Hamelin and her son with
Rognen and Bear set off to hunt muskrats in the small Lake near this fort. Turpin and his brother in law
arrived and have nothing at all. The weather still mild. Our nets this morning produced 130 fish, all
except 3 white fish and pickerel.
Patneau's son, Lawrents,

Louis, Gladur, Canadian, Old
Mother Hamelin, her son,
Rognen, Bear
Thomas, Charles, and Jaqueau arrived. They brought amongst them 43 beaver skins, 1 otter, 175 martens,
1 cat, 5 fishers, 2 wolverines, 1 silver and 2 red foxes. These men complained about the scarcity of
beaver. Charles's hunt is poor (having been sick part of winter), amounting to only 39 skins, his summer
hunt he gave to Mr Bourassa of the Peace River, say 30 skins, all in beaver. Gave them each 1 pint of rum
and they bought a few more. Arranged Gireaux, Dominique and Goun to go for Neperinger and
Courtepalle. To the latter I send some ammunition and tobacco. I ordered Goun to remain with
Neperinger. The mild weather. The fishing is good but hardly anything but pickerel. [note: entry below
indicates that trappers who arrived were Iroquois.]
Thomas, Charles, Jaqueau,

Mr Bourassa, Gireaux,
Dominique, Goun,
Neperinger, Courtepalle
B.115/a/5
1822
27d28
B.115/a/5
1822
28
31-Mar
B.115/a/5
1822
28d
01-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
28d
02-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
28d
03-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
28d
04-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29
05-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29
06-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29
07-Apr
5 June 2014
Peace River
White Fish Lake
Peace River
White Fish Lake,

Bear Lake
The Iroquois preparing to be off tomorrow: Jaqueau and Charles. I gave Jaqueau permission to
remain free until the spring of 1823. Thomas remains here. Cold day. Our nets produced much more
fish than yesterday. I ordered to take one net out of the lake tomorrow.
Jaqueau and Charles took off for White Fish Lake. I ordered men to build a bateau. The fishermen took
up one of the nets. The mild weather.
xx several stack of gun
Cold weather with snow. Alani began to build a big house in the other fort. Two men at the same time
began to haul the materials there. Samcartier and Bausquet were out gathering gum. Promeau killed a
goose.
Dechamp and La Frenum arrived from the Peace River. I received a letter from Mr McIntosh which
contains no intelligence of importance. The men employed gathering. Cold weather.
Neperinger, Mr Dears, Old

Rognen, Bear, Faille,
Bellecourt, Fort des Prairie
people
Iroquois (Jaqueau, Charles,

Thomas)
Jaqueau, Charles
Alani, Samcartier, Bausquet,

Promeau
Dechamp, La Frenum, Mr
McIntosh
Surprenant arrived from White Fish Lake with one Iroquois by the name of Simon Allan of Bear
Lake. Surprenant brought the hunt of Manina. Tackayear and Tourbellionhad only 12 beaver skins and
109 martens. Allan left his winter hunt amounting to 15 beaver skins and 15 marten skins. This fellow is a
hated character furing the opposition [of the HBC and NWC?], and continued to cheat both parties. He
was so heavily indebted that it is impossible in the present state of the country he should repay one fourth.
Old Neperinger and Courtepalle also arrived and brought only five martens. The temperature went two
degrees below zero. Our fishing continuously excellent with two nets being quite sufficient to supply the
whole Fort with fish.
Surprenant, Simon Allan

(Iroquois), Manina,
Tackayear, Tourbellion, Old
Neperinger, Courtepalle
Advanced Simon Allan an Iroquois] for 31 skins, chiefly in ammunition and tobacco. He will send his
skins by Auger and Gladur. Bear and Rognen arrived from hunting excursion and brought a bear skin and
3 beaver. The weather still cold. The temperature went seven degrees below zero.
Allan, Auger, Gladur,

Rognen
90
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
08-Apr
Early in the morning Surprenant and Simon Allan took their departure. Told Surprenant to be here by the
15th of May. The weather continously cold and unpleasant. The nets did not produce so much fish as
usual.
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
09-Apr
The Bear and Rognen set off. Gireaux and Dominique arrived from Neperinger. Donetereilles and Old
Desjarlais and son brought 67 beaver skins, 238 martens, 2 bears, 1 cross and 2 red foxes, 4 fine otter, and
1 wolf. Cold weather still. Laponim and Dumaray began to build a boat.
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
10-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
11-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
12-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
29d
13-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30
14-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30
15-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30
16-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30d
17-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30d
18-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
30d
19-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
31
20-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
31
21-Apr
5 June 2014
Cotes au Pente
Cartier being sick. The blacksmith hurt his hand and cannot work. The weather still cold.
Sawyers finished all the logs they had. There is enogh for the flooring of a house, 50 feet by 26. Cartier
and Smith both sick and I do not expect the latter will render any service for a length of term. Cold
weather still.
Old Neperinger and Courtepalle set off to go across to the Cotes au Pente. Demarai and Laponim finished
the boards for a boat. The rest of the men were employed, some in gathering gums, and others in squaring
timber for different purposes. The weather continuously cold. The nets produced abundant fish, including
a considerable number of fish.
Thomas and Turpin who went off a few days passed to hunt a beaver lodge, returned today with four
beaver. The people employed as usual. The weather the same.
Late last night Capat, his brother, and the youngest son arrived. They informed me that along with Le
Trendre they have altogether 100 skins, of which about 70 are beaver. Premeau and two men left with the
Indians. Two others were sent for a doe moose which Capat's brother killed. Gave the Indians last night 6
pints of mixed rum. The weather still cold.
The two men who were sent off for the moose returned today. Carter (Cartier) recovered from his illness
and began to work, but his job had been taken by Obichon. Canada has been ill is still unable to perform
his duty. The canoe store was cleaned and LaBatte, Patneau and four others began to arrange it. The
fishing not being sufficient. Still cold weather.
About midday Promeau and associates arrived from Capat's and brought 284 martens and 74 beaver
skins. Bidon and two Indians arrived with a few skins and some provisions. I gave them each 4 pints of
rum. The men engaged as usual. The weather mild.
Early in the morning the indians who arrived yesterday took their departure. Sent Promeau with them to
trade their provisions. Promeau will endeavor to make them keep away from the Fort as long as possible.
Savard is sick today. Samcartier and Bausquet finished gathering gums, say 730 lbs.
Promeau and party returned with 10 beaver skins, 74 martens, a few dressed moose skins, and little
provisions. Bear arrived and means to go and join the Indians who were with Promeau. All the men
engaged in cutting wood for a coal pit. The cold weather.
Bear took off. A young man from Bastard's band arrived to inform us that Cadotte, who were sent to tent
with them, had a couple of days ago cut one of his feet so badly that he could hardly walk. The Indians
asked to sent someone to fetch Cadotte. I gave the young man 5 pints of mixed rum. The weather still
cold.
The Indian who arrived yesterday took off for his lodge. Sent Gireaux and Bausquet with him to bring
Cadotte to the fort. God wood raised to make two small canoes. The weather has become milder.
Continue to catch an abundant of fish.
Gireaux, Bausquet, and Cadotte arrived from Baster's. Cadotte reported that the band of Indians with
whom he passed the winter had could not kill many beaver because of the great scarcity of the animal.
Apistinapeshis arrived in the afternoon to procure ammunition. Gave him three pints of mixed rum.
91
Surprenent, Simon Allan

Bear Rognen, Gireau,
Dominique, Neperinger,
Donetereilles, Old Desjarlais
and son, Dumaray, Laponim
Cartier
Cartier
Old Neperinger, Courtepalle,

Demarai, Laponim
Thomas, Turpin
Capat, his brother, the
youngest son, Premeau, Le
Tendre
Cartier, Canada, Obichon,
Patneau, LaBatte
Promeau, Capat, Bidon,
Indians
Promeau, Savard, Bausquet
Promeau, Bear, Indians
Bear, a young man from

Bastard's, Cadotte
Gireaux, Bausquet, Cadotte
Gireaux, Bausquet, Cadotte,
Apistinapeshis
91
Old Cardinal, Baptiste

Desjarlais, Marseil
Desjarlais, Le Tendre's
youngest son, Apistinapeshis,
Pembrook, Sicard, Antoine
Desjarlais
B.115/a/5
1822
3131d
22-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
31d
23-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
31d
24-Apr
In the morning, Cardinal and Bidon who were with Maiger and Jigier arrived and brought their hunt and
what Bear and Maiger's step son have killed. This amounted to 21 beaver skins, 68 martens, 1 cab bear,
and 6 dressed moose skins. Nine twelves of these furs are from Jigier's. These men reported that they
lately saw Old Soldier, his son, Cheyahar, and Rabasca, who, they say, have a few beaver among them.
Cardinal, Bidon, Maiger,

Jigier, Bear, Old Soldier,
Cheyahar, Rabasca
The band of Indians mentioned yesterday arrived: Old Soldier, his son Cheyahar, his nephew Capat
Runge and Rabasca brought 28 beaver skins, 43 martens. Jigier received a chief's clothing and large keg
of mixed liquor. Maiger received common clothes and a keg of liquor. Our two hunters, Bear and
Chiyahar, got each half a keg. Petit Gris and sons the same, and Soldier and his son three gallons. Their
band of Indians have made tolerably good hunts and all of them expcept Soldier's son, have received
several skins more than their fall debts. LaBatte put a canoe in the stack but they day was too cold to
admit of its being sawed. The "Free men took their departure early in the morning."
Old Soldier, his son

Cheyahar, his nephew Capat
Runge, Rabasca, Jigier,
Maiger, Bear, Petit Gris and
sons, LaBatte, "freemen"
B.115/a/5
1822
32
25-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32
26-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32
27-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32
28-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32d
29-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32d
30-Apr
B.115/a/5
1822
32d
01-May
B.115/a/5
1822
32d
02-May
B.115/a/5
1822
33
03-May
5 June 2014
Martin's river,
Desjarlais river
About 10 o'clock am Old Cardinal with Baptiste and Marseil Desjarlais, Le Tendre's youngest son
arrived. Baptiste Desjarlais brought 79 skins, only 16 of which are beaver. He paid his debt and has 16
skins more. Old Cardinal did not bring the hunt of his son and son in law. The band is encamped at
Martin's River. Baptiste is from the east end of the Lake. Le Tendre's son is from Desjarlais River. Gave
Baptiste a bottle of rum. In the afternoon Antoine Desjarlais with Secard arruved with three beaver skins,
two of which are from Pembrook and the other is Antoine's own killing. Sicard has 11/ 1/2 skins in
martens. Apistinapeshis took off in the morning to return to his camp and promised to kill some beaver.
The weather still disagreeable.
Arranged the people who arrived yesterday and put up some ammunition for Cardinal's son and son in
law. They have a few beaver houses to work. The men are employed at different jobs. The fishery
continues excellent: 100 white fish and a number of pike and pickerel.
92
fisheries
Rocky Mountain
White Fish Lake
The Indians continue drinking all day and were very quiet. The men finished squaring the wood for the
roof of the house. The weather very fine and warm. We continue to catch an abundant fish.
All the men who were not required to work at the canoes were sent to gather all the canoes that were
employed in the fisheries and other places. The men returned in the afternoon with all except one, which
could not be found. The Indians continued drinking all day, and the noise they make has frightened all the
fish away. We did not catch a sufficient fish. The day was fine and warm.
Arranged all the Indians ammunition, tobacco. They will take their departure tomorrow.
The Indians took their debts and left. They will not come back until July except Bear whom I engaged to
hunt in the Beaver River. Baptiste the Neperinger set off for Mr Henry's post at the Rocky Mountain.
LaBatte took the second canoe off the stack. The nets did not produce a sufficient fish for half the day. the
weather was fine and warm.
LaBatte began the third canoe. The rest of the men were employed to put up a coal kiln. The Indians who
left the Fort yesterday are encamped within half a mile. The fishing is very unproductive. Fine weather.
The Indians are still hanging around in hope of having Bastard arriving and receiving his share of liquor.
Jigier came for more debts and I gave him some debts. Then young men from Baster's arrived with eight
beaver skins. LaBatte took the third canoe off the stack and immediately began to work on the fourth. The
weather was rather cold.
All the Indians except the Jigier who are sick, took their departure. They are going toward White Fish
Lake. The fishing continued to be very bad Thomas killed 2 beaver.
Bastard and Apistinapeshis, Bark's son arrived. They brought 19 beaver, 2 cats, and a few moose skins.
Gave them each some rum and tobacco. The fourth canoe was finished. The men who are not employed at
the canoes began to clear the ground. Fishing still bad. fine and warm.
Cardinal's son and son in law
Indians
Indians
Indians
Indians, Baptiste Neperinger,
Mr Henry, LaBatte
LaBatte, Indians
Indians, Bastard, Jigier,
young men from Bastard,
LaBatte
Indians, Jigier, Thomas
Bastard, Apistinapaeshis,
Bark's son
92
B.115/a/5
1822
33
Capat and his brother and La Pluma D. Enfant arrived and brought amonst them 16 beaver skins and 1
bear. Bastard being influential and a good hunter, I gave him a chief's clothing and a large keg of rum. I
gave another keg for his young man. Capat and his brother and most excellent hunter; Capat received a
large keg of rum and clothing. His brother received half a keg. The fishing continues very poor.
The Indians continued drinking all day and were very quiet. Gireaux and Turpin's brother in law whom I
sent off three days ago to fetch home Cardinal's skins. They returned last night, but they could not find
Cardinal's tent. LaBatte finished the fifth canoe. In the evening, Manina, Tackayear, Tourbellion and his
son with Tlett and Morin arrived. Manina brought 15 beaver skins and 8 marten skins. Tackayear brought
2 beaver skins and 16 marten skins. Manina's hunt exceeds that of any other Indian this winter amountin g
to 10 skins in good furs. I gave him a large keg of mixed rum and a suit of common clothes. Tackayear's
hunt has also been very good, say 65 skins, more than he had killed before. I gave him a two-gallon keg
of mixed liquor and a sheet of handkerchief, for which he gave me fine skins in return. The Old
Tourbellion and son's hunt had not been very good, however they have within six skins paid their debts of
this year. The old fellow being a great man, I could not give him less than half a large keg of mixed liquor
between himself and son, also a sheet of handkerchief to the son. They "all appeared exptremely well
pleased...."
The Indians continued drinking all day. They traded some of their tents and Manina 17 of his skins. Alani
and Obichon finished putting the seine in order. The day was so windy and cold that the men could hardly
work at the canoes. Caught 200 fish.
04-May
B.115/a/5
1822
33d
05-May
B.115/a/5
1822
34
06-May
Arranged Manina, Tackayear, the Tourbellion and his son, and they took off soon after toward the Riviere
du xx. All the Indians are perfectly sober. Chapdilain began to plough. The men finished clearing the
ground. The sixth canoe has taken off the stock. The weather tolerably fine and the fishing sufficient for
the day. Desmarais has prepared all the wood required for the batteau, but for want of rails can go on no
further with it for the present. However, the blacksmith's finger being about healed, I hope that in a few
days he will be able to work.
B.115/a/5
1822
34
07-May
B.115/a/5
1822
34
08-May
Smoky River
Portage
B.115/a/5
1822
34d
09-May
Smoky River
Portage
10-May
Smoky River
Portage
B.115/a/5
1822
34d
B.115/a/5
1822
34d
11-May
B.115/a/5
1822
34d
12-May
B.115/a/5
1822
35
13-May
5 June 2014
north side of the

lake
The men cut up 8 kegs of potatoes for seeds. And Mr Smith, Alani and Primeau tied up the martens by
bundles. Ordered Gireaux and another to set off tomorrow for the Smoky River Portage and fetch meat
from Rowand and Canada.
The weather was so bad that the men could not start for the Smoky River Portage. LaBate finished the
seventh and tenth canoes. Maiger and Capat Runge's woman came to the Fort for each a fathom of
tobacco which they forgot to ask for.
Cheyahar and Tonnesse [?] came to the Fort with a few skins which they traded for rum and ammunition.
Snowed and blowed a storm all day. Thomas, Tlett, and Gireaux set off for the Smoky River Portage. The
canoe makers repaired one of the old canoes. The rest of the potatoes were cut up (19 kegs), and will be
planted as soon as the ground is dry enough. Our nets produced a sufficient fish for the day.
the weather still very cold, which prevents Indians from going off. The wind was so high in the afternoon
that the nets could not be pulled. LaBatte repaired a second old canoe. Old Lemin and Turpin returned
from a hunting excursion with one large beaver. They reported that the water in the small lakes and rivers
are excessively high.
The Indians were all equipped in ammunition and tobacco. The principal men received 4 xx powder, 27
shot, and 30 balls. I also advanced a few dressed moose skins of tobacco and ammunition, to be paid in
the course of summer. The wind was high and last night snowed partly. Caught a sufficient fish for the
day.
LaBatte finished repairing the third old canoe. The Indians could not cross to the North side of the lake
owing to the very high wind. Got the kitchen garden prepared to put a few seeds. The fishing was more
than sufficient for the day.
93
Capat and his brother, La

Pluma D. Enfant, Bastard
Indians, Gireaux, Turpin's

brother in law, Cardinal,
LaBatte, Tackayear.
Tourbellion, Tlett, Morin,
Manina
Manina, Indians, Alani,

Obichon
Manina, Tackayear and his

son, Indians, Chapdilain,
Desmarais
Mr Smith, Alani, Primeau,

Gireaux, Rowand, Canada
LaBatte, Maiger, Capat
Runge's woman
Cheyahar, Thomas, Tlett,
Gireaux
Indians, LaBatte, Old Lemin,

Turpin
Indians
LaBatte
93
B.115/a/5
1822
35
14-May
B.115/a/5
1822
35
15-May
B.115/a/5
1822
35d
16-May
Gardipi, Rowand, Canada, Louis Calehur and two Columbia Iroquois arrived. Gardipi brought
only 31 beaver and 2 otters. The two Columbia Iroquois brought 14 skins, including martens and
wolverines. The wind was again too high to allow the Indians to cross. The canoe builders put the timer
in two of the new canoes. The day was fine. Caught abundant fish.
Beaver River
B.115/a/5
1822
35d
17-May
B.115/a/5
1822
35d
18-May
B.115/a/5
1822
35d
19-May
B.115/a/5
1822
36
20-May
B.115/a/5
1822
36
21-May
B.115/a/5
1822
36
22-May
B.115/a/5
1822
36
23-May
B.115/a/5
1822
36d
24-May
Rocky Mountains,
Shaws Point
B.115/a/5
1822
36d
25-May
Lesser Slave Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
36d
26-May
White Fish Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
36d
27-May
Shaws Point, Grand

River
B.115/a/5
1822
37
28-May
B.115/a/5
5 June 2014
1822
37
29-May
Bear Lake, White

Fish Lake, Shaws
Point
White Fish Lake,
Rocky Mountain
Athabasca River,
Slave River
Arranged Francois Gardipi who will take his departure tomorrow. All the Indians crossed the lake this
morning except one whom I have engaged to hunt for the canoes in the Beaver River. The kitchen garden
was planted with carrots, onions, cabages, and potatoes. The coal kiln was finished.
Sowed 19 kegs of potatoes. LaBatte worked at canoes. The wind was so high that Gardipi could not set
off.
Jaqueau and Baptiste, one of the Columbia Iroquois, arrived. The former brought 20 beaver skins
and a few castreum belonging to himself and Paul Okemyekos [?], and the latter a very few martens.
Arranged Turtowitch who will live with Gardipi until the end of autumn. The men began to pack the
beaver skins. Another new canoe was finished. The wind was exceedingly high. Caught about 100
hundred fish, mostly white fish but a number of pickerel, too.
The timbers were put in the last of the new canoes. Francois Gardipi took his deprture. The wind was
high from the south rest of the day very warm. Fishing sufficient for the day.
Last night Surprenant and L'Harmdelle's wife and son arrived. The latter brought four beaver skins and 22
skins in small furs. Jacqueau took his departure. Rained all day. Our nets produced but four fish.
The rain did not stop until this afternoon. Packed furs. The nets produced very few fish. The men
arranged the canoes, making gums, paddles, etc.
the nets gave us but 40 fish. We tried the seine but with little success. The men employed as yesterday.
"Those rascals of Iroquois this morning burnt by their negligence eleven Moose Skins." Made up 16
packs of furs. Caught 38 fish.
In the afternoon Auger and Old Millette arrived from Bear Lake. They left young Bausquet at White Fish
Lake to take care of their skins and Gladur band's skins. The hunts of their people are very poor. Sent
eight men to Shaws Point with the seine as we cannot catch fish here. The weather is fine.
Sent off Dominique and Franceau to fetch furs at White Fish Lake. Spoke to Auger about going to the
Rocky Mountain but not persuaded.
Arranged Auger for the summer, but could not give him all he asked for. Arranged Old Millette for about
a month when he will return to the Rocky Mountains. I also put up some ammunition for Gladur's family.
Received an abundant supply of fish from Shaws Point. The nets have produced very few. The men
employed painting.
Old Hamelin and his son arrived and brought 16 beaver skins, 1 bear and 65 martens. He reports that the
ice was very much broken up and thinks that in a day the Lake will be clear. All the canoes are now
ready. The day is fine.
The stormy weather for the whole day. Dominique, Franceau, and young Bausquet arrived from White
Fish Lake with the hunts of Auger and Gladur's band.
The men arrived from Shaws Point early in the morning. Engaged Old Hamelin and his son for the
summer. They are going up the Grand River.
The wind is again too high to admit of our setting out.
The weather being fine, early in the morning I sent off 8 canoes. At about 8 o'clock AM, I also took my
departure with Messrs Dears and Fraser. Took the return route from the entrance of the Athabasca River.
I left Mr Smith in charge of the Post of Lesser Slave Lake with Michel Alani and four men to assist him.
We reached the entrance of the Slave River where we found Old Desjarlais, Cardinal, Ignau, Pembrook,
and Old Rognen.
94
Gardipi, Rowand, Canada,

Louis Calehur, two Columbia
Iroquois
Gardipi, Indians
LaBatte, Gardipi
Jaqueau, Baptiste
(Colummbia Iroquois), Paul
Okemyekos [?], Turtowitch,
Gardipi
Francois Gardipi
Surprenant, L'Harmdelle's
wife and son
Iroquois
Auger, Old Millette, young
Bausquet, Gladur
Dominique, Franceau, Auger
Auger, Old Millette, Gladur's
family
Old Hamelin and his son

Dominique, Franceau, Auger,
young Bausquet, Gladur
Old Hamelin and his son
Mr Dears, Mr Fraser, Michel
Alani, Old Desjarlais,
Cardinal, Ignau, Pembrook,
Old Rognen, Connolly, Mr
Smith
94
B.115/a/5
1822
37
30-May
Slave River,
Athabasca River,
Columbia, Rocky
Mountain, Fort des
Prairie, Jasper
House
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
31-May
Slave Lake
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
02-Jun
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
03-Jun
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
04-Jun
Moose Portage
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
07-Jun
Ile a la Crosse
B.115/a/5
1822
38
08-Jun
Athabasca
Lac La Biche
B.115/a/5
1822
38
11-Jun
Athabasca, Lesser
Slave Lake District
B.115/a/5
1822
38
12-Jun
Cumberland House
B.115/a/5
1822
38
20-Jun
York Factory,
Norway House,
Montreal
B.115/a/5
1822
38
29-Jun
York Factory,
Lesser Slave Lake
5 June 2014
After receiving a few furs from the freemen, we set off and met Barbelle and his brother in the Slave
River. We received a few more skins from them. Got to the entrance of the Athabasca River at 4 PM,
where I found McDonald, McKennis, and two men from the Columbia waiting for canoes. Messers
Ogden and Holden passed this place on the 28th. I also met my people from Fort des Prairie and Mr
Henry's men from Rocky Mountain at the entrance of the River. The people from Fort des Prairie brought
the provisions I had desired might be forwarded by Mr Sutherland. Mr Henry, in the report he sent me
regarding his post, informs me that if he could be provided with twelve or fifteen good hunters. Received
about three packs of furs from Rocky Mountain, some part of which was provided at Jasper House.
Not having enough men for the canoes, I had to leave one of the canoes that I had arranged for the
Columbians. I took my departure at about 8 o'clock with Mr McKennis. Mr Fraser and Goun returned to
Slave Lake to pass the summer. Going down, I examined the bark and found it in good order.
Reached Lac La Biche about 10 o'clock AM where I found Old Caplette, Joseph Laxx, Gardipi and two
LaRente. Received from them about 170 skins in beaver, otters, martens, and muskrats in exchange for
ammunition and tobacco.
Could not embark before 12 o'clock and proceeded until 7 PM.
Reached Moose Portage where I found Ottawa Cardinal from whom I received 44 beaver skins. Left this
place at 4 PM and marched till 8 PM.
Arrived at Ile a La Crosse at half after seven and found Mr Ogden. Mr Holden left this place yesterday.
Messers Smith, Black, and McDougall arrived from Athabasca. They remained at the Fort only 36
minutes. Mr Ogden embarked with Mr Black.
Mr Fraser arrived from Athabasca, and in the afternoon the Lesser Slave Lake brigade also arrived. The
return of Lesser Slave Lake District amounted to 47 packs (1135 fine beaver, 756 common beaver, 13
balck bears, 3 cabs, 4 brown bears, 41 red foxes, 27 cross foxes, 6 silver foxes, 22 fishers, 5618 martens,
63 minks, 15 cats, 45 wolverines, 2 wolves, 63 otters, 978 muskrats, 47 dressed moose skins, 2 mountain
goat skins, and 69 lbs. of castreum.
Early in the morning I sent off the canoes and at 7 o'clock I embarked in company with Messers D.
McKennis and Fraser. We reached Cumberland House in the 18th.
Early in the morning we embarked for Norway House which we did not reach before the 24th. There we
found the governor of the Northern Department and several other gentlemen, who were preparing to
report for York Factory. They proceeded early in the morning of the 25th. I remained at Norway House to
see my canoes and arrange them for going to York Factory. They arrived on the 28th and some would
return. The rest to proceed to Montreal as soon as possible. The canoes set out early in the morning of the
29th for York.
At 1 o'clock PM we embarked to proceed to York and reached there on the 4th of July. The Lesser Slave
Lake canoes arrived on the 8th and delivered their cargoes and every thing was in good order.
95
freemen, Barbelle, his

borther, McDonald,
McKennis, Mr Ogden, Mr
Holden, Mr Henry, Fort des
Prairie people, Mr Sutherland
Columbians, Mr McKennis,
Goun
Old Caplette, Gardipi,
LaRente
Ottawa Cardinal
Mr Ogden, Mr Holden
Mr Smith, Mr Black, Mr
McDougall, Mr Ogden
Mr Fraser
McKennis, Fraser
George Simpson
95
96
APPENDIX 2
DOC
REF
YEAR
B.115/a/4
1820
PP
4d
DATE
03-Jun
PLACE
Lesser
Slave
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
4d
04-Jun
Lesser
Slave
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
07-Jun
Slave
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
07-Jun
Slave
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
09-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
11-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
5 June 2014
5-5d
12-Jun
ACTIVITY
Mr. Lewis left with four people. Mr. Kennedy, Antoine Desjarlais, Chaplet [?], Bausquet,
and three men left for Lesser Slave Lake with Cardinal, Robbeland and Lajewness[?]. 11
Caught 11 fish.
This morning two NWC men and four women left for Lesser Slave Lake. They destroyed
everything of use at this House before taking off. Lajewness, Chaplet, and Cardinal
covered stores with pine bark. Antoine Desjarlais began working on a small canoe.
Appaquachis and three other Indians came to the House but brought with them only 30
"Rats skins." They received a small amount of ammunition and left the House soon.
Caught 13 fish.
26 fish caught. Chaplet, Cardinal, and Lajewness raised pine bark for the roofs of houses.
Bausquet and Robbeland returned from Moose Portage but brought no pemmican with
them for Slave Lake. Antoine Desjarlais accompanied them part of their way to hunt. He
is employed in making a small canoe.
26 fish caught. Chaplet, Cardinal, and Lajewness raised pine bark for the roofs of houses.
Bausquet and Robbeland returned from Moose Portage but brought no pemmican with
them for Slave Lake. Antoine Desjarlais accompanied them part of their way to hunt. He
is employed in making a small canoe.
Chaplet, Bausquet, and Cardinal carried barks to cover the houses with. Others were
employed as yesterday. The wind was very strong and the fisherman, Disheneau could
not got to the nets until 2 am. 34 fish caught.
Bausquet and Chaplet sow garden seeds, including turnips, carrots, onions. Antoine
Desjarlais worked on his canoe. Cardinal assisted him.
Beau
River,
Red Deer
River
Old Michel Alani, his two sons and their wives arrived in the afternoon from Beau River.
Lajewness accompanied them and reported that no fish was caught at the other end of the
Lake. Lajewness and Cardinal were sent to fetch dried meat that Old Michel made. Alani
reported that Tulibii was in the Red Deer River for hunting. 15 fish caught.
PERSONS
MENTIONED
Mr. Lewis, Mr.
Kennedy, Antoine
Desjarlais, Bausquet,
Cardinal, Robbeland,
Lajewness [?],
Chaplet [?]
NWC men, four
women, Lajewness,
Chaplet, Cardinal,
Antoine Desjarlais,
Appaquachis, three
Indians
Chaplet, Cardinal,
Robbeland, Antoine
Deslarlais
Chaplet, Cardinal,
Robbeland, Antoine
Deslarlais
Chaplet, Cardinal,
Bausquet
Bausquet, Chaplet,
Antoine Desjarlais,
Cardinal
Old Michel Alani, his
two sons and wives,
Lajewness, Cardinal,
Tulibii
96

Ile a la
Crosse,
Red Deer
Lake,
Moose
Lake,
Beaver
River,
Pierre
A'lalmont
[?], Slave
Lake
Left this place with Lowisa Alani and Chaplet. Old Alani remained in charge of this place
with Antoine Desjarlais. I remained at Ile a Crosse for 20 days and left there on 6th
August for Red Deer Lake to procure the pemmican. Met Bausquet at Moose Lake and
found that he had made no provision during the summer. Arrived at Red Deer Lake on
24h August. There in the store, fetched 9 bags of pemmican and about 3 packs of furs,
consisting of beaver and otter. In July, in the Beaver River, met about eight Indians from
Pierre A'lalmont [?], who wanted to procure ammunition. They were on their way to
Slave Lake. Cardinal's family have raised 200 furs.
B.115/a/4
1820
30-Jun
B.115/a/4
1820
05-Sep
Lowisa Alani arrived with 120 xx? But did not see the Indians. Cardinal and his family
arrived at the same time with two moose skins and a few rats. 18 fish caught. [Here he
distinguishes 'Cardinal' from Indians!]
B.115/a/4
1820
8d-9
17-Sep
Baptiste, Jos & Marseiles Desjarlais, M. Alani, Antoine Cardinal, Capat Runge, and
Capat Cuire, among other, with their families came to the Fort. 20 fish caught.
1820
1111d
20-Oct
B.115/a/4
1820
19d
18-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
19d20
21-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
20
22-Nov
B.115/a/4
1820
24
31-Dec
White Fish
Lake
Laferue [or LaFerue] and Carmier sent for a load of fish: 14 fish taken. Tulibii and Sabannir who is tenting with
him came to the Fort with 9 prime beaver and 8 3/4 lb fat. He informed us that he had in cash 3 female moose.
Cardinal and Thomas arrived from White Fish Lake. Sooscus and Disheneau arrived about the same time.
B.115/a/4
1820
24d
04-Jan
White Fish
Lake
Robbeland sent to tent with Tulibii. Cardinal and Thomas returned to White Fish Lake. Sabannir, Prevort, and
Michel aquiring wood for sledges. Lejewness and Morin cutting firewood. LaFerue hauling it to the Fort.
Shaws Point
Baptiste La Cagneau arrived at the NWC House. Sent Rochleau and Jas Ballantyne for a load of fish from
Shaws Point. Bausquet returned from White Fish Lake with 60 fish. Cardinal had seen appaquechis who was
missing these two months that he had four or five animals in cash. Disheneau, Lazar, and Le Tendre working
still at the chimney in the men's house. Michel and Morin cuting and LaFerue hauling. Eneas, the Interpretor,
making sledges.
B.115/a/4
1820
5 June 2014
26
18-Jan
Lesser Slave
Lake
All the passengers walked along the rapids till Moose River. Camped there and gummed the canoes. Morrin,
Cardinal, and Lajewsness arrived in a small canoe from Lesser Slave Lake as Mr. Smith was very worried and
the NW giving all the Indians.
79 fish. Many portriges are flying about which is rather uncommon in this quarters. Cardinal with Champagne
arrived from White Fish Lake at midnight. They have 3600 white laid up there.
72 fish. The people employed as yesterday. The men fetched 3 animals. Cardinal received a few articles at
White Fish Lake. Eneas turned another sledge.
73 fish. Lajigaay came into the NWC House for medicine to a finger that one of his wifes bit off. Cardinal and
Champer went off for White Fish Lake. The men employed as yesterday.
B.115/a/4
White Fish
Lake
White Fish
Lake
White Fish
Lake
97
Lowisa Alani,
Chaplet, Old Alani,
Antoine Desjarlais,
Bausquet, eight
Indians, Cardinal's
family
Lowisa Alani,
Indians, Cardinal and
his family
Baptiste, Jos &
Marseils, M. Alani,
Antoine Cardinal,
Capat Runge, Capat
Cuire, their families
Morrin, Cardinal,
Lajewness, Mr. Smith
Cardinal, Campagne
Cardinal, Eneas
Lajigaay, Cardinal,
Champer
LaFerue, Carmier, Tulibii,
Sabannir, Cardinal,
Thomas, Sooscus,
Disheneau
Robbeland, Tulibii,
Thomas, Sabannir, Prevort,
Michel, Lejewness, Morin,
LaFerue
Baptiste La Cagneau,
Rochleau, Jas. Ballantyne,
Bausquet, Cardinal,
Disheneau, Lazar, Le
Tendre, Michel, Morin,
Eneas
97
B.115/a/4
1820
28
02-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
2828d
03-Feb
B.115/a/4
1820
2929d
11-Feb
White Fish
Lake
98
Colder than yesterday. Cardinal, Morois, Pacquet, and three men sent off yesterday arrived with three large
animals, 18 beaver skins from the hunter and his brother, and two martens and one mink from Drunken Baptiste.
Rochleau returned from making the road. Men working the same as usual. LaFerue cutting dry wood. We have
very little hay left for horses. Mr Dears and Lowisa returned without a buffalo, having missed a shot.
Cardinal, Morois, Pacquet,

Drunken Baptiste,
Rochleau, LaFerue, Mr
Dears, Lowisa
Cold and cloudy. Sent off this morning Cardinal, Pacquet, Disheneau, Lazar, and Bausquet and his family to
White Fish Lake. A stranger arrived at the other house. Morin and Michel are sick and not able to work.
LaFerue brought wood. The horse is sick. Robbeland cutting a little hay. Lajewness making a bed for Mr Dears.
Cardinal, Pacquet,
Disheneau, Lazar,
Bausquet and his family,
Morin, Michel, LaFerue,
Robbeland, Lajewness, Mr
Dears
Fine and mild. Sent off Lowisa and Disheneau for fish. Mr Dears take old Cardinal with him to go to Manina's
tent. It being Sabbath the men not at work. Two NWC men arrived from their hunters with meat.
Lowisa, Disheneau, Mr
Dears, old Cardinal,
Manina, NWC men
Very warm say. Last night we had a very severe storm of wind and hail. Nothing to give the people for
breakfast. At sunset Sabawrin, Le Tendre, Bausquet and Lajewness returned from White Fish Lake with 280
fish. Mr Dears also returned from White Fish Lake. Old Cardinal, who had been at the hunters arrived. he
received beaver skins from Appaquachis. Mr Dears was informed by Cardinal that it was of no use going to
Manina's as he is now hunting for the NWC.
Bausquet, Lajewness, Mr
Dears, Cardinal,
Appaquachis, Manina
Mr Dears, Fraser, NWC
men, old Cardinal, James
Ballantyne, Le Tendre,
Lajewness
B.115/a/4
1820
30
16-Feb
White Fish
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
30d
20-Feb
White Fish
Lake
Very cold wind. Fraser with 4 NWC men started this morning for White Fish Lake. I immediately sent Mr Dears
after them to watch their motions at old Cardinal's. James Ballantyne went and returned from Shaws Point with
38 fish. Very late tonight Le Tendre and Lajewness arrived with 120 fish.
B.115/a/4
1820
31
24-Feb
Shaws Point
Very cold. Lowisa went and returned with 41 fish from Shaws Point. Bausquet returned with Tulibii's cash in
which were three large beaver skins. Late at night Mr Dears returned from Old Cardinal's. The NWC were
headed for old Glandin's place.
B.115/a/4
1820
31d
26-Feb
White Fish
Lake
Snowed in the morning. James brought 22 fish from Shaws Point. Sent off Sabawrin and Bausquet to White
Fish Lake for fish. Le Tendre and Pacquet to wait the return of Old Cardinal to go with him to the hunters for
meat. LaFerue, Champagne, and Michel cutting and hauling wood. Both our horses are too poor to work. Early
in the morning sent Sooscus and Lajewness to build a small hut for the fisherman.
Warm day. Lazar went to Shaws Point and returned with only 9 fish. Sent off early this morning Lowisa to
White Fish Lake with a little linen for old Cardinal to take to the hunters to persuade them to hunt more
diligently as we are now starving here. Michel, Champagne, and LaFerue employed as usual in cutting and
hauling firewood.
Warm day. Lazar went to Shaws Point and returned with only 9 fish. Sent off early this morning Lowisa to
White Fish Lake with a little linen for old Cardinal to take to the hunters to persuade them to hunt more
diligently as we are now starving here. Michel, Champagne, and LaFerue employed as usual in cutting and
hauling firewood.
Bausquet, Tulibii, Mr
Dears, old Cardinal, old
Glandin
James Ballantyne,
Sabawrin, Bausquet, Le
Tendre, Pacquet, old
Cardinal, LaFerue,
Champagne, Michel,
Sooscus, Lajewness,
fishermen
B.115/a/4
1820
33
05-Mar
Shaws Point,
White Fish
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
33
05-Mar
Shaws Point,
White Fish
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
3434d
16-Mar
Red Deer
Lake, White
Fish Lake
Fine clear day. This morning sent off 5 men to Red Deer Lake to aid canoe making there: St. Paul, Pacquet,
Robbeland, Kinsymirs, Rochleau. Sent old Cardinal to White Fish Lake along with Bausquet and Chartier. Only
25 fish.
St. Paul, Pacquet,

Robbeland, Kinsymirs,
Rochleau, old Cardinal,
Bausquet, Chartier
B.115/a/4
1820
35
21-Mar
Shaws Point
fine. Sent Chartier with Sooscus to Shaws Point. They brought 55 fish. Old Michel, a freeman, passed this with
a sledge for the NWC fort. Chartier to take the remaining fish to Old Cardinal who might be able to go to Auger,
but Chartier refused. Ordered another man.
Chartier, Old Michel, Old

Cardinal
5 June 2014

Michel, Champagne,
LaFerue
Michel, Champagne,
LaFerue
98
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
25-Mar
B.115/a/4
1820
35d
28-Mar
White Fish
Lake
Shaws Point,
White Fish
Lake
Cloudy and calm. Sooscus returned from White Fish Lake with Cardinal and Le Tendre. Chartier brought 40
fish.
Sooscus, Cardinal, Le
Tendre
Sooscus brought 42 fish from Shaws Point. The men at the fort not working for want of provisions. Old Cardinal
arrived from White Fish Lake having left his family on the road.
Sooscus, Old Cardinal

Carmir, Sooscus, Indian
wives, Lajewness,
Cardinal, Morwois,
Bausquet, Appaquechis
Cardinal, Chartier, Peace
River man
Lajewness, Cardinal,
Indians, Carmir, Franceau,
Sabawrin, Plains Indians,
Mr Tlettt, Ant. Cardinal,
Mr Henry (NWC clerk)
B.115/a/4
1820
36d
02-Apr
Shaws Point
B.115/a/4
1820
36d37
05-Apr
Edmonton,
Narrows
Carmir and Sooscus with Indian wives went to fetch what they may have at their tent. Received from Shaws
Point 36 fish. Lajewness, Cardinal, and Morwois with goods left on the road arrived. At 5 AM Bausquet arrived
from Appaquechis's tent. His family on the road starving, came in for a few fish to enable them to come to the
fort.
Heavy fall of snow. Sent Cardinal and Chartier along with a Peace River man to Edmonton for pemmican.
Received from Shaws Point 31 fish. In the narrows caught 40 suckers.
12-Apr
Shaws Point,
White Fish
Lake, Plains,
Slave River,
Narrows,
Red Deer
Lake
Sent Lajewness and Cardinal to Shaws Point. Indians arrived from White Fish Lake with 20 beaver and one
moose skins. Carmir , Franceau, and Sabawrin arrived from the east end of the lakd with 16 beaver, 4 martens, 3
minks, 99 cats and informed us that three Indians from the Plains had arrived at the east end of the Lake and
Sabawrin had come to the post for a little ammunition. The men could not bring the horses as a great part of the
Slave River had broken up. Received 40 fish from Shaws Point. In the Narrows caught 39 suckers. Sent Mr
Tlettt to White Fish Lake in quest of Ant. Cardinal to get his winter tent. This day Mr Henry, a NWC clerk and
8 men started for Red Deer Lake to make their canoes.
B.115/a/4
1820
37d38
B.115/a/4
1820
38d
15-Apr
Edmonton,
White Fish
Lake
B.115/a/4
1820
41d
11-May
Plains,
Cumberland,
Moose River
B.115/a/4
1820
4343d
25-May
B.115/a/5
1821
4d-5
19-Sep
B.115/a/5
1821
6d-7
16-Oct
5 June 2014
Green Lake,
Beaver
River,
Moose Lake,
Plains
99
Snowing considerably. Brunelle and Chalois arrived from Edmonton. Gave the Indians a little summer debt and
sent them off with Lajewness to tent with them for 30 days, expecting them to kill a few beaver. At midday, Mr
Tlettt arrived from White Fish Lake and informed us that NWC men had pillaged the skins of A. Cardinal. He
owed the NWC. The NWC has been telling the freemen that there would be some arrangement between the
HBC and the NWC that the former would surrender all to them.
Fine warm weather. Being worried about the people who have not arrived from the Plains, I started this morning
with all the people for the mouth of the River. At 1 PM, met Tulibii and Mannina who were encamped at the
"Green woods." Mannina gave me a beaver skin. At 3 PM, met OLD Cardinal and three men and received 3
bags of pemmican. He informed me that he left Mr Kennedy and Chartier to take care of 19 more bags of the
pemmican at the forks. These are all the provisions for our voyage to Cumberland. Slept a little below the
Moose River.
"Uncommon heavy rain." Not much ice to be seen now on the lake. Due to the rain, the people were not able to
work on the canoe. 18 fish were caught. Mr Kennedy arrived after being detained on the lake by the ice for 8
days. Jas. Dejarlais and Jacques Cardinal arrived with him. They brought only 6 beaver skins, 8 martens and 8
rats.
Brunelle, Chalois, Indians,

Lajewness, Mr Tlettt,
NWC men, A. Cardinal
Tulibii, Mannina, O D
Cardinal, Mr Kennedy,
Chartier
Mr Kennedy, Jas.
Dejarlais, Jacques Cardinal
Having been informed about Green Lake that a considerable band of Indians was in the River. I obtained a
supply of provisions from them. Reached Moose Lake and sent a letter to Mr Dun, directing him to send a
supply of pemmican. I found one of Cardinal's sons, whom I equipped for the winter. I also left Lewis Layer to
pass the winter with him. A few Plains Indians here with this man traded for provisions.
Plains Indians, Mr Dun,

Lewis Layer, Cardinal's
son
Unpacked and adjusted the bale of dried goods. Three of Dejarlais's sons, his son-in-law, Cardinal's son, Old
[Le] Tendre, and two sons arrived. The Indians were drinking all night.
Dejarlais's sons, his son-inlaw, Cardinal's son, Old

[Le] Tendre, two sons,
Indians
99
B.115/a/5
1821
7d
18-Oct
B.115/a/5
1821
8d
24-Oct
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
B.115/a/5
1822
1822
1822
1822
5 June 2014
17
22
24
3131d
02-Jan
Shaws Point,
White Fish
Lake
The ten men who arrived yesterday took their advances, including Joseph Dejarlais (299 skins), Thomas
Iagneau, and Tarper and Bellecourt, who were both freemen (108 skins). "Ignace the Espiringen" took the
advance of 90 skins. Hermdelle's wife and sons also took advances. Sayer's son took some articles for his father
and brother. Old Michel and a young man called Bte. Regnin took advances. Sent men to Shaws Point to lay up
fish for the winter. Several others worked on the nets. When these nets are ready, two fisheries will be
established at the lake along with the one at White Fish Lake. Mr Henry is preparing for his departure tomorrow.
Charles Lagraur, E. Lambert, C. Sayer, Augt. Picotte, Jos. Plante, and Antoine Cardinal will accompany him.
His men were employed catching horses.
Two Canadians began to cut firewood. Cardinal was to put nets for Mr Smith. Our nets produced 52 white fish.
White Fish
Lake,
Riverine des
Sauteaux
As Surprenant not being wanted at the Fort, he was sent to remain at White Fish Lake for making traps. He took
his departure with Cardinal and L'Harmdelle's son. Arranged Ecamegen and Turpin's brother in law to take off
tomorrow to White Fish Lake. At night Martial Desjarlais arrived from Riverine des Sauteax where he left his
father Misteomeg. I hear that Ignace the Neperinger had collected more than sixty skins. Misteomeg's wife is
critically ill now.
100
Joseph Dejarlais, Thomas
Iagneau, Tarper,
Bellecourt, "Ignace the
Espiringen," Hermdelle's
wife and sons, Sayer's son,
his brother, Old Michel
and a young man (Bte.
Regnin), Mr Henry,
Charles Lagraur, E.
Lambert, C. Sayer, Augt.
Picotte, Jos. Plante,
Antoine Cardinal
Canadians, Cardinal, Mr
Smith
Surprenant, Cardinal,
L'Harmdelle's son,
Escamagur, Turpin's
brother in law, Martial
Desjarlais, Misteomeg,
Neperinger, Misteomeg's
wife
25-Feb
The men who went off yesterday returned with 955 lbs. of meat. Eight men started this morning. Arranged
Conetepalle to take off tomorrow in order to find his brother who is at Bear Lake. , Mr Fraser, Auger and old
Michell will accompany Conetepalle too to fetch him their skins and provisions which Auger has. I also
arranged Promeau to go to see of Tourbellion, Soldaxx, Apaquate who are supposed to be around "Lac de
Forke." Three men, including Cardinal, will look for Indians. Mild weather. [SUGGESTS CARDINAL IS
NOT AN INDIAN]
Conetepalle, Auger, Mr
Fraser, Michel, Promeau,
Tourbellion, Apaquate
14-Mar
White Fish
Lake
Promeau and Champagne arrived and brought 57 beaver, 211 martens, 1 otter, 1 cat, 2 red + 1 cross foxes, 1
fisher, 2 minks. These were obtained from Turpin's brother in law, Tourbellion, his son, Soldat, Tonnen, and
Capat Runge. They also brought 310 lbs of dry and pounded meat and 99 lbs. of grease. Tlett will remain at
White Fish Lake. Promeau informed me that the Indians seemed determined to make a spring hunt. Cardinal, his
son, and Joseph Desjarlais have not done much. The latter has been sick in the last part of the winter. the
weather still mild.
Promeau, Champagne,
Tourbellion and his son,
Soldat, Tonnen, Capat
Runge, Tlett, Indians,
Cardinal, Joseph Desjarlais
22-Apr
Martin's
river,
Desjarlais
river
About 10 o'clock am Old Cardinal with Baptiste and Marseil Desjarlais, Le Tendre's youngest son arrived.
Baptiste Desjarlais brought 79 skins, only 16 of which are beaver. He paid his debt and has 16 skins more. Old
Cardinal did not bring the hunt of his son and son in law. The band is encamped at Martin's River. Baptiste is
from the east end of the Lake. Le Tendre's son is from Desjarlais River. Gave Baptiste a bottle of rum. In the
afternoon Antoine Desjarlais with Secard arruved with three beaver skins, two of which are from Pembrook and
the other is Antoine's own killing. Sicard has 11/ 1/2 skins in martens. Apistinapeshis took off in the morning to
return to his camp and promised to kill some beaver. The weather still disagreeable.
Old Cardinal, Baptiste

Desjarlais, Marseil
Desjarlais, Le Tendre's
youngest son,
Apistinapeshis, Pembrook,
Sicard, Antoine Desjarlais
100
B.115/a/5
1822
31d
1822
37
29-May
B.115/a/5
1822
37d
04-Jun
5 June 2014
In the morning, Cardinal and Bidon who were with Maiger and Jigier arrived and brought their hunt and what
Bear and Maiger's step son have killed. This amounted to 21 beaver skins, 68 martens, 1 cab bear, and 6 dressed
moose skins. Nine twelves of these furs are from Jigier's. These men reported that they lately saw Old Soldier,
his son, Cheyahar, and Rabasca, who, they say, have a few beaver among them.
Cardinal, Bidon, Maiger,

Jigier, Bear, Old Soldier,
Cheyahar, Rabasca
Athabasca
River, Slave
River
The weather being fine, early in the morning I sent off 8 canoes. At about 8 o'clock AM, I also took my
departure with Messrs Dears and Fraser. Took the return route from the entrance of the Athabasca River. I left
Mr Smith in charge of the Post of Lesser Slave Lake with Michel Alani and four men to assist him. We reached
the entrance of the Slave River where we found Old Desjarlais, Cardinal, Ignau, Pembrook, and Old Rognen.
Mr Dears, Mr Fraser,
Michel Alani, Old
Desjarlais, Cardinal, Ignau,
Pembrook, Old Rognen,
Connolly, Mr Smith
Moose
Portage
Reached Moose Portage where I found Ottawa Cardinal from whom I received 44 beaver skins. Left this place
at 4 PM and marched till 8 PM.
Ottawa Cardinal
24-Apr
B.115/a/5
101
101
102
APPENDIX 3: FT MCMURRAY POST JOURNALS

DOC REF
YEAR
PP
DAY
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
01-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
02-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
03-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
04-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
05-Oct
Island
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
06-Oct
Portage S
B.307/a/1
1877
1d
07-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
1877
5 June 2014
1d-2
PLACE
08-Oct
Stoney
Mountain
09-Oct
Portage, Lake
fishery
ACTIVITY
Fine and calm weather. Martell started with the small Boat for
Chipewyan with John Bourchez, Donald McAulay + two Chipewayans.
The men of the Fort variously employed.
Weather as yesterday. Mr. Moberly + two men started on a hunting
excursion. Roderick McAulay busy repairing + backing his Nets.
Very cloudy + turned to snow towards evening. Roderick still at the
same work.
Fine + Calm. Mr. Moberly + party arrived today with 4 Bears. Roderick
finished his Nets.
Weather still fine. Richard + John off to collect Birch + squaring stall
pieces for the Byre at the Island.
Fine clear + calm. John busy at the Byre. Richard cutting wood for the
Luice Rilu. Messrs Moberly + Spencer making the Rilu at the Island.
Louis Paul arrived from Portage Satocl..[?] with reainder of the pieces
left there by Mr. Moberly.
Weather as yesterday. Louis Paul started this morning for down. Men of
the Fort off duty. (Sunday)
Still fine weather. John busy at the Byre. Roderick put out most of his
Nets. Mr. Moberly with Spencer, Richard filling the Luice Rilu. Baptiste
and family arrived from Stoney Mountain where he has c his Summer
hunts.
Weather as yesterday. John preparing for a start for Baptiste's meat.
Roderick busy at his Nets + fishery. Richard hauling and cutting wood
for the Ri Pascal Janvier + son arrived with the Oxen from the Portage,
and started for home in the evening. Mercredi Janvier also started to
establish the lake Fishery.
PERSON(S) MENTIONED
Martell, Chipewyan, John
Bouchez, Donald McAulay
Mr Moberly, Roderick
McAulay
Roderick McAulay
Mr Moberly, Roderick
McAulay
Richard, John
Richard, Mr Moberly, Mr
Spencer, Louis Paul
John, Roderick, Mr Moberly,

Mr Spencer, Richard,
Baptiste and family
Baptiste, Roderick, Richard,

Pascal Janvier, Mercerdi
Janvier
102
cache,
Riverine de
Maison
B.307/a/1
1877
10-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
11-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
12-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
2
2
13-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
15-Oct
1877
2-2d
2d
2d
17-Oct
Island
Island
Island
B.307/a/1
1877
2d
18-Oct
Island
B.307/a/1
1877
2d
19-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
20-Oct
1877
2d
2d
B.307/a/1
1877
2d
22-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
23-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
24-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
25-Oct
1877
1877
5 June 2014
14-Oct
16-Oct
Lake
21-Oct
Island
John McDonald & Baptiste started with three horses for the cache.
SeapatahawaRinu and party arrived from Riverine de Maison where they
have caught their furs + Dry meat. Henderson attending to the Kitchen.
Roderick at his nets.
Announced to equip the Cree [Crees]. Roderick + Hendersen at their
usual work.
Weather still continously fine. Most of the Cree [Crees] have already got
their advances. Roderick + Henderson as usual.
John + Baptiste arrived this evening with the Dry meat (say 15 lbs). The
rest of the men as usual.
Fine and calm. Paul camped off today. Men of the first off duty.
Weather as yesterday. The rest of the Cree [Crees] camped off today.
Messrs Moberly + Spencer with Richard off to beau Suie [?] at the
Island. John busy at the Byre. Roderick at his usual work.
Fine clear + calm. Richard + John sawing Ox sheds on the Island.
Weather as yesterda. Richard + John sawing a few boards.
Finished having laid today. John + Richard wait for the Sheds + boards
from the Island. Fishery is beginning to fail.
Fine clear + calm. John putting up fence round the Byre. Richard,
Roderick at his usual work. Martell and John Bouchez arrived from
Chipewyan with a few supplies.
Weather as yesterday. Richard cutting + hauling wood. John + Mr.
Moberly breaking up new ground a small distance from Lake. Roderick
took up half of his nets.
Fine clear + calm. Men off to hunt but regurned without anyting.
Weather cloudy + calm. Mr. Moberly + John ploughing with horses.
Richard + John Bouchez bringing from the Island. Roderick took up
all his nets. Fish have f Hung 2000 Fish.
Weather as yesterday. Mr. Moberly + John ploughing up new ground.
Richard and Bouchez carting Saw from the pria Roderick cutting
firewood. Martell making a Truck.
Weather cloudy + blowing hard from the South. Richard, John +
Bouchez off hunting. Breuir, Martell + Roderick fencing the Truck.
Rained very hard this morning, but turned to be very fine day. Mr.
Moberly + Martell busy at odds + ends in the workshop. Roderick
cutting + hauling wood for the Kitchen.
103
John McDonald, Baptiste,

SeapatahawaRinu and party,
Henderson, Roderick
Cree [Crees], Roderick,
Henderson
Cree [Crees], Roderick,
Henderson
John, Baptiste
Paul
Cree [Crees], Mr Moberly,
Mr Spencer, Richerd, John
Richard, John
Richard, John
John, Richard
John, Richard, Roderick,
Martell, John Bouchez,
Chipewyan
Richard, Mr. Moberly,
Roderick
Mr Moberly, John, Richard,

John Bouchez, Roderick
Mr Moberly, John, Richard,
Bouchez, Roderick, Martell
Richard, John Bouchez,
Breuir, Martell, Roderick
Mr Moberly, Martell,
Roderick
103
B.307/a/1
1877
26-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
27-Oct
1877
3
3
B.307/a/1
1877
29-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
30-Oct
28-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
31-Oct
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
01Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
02Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
B.307/a/1
1877
3d
03Nov
04Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
05Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
06Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
07Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
08Nov
5 June 2014
Lake
Lake
Blowing hard from the North. Martell making an ox shoe. Mr. Moberly
making a window frame. Roderick at various jobs about the place. The
hunters arrived this evening with .
Snowing and very calm. Martell as yesterday. Bouchez + John working
at the Byre. Richard hauling wood with the ox. Roderick working at
various jobs.
Fine and mild, snow. Having all hands off duty.
Weather as yesterday. John + Bouchez covering the roof of the Byre with
dung. Martell + Henderson mudding the officers' house. Roderick
putting mud on the sides of the .
Weather still very mild. Bouchez cutting wood. Roderick hauling the
same with the ox. Martell + Henderson as yesterday. John at various
jobs. Baptiste arrived this evening from the lake.
Fine clear and calm. John Bouchez & Richard fixing up the truck on the
Island. Martell plastering the Kitchen. Roderick mixing up mortar.
Mercredi arrived from the lake this morning, and says that the Fishery
has failed entirely this fall, oly had 500 fish hung up.
Cloudy and mild. John Bouchez + Henderson employed as yesterday.
Martell + Roderick at plastering. Pierre the fort hunter arrived this
evening, but brot [brought] nothing.
Fine and calm. John Bouchez + Henderson mudding the officers' House.
Martell white washing the Kitchen. Roderick cutting wood.
Fine weather still, and a little cold. Men employed as yesterday. Ice
drifting on the river.
Fine clear + clam. Men off duty.
Fine mild day. Richard fixing up his dog harness. Martell washing the
outside of the stores + house. John making a Hay Frame. Roderick
working about the Kitchen. Bouchez doing little or nothing.
Very cloudy + turned to snow at night. John, Richard + Bouchez
mudding the Byre. Martell as yesterday. Roderick at his usual work.
Fine clear + calm. Martell white washing his house. Richard + Bouchez
mudding their house. Roderick + John Killed an ox + did other little odds
+ ends about the place.
Weather as yesterday. River shut up with Ice. John making Hay Frames.
Martell white washing. Richard burning his shes. Bouchez cutting length
wood. Roderick working about the Kitchen.
104
Martell, Mr Moberly,
Roderick
Martell, Bouchez, John,
Richard, Roderick
John Bouchez, Martell,

Henderson, Roderick
Bouchez, Roderick, Martell,
Henderson, Baptiste
John Bouchez, Richard,
Martell, Roderick, Mercredi
Janvier
John Bouchez, Henderson,
Martell, Roderick, Pierre
John Bouchez, Henderson,
Martell, Roderick
Richard, Martell, John,

Roderick, Bouchez
John, Richard, Bouchez,
Martell, Roderick
Martell, Richard, Bouchez,
Roderick, John
John, Martell, Richard,
Bouchez, Roderick
104

Rained till mid day and turned fine towards evening. Martell burning
ashes. Richard as yesterday. Bouchez hunting wood with one ox. John
fixing up his harnesses. Roderick at his usual work.
Weather as yesterday. John busy about the Byre. Bouchez cutting +
hauling wood. Martell at odd + end. Richard fixing up his old shoe.
Roderick working about the Kitchen.
09Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
10Nov
11Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4-4d
12Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
13Nov
14Nov
15Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
16Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
17Nov
18Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
19Nov
B.307/a/1
1877
4d
20Nov
4d
21Nov
5d
14Dec
Island, Portage
La Lache
5d
15Dec
Island
5d
16Dec
Portage
5d
17Dec
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
1877
1877
1877
1877
5 June 2014
Lake
Fine and very mild. Men off duty.

Weather still very mild. Roderick + Richard started to put Nets at the
lake Fishery. John clearing the track. Martell busy at various jobs about
the place. Bouchez working about the Kitchen.
Weather still continuous very mild. Martell and John collecting fire
wood. Bouchez hauling the same.
105
Martell, Richard, Bouchez,

Roderick, John
Bouchez, Martell, Richard
Roderick, Richard, John,

Martell, Bouchez
Martell, John Bouchez
Weather as yesterday. Men employed as yesterday.

Very cloudy all day. Men employed as yesterday.
Still cloudy + very calm. All the men employed in collecting wood.
Roderick + Richard put down six Nets.
Blowing + snowing. Men employed at various jobs about the place.
Roderick set 8 more nets today.
Lake, Island
Fine and very calm weather. Men off to make marten traps.
Very mild. Messrs Moberly + Spencer arrived early this morning from
the lake with 114 Fish. Bouchez working about the Kitchen. Martell off
to the Island to collect wood. John hauling hay.
Very mild and Snowing all day. Brouchez as usual. Martell fixing a flat
shoe. John making a pr of .
Fine all day. Martell fixing up the ox shed. Bouchez at his usual work.
John hauling hay. The stabled for the frost twice this fall.
Fine and Calm weather. Martell hauling wood. Richard cutting the same
on the Island. John attending to the arrivals. The boy expected to ..
Arrived up this evening from P. Laloche.
Snowing all day. Richard off to the lake for Roderick + Bouchez.
Secor and Baptiste resting. The rest of the men at various jobs about.
Fine and mild. Men off duty. The Portage men this morning for home.
Roderick, Bouchez, + Richard came home.
Weather as yesterday. Mr. Moberly with Bouchez started with the picket
for Chipewyan. The rest of the men employed variously.
Roderick, Richard
Mr Moberly, Mr Spencer,
Bouchez, Martell
Bouchez, Martell, John
Martell, Bouchez, John
Martell, Richard, John

Richard, Roderick, Bouchez,
Baptiste
Roderick, Bouchez, Richard
Mr Moberly, Bouchez,
Chipewyan
105
B.307/a/1
1877
5d
B.307/a/1
1877
5d
18Dec
19Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
5d
20Dec
Lake
Lake
Lake
B.307/a/1
1877
5d
21Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
5d-6
22Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
23Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
24Dec
25Dec
26Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
27Dec
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
1877
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1877
6
6d
1878
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
Island
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
6d
04-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
05-Jan
1878
6d
6d
B.307/a/1
1878
6d
07-Jan
Roderick, Richard, Martell,

John
Fine clear + calm. Men employed as yesterday. No sign of hunters as yet.

Weather still continous fine. Henderson arrived from the lake with 75
Fish. Martell + John at their usual work.
Richard started to the lake this morning. Martell & John at the same
work.
Fine + mild. Richard + Roderick arrived from the lake. John + Martell at
their usual work. Baptiste and family arrived from the lake this evening
and advertised Buck moose en cache for the Fort.
Fine and very mild. Mercredi + his brother arrived + brought a few furs +
4 pr snowshoes.
Fine weather still. Richard + Martell cutting wood on the Island.
Roderick hauling the same. John attending to the arrivals.
hunters
Weather continuous very fine. Men employed as usual.

Fine + mild. Roderick hauling fire wood. Richard + Martell cutting the
same.
Weather as yesterday. Roderick + Richard at their usual work. Martell
fixing the new ox shed.
Henderson, Martell, John

Richard, Martell, John
Richard, Roderick, John,
Martell, Baptiste and family
Mercredi Janvier, Pascal
Janvier
Richard, Martell, Roderick,
John
Roderick, Richard, Martell

Roderick, Richard, Martell
Fine and very mild. Men employed as yesterday.

Fine weather still. Men off to visit marten Traps.
01-Jan
02-Jan
Weather very mild. Roderick and Richard started this morning to take up
the Nets at the lake. Martell ahuling wood. John attending to the animals.
Weather as yesterday. No work done.
28Dec
29Dec
30Dec
31Dec
6d
6d
5 June 2014
Lake
106
Island
03-Jan
06-Jan
Island
Weather very cloudy. Men employed at their usual work.

Weather very cloudy and turned to snow towards evening. Men off duty.
Snowing most part of the day. Martell cutting wood on the Island.
Roderick hauling the same. Richard started for the two moose Killed by
Baptiste. Mercredi and brother also started for home.
Fine clear + pretty cold. Men of the Fort employed as usual.
Blowing very hard from the North + cold. Men employed at their usual
work.
Clear + very cold, blowing a little from the North. Men employed as
usual. Richard arrived this evening with 600 lbs of meat.
Snowing + blowing from the East. Men off to visit marten Traps.
Fine and calm. Martell cutting wood on the Island. Richard the same.
Roderick hauling wood. John attending to the arrivals.
Martell, Roderick, Richard,

Baptiste, Mercredi Janvier,
Pascal Janvier
Richard
Richard, Martell, Roderick,
John
106
B.307/a/1
1878
6d
08-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
6d
09-Jan
Fort
Chipewyan
Red River,
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
1878
10-Jan
Swan Lake
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
7
7
11-Jan
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
13-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
14-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
15-Jan
Island
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
7
7
16-Jan
Swan Lake
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
18-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
19-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
20-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
7d
21-Jan
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
23-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
24-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
7d
8
8
8
25-Jan
1878
1878
1878
5 June 2014
12-Jan
Swan Lake
17-Jan
Swan Lake
Swan Lake
22-Jan
26-Jan
27-Jan
28-Jan
Swan Lake
Swan Lake
Fine and calm. Messrs Moberly and Corrigal arrived this morning from
Fort Chipewyan with the express. Men employed at their usual work.
Cloudy weather. Mr. Corrigal with Richard Henderson started this
morning with the packet. The former down for Red River and the latter
to return for P. Lalache. Men at usual work.
Fine and very mild. Martell cutting wood. John attending to the arrivals.
Roderick hauling firewood. La Prise arrived from Swan Lake to settle his
account.
Fine weather still. Martell, Isaac + La Prise cutting wood. John at his
usual work. Roderick the same.
Weather as yesterday. Men employed at their usual work.
Clear and very mild. Spencer + old Laprise started this morning. The
former for a load of Fish from Swan Lake, and latter for his home.
Fine clear + rather cold. Men employed at cutting + hauling wood. No
sign of the hunters as yet.
Very fine and calm. John attending to his arrivals. Roderick hauling
wood. Martell + Isaac cutting the same on the Island.
Weather as usual. Men employed as yesterday. Spencer + Henderson
arrived from Swan Lake with 400 Fish.
Fine and calm. Men employed at the usual work. Henderson resting.
Weather still very mild and calm. Spencer, Henderson, and Roderick
started for Fish this morning. The rest of the men employed variously.
Blowing a little from the South. Martell hauling firewood. Isaac cutting
the same. John hauling hay.
Blowing and rather cold. Men off to visit marten Traps. Spencer and the
other two men arrived from Swan Lake with 700 Fish.
Weather overcast + blowing from the North. Trippers resting. The rest of
the men employed at cutting + hauling wood.
Snowing toward evening. Men employed as yesterday.
Fine and clear. The trippers started this morning for another load of Fish.
Martell hauling wood. Isaac cutting the same. John at his usual work.
Snowed in the evening but turned to be a very fine day towards evening.
Men at their usual work.
Fine and clear. Fish haulers arrived this evening with 750 Fish. The rest
of the men employed at their usual work.
Snowing + blowing from the West. Men employed at their usual work.
Weather very cloudy, blowing from the West. Men doing nothing.
Snowing most part of the day. Men employed at their usual work.
107
Mr Moberly, Mr Corrigal
Mr Corrigal, Richard
Henderson
Martell, John, Roderick, La
Prise
Martell, Isaac, La Prise, John,
Roderick
Mr Spencer, La Prise
John, Roderick, Martell,

Isaac
Spender, Henderson
Henderson
Spencer, Henderson,
Roderick
Martell, Isaac, John
Spencer
Martell, Isaac, John
107

B.307/a/1
1878
1878
30-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
31-Jan
B.307/a/1
1878
8d
01-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
8d
02-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
8d
03-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
8d
8d
04-Feb
1878
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
06-Feb
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
11-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
12-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
13-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
14-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
15-Feb
1878
1878
5 June 2014
Lac de
Brochert,
Pembrose
River
05-Feb
8d
8d
8d
8d
9
1878
Fine and clear day. Nothing particular happened. Men as usual.
29-Jan
B.307/a/1
108
07-Feb
08-Feb
09-Feb
10-Feb
cache
upper stream
Potatoe Island
Weather cloudy and blowing hard from the East. Mr Spencer and
Henderson started this morning to Lac de Brochert for fish. Pierre the
first Hunter also started to hunt in the Pembrose River direction.
Fine clear + very mild blowing from te same direction. Men employed at
various jobs about the place.
Fine and very mild, blowing a litle from the South. Nothing of
importance occurred.
Snowing towards evening but very little. Paul + family arrived with a
few furs and a little meat. Men employed at their usual work.
Fine and very mild. Blowing pretty strong from the West. Mr. Spencer
and Henderson arrived with 700 fish received in all up to date from La
Prise 2750 fish.
Weather as yesterday. Paul camped off to hunt. Men employed at their
usual work.
Weather still very mild. Men employed as usual.
Weather still calm as yesterday. Mr. Spencer + Henderson started this
morning for old SeapotawahKinnunce cache of F.. And Dry Provision.
John also started for Paul's camp. The rest of the men employed
variously.
Snowing and blowing hard. Men employed in cutting + hauling wood.
Weather as yesterday. Work going on as usual.
Very cloudy and clam. Men doing same work.
Fine and very mild. Men .
Fine and very calm mild day. Men at their usual work. Mr. Spencer,
Henderson and John arrived this evening from the Cache with nothing
but furs, a few pounds of Po. . The old scamp had eaten up all the rest
of provision.
Weather as yesterday. The trippers resting. Men employed at the usual
work.
Fine weather still. Pierre, the Hunter, arrived this evening from up the
River where he Killed 2 young moose.
Weather still continuous fine. Henderson started for the two young
moose. The rest of the men employed as usual.
Weather as yesterday. Henderson arrived this morning with 250 lbs
meat. Martell and Isaac squaring sawing logs on the Potatoe Island.
Mr Spencer, Henderson,
Pierre
Paul and family

Mr Spencer, Henderson, La
Prise
Paul
Mr Spencer, Henderson, old
SeapotawahKinnunce, John,
Paul
Mr Spencer, Henderson,
John
Pierre the hunter

Henderson
Henderson, Martell, Isaac
108
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
1878
9
9
16-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
18-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
19-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
20-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
21-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
22-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
23-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
9d
24-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
25-Feb
1878
9d
10
10
B.307/a/1
1878
10
28-Feb
B.307/a/1
1878
10
01Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10
B.307/a/1
1878
10
02Mar
03Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10
04Mar
1878
5 June 2014
Portage
17-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage
Alexis's camp
26-Feb
27-Feb
Vermilion
Fort
Chipewyan
Fine and mild. Isaac + Henderson sawing. Martell squaring. Roderick

hauling wood. John attending to the arrivals. Baptiste Laliberte just
arrived + Henry Henderson with two trains of dogs arrived this evening
from the Portage with the packets.
Weather as yesterday. All hands off duty. Alexis arrived this evening.
Very cloudy and snowing. Richard Henderson and Isaac started this
morning with Packet for Fort Chipewyan. The Portage men also started
for home.
Fine and clam. John started this morning with Alexis for his furs and 1
moose. The other two men employed at odds and ends about the place.
Weather as yesterday. Roderick and Martell at their usual work. John
arrived this evening from Alexis camp with 41 lbs Dry meat and coarse
furs.
Cloudy and very mild. Roderick hauling hay and Martell hauling wood.
Chrysistone arrived from his camp where he has 1 + 1 Buck Moose en
cache.
Fine and very clear. Mr. Spencer + John started this evening for the two
moose Killed by Chrysistone. Roderick + Martell employed at usual
work.
Weather as yesterday and thawing a good deal. Roderick and Martell
employed at odds + ends about the place.
Weather as yesterday. The trippers arrived late last night with 520 lbs.
Fresh meat.
Weather the same. Men employed in cutting and hauling wood. Christot
Piche and two lads arrived this morning but brought nothing with them.
Fien weather still. Men employed at the usual work.
Weather very cloudy. Men employed at their usual work.
Snowing and blowing hard. BleirJacqewt and little Bte arrived here
starving.
Fine and calm. Mr. Moberly started today for below in his word to
Vermilion where he is to pass the spring. Men employed at various jobs.
Very mild and calm. Martell cutting wood. Roderick hauling the same.
John attending to the arrivals.
Weather as yesterday. Nothing of importance occurred.
Weather still very + thawing a great deal. Thomas Yerke arrived from
Fort Chipewyan with a few letters. Martell cutting wood. Roderick
hauling. John at his usual work.
109
Isaac, Henderson, Martell,

Roderick, John, Baptiste
Laliberte, Henry Henderson
Alexis
Richard Henderson, Isaac

John, Alexis
John, Roderick, Martell,
Alexis
Roderick, Martell,
Chrysistone
Mr Spencer, John,
Chrysistone, Roderick,
Martell
Roderick, Martell
Christot Piche and two lads
BleirJacewt, little Baptiste

Mr Moberly
Martell, Roderick, John
Thomas Yerke, Martell,

Roderick, John
109
B.307/a/1
1878
10
05Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
06Mar
the Pierrie [?]
Lac de
Brochert
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
07Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
08Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
09Mar
10Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
11Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
10d
12Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11
13Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11
14Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11
15Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11
16Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11
17Mar
5 June 2014
Lac de
Brochert
Lake
Fort
Chipewyan
Island, Portage
la Loche
Weather overcast and to snow in the evening. Yerke resting. The rest
of the men employed as usual.
Weather still very cloudy. Thomas Yerke arranged his shed. Martell
cutting wood. Roderick haulin the same. John hauling hay from the
Prierrie.
Weather as yesterday. Martell and Thomas Yerke started early this
morning for fish from Lac de Brochert. Roderick hauling firewood. John
attending to the arrivals. Bte. Lavialitte arrived from Chripestone's camp
this evening where he has 1 Buck moose en chache for the fort.
Fine clear mild and thawing a great deal. Bte. Lavialitte started for home
this morning. Roderick repairing his sledges. John at his usual work.
M word of the other Indians as yet.
Weather as yesterday. Roderick hauling firewood. John at his usual
work.
Fine and very mild. Men doing nothing.
Fine weather still. Martell and Yerke arrived early this morning from Lac
de Brochert with 400 fish and started at Sunert [?] for the fur animals
Killed by Chrysostow. The other two men employed at various jobs
about the place.
Still thawing a great deal. Roderick and John working at various jobs. No
word of the Cree [Crees] or Chipewyans.
Weather as usual. Roderick hauling wood. John cutting for the new
field. Baptiste arrived from the lake this evening where he has a Buck
moose and a little dry meat and furs.
Weather the same. Martell and Yerke arrived this evening with the two
moose from Chripestone. John hauling out fence and pickets. Roderick
cutting wood.
A little cold blowing hard from the West. John + self started for
Baptiste's camp. The rest of the men employed in various ways. The
Packet from Chipewyan arrived this evening.
Weather very mild and still blowing from the same quarter. Martell
putting meat in the Ice celler. Yerke + Roderick hauling hay.
Very mild and thawing a great deal. SeapotahevaKennum + arrived
this morning. Pierre the first hunter also arrived from below the S
Island where he has chached three moose. Martelll + Yerke started about
mid-night with the Express for Portage la Lache.
110
Thomas Yerke
Thomas Yerke, Roderick,
John
Martell, Thomas Yerke,
Roderick, John, Bte.
Lavialitte, Chripestone
Baptiste Lavialitte, Roderick,
John
Roderick, John
Martell, Yerke, Chrysostow

Cree [Crees], Chipeywans,
Roderick, John
Roderick, John, Baptiste

Martell, Yerke, Chripestone,
John, Roderick
John, Baptiste,
Martell, Yerke, Roderick
SeapotahevaKennum, Pierre,
Martell, Yerke
110
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
18Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
19Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
20Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
21Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
22Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
B.307/a/1
1878
11d
B.307/a/1
1878
12
23Mar
24Mar
25Mar
Little Red
River
Chripestone's
camp (within
one day)
B.307/a/1
1878
12
26Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
12
27Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
12
28Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
12
29Mar
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
30Mar
31Mar
Chripestone's
camp (within
one day)
Weather as usual. John + Roderick started this evening for the three
moose Killed by Pierre. Nicolson hauling wood. The Cree [Crees] stll
here.
Very cloudy and mild. Nicolson cutting firewood for the Kitchen.
SeapotahevaKennum + boud [?] started for their hunting grounds.
Baptiste and family arrived with his fur hunt.
Raining very hard in the evening. Nicolson cutting wood and water for
the Kitchen.
Fine and calm, thawing a great deal. Fracois BehawlKeth who arrived
yesterday from Audu's camp started this morning for home. John and
Roderick arrived with the three moose killed by Pierre.
Weather as usual. Roderick and Nicolson carrying Potatoes from the hull
cellar to this . John busy at odds + ends about the place.
Fine and calm. Men employed variously about the place. Yerke and
Martell arrived from Portage La Lache with a few necessities and letters.
Weather still fine. Men doing nothing. First today.
Rained very hard this morning and blowing from the North. Roderick
and Nicolson putting . John and Yerke at arrivals jobs. Martell
employed in clearing up the stores. Chripestone and Baptiste Lavialitte
arrived from the little Red River where he has a moose meat. Adam,
Francois and Alexis arrived for a supply of ammunition.
Weather very cloudy and cold. Wind from the same quarter. Chripestone
and the other Chipewyans started this morning. John + Yerke started
with them for the moose and furs. The rest of the men variously
employed.
Clear and very mild, calm day. Martell and Roderick variously
employed. Nicolson employed in chopping cord wood along the middle
truck [track?].
Weather as yesterday. John + Yerke arrived late last night with the
moose from Chripestone's camp. Martell and Roderick squaring logs.
Nicolson as yesterday.
Fine clear and calm. Roderick and Martell squaring logs. Nicolson
chopping cord wood.
Fine weather still. Yerke and Martell squaring Boards. Roderick hauling
up with the DC [?]. John making a Harrow. Nicolson at his usual work.
111
John, Roderick, Pierre,

Nicolson, Cree [Crees]
Nicolson,
SeapotahevaKennum,
Baptiste and family
Nicolson
Francois BehawlKeth, John,
Roderick, Pierre
Roderick, Nicolson, John
Yerke, Martell
Roderick, Nicolson, John,

Yerke, Martell, Chripestone,
Baptiste Lavialitte, Adam,
Francois, Alexis
Chripestone, Chipewyans,
John, Yerke
Martell, Roderick, Nicolson
John, Yerke, Chripestone,
Martell, Roderick, Nicolson
Roderick, Martell, Nicolson
Yerke, Martell, John,
Nicolson
Weather still fine. Blowing hard from the West.
111
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
01-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
12d
02-Apr
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
04-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
12d
05-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
13
06-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
13
07-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
13
08-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
13
09-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
10-Apr
1878
13
13
B.307/a/1
1878
13d
12-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
13-Apr
1878
13d
13d
13d
B.307/a/1
1878
13d
16-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
13d
17-Apr
1878
5 June 2014
03-Apr
11-Apr
14-Apr
15-Apr
below
Fine and very calm. Martell + Yerke sawing. Nicolson chipping cord
wood. John finished his Harrow. Roderick variously employed.
Weather as yesterday. Roderick and Nicolson cleaning the Seed Potatoes.
Yerke and Martell same work. John cleaning up his Bepe[?].
Blowing very hard from the West. Men employed variously.
Fine clear and calm day. Yerke and Martell sawing. Nicolson chopping
cord wood. John and Roderick at odds and ends.
Weather overcast + blowing little from the South. Men employed as
yesterday.
Weather very cloudy, blowing hard from the West. Roderick and
Nicolson employed in clearing the ground behind the house. Martell and
Yerke carving boards for the roof of the store.
Raining most part of the day. Men off duty. Alexis the hunter camped
off.
Weather as yesterday. Nothing done on account of te rain. Lowsin + Jose
arrived from below for a supply of ammunition and expect that the River
is clear down there whereas the ice here has not shifted although it is
very week + may be expected to break at any time.
Snowing very hard in the morning and cleared upon the evening.
Roderick and Nicolson chopping cordwood. The other men employed
variously. Lowsin + Cewpawau started this morning for their camps.
Clear day. Wind from the west. Roderick and Nicolson as yesterday.
Martell clearing off the chips from front of his house. Yerke and John off
hunting in the evening without anything.
Snowing all day. Wind from the same quarter. Men employed variously.
Weather as yesterday. Roderick hauling wood. Martell + Nicolson busy
about the store.
Fine clear + calm. John + Yerke off hunting. Martell as yesterday.
Nicolson burning chips in front of the men's house. Roderick working
about the Kitchen.
Weather as yesterday. Men off duty.
Rained a little this morning. Men employed variously about the place.
Weather cloudy and rather cold. Nicolson and Yerke cleaning off chips
from front the men's house. Martell busy arranging things in the store.
Weather as yesteday. Martell off au w for the press. Roderick
cutting wood. Nicolson cleaning up the square of the fort. Yerke and
John off hunting.
112
Martell, Yerke, Nicolson,
John, Roderick
Roderick, Nicolson, Yerke,
Martell, John
Yerke, Martell, Nicolson,
John, Roderick
Roderick, Nicolson, Martell,

Yerke
Alexis
Lowsin, Jose
Roderick, Nicolson, Lowsin,
Cewpawau
Roderick, Nicolson, Martell,
Yerke, John
Roderick, Martell, Nicolson

John, Yerke, Martell,
Roderick
Nicolson, Yerke, Martell

Martell, Roderick, Nicolson,
Yerke, John
112
B.307/a/1
1878
13d
18-Apr
B.307/a/1
1878
14
19-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
1878
15d
15d
01-Oct
02-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
15d
03-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
15d
04-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
15d
05-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16
07-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16
08-Oct
1878
5 June 2014
06-Oct
Fine and calm. Ice + break up along the shore. Nicolson employed as
yeterday. Yerke hauling pickets with the ox. John fixing the pickets
around the garden. Martell squaring oars for the for the pe Roderick at
his usual work.
Weather as yesterday. John and Alexis started to hunt Beaver. The rest of
the men .
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
Cold clear weather. New fall Boat from Portage La Lache with 9 officers
arrived on the 29 + left on the 30th for Fort Chipewyan. Finished Hay
making this season 31st August. Roderick McAulay set 4 Nets + got
86 whitefish + 16 jackfish, first October thsi season. Martell + McDonald
with some Indian women taking up the last of the Potatoes. Now all
about 200 keg, but a good many got frozen. Nabeau arrived from the
Portage. Very last one on the ... down.
Fine calm mild weather. McDonald ploughing ground behind the new
house. Martell at sawing job. Angus McLeod assisting Roderick staying
+ cutting firewood. Self equipping Cree [Crees] who have been here
waiting for . The Old Cree [surname] made Roderick caught 230
white + 6 Jackfish.
Fine clear weather. McDonald ploughing ground about 1/2 mile back of
Fort. Martell making Floats for Nets. Roderick + McLeod as yesterday.
The rest of the Cree [Crees] pitched off after having equipped. They did
not get much debt .
Calm dull weather. Martell making Pack qa. Roderick as yesterday.
260 white + 6 Jackfish.
Weather as yesterday. McDonald finished ploughing. Martell making
Pack Qua Roderick got 220 fish today. McLeod at sawing job.
missing
Cloudy + Raining in the afternoon. Martell, McDonald + McLeod taking
all the Potatoes and of the Hall Cellar + spreading them on the Hall floor
+ workshop today + to the as a great many got frozen. Roderick at his
Nets caught 300 today.
Fine calm mild weather. Some Snow fell last night. Martell + McDonald
put up a new fish stage. Roderick at his Nets. McLeod at Sundry jobs.
113
Nicolson, Yerke, John,

Roderick, Martell
John, Alexis
Roderick McAulay, Martell,

McDonald, some Indian
women, Nabeau
McDonald, Martell, Angus

McLeod, Roderick, Cree
[surname], self, Roderick
McDonald, Martell,
Roderick, McLeod, Cree
[Crees]
Martell
McDonald, Martell,
Roderick, McLeod
Martell, McDonald, McLeod,

Roderick
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, McLeod
113
B.307/a/1
1878
16
09-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
16
10-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
16
11-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16
12-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
13-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
14-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
15-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
16-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
17-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
16d
18-Oct
5 June 2014
river fishery
site
Island
Raining all day. John McDonald with his family started for the lake to
make the fall fishery, having no other . McLeod + Martell went with
them to bring Back the Horses. Roderick at the Fishery only 160 Self
sorting Potatoes for the last three days. Put 50 Bushels in storageroom
Cellar + 4 Bushels in Kitchen Cellar.
Fine mild weather. Roderick at his Nets. The fish are failing already only
119 today. Self sorting Potatoes put 25 Kegs in Hall Cellar. Baptiste's
Wife + daughter arrived from the lake. Fish appear to be abundant this
year. This job hoped McDonald will make a good ...
Dull cloudy weather with East in the Evening. The Old Cree [surname] +
followers arrived with a few Beaver skins, etc. They left their camp at
noon. They came for a few more supplies. Martell + McLeod arrived
from the lake at dusk.
Cloudy weather + showery. Martell + McLeod sorting Potatoes. Put 4
Kegs in Hall Cellar. Roderick at his Nets but the fish has faded , only
30 today. Baptiste's wife + daughter started back to the lake. The Cree
[Crees] after getting a few supplies started off for their camp.
Weather cloudy + cold. Grand Dos, Chorrlot Piche, + all their followers
arrived for their supplies in 3 large canoes.
Weather very cold day. McLeod raking Potatoes. Roderick at Sundry
jobs. The River fishing as now at the End. Caught only a few for the
Dogs + for Rations. Self + Martell Equipping the Indians. They
brought about 200 lbs Dried Meat, 100 lbs Grease + a few Beaver skins.
McLeod had.
Showery weather + cold. McLeod finished the Potates. There are now
106 Bushels in Hall Cellar making in all 160 Bushels. Finished
Equipping the Pripenzans + . They started off all well pleased +
promising to do well this Winter, but none of these would hunt for the
Fort as they say moose are too scarce near here.
Fine calm clear weather, hard fresh casting wind. Martell + McLeod
cutting + hauling firewood. Roderick still attending to his Nets but got
very few fish.
Dull cloudy weather. Martell + McLeod mudding. Roderick as usual.
Only got 5 whitefish today. Self went to the Island for Axe handles.
Raining all day. Martell, McLeod + Roderick mudding chimneys. Self
visited the Nets but got only 4 fish.
114
John McDonald and family,

McLeod, Martell, Roderick,
self
Roderick, Baptiste's wife and

daughter, McDonald
Old Cree [surname] and

followers, Martell, McLeod
Martell, Roderick, Baptiste's
wife and daughter, Cree
[Crees]
Grand Dos, Chorrlot Piche
McLeod, Roderick, self,

Martell, Indians
McLeod, Pripenzans
Martell, McLeod, Roderick

Martell, McLeod, Roderick,
self
self
114
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
19-Oct
1878
16d
17
B.307/a/1
1878
17
21-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17
22-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17
23-Oct
20-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
17
24-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17
25-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17
26-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17
27-Oct
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
28-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
29-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
17d
30-Oct
1878
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
5 June 2014
31-Oct
01Nov
Lake
The Ground is covered with snow this morning + cold. Martell +

McLeod mudding Houses. Roderick took up the cast of his Nets as the
little river is freezing. Besides there are scarcely any fish to be caught.
Twaytum arrived. He is going to the lake on a visit to his L....
Entry missing
Cold clear Weather. The Geese have been passing in Gorge + Frequent
flocks since Sun. Baptiste ('s Son) arrived with a few skins to trade.
All the men mudding Houses.
Weather same as yesterday. All the men mudding as yesterday, finished
the dwelling Houses. Baptiste started to but met his Mother, sister +
brother + he came back to the They came here no doubt expecting to
be fed. Pierre, the scoundrel, cast away his wife + children took a young
wife.
Snowing a little with the fog. Twaytum came back from the lake, brought
Baptiste's Mrs. Started again for his camp in the Evening.
Cloudy Weather. A great deal of ice drifting. Old Cree [surname] arrived
from his camp, promised to hunt during winter. Baptiste + family, his
+ family, + John McDonald + family arrived from the lake. John made a
poor fishing, only 160 stayed. the lake is frozen ....
Cold cloudy weather. The River full of drift ice. Baptiste family +
followers + the Old Cree [surname] started for the Calfer's camp.
Martell, Angus + Roderick today + yesterday mudding + repairing roof
of Byre.
Cloudy + cold, a good [deal] of snow fell last night. John McDonald +
Angus McLeod cutting + hauling firewood.
Cold +cloudy. River fast somewhere above here. Mercredi arrived with a
few furs and they also made a poor fishery.
Raining all day. Martell repairing a shed. Roderick mending Nets +
getting ready for a start to the lake to fish. John McDonald repairing
Byre ground. Angus McLeod cutting + hauling firewood.
Calm clear weather. Roderick + Martell started for the lake. The former
to fish Nets + the latter to bring home fish. John McDonald attending to
the Ox + hauling hay. McLeod cutting + hauling firewood.
Blowing a Gale from the West + thawing heavy nearly all the snow
melted away. McDonald + McLeod as yesterday.
Calm mild weather. McDonald + McLeod at their usual work.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald making + doing for hauling
wood. McLeod hauling firewood, etc.
115

Twaytum
Baptiste
Baptiste, Baptiste mother,

sister and brother, Pierre
Twaytum, Baptiste
Old Cree [surname], Baptiste
and family, John McDonald
and family
Baptiste family and
followers, Old Cree
[surname], Calfer, Martell,
Angus, Roderick
John McDonald, Angus
McLeod
Mercredi Janvier
McDonald, Angus McLeod
Roderick, Martell, John
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
115
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
02Nov
03Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
17d
04Nov
Lake, Fort
Lake, PaulAlexis cache
Lake
Island, PaulAlexis cache
missing (Sunday)
Beautiful calm clear Weather. McDonald + Martell carrying wood shed
+ at sundry jobs. McLeod as usual. Self equipped Paul + Alexis. They
started off in the afternoon. They are engaged to hunt for the Fort.
Roderick came back from the lake, had to take up his Nets as the Ice is to
break. to hear news, there are no fish ....
Calm mild Weather. Martell + McLeod started with Horses for the dried
provisions put in cahche by Paul + Alexis. Baptiste arrived from the lake
for Powder. For Paul Martell having supply he got for hunting.
Carelessness. McDonald squared + hauled a Birch ... and sundry jobs.
Roderick cutting firewood for the Kitchen.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald making an ox shed. Roderick at
Sndry jobs.
Weather still very mild. The cattle broke some fences at Hay Stack.
McDonald went to fix same.
Beautiful calm mild weather. McDonald working at the ox shed.
Roderick + self cutting firewood on the Island.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald repairing fences at the Hay
stacks. The oxen having broken some down. Roderick + self as
yesterday. Martell + McLeod arrived but very light loads + the meat is
very poor + only half dried.
Island
missing (Sunday)
Calm mild weather. McDonald working at an ox shed. Roderick + self
cutting firewood on the Island. The others at sundry jobs.
B.307/a/1
1878
18
05Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18
06Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18
07Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18
08Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18
B.307/a/1
1878
18
B.307/a/1
1878
18
B.307/a/1
1878
18
11Nov
12Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
13Nov
little river,
island
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
14Nov
Island, little
river
5 June 2014
09Nov
10Nov
Weather still very mild, thawing. Martell came back from the lake no
fish as there is no more. McDonald squaring a log for wood shed +
attending to oxen. McLeod as usual. Paul + Alexis arrived. They have 6
Buffalo (dried meat) in Cache + 2 Buffalo fresh meat in their Cache.
Island
Dull mild weather. All hands as yesterday.

Beautiful calm clear Weather. McDonald + Martell squaring Birch for
sheds across the little River, brought home 3 Boards + left 3 more in the
Woods. Roderick, McLeod, and self cutting firewood on the Island.
Dull cloudy weather after a heavy shower of rain last night. Martell went
for 3 Birch Boards on the other side of the little River. Afterward he
repairing tools etc. McDonald, Roderick, McLeod, self cutting firewood
on the Island.
116
Martell, McDonald, McLeod,

Paul, Alexis
McDonald, Martell, McLeod,

self, Paul, Alexis, Roderick
Martell, McLeod, Paul,

Alexis, Paul, McDonald,
Roderick
McDonald, Roderick
McDonad
McDonald, Roderick, self
McDonald, Roderick, self,

Martell, McLeod
McDonald, Roderick, self
McDonald, Martell,
Roderick, McLeod, self
Martell, McDonald,
116

Calm clear Weather. Martell chopping + dressing Birch Boards for shed.
The others employed as yesterday.
Weather still fine. No appearance of snow. Martell + self turned a dog
sled. Roderick + McLeod hauling + cutting firewood for the Kitchen, etc.
15Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
16Nov
17Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
18Nov
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
19Nov
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
18d
20Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19
21Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19
22Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19
B.307/a/1
1878
19
23Nov
24Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19
25Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19
26Nov
River
B.307/a/1
1878
19
27Nov
River, Lake
5 June 2014
missing (Sunday)
Fine clear weather. Martell chopping + dressing Birch for a dog shed.
McDonald on an ox shed. Roderick + McLeod getting work for the
Kitchen + getting ready for a start to the lake.
Weather still mild + clear. Martell + self turned a dog sled. Roderick +
McLeod started for the lake to fish. Took off 2 dogs (following).
McDonald repairing fences at hay stack. The oxen are breaking down the
fences + destrorying the Hay.
Weather rather cloudy. Martell + McDonald turned another dog sled.
Afternoon McDonald cutting wood for the Kitchen.
Weather very Cloudy, but mild. Martell boarded a dog sled. McDonald
hauling + cutting firewood for the Kitchen + his won house.
Weather still cloudy, but no snow yet. Martell barred the other sled.
McDonald as yesterday. The Indians after being supplied with sundry
goods started off.
Weather same as yesterday. Martell still working at his dog sled.
McDonald employed as yesterday.
missing (Sunday)
Fine mild calm weather. Martell + John went for a Birch Log for dog
sleds, Axe handles + sled Bars. Baptiste + Twaytum arrived for
provisions. They are all starving at their camp. Gave them 15 lbs dried
meat, 1/2 keg Potatoes + 30 fish. They started back in the afternoon.
Weather cold but calm + clear. Martell + McDonald tried to saw the
branch they brought yesterday, but could not manage it. They say the
is too hard. In the Evening all the Cree [Crees] arrived across the River +
camped. 2 men canoe here for more gave them fish + Potatoes.
Weather as yesterday. Martell at sundry jobs. Martell hauling + cutting
firewood. The Cree [Crees] crossed + camped on this side. They are
going to the lake.
117
Martell
Martell, self, Roderick,
McLeod
McDonald, Roderick,
McLeod
Martell, Roderick, McLeod,

McDonald
Martell, McDonald
Martell, McDonald
Martell, McDonald, Indians

Martell, McDonald
Martell, John, Baptiste,

Twaytam
Martell, McDonald, Cree

[Crees]
Martell, Cree [Crees]
117
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
28Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
29Nov
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
30Nov
01Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
02Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
19d
03Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
20
04Dec
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
20
05Dec
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
20
06Dec
lower river
B.307/a/1
1878
20
B.307/a/1
1878
20
5 June 2014
07Dec
08Dec
Lake, the river
Lake
Lake
Cold clear calm weather. The river is fast below + above the Fort. The
Cree [Crees] gave in their furs, all Beaver + traded half + gave the other
half on account of their debts. Martell + John went to square Birch for 2
sleds but they only brought 3 Boards (1 shed) but they could not [get]
any more good Birch. The Cree [Crees] started for the lake in the
Evening.
Weather same as yesterday. Martell chopping + dressing Birch Boards
for a dog sled. McDonald at Sundry jobs.
Weather cloudy + mild. Martell + McDonald turned a dog sled. In the
Evening gettig firewood for . Roderick arrived from the lake. He is not
catching many fish only from 10 to 30 fish out of 10 Nets. Met the Cree
[Crees] close to the lake. No snow out that way. the lake is only frozed in
places ... in the .. places for setting Nets.
missing (Sunday)
At long last a little Snow fell this morning. Roderick started back to the
lake. He came for floats but when he saw the snow he left them to be
taken out by the Nets. Martell putting Laces on his sled + straightened
going towards for a door for the R at the lake. John McDonald hauling
+ cuttig firewood.
Clear mild weather. Left Martell taking account of the Furs at hand +
cleaning up the store as yesterday. . 344 Large Prime Beaver, 174
small Pr. Do., 15 Large Prime Balck Bear, 14 mid + com 6 Prime
Mink, 1 Lynx, 6 Prime Skins, 2 Com. Do.
Fine Mild Weather. Self + Martell started for the lake with 2 trains for
fish. John McDonald hauling wood + Hay.
Cold calm Weather. Self + Martell returned from the lake with 90 fish
which was all informed there. Roderick is not catching many. I feard we
will not got much help in the way of from this year. All the Cree
[Crees] are done all hunting Beaver.
Cloudy cold weather. McDonald employed as yesterday. Martell
repairing chimney of room + caught me near the roof whole we are at
the lake. Blend Jacquot + family arrived from below, starting, he
brought 10 Beaver skins, 1 fisher + 1 Mink.
Snowing a little in the Morning. McDonald repairing an ox sled. Martell
comd. to a Sled + cutting firewood.
118
Cree [Crees], Martell, John

Martell, McDonald
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, Cree [Crees]
Roderick, Martell, John

McDonald
Martell
self, Martell, John McDonald
self, Martell, Roderick, Cree

[Crees]
McDonald, Martell, Blend

Jacquot and family
McDonald, Martell
missing (Sunday)
118
B.307/a/1
1878
20
09Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
20
10Dec
Island
B.307/a/1
1878
20
11Dec
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
12Dec
Lake
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
13Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
14Dec
15Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
16Dec
Island
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
17Dec
Island
B.307/a/1
1878
20d
18Dec
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1878
1878
5 June 2014
21
21
19Dec
Island, Portage
la Loche
20Dec
Fort
Chipewyan
Cloudy weather. A little snow fell in the Evening. McDonald attending to

the Cattle. The Cold weather sent them home let last. Martell B a sled,
etc.
Very cloudy + cold. McDonald attending to the Cattle + cutting firewood
for the , etc. Martell hauling firewood from the Island with 2 ox sleds.
Cold clear weather. McDonald employed as yesterday. Martell started for
the lake in chance of getting a load of Fish.
Cold calm weather. McDonald attending to the Cattle Hay. Martell +
no Fishermen came back from the lake. The latter could not catch enough
fish to keep themselves. This is bad news as we have besides Potatoes
else to eat. The Cree [Crees] pitched off from the lake starving.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald at his usual work. Martell + the
Men not doing much today.
Blowing + drifting all day. McDonald as usual. Martell clearing up the
shop + hauling wood for himself with dogs. McLeod + Roderick hauling
firewood. This one fell on the ice hurt himself badly.
missing (Sunday)
This is the coldest day get this winter. Some of the Potatoes got frozen in
the Hall Cellar. Roderick put 10 Bushels with cellar. Supplied
McDonald + Martell with 5 . Martell hauling firewood with 2 oxen.
McDonald hauled load of Barley from the Island .... McLeod cutting
wood for the Kitchen. Old Lacquash came back from his Beaver hunt
without any success....
Cold with a ot of wind. McDonald at his usual employment. Martell
hauling firewood from the Island. Roderick mudding the Hall Cellar.
McLeod cutting meat, etc. for the Kitchen + House.
Weather calm. McLeod as yesterday. The men employed as yesterday
except Roderick cutting wood.
Fine mild weather. McDonald attending to the Cattle. Martell hauling the
wood from the Island. Roderick cutting same for Cordwood. McLeod at
sundry jobs. Paul Fontaine + Jolebois(Portage Indian arrived this
afternoon with the Packet from Portage la Lache. They were 4 days
coming down apart doing little down between this + the Portage.
Weather same as yesterday. Paul Fontaine + John McDonald started with
the Packet about noon for Fort Chipewyan. They are provisioned for 6
days. Roderick + Martell at sundry jobs + getting ready for a trip.
McLeod attending to the Oxen has taken McDonald's place till he
119
McDonald, Martell
McDonald, Martel
McDonald, Martell
McDonald, Martell, Cree

[Crees]
McDonald, Martell
McDonald, Martell, McLeod,
Roderick
Roderick, McDonald,
Martell, McLeod, Old
Lacquash
McDonald, Martell,
Roderick, McLeod
McLeod, Roderick
McDonald, Martell,
Roderick, McLeod, Paul
Fontaine, Jolebois
Paul Fontaine, John
McDonald, Roderick,
Martell, McLeod
119
120
returns.
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21
21Dec
22Dec
23Dec
24Dec
25Dec
26Dec
Jackfish Lake,
Portage

Jolebois, Lacquot and family
missing (Sunday)
Jackfish Lake
Mild cloudy weather. McLeod attending to te oxen, etc.
McLeod
missing
Cloudy snow. Xmas day. Martell + Roderick arrived from Jackfish
Lake with 145 Fish on each sled--290-- McLeod at his usual work.
Martell, Roderick, McLeod
Snowing a little all day. Roderick + Martell having a spell after new trip.
Still snowing a little. Roderick + Martell started again for fish. McLeod
at his usual work.
B.307/a/1
1878
21
B.307/a/1
1878
21d
B.307/a/1
1878
21d
27Dec
28Dec
29Dec
B.307/a/1
1878
21d
30Dec
Island
B.307/a/1
1878
21d
31Dec
Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
21d
01-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
21d
02-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
21d
03-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
21d
04-Jan
5 June 2014
Weather continous cold + calm. Martell + Roderick started this morning

for Jackfish Lake for Fish. McLeod as yesterday. Joleboisstarted for the
Portage + Lacquot (his brother) with his family started after him to go to
the Portage.
Roderick, Martell
Roderick, Martell, McLeod
missing
missing
Weather very cold + Blowing a Breeze. McLeod attending to the cattle +
hauled 2 loads wood from the Island.
Weather fearfully cold. Roderick + Martell arrived, brought 296
whitefish, 4 Jackfish + 18 salt ducks between them. McLeod attending to
the Cattle and cutting wood.
New year's day. The coldest yet this winter. Old Cree [surname] +
Twaytam arrived at noon for some supplies. They did not kill any Moose
since they left here. They are being on Beaver. Gave them supplies and
started back tonight.
Weather very cold + calm. Martell repairing a god sled. Roderick hauling
length wood. McLeod attending to the .
Weather rather mild. Martell employed as yesterday. Roderick hauling +
cutting firewood. McLeod as usual.
Weather mild + calm. Martell at Sundry jobs. Roderick + McLeod as
yesterday. Chripestone + Cyprecain arrived for supplies of Tea, etc,
report Moose fearfully scarce. The former has 4 Deer in Cache but .
McLeod
Old Cree [surname],

Twaytam
Martell, Roderick, McLeoad
Roderick, McLeod,
Chripestone, Cyprecain
120

B.307/a/1
1879
21d
05-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
21d
06-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
22
22
07-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
08-Jan
09-Jan
Lake,
"Waskahagan
Supee"
22
22
22
10-Jan
Portage la
Loche, Fish
cache
22
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
22
22
13-Jan
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
22
15-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
16-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
17-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
18-Jan
1879
1879
5 June 2014
11-Jan
12-Jan
14-Jan
Island
Island
Island,
Jackfish Lake
Jackfish Lake
Fine Mild Weather. Chriperstone + Cyprecain started back.

Weather same as yesterday. Martell hauling length wood. Roderick
picking out frozen Potatoes in Hall + Kitchen Cellars. McLeod attending
to the P, etc.
Fine mild weather. Roderick hauling firewood. Martell at Sundry jobs.
McLeod as usual attending to the Cattle.
Snowing lightly all day. The men employed as yesterday.
Weather cloudy + threatening snow. Roderick + Martell getting ready
sled, etc. for a trip. The Packet Beavers + Dogs resting after the trip.
Lake with fog. Baptiste (Pierre's son) arrived from the Hunters, he was 3
days on the way. The Hunters are at "Waskahagan Supee." They have 1
moose in cache. The distination is too great to send for 1 animal.
Weather cloudy. The Packet started early this morning for P. la Loche.
Roderick goes on to the Portage with Paul Fontaine + may bring back a
load of fish from that place. Martell accompanied them as far as the Fish
Cache, from where he will return with a load of fish. John McDonald
returned to his old work (attending to the Cattle). McLeod hauling
firewood.
Cold calm weather. McDonald + McLeod as yesterday.
missing (Sunday)
Weather very cold. McDonald attending to the Cattle. McLeod hauling
length wood from the Island + cutting firewood for the Kitchen.
Weather still very cold. McDonald + McLeod as yesterday.
Weather fearfully cold. McDonald + McLeod as yesterday. Martell
arrived from Jackfish Lake, brought 144 fish.
Weather very cold. McDonald attending to the Cattle. McLeod hauling
firewood from the Island + cutting some for the Kitchen. Martell taking
his usual spell after his trip.
Cold windy weather. Having snow storm last night. McDonald +
McLeod as yesterday. Martell started at daylight for Jackfish Lake for
fish.
Snowing all day. McDonald + McLeod at their usual work. Two of
Pierre's children arrived at night from the Hunters camp, having been
sent off, no doubt being a great burden on them. The old woman with the
rest of the children camped shortly. They are of course starving + now
they come here to be abandoned away.
121
Chripestone, Cyprecain

Roderick, Martell, Baptiste,

Pierre, hunters
Roderick, Paul Fontaine,

Martell, John McDonald,
McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, Martell, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod, Martell

McDonald, McLeod, Martell
McDonald, McLeod, Pierre's

children, old woman
121
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
19-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
20-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
22d
22d
21-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
23-Jan
1879
23
23
23
B.307/a/1
1879
23
26-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
23
27-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
23
28-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
23
29-Jan
1879
1879
22-Jan
24-Jan
25-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
23
30-Jan
B.307/a/1
1879
23
31-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
23d
01-Feb
1879
5 June 2014
Whitefish
Lake, Portage
la Biche
02-Feb
Cree
[surname]
camp
Cold clear weather. Martell + Roderick arrived, brought here between

them 322 whitefish. La Prize + son from whitefish Lake & Mercredi +
Lazare Monguin accompanied Roderick from Portage la Biche. Mercredi
had some furs to pay for his own + his father's debts.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald + McLeod at their usual work.
Roderick + Martell takig spell after their trip. Self settled with the La
Prize for his fish + traded some furs from himself + son. Jerbointh, the
other Chipewyan.
Clear cold weather. All the Chipewyans started off this morning.
McDonald hauling Hay + attending the oxen. Martell, Roderick +
McLeod cutting Lengthwood on the Island.
Weather same as yesterday. All the men employed as yesterday.
Snowing all day. Martell + Roderick started for Fish. McDonald +
McLeod at their usual work.
missing
missing
Cold clear weather. Martell + Roderick arrived with 780 fish on each
sled. David Gallena arrived from Charlot Picke's camp. They have 1
Buffalo Bull, 1 doe Moose + 1 in cache for us.
Weather cloudy + rather cold. Martell + Roderick taking their usual spell
after their trip. McDonald + McLeod at their usual employment.
Fine clear weather. Martell + Roderick started for meat. McDonald
+McLeod as usual. Pichegan arrived from their camp for some supplies.
They have no meat at their camp.
Beautiful clear weather. Pichegan started back + Pierre's family started
with him (a good excuse). McDonald + McLeod as usual.
Fine clear weather. McDonald started last night for the Cree [surname]
camp for + come back accompanied by Baptiste. The latter came for
quest for himself + family as they are starving. The whole Band of Cree
[Crees] will before tomorrow. They are all starving + will make a ... in
some small stock of fish. McLeod attending to the same + hauling
firewood.
Weather cloudy + rather cold. The whole Band of Cree [Crees] arrived,
starving + making a greatly for help. Gave them fish + Potatoes.
Fine clear + mild weather. McDonald attending to the Cattle. McLeod
hauling firewood, etc. Indians + begging about the foods.
missing (Sunday)
122
Martell, Roderick, La Prize

and son, Mercredi, Lazare
Monguin, Mercredi's father
McDonald, McLeod,
Roderick, Martell, self, La
Prize and his son, Jerbointh,
Chipewyan
Chipewyans, McDonald,
Martell, Roderick
Martell, Roderick,
McDonald, McLeod
Martell, Roderick, David

Gallena, Charlot Picke
Martell, Roderick,
McDonald, McLeod
Martell, Roderick,
McDonald, McLeod,
Pichegan
Pichegan, Pierre's family,
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, Cree [surname],

Baptiste and family, whote
band of Cree [Crees],
McLeod
Crees
McDonald, McLeod
122
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
16-Feb
Weather still mild. Thwaing about noon. McDonald + McLeod as usual.

Baptiste + family started for the lake. Glad to see them off.
Weather same as yesterday. McDonald + McLeod as usual. 2
Chipewyans arrived from Charlot Picke's camp for a few supplies. Left
over sled at noon. Sled arrived late at night. Martell brought 400 lbs +
Roderick 376 lbs trade .
Weather continuous mild. All hands cutting longthwood near the little
River. The Cree [Crees] pitched off. Baptiste came back for . They
have been starving since they left on Monday. Went off again with some
meat + Potatoes.
Bowing + rather Cold. Martell + Roderick started for fish. McDonald
repairing a wood sled + attending to the Cattle. McLeod hauling wood,
etc.
Cloudy + cold. Men employed as yesterday.
missing
Weather very cold + Blowing. Martell + Roderick arrived with fish.
Roderick 170, Martell 190=sled.
Weather very cold. McDonald + McLeod as usual. Martell + Roderick
taking their usual spell. The Dogs are getting fearfully poor.
McDonald attending to the cattle, etc. McLeod hauling firewood from
near the little River. Martell + Roderick started for the lust of Jackfish
Lake fish.
Weather clear + mild. McDonald + McLeod as usual.
missing
Weather cold + clear. The ... arrived with 150 fish on each sled. This is
the last of Jackfish Lake fish. McDonald + McLeod at their usual work.
Weather same as yesterday. Martell + Roderick at Sundry jobs. The other
men accompanied the Packet arrived this brought by Mr Laliberte + 2
men.
missing
17-Feb
Weather fearfully cold + Blowing. Martell + a Chipewyan started this

morning for Ft. Chipewyan with the Packet. Martell took off 7 dogs.
Some to be left . Mr Laliberte + Loa with 2 trains started back for
P.L.L. accompanied by Roderick who is going there for a load of fish.
McDonald attending to the Cattle. McLeod hauling firewood. The Old
Cree [surname] arrived on a begging .... gave him a little meat + fish to
be turned back to his camp. These Cree [Crees] be at all past experience.
They came of f... themselves but ....
03-Feb
Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
04-Feb
Charlot
Picke's camp
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
05-Feb
Little River
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
06-Feb
1879
23d
23d
23d
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
09-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
23d
10-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
11-Feb
1879
24
24
24
B.307/a/1
1879
24
14-Feb
Jackfish Lake
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
24
24
15-Feb
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
1879
1879
5 June 2014
24
07-Feb
08-Feb
Jackfish Lake
12-Feb
13-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
123
McDonald, McLeod, Baptiste
and family
McDonald, McLeod,
Chipewyans, Charlog Picke,
Martell, Roderick
Cree [Crees], Baptiste

Martell, Roderick,
McDonald, McLeod
Martell, Roderick
McDonald, McLeod, Martell,
Roderick
McDonald, McLeod, Martell,
Roderick
McDonald, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod
Martell, Roderick, Mr
Laliberte
Martell, Chipewyan, Mr
Laliberte, Old Cree
[surname], Cree [Crees],
McLeod, Roderick
123
B.307/a/1
1879
24
18-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
24d
19-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
24d
20-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
24d
21-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
24d
24d
22-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
24d
23-Feb
24-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
24d
25-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
25
26-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
25
27-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
25
28-Feb
B.307/a/1
1879
25
01Mar
5 June 2014
Lake
Lake, Portage
la Loche,
Buffalo Lake
Swan Lake,
Portage la
Loche
Fine clear mild weather. McDonald + McLeod employed as usual. The

whole Band of Cree [Crees] arrived starving of .
Fine mild weather. McDonald cutting wood. McLeod hauling same. The
Cree [Crees] going about the houses begging at night. Baptiste arrived
from the lake and begging trip, says he left his wife + daughter at the
lake starving + himself looks as of he did not eat much for some time
back. Gave him a supply of Potatoes. Fed + a piece of meat.
Cold cloudy weather, snowing with fog. McDonald hauling Hay, etc.
McLeod hauling wood. The Indians going about begging. They are a
drag on small stock. The old man went off to hunt. It is to be he will
kill an animal.
Blowing + snowing all day + very Cold. McDonald + McLeod cutting
ice. I am now sick tired of the Indians begging all day.
Weather cold. McDonald + McLeod employed as usual. The Indians still
here .
missing
Weather fearfully cold. McDonald hauling Hay. McLeod hauling
firewood. The Old Cree [surname] came brought from his hunt
Beaver. No word of Roderick get. He has abound trip the Moose. Sent
off Pechegan yesterday to hunt here but the lazy begger did not go for. he
turned back soon.
Cold clear weather. McDonald + McLeod cutting + hauling firewood.
The Old Cree [surname] started on and Pierre + wife started for the
lake. The others are Roderick arrived with only 57 fish he left 140 at
Lower Lake, an Indian came that far with him from the Portage. He had
no track from same Lake + his dog was used up. The Portage Indians are
fishing at Buffalo Lake + are getting a good many.
Weather cold + cloudy + snowing at night. Roderick + John cutting
wood. McLeod hauling same. The Indians still here going about begging.
Clear cold weather. John hauling Hay. Roderick + self cutting firewood.
McLeod hauling same.
Weather cold + Blowing. Roderick started for Swan Lake for the balance
of P.Loche fish. McLeod hauling ice.
The mild weather. McDonald + self cutting Lengthwood. McLeod
hauling same.
124
McDonald, McLeod, whole
band of Cree [Crees]
McDonald, McLeod, Cree

[Crees], Baptiste, Baptiste
wife and daughter
McDonald, McLeod, Indians

McDonald, McLeod, self,
Indians
McDonald, McLeod, Indians
McDonald, McLeod, Old

Cree [surname], Roderick,
Pechegan
McDonald, McLeod, Old

Cree [surname], Pierre and
wife, Roderick, Portage
Indian
Roderick, John, McLeod,
Indians
John, Roderick, self, McLeod
Roderick, McLeod
McDonald, self, McLeod
124
B.307/a/1
1879
25
02Mar
Fort
Chipewyan,
Driftwood
River, Main
River
B.307/a/1
1879
25
03Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
25d
04Mar
Fort
Chipewyan,
Driftwood
River
B.307/a/1
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
05Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
06Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
B.307/a/1
1879
25d
5 June 2014
07Mar
08Mar
09Mar
10Mar
11Mar
Lake
Mild + clear all day. The Indian who went to Ft Chipewyan with Martell
with the Packet arrived this Evening. He left Martell sick at Chripestone's
House. They cached the packet at Driftwood River, could not find their
way by that river. The whole of Dogs (7) are dead + they starved coming
back having only the flesh of one dog for their gain from where they took
the packet. They acted bad in gut going to Ft Chipewyan by the Main
River. This delay will cause ....
Weather cloudy + rather cold. McDonald attending to the cattle + getting
ready to go to Fort Chipewyan. McLeod hauling firewood. Roderick
only 70 fish. The broke the Cache + took off 60 fish. This is a
misfortune as our stock of . Sent off a Canoe this morning to meet
Martell + take some ... to him.
Fine mild weather + Blowing from the south. Roderick hauling firewood.
McLeod hauling Hay + attending to the Cattle. John McDonald + the
Indian who went with the Packet started this morning for Fort
Chipewyan to tell Mr. McFarlane about the Packet left at Driftwood
River. They haul their provision + Blankets on a small hand sled. Martell
is very unwell.
Fine calm clear mild weather. Roderick thrashing wheat. There is about
1/2 keg. McLeod attending to the cattle. Martell still sick. Jack Pierre +
Pecheygen started off at last. They are going to the lake. The old man
arrived. Killed a moose but is keeping it for himself.
Blowing nearly all day. Roderick thrashing Barley. McLeod attending to
the Cattle. The Old Cree [surname] started back taking his old wife with
him. 2 wolves tore badly + hurt, killed one of Roderick's dogs. Got hold
of him about 100 yards from the House. I went after them + wounded
one of them.
Snowing + Blowing all day. Roderick hauling firewood which is now
very scarce. McLeod attending to the Cattle. Martell sick.
125
Indian, Martell, Chripestone
McDonald, McLeod,
Roderick, Martell
Roderick, McLeod, John

McDonald, Indian, Mr
McFarlane, Martell
Roderick, McLeod, Martell,
Jack Pierre, Pechygen, Old
Man
Roderick, McLeod, Old Cree

[surname]
Roderick, McLeod, Martell
Weather cloudy + Blowing. Roderick + McLeod employed as yesterday.
Roderick, McLeod
missing
Fine clear weather. Roderick cutting Lengthwood at the little River.
McLeod attending to the Cattle. Martell sick. Pierre's old wife started off
with 2 of her children bearing 3 more fed on the P.
Roderick, McLeod, Martell's

old wife and children
Clear cold weather. Men employed as yesterday.
125
B.307/a/1
1879
26
12Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26
13Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26
14Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26
15Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26
16Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26d
17Mar
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
26d
26d
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
5 June 2014
26d
Fort
Chipewyan
18Mar
Portage la
Loche
25Mar
Portage la
Loche, Swan
Lake
blowing + snowing in the afternoon. Roderick thrashing the last of the

Barley. This will be about 7 Bushels when cleaned. McLeod attending to
the. Martell splitting Poplar for garden Pickets. Pierre's old wife who
came back last night started off with all her children. a good riddance.
Cold + windy day. Martell squaring posts for garden Pickets. Roderick
cutting firewood. McLeod as usual. After dark Pierre's whole family
came back again. Everytime sent them away would have nothing to do
with them + nowhere come here again to keep them from starving.
Calm clear cold weather. Martell + Roderick cutting + hauling firewood.
McLeod as usual. Fish is all done now. We have nothing but a little
Barley + Potatoes to live. Our no prospects of getting anything better.
Fine cold mild weather. Roderick hauling firewood. Martell went off to
hunt but Killed nothing. On his Extreme killed a dog belonging to John
McDonald. He is already out of Potatoes although he got 3 Kegs on the
1st Last month. McLeod attending to the Cattle, etc as usual. Pierre,
Pechygen + their families came back again. Starving worse than us. The
former can hardly walk. he is so much reduced and to keep them from
digging at the Fort, must give them some of what we have which is not
much now.
Weather same as yesterday. John McDonald + the Chipewyan returned
from Fort Chipewyan, brought a train of + sleds loaded with for
this place and a Packet to be provided to Protage la Lache. Fort
Chipewyan men found the Packet left by Martell + took it to Fort
Chipewyan and all safe.
Cold clear weather. Martell + Roderick cutting + hauling firewood. John
McDonald taking rest after this trip.
Fine clear weather. Mr McAulay, John McDonald + the Portage Indian
started with the Packet + 2 trains Dog for Portage La Lache, leaving
Roderick McAulay in charge.
entry from March 19 through 24 missing
Thawing all day + during the past 3 days. During the past week Roderick
+ Martell employed getting firewood + cutting + hauling garden Pickets.
McLeod attending to the oxen. Mr McAulay + McDonald returned from
the Portage with 190 whitefish Lfet about 300 fish in cache at Swan Lake
put thereby La Prize.
126

Pierre's old wife and children

Pierre's family

McDonald, McLeod, Pierre
and family, Pechygen and
family,
John McDonald, Chipewyan,

Martell
McDonald
Mr McAulay, John
McDonald, Portage Indian,
Roderick
Roderick, Martell, McLeod,

Mr McAulay, McDonald, La
Prize
126
B.307/a/1
1879
26d
26Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26d
27Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
26d
28Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
27
29Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
27
30Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
27
31Mar
B.307/a/1
1879
27
01-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
27
02-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
27
03-Apr
5 June 2014
Swan Lake
Little River
Little River
Little River,
Plains
Soft cloudy weather + raining at intervals. John McDonald + Roderick

getting ready to get for Dried meat to the Hunter's camp, who came to
the Fort last week for the first time since last fall. Martell squaring Posts
for garden Pickets. McLeod as usual. La Prize came for Payment for the
fish delivered at Swan Lake. Jose, Cowie, Grand ... sons + his son in law
arrived for ammunition, etc. ... 3 days coming they made a pretty fair
winter Beaver hunt.
Weather still very soft. John McDonald + Roderick started with 2 sleds
for the dried meat at the Hunter's camp. Grand Joses comes after having
supplied with their wants as far as possible. It started back for camp.
Thawing all day + last night. Martell squaring for garden pickets.
McLeod attending to the oxen + at Sundry jobs.
Weather rather frosty + cloudy. Martell cut + hauled 2 loads firewood
from little River. McLeod employed as usual.
Weather same as yesterday. Francois (foot) + Cyprecain (Chipewyan)
arrived for ammunition. They are now separated from the Pi they
killed 2 moose + a few deer . They started back in the Evening.
Fine clear mild weather. Martell cutting lengthwood at the Little river.
McLeod hauling out garden pickets, posts, etc. Pierre (Baptiste brother)
+ family arrived from the lake starving by his men account + no doubt
expect to be fed here again another while, say, his brother + family will
be here today or two who is in the same plight as himself. I am really
sick of seeing those winter starving Cree [Crees]. I gave out the last of
the fish. ... will live nothing but Potatoes till the sleds return and get these
Cree [Crees] expect as to feed them without ....
Beautifu mild weather. Martell hauled one trip of wood from the Little
River. The Plains is clear of snow in most places. McLeod employed as
yesterday, finished handing out Pat Cabliage sleds in Boards today
Clear mild weather. As there is nothing for rations today, the men are out
making the The sled arrived with 500 lbs in all, of half dried meat.
They threw away about 150 lbs as there snow. The dogs were hawling
and are mad + the 500 lbs is all weight of what the Hunters call 11
moose.
Weather same as yesterday. The dog doing . Martell at sundry jobs.
McLeod the same. The Hunters arrived.
127
John McDonald, Roderick,

Martell, McLeod, La Prize,
Jose, Cowie,
John McDonald, Roderick,
Grand Joses
Martell, McLeod
Martell, McLeod
Francois, Cyprecain
Martell, McLeod, Pierre

(Baptiste brother) and family,
Pierre and family, Cree
[Crees]
Martell, McLeod
Martell, McLeod
127
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
04-Apr
Plains
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
05-Apr
Island
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
06-Apr
Big Hay Plain
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
07-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
08-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
27d
27d
09-Apr
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
28
11-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28
12-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28
13-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28
14-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28
15-Apr
5 June 2014
10-Apr
Island
Beautiful mild weather. Settled with the Hunters for Dried meat, etc.
Martell, McDonald + Roderick squaring building Logs for a stable.
McLeod went for oxen to the plains at Sundry jobs. Francois BehalKa
arrived for ammunition, etc.
Weather as yesterday. The Men employed as yesterday till noon.
Afternoon all hands worked to the Island for the Mower. The Hunters +
Baptiste the Cree [Crees] started for the lake last night. Pierre who has
been living with + care for by this old wife since he came here last
started for his young wife, casting off his family again. He is a heartless
dog + deserves no pitty. his family started down the River to go alive
with the Chipewyans.
Fine mild weather wind South. The Old Cree [surname], his brother
Pierre, Twaytam + Pechygen with their families arrived. Camped at the
Big Hay Plain. Saw the first goose of the season today.
Beautiful mild weather. Ice looking bad. Martell, McDonald + Roderick
squaring wood for Horse stable. McLeod hauling same.
Weather same as yesterday forenoon + in the afternoon (raining in the
morning). John brought a Horse to be on hand to gather the oxen when
the ice starts if . Men employed as yesterday.
Fine clear weather + mild. Martell, McDonald + Roderick commenced to
build a new Horse stable. McLeod hauling up same.
Beautiful weather. Men employed at the stable.
Fine clear warm weather. This being Good Friday the men are not
employed. McDonald went off on a Beaver hunting, but no luck.
This is the warmest day this spring. Ice breaking bad. Men employed at
the stable.
Fine clear warm weather. Wind South. The River broke up this morning
at 8 o'clock. The ice travelled till noon. It did not move again all day.
Several flocks of Geese flew past today but too high to shoot.
Blowing a breeze from the South. The ice started about night + soon after
the water fall leaving immense quantities along shore on both sides of the
River, and in the between the Island + main land, it is piled high stack
appearance with not be done for a month. Martell, McDonald + Roderick
working at the Stable. McLeod hauling posts for new Garden fences.
Blowing a Gale all day. Martell + Roderick started with 2 Horses for the
lake to bring home the Nets, etc. John went off to a Beaver hunt work at
the Stable stopped for want of gent.
128
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, Francois Behalka,
McLeod
Baptiste, Cree [Crees], Pierre

and his family, Pierre's young
wife and old wife,
Chipewyans
Old Cree [surname], Pierre,
Twaytam, Pechygen,
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, McLeod
John
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, McLeod
Martell, McDonald,
Roderick, McLeod
128
Fort Cree,
Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
28
16-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28
17-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
18-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
19-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
20-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
21-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
22-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
23-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
28d
29
24-Apr
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
29
26-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
29
27-Apr
Vermilion
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
28-Apr
Stoney Island,
lower stream
B.307/a/1
1879
5 June 2014
29
clear River
25-Apr
Weather cloudy + blowing. John came back this morning without any
good luck. He started again in the afternoon with his family Martell's
family for the old Fort Cree where they are to remain for a few days if
there are any Beaver. Martell + Roderick came back with the Nets from
the lake.
Snowing in the forenoon. Clear in the Evening. Martell + Roderick went
off to join the party to hunt this evening. McLeod
Windy cloudy weather. McLeod employed as yesterday. Got the first
Goose today from Friday hunt.
Windy showery weather. Martell + Roderick came. The latter has tried
enough of hunting cant make a living a bit. Martell goes back tomorrow.
John killed 1 Beaver. The others a few partridges that is all their hunt.
Weather cloudy + cold. John + Martell came to the Fort for Potatoes.
They cannot kill enough to keep themselves alive.
Warm day. Wind south. Roderick + self cutting Fencing for new
Gardens. McLeod hauling same. Rodrick set 2 Nets in the Log in clear
River but could not get a good place to set them in.
Beautiful weather. Roderick visited his Net this morning, found only 1
Pick. Afterwards cutting fences. McLeod hauling same. Roderick cut
Log. Paul came with a few Beaver Skins to trade.
Blowing a breeze all day. Could not visit the Net this morning owing to
floating ice. McLeod at Sundry jobs. Twaytam brought half Beaver
today.
Showery weather. Roderick + McLeod repairing Garden Pickets.
Roderick set a Net this evening + self look up another.
missing
Heavy showers of Hail. Roderick taking bark of Garden Pickets. McLeod
grubbing ground in new Garden. Baptiste + Alexis started down the
River. The former is going to Vermilion. Charlot Picke arrived for
ammunition.
Bameaur arrived from Portage la Loche on his way to Fort Chipewyan.
Gave us 1 Beaver.
Fine clear Weather. Roderick sqaring Posts for Garden Pickets. McLeod
Barking Pickets. Self Pickets. Martell came for Tea + Tobacco. They
are camped at Stoney Island. Old Cree [surname] + Paul started down the
River to hunt.
129
John and family, Martell and

family, Roderick
McLeod

John, Martell
Roderick, self, McLeod
Roderick, McLeod, Paul

McLeod, Twaytam
Roderick, McLeod, Baptiste,

Alexis, Charlot Picke.
Bameaur
Roderick, McLeod, self,
Martell, Old Cree [surname],
Paul
129
B.307/a/1
1879
29
29-Apr
B.307/a/1
1879
29
30-Apr
01May
Little Red
River
29
06May
Little Red
River
1879
29d
07May
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
08May
Island
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
09May
Island
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
10May
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
11May
12May
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
13May
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
B.307/a/1
1879
29d
14May
15May
B.307/a/1
1879
30
16May
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
29
29
B.307/a/1
1879
B.307/a/1
5 June 2014
Little Red
River
Little Red
River
Fine clear warm weather. Got 3 suckers in the Nets this Morning. Self +
2 men putting Garden Pickets. Martell started back this morning.
Beautiful clear weather. Roderick caught 11 fish this morning suckers,
Jackfish + Perch. Men employed at Garden Pickets.
Fine clear weather. Self + Angus McLeod started for Little Red River to
collect the Chipewayn's hunts. Roderick putting up new Garden Pickets.
entry from 2-May to 5-May missing
Blowing a strong Breeze from the south. Arrived from Little Red River
with 5 Canoes loaded with furs, etc. Settled with the Chipewyans for the
trip up + gave advances to some of them. They started back for camp.
John McDonald with his + Martell's families arrived yeterday.
Fine clear mild weather. Roderick + McLeod cutting Potatoes. Martell
squaring Posts + Bars for Garden Gate. McDonald crossed the Plough +
Horses + at others sundry jobs.
Weather very warm. All hands on the Island ploughing Potatoes +
sowing wheat. The former 43 Bushels + the latter 1 Bushel.
Weather same as yesterday. Men employed as yesterday. F planting
Potatoes on the Island. 10 Bushels in all.
Cloudy in the forenoon, raining in the afternoon. McDonald + Roderick
Planting + grubbing new ground behind men's Houses. McLeod cutting
Potatoes. Martell making a Gate for Garden. Jose Gd. Jose arrived from
Little Red River with his spring hunt, nearly paid his debt + took first
debt for 60 MB.
Snowing all day. Jose Grand Jose started back to Little Red River this
morning.
130
self, Martell
Roderick
self, Angus McLeod,
Chipewyans, Roderick
Chipewyans, McDonald and

family, Martell and family
McDonald
McDonald, Roderick,
McLeod, Martell, Grand Jose
Jose Grand Jose
Weather cloudy. All hands fencing near Gardens.

Weather clear + mild. All hands planting Potatoes (4 1/2 Bushels) in
New Garden.
Beautiful warm weather. McDonald, McAulay + McLeod ground in
the Garden. Self + Martell making Beds + sowing seeds.
McAulay, McLeod, self,

Martell
Weather same as yesterday. All hands employed as yesterday.

Fine warm weather. McDonald ploughing + sowing Barley in the field
back of Fort. Martell + McLeod putting up pickets round same. McAulay
+ self working in Garden.
McDonald, Martell,
McAulay, self
130
B.307/a/1
1879
30
B.307/a/1
1879
30
B.307/a/1
1879
30
B.307/a/1
1879
30
17May
18May
19May
20May
B.307/a/1
1879
30
21May
22May
B.307/a/1
1879
30
B.307/a/1
1879
30
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
1879
30d
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
25May
26May
27May
28May
29May
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
30May
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
01-Jun
1879
5 June 2014
30d
02-Jun
Weather very warm. Paul + Pierre pitched off. The old man + Pechekan
is here yet. Twaytam went up the River above the Rapid where he is to
hunt. McDonald, McAulay, McLoed + Martell finished the New field
put down 3 Bushels Barley. Self working at Garden.
Paul, Pierre, Old Man,

Pechekan, Twaytam,
McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod, Martell
missing
Fine warm weater. All hands working in Kitchen Garden.
Keskatenan
River (canoe),
the Crossing
23May
24May
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
upper River
above the
Rapid
(hunting
ground)
131
Keskatenan
River
Beautiful warm weather. All hands making Packs.

Weather very warm. Men employed as yesterday. Francois Nataway +
family arrived, brought 5 Beaver + 10 Beaver skins for trade.
Beautiful warm weather. Francois Natoway started back for the Portage.
John McDonald + family started with him to go to Keskatenan River for
a canoe. To be left at the Crossing + at same time to hunt for his living as
food is scarce here. The other men + self making Packs finished today,
35 Packs.
Windy day. Men + self finished working in the Garden for the present.
Every thing is done except transplanting Cabbages.
Fine warm weather. Queen's birthday. Men cleaning up about the Fort.
Beautiful warm day. John McDonald came back. Did not go for the
Canoe being unable to feed himself + family. Beaver scarce..
Francois Nataway and family
Fraicois Natoway, John

McDonald and family, self
self
McDonald and family
Fine warm weather. The men pressing Packs.

Weather very warm. Men employed as yesterday + finished 35 packs.
Showery weather. No grub in store. Men went off to hunt.
Big Hay Plain

Mr Moberly's
ditch
upper Clear
River, Big
Plains, Portage
la Loche
missing
Heavy showers. McAulay + Martell went for a Hay stack to the far end
of the Big Plain.
Beautiful weather. Pierre, Baptiste's brother, died this morning after a
lingering illness of nearly 3 years, was buried near Mr Moberly's ditch.
Showery weather. All the Cree [Crees] pitched off to hunt. Some up clear
River, others up the Big Plains. McDonald + McLeod getting ready.
They start for Portage la Loche with the Oxen.
McAulay, Martell
Pierre, Baptiste, Mr Moberly
Cree [Crees], McDonald,

McLeod
131
B.307/a/1
1879
30d
03-Jun
B.307/a/1
1879
31
04-Jun
B.307/a/1
1879
31
05-Jun
B.307/a/1
1879
31
06-Jun
Portage la
Loche
Little Red
River
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
01-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
02-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
03-Oct
Island
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
31d
04-Oct
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
06-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
31d
07-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
32
08-Oct
5 June 2014
05-Oct
Fine clear warm weather. John McDonald + Angus McLeod started for
Portage la Loche with 23 Oxen + 4 dogs. Roderick + Martell looking for
the Calf which has not been seen since May last.
Cloudy weather. Alexis + Pechygan arrived bringing a little deer meat.
They went back in the evening after getting a few supplies. Roderick +
Martell again looking for the Calf but saw no sign of him. He must have
got drowned.
Beautiful warm weather. Roderick + Martell all day looking for the Calf,
but he cannot be found. He is without doubt drowned.
Weather same as yesterday. Charlot Piche arrived from Little Red River,
brought 3 fresh Beaver + a few dried Beaver, went back again in the
Evening.
Heavy rain all day which prevents the men from doing any work.
Roderick McAulay who is fisherman got out 20 fish Nets this morning.
He has already staged about 200 but to all appearance fish is going to be
scarce this season.
Cold cloudy weather. John Lambert + James Daniel squaring. Angus
McLeod repairing the track [for hauling up boats] in front of Fort.
Roderick McAulay attending to his Nets. Got 40 today. Alexis +
Twaytam Cree [surname] with their families started for the Lake.
Weather cloudy + cold. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod repairing the Track
at the Front + on the Island. Roderick attending to his Nets, caught very
few this morning. It is now certain that our Fishery here is a failure this
year.
Weather same as yesteday. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod covering Birch
Roof with Mud. Roderick attending to his Nets.
Raining steady + heavily all day.
Cold cloudy weather. The men finished roofing the Byre in the forenoon.
In the afternoon, repairing the Packets of Kitchen Garden. Roderick out
caught 20 fish this morning.
Cold + clear hard frost last night. Men pulled down the Stable built last
Spring + put up part of the wall near the track.
Fine clear calm weather. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod working at the
Horse stable. Roderick attending to his Nets. Caught more this morning
that any other this fall (90 fish). This to be . They will continue to be
more plentiful.
132
John McDonald, Angus

McLeod, Roderick Martell
Alexis, Pechygan, Roderick,

Martell
Roderick, Martell
Charlot Piche
Roderick McAulay
(fisherman)
John Lambert, James Daniel,
Angus McLeod, Roderick
McAulay, Alexis and family,
Twaytam and family
Lambert, Daniel, McLeod,
Roderick
Roderick
Roderick

Roderick
132
B.307/a/1
1879
32
09-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
32
10-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
32
32
11-Oct
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
32
13-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
32
14-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
32
15-Oct
Little River
B.307/a/1
1879
32d
16-Oct
Little River
B.307/a/1
1879
32d
17-Oct
Thautz Point
B.307/a/1
1879
32d
18-Oct
Thautz Point
19-Oct
"Waskahegan"
River
B.307/a/1
1879
5 June 2014
32d
12-Oct
Little River
fine clear weather. All the men employed as yesterday except McLeod
hauling roofing Poles. Cyprecain + Brother arrived with 1 Doe + 1
yearby moose. Most of the meat half dried.
Cold, windy, cloudy, weather. Lambert + Daniel roofing the New Stable.
McLeod hauling Poles for Byre yard. Roderick attending to his nets. The
fish are getting more plentiful.
Lambert + Daniel + McLeod employed as yesterday. Roderick as usual
attending to the Nets. There is now on the stage 1160 fish.
entry missing
Dull cloudy weather, hard frost last night. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod
putting mud on the roof of the New Stable. Roderick as usual. The fish
are getting scarce again. The little river was almost frozen across this
Monday.
Clear calm weather hard frost. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod mudding the
new stable. Roderick got very few fish this morning.
It good deal of Rain fell this Evening. Men at Sundry jobs. The fish is
The little River is frozen. All the .
Calm mild weather. The Snow melting away. Lambert + McLeod started
up the Little River to cut the banks of some points where the water track
passes. Daniel cleaning out the Byre. Roderick attending to his Nets. Got
about 50 fish this Morning + the Little river above the fish.
Fine mild weather. Lambert + McLeod came back from making the
winter tracks but they only arranged the Ri Point. Started off at once
Daniel + McLeod to fix the track in the Thautz Point. Roderick as usual.
Fish much the same.
Beautiful mild weather. Lambert mudding the Store. Daniel + McLeod
came back, made a good track on the Thautz Point. Roderick caught 100
fish today.
Calm cold weather. Seapohewckunnun, Paul, Peychegan, Baptiste
(Pierre's son) + some women arrived from "Waskahegan" River, brought
nothing except a few Beaver skins. They say they have some furs +
provisions in cache along way beyond the present camping place, too far
[to] carry to the River, ... where they promised to take everything to
where they are now camping + there send for sleds.
133
McLeod, Cyprecain and

brother
Roderick

Roderick
Roderick
Lambert, McLeod, Daniel,

Roderick

Roderick
Roderick
Seapohewckunnun, Paul,
Peychegan, Baptiste (Pierre's
son)
133
B.307/a/1
1879
32d
20-Oct
Hay River
camp, Little
River
B.307/a/1
1879
33
21-Oct
Lake
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
33
33
22-Oct
1879
B.307/a/1
1879
33
24-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
33
25-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
27-Oct
Fish Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
28-Oct
River
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
29-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
30-Oct
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
31-Oct
1879
5 June 2014
23-Oct
26-Oct
Calm + clear some snow fell last night but is all melted away already.
Daniel, Lambert + McLeod went to the Hay River camp beyond the
Little River to cut some Hay that could not be cut before owing to be
much Self equipped the Cree [Crees]. They crossed north, satisfied
with what they got but I consider it a risk to give away thing at all.
Calm mild weather. Hard frost last night. The Men came back from
making hay. They only found about 5 loads. Hay is certainly to be short
this year. Roderick still attending to his Nets but does not get many fish.
The Cree [Crees] started off back to their camp. Alexis + Twaytam
arrived from the lake with a few Ducks + ...ing some accounts after
getting which they started back again. They say the lake is frozen along
shore + their Nets got frozen in the ice + left them that way. They have
200 fish, a good fisherman with 6 or 8 Nets would have done well this
year but our fisherman will not risk his life in a canoe + there is no Skiff
there.
Beautiful weather after hard frost last night. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod
commenced blind dog the Houses. Roderick as usual. David Gallore +
Jack arrived from Fort Chipewyan with some supplies that I requested in
September. after getting something to eat they started back again.
Weather same as yesterday. All the men employed as yesterday.
Cold calm weather. The same employed the same. Roderick out caught
15 fish this Friday.
Cold Windy weather. The 3 men mudding the Ox Byre. Roderick getting
firewood. Francois . Arrived for a few supplies .
entry missing
Cloudy windy weather. Lambert, Daniel + McLeod with 3 Horses started
for the Fish Lake on a Duck hunting Expedition, and to bring loads of
Fish caught by Alexis (Cree [surname]). Roderick took up the last of the
Nets as there are no fish.
Raining in the forenoon, Snowing in the afternoon. Roderick making a
board hauling track across the River.
Cold windy weather. Roderick mudding chimneys + inside of Hall. The
Men returned from the lake about 9 PM with 120 fish. They had no sport
as the weather was too cold + windy.
Weather same as yesterday. Roderick mudding + getting firewood. The
other men getting firewood for themselves.
Cold calm weather. Daniel, Lambert + McLeod finished mudding the
Byre. Roderick mudding inside the dwelling House.
134
Daniel, Lambert, McLeod,

Little River, self, Cree
[Crees]
Roderick, Cree [Crees],

Alexis, Twaytam
Roderick, David Gallore,
Jack, self
Roderick
Roderick, Francois

Roderick
Roderick
Roderick
Roderick
Roderick
134
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
01Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
33d
02Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34
03Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34
04Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34
05Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34
06Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34
B.307/a/1
1879
34
B.307/a/1
1879
34
B.307/a/1
1879
34
B.307/a/1
1879
34
07Nov
08Nov
09Nov
10Nov
11Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
12Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
13Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
14Nov
5 June 2014
Island
Weather same as yesterday. Daniel + Lambert started with 2 sled Dogs to

the Old Byre to square 2 logs for Hay sleds. Roderick + McLeod giving a
second coat of Mud to the Dwelling House.
Weather clear + cold. Wind East. The morning on getting found the
River fast. This is the earliest date that I have ever known any of the
large River ing fast during my experience of 24 years in the Country.
There is however not much snow on the ground yet.
Mild + cloudy weather. Lambert + Daniel sawing wood for Hay sheds in
the forenoon. In the afternoon Lambert sharpening the Saw. Daniel went
for Trains. McLeod + Roderick mudding the Kitchen.
Snowing in the forenoon, very mild snow melting fast. Daniel + Lambert
sawing in Hay sheds in the forenoon. Afternoon Butchered an ox.
Roderick + McLeod at sundry jobs.
Weather very mild. Lambert opening his chimney + mudding inside of
his House. Daniel went for Brich afterwards + pacing this chimney.
McLeod making Dog harnesses of. Roderick repairing his Nets +
getting firewood.
Calm mild weather. Daniel + McLeod cutting + hauling Birch for Stall
Sticks. Lambert cutting pieces for Byre. Roderick repairing his Nets.
Weather the same as yesterday. All the Men on the Island cutting
firewood.
Island
Weather still mild. Men employed as yesterday.
River
135

Roderick

Roderick
Daniel, Lambert, Roderick,
McLeod

Roderick
Daniel, McLeod, Roderick,
Lambert
entry missing
Island
No change in the weather. Men cutting Lenthwood on the Island.
Island
Blowing a Breeze but still mild. Men employed as yesterday.

Cold windy weather. Daniel putting in wndows + putting Ring on Door
of one of Men's House to be used this winter as Workshop. Lambert
cutting + hauling firewood. McAulay + McLeod getting ready for a start
to the lake to meet the Winter fishery.
Clear calm weather. After a fall of snow last night. There is enough sawn
now for sheds this morning. McAulay, McLeod + Lambert started for the
lake with 2 sleds Dogs with Nets, + etc. The latter to return tomorrow.
Daniel making a shed for Hay hauling.
Cloudy cold windy weather. Lambert returned from the lake. Daniel
employed as yesterday. Finished 2 sleds.
Lake (winter
fishery)
Lake (winter
fishery)
Lake (winter
fishery)
Daniel, Lambert, McAulay,

McLeod
McAulay, McLeod, Lambert,

Daniel
Lambert, Daniel
135
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
15Nov
16Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
17Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
34d
18Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
19Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
20Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
21Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
22Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
23Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
24Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
B.307/a/1
1879
35
B.307/a/1
1879
35
25Nov
26Nov
27Nov
B.307/a/1
1879
35
28Nov
Lake (winter
fishery)
29Nov
cache (3-day
march from
the lake)
B.307/a/1
1879
5 June 2014
35d
River, Island
Big River,
Swan Lake
Lake (winter
fishery)
Weather much the same as yesterday. Lambert cutting + hauling

firewood which is scarce on this side. The River + the ice is too Slippery
for exen to cross to the Island.
entry missing
Cold cloudy weather. Daniel hauled the first load of Hay this fall today,
+ attending to the oxen. Lambert + self cutting wood across the Big
River + hauled a trip with Dogs. La Prize + son arrived for Settlement for
his fall fishing. He has cached 5000, which he will haul to Swan Lake
cache as soon as there is snow enough.
Cold windy weather. Settled with La Prize for his fish. They started off
in the afternoon. Lambert making a door for the Kitchen passage. .
Fine mild weather. Lambert making a Door for Kitchen passage. Daniel
attending to the oxen + making a Dung sled.
Dull cloudy weather + rather mild. Lambert + Daniel employed as
yesterday.
Blowing hard + snowing a little in the Evening. Lambert cutting
firewood for himself. Daniel attending to the oxen + cutting firewood for
the Kitchen, etc.
Calm clear weather. Daniel as usual. Lambert hauling firewood for
himself. Afterward went for Birch for snow shoes.
Blowing a Breeze but very mild. Angus McLeod arrived from the lake
with just enough fish for 1 Ration to the Fort. They are not catching
hardly any fish.
Calm clear weather. Angus started back this morning. Daniel at his usual
work. Lambert at sundry little jobs.
Weather mild + cloudy with a little snow now + agin. Daniel attending to
the oxen. Lambert supplying the firewood.
136
Lambert
Daniel, Lambert, La Prize,

self
La Prize, Lambert
Lambert, Daniel
Lambert, Daniel
Lambert, Daniel
Daniel, Lambert
Angus McLeod
McLeod, Daniel, Lambert
Daniel, Lambert
entry missing
entry missing
Cold + windy weather + snowing. McAulay + McLeod came back from
the lake. Bag + Baggage. No fish to be caught although tried in many
places & we must be content ourselves with B.. Fish + Potatoes.
Blowing + drifting + very Cold. Adam + Francois (Hunter + cache
maker) arrived. They report having in cache for us 3 Buck moose, 1 Doe
do, 2 yearlings + 2 Rain deer. The nearest meat is 3 days travel from
Lake + the 4 days. Daniel as usual. The others getting firewood, etc.,
McAulay, McLeod
Adam, Francois,
136
137
etc.
B.307/a/1
1879
35d
30Nov
01Dec
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1879
1879
35d
35d
B.307/a/1
1879
35d
B.307/a/1
1879
35d
06Dec
07Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
35d
08Dec
cache (3-day
march from
the lake)
B.307/a/1
1879
35d
09Dec
Portage la
Loche, cache
(3-day march
from the lake)
B.307/a/1
1879
36
10Dec
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1879
36
11Dec
Island
B.307/a/1
1879
36
12Dec
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
1879
36
13Dec
Portage la
Loche
5 June 2014
Weather very cold. Adam + Francois started back for camp. Mrs
McAulay was safely delivered of a son.
Weather still very cold. Mr McAulay + Lambert + a McLeod started with
3 trains for meat. Daniel attending to the oxen. Roderick hauling
firewood.
Entry missing between 2 December and 5 December
The weather has steadly cold all week. Daniel + Roderick employed all
well on Monday. The Dog drivers arrived with loads as Mr McAulay
240 lbs, Lambert 250 lbs, McLeod 200 lbs. All poor meat.
entry missing
Weather Cold. Lambert + McLeod repairing sheds + . Daniel attending
to the Cattle. Roderick hauling firewood.
Still very cold. Lambert + McLeod started this morning for Meat. Daniel
+ Roderick employed as yesterday. In the Evening John Buott + Lezaurel
Truslyoms arrived from Portage la Loche with the Packet, not expected
so early 4 days coming down. La Prize had not commenced to haul fish
yet.
Cold clear weather. James Daniel + Lezaurel started for Fort Chipewyan
with the Picket + 1 train of dogs. Got provisions for 6 1/2 days. Roderick
now attending to the Cattle + supplies all the Houses with firewood. He
has to do with such cold weather.
Weather still very cold. Roderick attending to the Cattle, hauled a trip of
Hay + 2 sleds firewood from the Island. John Knolt cutting wood for the
Houses.
Weather rather mild + snowing. Mercredi Janvier arrived from Portage la
Loche. The object of his visit is to sell hunged fish which he has failed to
do + will return. Francois Behawlketh, Jose Grand Jose + Laronce
Martin arrived from Grand Jose's camp for supplies of Tea, ammunition,
Tobacco, etc. They were 5 days coming. they have no provisions.
Dressed Moose .... Roderick employed as yesterday.
Snowing lightly + rather mild. John Knolt + Mercredi Janvier started
started this morning for P. la Loche. In the afternoon the Chipewyans
started for their homes. Roderick employed as usual.
Adam, Francois, Mrs

McAulay and son
Mr McAulay, Lambert,
McLeod, Daniel
Daniel, Roderick McAulay,

McLeod, Lambert
Roderick
Roderick, La Prize, John
Buott, Lezaurel Truslyoms
James Daniel, Lezaurel,

Roderick
Roderick, John
Mercredi Janvier, Francois

Behawlketh, Jose Grand Jose,
Laronce Martin, Roderick
John Knolt, Mercredi Janvier,
Chipeywans, Roderick
137
B.307/a/1
1879
36
14Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36
15Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
16Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
17Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
18Dec
19Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
20Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
21Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
22Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
23Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
24Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
36d
25Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
37
26Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
37
B.307/a/1
1879
37
27Dec
28Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
37
29Dec
5 June 2014
Snowing heavy all day. No sign of the meat haulers that were to be back
today.
Snowing part of the day. The Dog trains arrived. These dogs + 1 Dog
(Lyau) was left along the road. Lambert 220 lbs, McLeod 250 lbs. This is
all for 4 animals. Deer meat + poor quality. Roderick busy employed all
day.
Cold windy weather. Dog Drivers taking a spell. Roderick attending to
the Cattle and at Sundry jobs.
Weather very cloudy. Threatening snow. Roderick + McLeod hauling
wood + Hay + at various jobs. Lambert cutting up firewood for his
family.
Snowing + blowing all day. Roderick + Lambert started this morning for
Swan Lake for fish. McLeod taking Roderick's place attending to the
oxen, etc.
Swan Lake
cache
Swan Lake
Entry missing
Weather today + yesterday much the same. Rather milder than the first
part of the Winter. McLeod attending to the Cattle + hauling + cutting
firewood.
Cold clear weather. The dog drivers arrived with the first haul from
Swam Lake Cache of fish, brought only half load as the dogs are poor.
Weather cold. The dog drivers taking the usual spell after the trip.
McLeod attending to the oxen, etc.
This is the coldest day yet this Winter. The men employed hauling hay +
firewood + cutting up the latter.
Weather rough blowing + snowing. Lambert went for a few Frame
Stems. McLeod + McAulay attending to the cattle + hauling firewood.
Snowing in the afternoon. McLeod + McAulay as yesterday. Lambert
Baring a pair of snow shoes.
Fine clear weather cold. Lambert + McLeod started this morning for
Swan Lake for fish. Roderick employed as usual.
Weather cold again. The oxen are getting poor. Moreover cold weather +
fed on half all of hay is enough to make them look poor.
entry missing
The weather continous very cold. The + some of the Horses were here
yesterday cannot afford to stable them for want of a sufficiency of hay.
The Fish haulers arrived. Lambert 100, McLeod 100. McLeod's nose is
badly frozen + so is Lambert's heels + toes.
138
Lambert, McLeod, Roderick

Roderick
Roderick, McLeod, Lambert
McLeod
McLeod
Lambert, McLeod, McAulay

McLeod, McAulay, Lambert
Lambert, McLeod
138
B.307/a/1
1879
37
30Dec
B.307/a/1
1879
37
31Dec
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
01-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
02-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
37d
03-Jan
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
05-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
37d
06-Jan
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
37d
08-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
37d38
09-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38
10-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38
11-Jan
5 June 2014
04-Jan
07-Jan
lower river
Weather still very cold. Roderick employed as usual.

Snowing all day. Lambert attending to the Cattle. Chrypestone +
Cyprecian arrived this day, brought some Bear Meat. Chripestone having
killed a Bear on his way here. He has meat for us except some dried meat
which is far of + cannot be got till they pitch back to that quarter. He
complains of a few scarcity of Moose.
Snowing + Blowing all day. No work going on today except attending to
the Cattle. Mr McAulay gave Dinner + Supper to the men + families.
The Evening was spent in the usual way.
Weather Boisterous + cold. Chrysostoin + Cyprecain started back for
camp. McLeod assisting Roderick at various jobs. Lambert went to visit
his traps.
Cold windy day. This morning the dog drivers were to start for fish but
the morning air did not agree with Lambert + so he got sick. McLeod of
course could not go above as there is no track but instead hauled
firewood. Roderick hauling hay + attending to the Cattle.
entry missing
Weather fearfully cold + blowing hard. McLeod hauling firewood.
Roderick employed as usual. Lambert still sick.
Blowing + drifting + very cold. Roderick + McLeod employed as
yesterday. Lambert still sick.
Cold windy weather. No change from yesterday.
Calm clear cold weather. Lambert cut a sled load of wood today.
McLeod hauling wood + Roderick attending to the oxen.
Weather same as yesterday. Men employed as yesterday. James Daniel
arrived this Evening. He started this morning from below Chrysostoin's
House, where he left his partner with the Packets the Rev. Mr Sim +
Thompson (mission servant). They came short of Provisions + all the
Dogs have done ... (2 trains). Started off about 8 P.M. Angus McLeod to
meet the Party with provisions for men + dogs + to help to bring here the
loads.
Cold windy weather. Roderick attending to the oxen, etc. Daniel taking a
spell after his trip. About mid-night Mr Sim + the Indian Lezawrt
arrived. Mr. Sim very much used up by walking so much in the dark
Rough ice.
Weather rather mild or Rain for . The Packet arrived at last. The Dogs
look wretched all having done . Mr Sim had Service in the Evening.
139
Roderick
Lambert, Chrypestone,
Cyprecian
Mr McAulay, families
Chrysostoin, Cyprecain,
McLeod, Lambert, Roderick
McLeod, Roderick, Lambert

James Daniel, Chrysostoin,

Rev. Sim, Thompson, Angus
McLeod
Daniel, Mr Sim, Indian
Lezawrt
Mr Sim
139
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
1880
38
38
38
B.307/a/1
1880
3838d
17-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
18-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
19-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
38d
20-Jan
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
22-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
23-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
24-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
38d
25-Jan
B.307/a/1
1880
39
26-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
39
39
27-Jan
1880
1880
5 June 2014
12-Jan
Portage la
Loche, Swan
Lake, Fort
Chipewyan
13-Jan
Swan Lake
Swan Lake
21-Jan
Swan Lake
Jackfish Lake
Weather calm + clear. John Lambert + Lezawrd started with the Packet
for Portage la Loche. Angus McLoed started with them for Swan Lake
for a load of fish. The store is now empty. Daniel resumed his old work
attending to the Cattle. Roderick + Thompson (the latter from Ft.
Chipewyan) cutting + hauling firewood.
Weather cloudy + rather cold. The men employed as yesterday.
Entry missing between 14 January and 16 January
Since Friday [16 Jan.] the weather has been very rough. Blowing, +
drifting. The men had been employed as on Monday [12 Jan.]. This
Morning Roderick started for Swan Lake unless he meets McLeod who
was to return from there + should have been here on Thursday. He has
met with an accident. we are certainly out of ... now except ... Potatoes.
Roderick met Angus + came back with him. the latter ... brought 140
fish.
Cold clear weather. Reverend Mr Sim held divine service morning +
Evening.
Weather same as yesterday. Roderick + Thompson started this morning
for Swan Lake for fish. McLeod hauling firewood. Daniel attending to
the cattle.
Weather rather mild a little snow fell last night. J. Daniel attending to the
Cattle + hauling Hay. A. McLeod cutting + hauling firewood.
Weather same as yesterday. The men employed as yesterday.
Weather mild + calm. Lambert + 2 of old Sylvester's sons arrived with
fish. Daniel + McLeod employed as yesterday.
Weather still mild. Sylvester's sons started back for home. Changed 2
Dogs with them. Roderick (160) + Thompson (160) arrived from Swan
Lake with fish. Daniel + McLeod employed as usual.
Weather cloudy + blowing. Lambert cutting Lengthwood. Angus hauling
same. Daniel attending to the Cattle. Roderick + Thompson taking their
usual spell after their trip.
Snowing + drifting. Reverend Mr Sim held Divine Service fore +
afternoon.
Lambert + McLeod cutting + hauling firewood. Roderick + Thompson
cutting lengthwood. Daniel attending to the Cattle.
Weather rather Boisterous + snowing. Lambert, Thompson + McLeod
started for Jackfish Lake for fish. Roderick cutting + hauling firewood
for the Fort. Daniel employed as usual.
Entry missing between 28 January and 30 January
140
John Lambert, Lezawrd,

Angus McLeod, Daniel,
Roderick, Thompson
Roderick, McLeod
Rev. Mr Sim
Roderick, Thompson,
McLeod, Daniel
Daniel, McLeod
Lambert, Old Sylvester's
sons, Daniel, McLeod
Sylvester's sons, Roderick,
Thompson
Lambert, Angus, Daniel,
Roderick, Thompson
Mr Sim
Roderick
Roderick, Thompson
140
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
1880
39
39
01-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
39
02-Feb
31-Jan
Jackfish Lake
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
39
39
03-Feb
Swan Lake
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
39
06-Feb
Swan Lake
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
07-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
08-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
09-Feb
cache
1880
39d
39d
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
12-Feb
cache
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
13-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
14-Feb
5 June 2014
Cloudy weather + snowing. Daniel + Roderick employed at the track as

on Monday. The Fish haulers arrived with 150 fish in each sled.
entry missing
Snowing a little all day. Roderick + Daniel employed as usual.
Thompson + McLeod wnet for a deal Colt with Dogs, but they could not
manage to bring him home on the dogs Sled. Daniel + McLeod went for
him with an ox + sled.
Fine clear weather. Roderick cutting + hauling firewood. Daniel
attending to the Cattle + hauling Hay. Mr McAulay + 3 men started for
Swan Lake for fish. After the sled started Cyprecain (Chripestone (Cache
maker) arrived reports 3 Buck moose in cache.
entry missing for 4 and 5 February.
The weather for the last 3 days has been cloudy + snowing at turns.
Roderick + Daniel employed as on Tuesday [3 Feb.]. The fish haulers
arrived with 625 fish. Finished hauling cache. Supplied Cyprecain with
for the Hunter + for himself.
Cold clear weather. Roderick + Lambert with Cyprecain started at midday for the meat at Chripestone's camp. Just as they were starting off
Alexis + Twaytam (Cree [Crees]) arrived. They have 1 Doe Moose +
yearling, also some dried + pounded meat in cache which they sell to the
.... Daniel employed as usual. McLeod went for 2 loads firewood.
Thompson cutting firewood for the House.
Snowing nearly all day. Mr Sim held Devine Service morning +
Evening.
Fine clear weather. Cree [Crees] accompanied by McLeod + Thompson
with 2 sleds started for the Meat in cache. Daniel has now to attend to the
Cattle, haul Hay + firewood. The latter is hard to get.
Entry missing between 10 February and 11 February
Weather same as yesterday. Daniel has been employed as on Monday [9
Feb.] for the last 3 days. The Young Bull died in the Byre today and the
Calf died yesterday. The House is now so bad that they would not eat any
of it. I am very much afraid of the oxen with .. byre.... Roderick (350 lbs)
+ Lambert (340 lbs.) arrived with meat. That is 1 Buck in Cache.
Blowing hard all day. Daniel employed as usual. Roderick + Lambert
taking the usual spell after the trip.
Still Blowing hard. Daniel as usual. Roderick + Lambert getting
firewood for the Fort.
141
Daniel, Roderick, Thompson,
McLeod
Roderick, Daniel, Thompson,

McLeod
Roderick, Daniel, Mr
McAulay, Cyprecain,
Chripestone
Roderick, Daniel, Cyprecain
Roderick, Lambert,
Cyprecain, Chripestone,
Alexis, Twaytam, Daniel,
McLeod, Thompson
Mr Sim
Cree [Crees], McLeod,
Thompson, Daniel
Daniel, Roderick, Lambert

Daniel, Lambert
Daniel, Lambert
141
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
40
40d
20-Feb
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
40d
24-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
40d
25-Feb
Fine clear weather. Thompson + McLeod arrived with lengthwood. The

track was lost.
Fine clear Weather. Mr McAulay + Lambert started for Swan Lake.
Roderick + McLeod getting firewood. Daniel as usual.
Weather same as yesterday. Lowson Mongrain + Lezawrd with 2 men
arrived with the Packet from P. la Loche. They were accompanied by
Restice Jamrer who brought a load of fish from Swan Lake + by Mr.
Moberly who returned with them.
Fine clear Weather. Mr. Moberly spent most of today making
arrangements for sending the Packet to Fort Chipewyan as the
Chipewyans were arriving to B + the Fort men + dogs could not be
spend. Lambert arrived with only 80 fish + a spare sled for the Packets.
The killed one of his dogs with a Kick. Paul Fontaine arrived with him
with a load of fresh fish from P. L. Loche.
Beautiful clear weather. Lowson Mongrain, J. Daniel + Robert
Thompson started this morning for Fort Chipewyan with the Packets + 2
trains. Angus McLeod (who now takes Daniel's place) attending to the
exen. Roderick getting firewood.
Weather same as yesterday. Mr. McAulay, J. Lambert + Restice Jamrer
started with 3 sleds for Chrysostow's camp for meat already in cache.
Roderick left in + who employed getting firewood. McLeod to look
after the oxen.
Entry missing between 21 February and 23 February.
Blowing snowing + drifting today as has been the case over since
Sundary [22 Feb.]. The Meat haulers arrived with loads of fresh + dried
Meat. Lowson + Louis Grand Jose arrived for supplies of Tea,
Ammunition. One of the oxen is down in the Byre + unable to put on
his leg and this has to be helped to put up.
Weather continuous Boisterous + cold. The Chipewyans were supplied
but were afraid to start it being so very cold. Roderick + McLeod
employed as usual.
26-Feb
Weather fearfully cold + blown. The Chipewyans made a start

accompanied by Restice who was to go for the Meat of a Buck Moose
in cache, but turned back it being too cold for him to go on. The Ox
"Charley" died during the night and another named "Jack" died in the
afternoon. There is now plenty of food for poor dogs. Roderick +
Lambert went for 2 loads of firewood in the forenoon. in the afternoon
skinned the starved oxen.
B.307/a/1
1880
39d
15-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
40
16-Feb
Swan Lake
17-Feb
Portage la
Loche, Swan
Lake
18-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche, Swan
Lake
19-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
1880
1880
1880
5 June 2014
40
40
40
40d
142
Thompson, McLeod
Mr McAulay, Lambert,
Roderick, McLeod, Daniel
Lowson Mongrain, Lezawrd,

Restice Jamrer, Mr Moberly
Mr Moberly, Chipewyans,
Lambert, Paul Fontaine
Lowson Mongrain, J. Daniel,
Robert Thompson, Angus
McLeod, Roderick
Mr McAulay, J. Lambert,
Restice Jamrer, Chrysostow,
McLeod, Roderick
Lowson, Louis Grand Jose

Chipewyans, Roderick,
McLeod
Chipewyans, Restice,
Roderick, Lambert
142
B.307/a/1
1880
40d
27-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
40d
28-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
40d
29-Feb
B.307/a/1
1880
41
01Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41
02Mar
Portage la
Loche
Whitefish
Lake
B.307/a/1
1880
41
03Mar
Swan Lake
B.307/a/1
1880
41
04Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41
05Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41
06Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41
07Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41d
08Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
41d
09Mar
Island
B.307/a/1
1880
41d
10Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1880
41d
11Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1880
41d
12Mar
5 June 2014
Cold clear weather. McLeod + Restice went for Hay. Roderick +

Lambert getting firewood. Roderick cut his leg with the axe.
Weather cold + clear. Lambert + Restice getting firewood. McLeod went
for Hay.
Weather the same as yesterday. This is the 5th Sunday in this month.
Mr Sim held Divine Sercice fore + afternoon. Old Lacquot + family
arrived, reports Wolves are p about the Fort.
Clear calm weather. Lambert cutting + hauling firewood from the Island.
McLeod attending to the oxen. Roderick sewed up with a cut leg. Restice
Jamrier started for Portage la Loche.
Weather same as yesterday. Men employed as yesterday. Jacquot +
family started for Whitefish Lake.
Weather still clear + calm. Roderick + Lambert started for Swan Lake for
fish.
Weather rather soft + drifting. McLeod hauling firewood + attending to
the oxen.
Weather very cold + calm. McLeod employed as yesterday. Little Grey
Ox this Evening laid down on the snow outside the byre and McLeod,
Mr Sim, + myself could not manage to get him on his foot again and as it
was too late in the Evening to him we had to leave him to his fate.
Weather fearfully cold. The Grey Ox was frozen still this morning. He
must stay where he is till warmer weather.
Blowing + drifting. Another Ox died today in the Byre. Blind "Borsi". It
is not starvation. They are dying of bad some disease, as they will neither
eat nor drink after . Mr. Sim had divine service morning + Evening.
Fine clear weather. Roderick + Lambert skinned + cut up the Ox that
died yesterday. Afterward met for 2 loads of meat to the Island. McLeod
went for 2 loads of Hay.
Blowing + snowing all day. Roderick + Lambert cutting + hauling
firewood. McLeod attending to the oxen. No sign of the Packet from A.
Blowing hard but clear. Roderick, Lambert + McLeod employed as
yesterday.
Weather same as yesterday. The men employed as yesterday. Lowson
Mongrain + John McDonald, + Daniel arrived with the Packet from Ft.
Chipewyan (6 days on the way).
Fine clear cold weather. The Packet Bearers taking a spell after their trip.
The other men employed at sundry jobs.
143
McLeod, Restice, Roderick,
Lambert
Lambert, Restice, McLeod
Mr Sim, Old Lacquot and
family
Restice Jamrier
Jacquot and family
Roderick, Lambert
McLeod
McLeod, Mr Sim, Moberly
Mr Sim
Roderick, Lambert, McLeod

Lowson Mongrain, John
McDonald, Daniel
143
41d
13Mar
Portage la
Loche
1880
42
20Mar
Portage la
Loche
1880
42
21Mar
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
1880
42
22Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42
23Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42
24Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42
B.307/a/1
1880
42
25Mar
26Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42d
27Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42d
28Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
42d
29Mar
B.307/a/1
1880
5 June 2014
42d
30Mar
Little Red
River
Whitefish
Lake
3rd portage
from Fort
McMurray
Blowing + drifting all day. Mr McAulay with J. Lambert + Lowson

Mongrain started for Portage la Loche with the Packets, leaving Roderick
McAulay in charge of the Fort + McDonald + Daniel to the care of the
Cattle. The old Bull died today.
Entry missing between 14 March and 19 March
Weather very warm + calm. Mr Moberly + J. Lambert arrived from
Portage la Loche with 2 sled loads of fish.
Weather still warm. John McDonald arrived from the Hunter with 400
lbs meat (2 moose). He was about 6 days. In the Evening Francois took +
Jose, Michels arrived from the same camp. Mr Sim held Divine
Service morning + evening.
Snowing nearly all day. Roderick cutting + hauling firewood. McDonald
+ Lambert taking a spell after their trip. Daniel looking after the oxen.
Charlot Piche, Francois + Cyrecain arrived from Little Red River for
some supplies.
Calm mild weather. Daniel + McDonald cutting down Birch for the oxen
to eat the . McLeod went for firewood. Roderick assisting + giving
supplies to the Chipewyans who started for home at noon. John Lambert
started for a Buck moose killed sometime ago.
Weather same as yesterday. Daniel + McDonald cutting down Birch for
the oxen. Roderick McLeod getting firewood. John Lambert arrived at
mid-night with 280 lbs meat.
Blowing snowing + drifting. Daniel + McDonald cutting down Birch
Branches for the oxen + attending to them generally. Roderick + McLeod
getting firewood. Lambert resting.
Cold windy weather. This being good Friday the men have a holiday.
Cold windy weather. Roderick, Lambert, + McDonald started about midnight for Swan Lake for the last of the Fish. La Prize arrived from
Whitefish Lake.
Fine clear mild weather. Easter Sunday. Mr Sim held Divine Service
morning + evening.
Blowing, snowing + drifting all day. La Prize started back for home. He
came here for a wife but was unsuccessful in his attempt. The dogs
drivers arrived with half the load.
Fine clear mild weather. Roderick + Lambert went for some fish left
yesterday at the 3rd Portage from here. Daniel bringing home etc for
the oxen. McLeod hauling firewood with sap.
144
Mr McAulay, J. Lambert,
Lowson Mongrain, Roderick
McAulay, McDonald
John McDonald, Francois,

Jose, Michels, Mr Sim
Roderick, McDonald,
Lambert, Daniel, Charlot
Piche, Francois, Cyprecain
Daniel, McDonald, McLeod,
Roderick, Chipewyans, John
Lambert
Daniel, McDonald, Roderick
McLeod, John Lambert
Daniel, McDonald, Roderick,
McLeod, Lambert
Roderick, Lambert,
McDonald, La Prize
Mr Sim
La Prize
Roderick, Lambert, Daniel,
McLeod
144
B.307/a/1
1880
42d
31Mar
Fort
Chipewyan,
Little Red
River
Island, Red
River
B.307/a/1
1880
42d
01-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
43
02-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
43
43
03-Apr
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
43
05-Apr
River
B.307/a/1
1880
43
06-Apr
River
B.307/a/1
1880
43
07-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
43
08-Apr
5 June 2014
04-Apr
Snowing but mild. John McDonald started for Fort Chipewyan. John
Lambert with his family went with Chrypeston to Little Red River,
where he will remain till the beginning of May. He is to help Chrypeston
to put flooring fo his House, etc. Roderick went for Deer meat left along
the River by Chrysostow. McLeod employed as yesterday.
Blowing snowing + drifting all day + as cold as in Mid-Winter. It is no
wonder of our oxen are dying with such weather + no food but Branches
to keep life in them. Twaytam arrived having killed 2 moose, one of
which he sells to He started back after getting some refreshments
accompanied by Roderick who went to bring home the Meat. McLeod
hauling firewood with Dogs. Daniel as usual looking after the oxen +
getting branches for them. One poor ox fell over the Tank of the Island +
down with ... difficult to be brought to the Byre. John McDonald
returned from Red River as he could not go over owing to too much
snow as the track did not show.
Weather mild + calm. John McDonald + Daniel getting Birch Branches
for the oxen. McLeod cutting + hauling firewood. Roderick came back
with 250 lbs. meat.
Fine clear mild weather. McDonald, Daniel + McLeod employed as
yesterday. Roderick hauling firewood with sap.
Entry missing
Beautiful mild weather. The ox that fell on the Island died yesterday +
was skinned this morning. McLeod + McDonald + Roderick cutting
lengthwood across the River. Afterwards assisting Daniel in getting
Branches for the oxen. Alex + Twaytam arrived yesterday. The former
get some supplies before pitching off to hunt Beaver.
Very mild weather. Roderick, McDonald + McLeod hauling firewood
from across the River. Daniel as usual.
Beautiful warm weather. The now melting fast. The little Black ox died
in the stable. Lambert came back with his family at night, having
finished sawing for Chrysostow's. Adam Grand Jose came up with him
for supplies. The men employed as yesterday in the morning. In the
Evening getting Branches.
Blowing hard from the South. The Snow melting fast. John McDonald
made and the start for Ft. Chipewyan. It is to be hoped he will not return
back again. The men employed as Sundry jobs today + yesterday made
some packs, 9 packs in all + self had up all the food to be put in cache for
fear of a flood.
145
John McDonald, John

Lambet and family,
Chrypeston, Roderick,
Chrysostow, McLeod
Twaytam, Roderick,
McLeod, Daniel, John
McDonald
John McDonald, Daniel,
Roderick, McLeod
McDonald, Daniel, McLeod,
Roderick
McLeod, McDonald,
Roderick Alexis, Twaytam
Roderick, McDonald,
McLeod, Daniel
Lambert and family,

Chrsostow, Adam Grand Jose
John McDonald
145
B.307/a/1
1880
43d
09-Apr
Plains
B.307/a/1
1880
43d
10-Apr
Plains
B.307/a/1
1880
43d
11-Apr
Plains
B.307/a/1
1880
43d
12-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
43d
13-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44
14-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44
15-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
44
44
44
16-Apr
1880
1880
5 June 2014
17-Apr
18-Apr
Clear River
Beautiful mild weather. Snow going fast. Daniel drove all the oxen to the
plain except one that is too weak to travel. They will get some good
picking as the ground is bare in places. Roderick Lambert + McLeod
making a Cache at the face of Hill to put Packs goods, etc in.
Weather same as yesterday. Lambert, Roderick + McLeod putting the
Packs Goods + preserved properly in the Cache. All the oxen but one
were drew out to the Plain where they can get good picking as there is a
good deal of bare ground.
Cloudy in the morning. In the Evening blowing hard from the North +
freezing hard. The men tried to get the ox (Moose) taken out to the Plains
but had to have him at the new field.
Blowing hard from the North + freezing hard. The cold weather of last
night killed the ox moose at the new field. Daniel + McLeod skinned
him, brought the hide + some of the meat home for the dog. The hide to
be cast into Cords. The Red Norse "Dick" died yesterday out in the Plain.
If this weather continues long all the animal will die. Roderick +
Lambert cutting + hauling firewood. Daniel + McLeod ... the oxen in the
Evening + found one lying down + the Crows picking at his flesh he had
... a good deal. They got the ox up on the legs.
Weather calm + rather cold. Daniel with his family went to camp out in
the Plains in order to be better to attand to the oxen. Lambert, J.
McDonald came to cut Cordwood. Roderick + self taking Potatoes out of
cellar + putting them up stages for fear of the flood (expected) ... in
getting shore already ....
Weather calm + cold, freezing all day. Lambert + McLeod cutting
cordwood. Daniel attending to the oxen out at the Plains. Roderick at
Sundry jobs.
Weather same as yesterday. Al the men employed as yesterday. Twaytam
arrived for a Kettle, brought the leg or quarter of a Bear. He syas the
Beavers are not yet coming out.
Fine clear weather, but still rather cold. Daniel, Lambert + McLeod
employed as yesterday. Roderick + Mr McAulay went with 2 sleds up
the Clear River for Birch for Mallets, wedges, axe handle, etc. Daniel
came in the Evening for Rations.
Weather rather mild. Roderick at sundry jobs. The each as before.
Weather much the same as yesterday.
146
Daniel, Roderick, Lambert,

McLeod
Lambert, Roderick, McLeod
Daniel, McLeod, Roderick
Daniel, Lambert, McDonald,

Roderick, self
Roderick
Twaytam

Roderick, Mr McAulay
146
B.307/a/1
1880
44
19-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44
20-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44
21-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44
22-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
23-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
24-Apr
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
25-Apr
Clear River
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
26-Apr
Plains
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
44d
27-Apr
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
44d
01May
44d
02May
B.307/a/1
1880
5 June 2014
Plains
Plains
Clear weather with cold wind from the North. Lambert + McLeod cutting
Cordwood. Daniel as usual looking after the oxen, etc at the Plains.
Roderick at sundry jobs.
Weather milder, water appears in spots on the River. Men employed as
yesterday.
Beautiful mild wind East. Roderick burning chips behind the House. The
other men off hunting but they only killed a few Portridges. The Beaver
are not out yet.
Weather same as yesterday. No appearance of the ice melting a start yet.
Geese + Ducks were seen this morning for the first time this Spring. The
men as yesterday with the same.
Beautiful mild weather. Daniel paid his usual visit to the oxen at the
plains. Roderick burning up chips behind the House. Lambert + McLeod
hunting Portridges. The grub is at its lowest ebb.
The weather still very mild but still no sign of the ice making a move.
There is no more grub in store now. Consequently there will be no work
done by the men.
Beautiful mild weather with South West wind. Daniel with his family +
McLeod pitched across Clear River to hunt for their living. Reverend Mr
Sim held Divine Service morning + evening.
Weather still mild + Blowing hard from the West. Still scarcely any
change in the ice. Lambert hunting for something to keep himself +
family alive as there is nothing in the Fort now in the hope of grub but
the Potatoes kept for. Roderick deserted the oxen at the Plain morning +
Evening.
Cloudy + cold wind from the North. Roderick rested the oxen and
burning chips.
Entry missing between 28 April and 30 April
Blowing hard from the West. It has been blowing every day this week.
Still the ice holds in, but Clear River . No work going on as River is no
good to pass. The men Roderick + I however go to the Plains to oxen
+ left these .
Blowing hard from the South. The River appeared at last the ice come
down in the at 7 A.M.
147

Roderick
Roderick
Lambert, Roderick, McLeod
Daniel and family, McLeod,

Reverend Mr Sim
Lambert and family,

Roderick
Roderick
Roderick, self
147
B.307/a/1
1880
45
B.307/a/1
1880
45
03May
04May
B.307/a/1
1880
45
05May
B.307/a/1
1880
45
06May
B.307/a/1
1880
45
07May
B.307/a/1
1880
45
08May
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
09May
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
10May
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
11May
5 June 2014
River
Portage la
Loche, Lac la
Biche
Little Red
River
little Prairie
Dull cloudy weather, threatening rain. The ice continuous to run all day,
getting rather than to immense quantity remain on the shore all about
here + the S between the Island + this side is chokefull, + likely to
remain so (like last Spring) for a long time. To all appearance it will be
someitme before we can put nets in the water + that is all we look to go
get our living. If we don't get fish ... There is nothing here to save us.
Self + Roderick continued working in the Garden. the ground is dry
enough for seed.
entry missing
Fine clear weather + Blowing. Natoway + Lowson Mongrain arrived
from Portage la Loche with along a Packet for A. + R. They brought in 2
Large + 4 small Beaver + a Goose, a welcome God sent as we are tired
of eating dry Bread. Another Ox (Lac la Biche born) died this morning.
This ox had to be lifted for the last 3 weeks. Another ox "Cauller" is
getting very weak, can hardly get on his legs with the assistance of 2
men.
Cloudy in the morning, raining in the Evening. The Portage men started
back for home. Roderick employed at Sundry jobs.
Raining + sometimes snowing. Wind north. Another ox (Big "Calla")
died. He had to be lifted for the last 10 days.
Snowing nearly all day + cold. Roderick set 2 Nets in the s. Paul +
Baptiste (Pierre's son) Cree [surname] arrived. The Former brought a
little dried meat. They are pitching to the Fort.
Blowing + snowing all day. Daniel + McLeod arrived from Little Red
River by canoe. They came for Nets to catch fish for themselves + for
some tea + Tobacco for the Chipewyans. The latter have very few Beaver
+ a fur. They started back in the Evening. Late in the Evening the 2 Cree
[Crees] who arrived yesterday + went to meet their families came again
accompanied by Pierre + Alexis. The former brought a few dried Beaver.
Paul also brought a few. The families will be here tormorrow.
Cold cloudy weather with snow showers. Roderick attending to his Nets
+ at Sundry jobs, got only 4 fish. This Monday, the Cree [surname]
families arrived. They brought a few dried Beaver, a few furs, etc.
Weather cloudy. Lambert, Roderick + self working in the Garden. Cree
[Crees] loughing aloud. Pierre brought his furns 44 skins. Ox
"Moroon" died at the little Prairie. To all appearance he died of poison as
he is not very poor. He is very much swollen + his ... quite stiff.
148
self, Roderick
Natoway, Lowson Mongrain

Roderick
Roderick, Paul, Baptiste,

Pierre's son, Cree [surname]
Daniel, McLeod,
Chipewyans, Cree [Crees],
Pierre, Alexis, Paul, Baptiste
Roderick, Cree [surname]
families
Lambert, self, Cree [Crees],

Pierre
148
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
B.307/a/1
1880
45d
12May
13May
14May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
15May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
16May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
17May
Little Red
River
B.307/a/1
1880
46
18May
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1880
46
19May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
20May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
21May
B.307/a/1
1880
46
B.307/a/1
1880
46
B.307/a/1
1880
5 June 2014
46d
22May
23May
24May
Weather same as yesterday. Another ox Sylve died today evidently

from the same cause as . Roderick + Lambert skinned the dead oxen.
There must be poisonous herbs about here. sayy there are many all
around the place. Lambert assisting in the garden in the Evening. Paul
brought in ... from 28 ...
Roderick, Lambert, Paul
Fine clear warm weather. Roderick, Daniel + self working in garden.
Roderick, Daniel, self
Island
Beautiful clear warm weather. Men employed as yesterday.

Weather cloudy + calm. Roderick + Lambert working in the Garden,
finished everything but Turnips. Indians still about. Paul making a
small canoe.
Fine calm weather with a little rain. Mr Sim held Divine Service morning
+ evening. Baptised 4 Cree [surname] children in the evening.
Fine warm weather. Daniel with his family + McLeod also 2 of Grand
Jose sons came up from Little Red River. Roderick + Lambert sawing
But Roots on the Island.
Blowing a strong breeze cold. Reverend Mr Sim, Lambert + family +
McLeod with the Packet (received Some time ago) started for Fort
Chipewyan by canoe. Roderick + Paul cutting Potatoes.
Weather very warm. Daniel went in the morning for the Horses to
Plough. Brought here but were so weak that after making a few trials
with a great deal of trouble with them he had to let them go. I had to
plant the Potatoes with the spades. Daniel, Roderick + self using the
spades + my Dogs planting the Potatoes. we pull down about 3 Kegs.
The last of the Cree [Crees] Twaytam went off the morning. the others
yesterday.
Weather continuous warm. All hands planting Potatoes finished Garden
behind the Houses.
Weather cloudy after raining all last night. All hands planting Potatoes
on the Island. The Horses would not work together so we used planted
3 kegs.
Weather clear in the afternoon, raining all last night. All hands employed
as yesterday. Finished the Potatoes, 12 1/2 Kegs in all.
Island
Entry missing
Weather windy, blowing from the North. Mr McAulay, J. Daniel +
Maurice Grand Jose started by canoe for Little Red River to collect the
debt. Roderick sowing Turnip on the Island.
Island
149
Roderick, Lambert, Paul

Mr Sim, Crees children
Daniel and family, McLeod,
Grad Jose's sons, Roderick,
Lambert
Reverend Mr Sim, Lambert
and family, McLeod,
Roderick, Paul
Daniel, Roderick, self, Cree

[Crees], Twaytam
Mr McAulay, J. Daniel,
Maurice Grand Jose,
Roderick
149
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
25May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
26May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
27May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
28May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
29May
30May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
31May
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
01-Jun
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
02-Jun
B.307/a/1
1880
46d
03-Jun
B.307/a/1
1880
47
04-Jun
B.307/a/1
1880
47
05-Jun
B.307/a/1
1880
47
06-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
07-Jun
1880
47
47
B.307/a/1
1880
47
16-Jul
5 June 2014
Red River,
Little River
Fish Lake
Portage, Little
River
Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche, Woods
Entry missing
Weather warm, wind south. Mr McAulay arrived with 3 large canoes
loaded with furs but no provisions.
Weather cloudy. Settled with the Chipewyans for the trip up + gave them
advances. They started back for Red River. Daniel was off out hunt but
got nothing. Roderick set a net at the little River above the Fort.
Weather showery, rained all last night. Mr. McAulay, Daniel + Roderick
all made 6 packs furs, commenced work late.
Cloudy showery weather. Making packs today made 9 packs. This being
all the furs in hand.
Entry missing
Hard frosts last night destroyed the Beans in the garden. Pressed 6 packs
this afternoon.
Weather fine + warm. Roderick + Daniel pressed 18 packs. Pierre the
Cree [surname] + family brought about 50 skins furs.
Weather cloudy with showers. Roderick + Daniel packs. Pierre killed
3 Beaver this morning. Gave in 2.
Showery weather. Daniel went for Bi + harrowed the Potato garden.
Roderick burning up Chips + at sundry jobs about the Fort.
Cold windy weather, wind North. Roderick + Daniel at sundry jobs about
the Fort. Alexis + Twaytam arrived from the fish Lake with their
families. They made a poor Beaver hunt since they left here. Brought no
grub.
Weather still cloudy + rather cold. Daniel repairing saddle to take to the
Portage. Roderick at sundry jobs. Alexis killed a Bear this morning at the
little River down.
150
Mr McAulay
Chipewyans, Daniel,
Roderick
Mr McAulay, Roderick
Roderick, Daniel, Pierre

Roderick, Daniel, Pierre
Daniel, Roderick
Roderick, Daniel, Alexis and
family, Twaytam and family
Daniel, Roderick, Alexis
Sunday. Brigade from Fort Chipewyans arrived on Monday.

Mr McAulay with John McDonald, James Daniel & Angus McLeod
started for Portage LL with 11 oxen and 3 horses at 2. The A brigade also
left for Portage LL + Roderick McAulay left in charge. Daniel's wife &
family went off to live in the Woods with his relatives.
Entry missing between 8 June and 15 July.
Mr Pierre Mecredi arrived by the A brigade today to take temporary
charge.
Mr McAulay, John
McDonald, James Daniel,
Angus McLeod, Roderick
McAulay, Daniel's wife and
family
Mr Mecredi
150
B.307/a/1
1880
47
17-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
47
47d
47d
18-Jul
1880
1880
Portage la
Loche
19-Jul
20-Jul
cache (1-day
march from
Fort)
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
47d
47d
21-Jul
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
47d
23-Jul
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
24-Jul
Portage la
Loche
1880
47d
47d
B.307/a/1
1880
47d
28-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
29-Jul
1880
47d
48
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
1880
5 June 2014
22-Jul
30-Jul
31-Jul
01Aug
02Aug
03Aug
04Aug
05Aug
06Aug
07Aug
Mr McAulay made 7 packs. Furs being traded by Roderick. McAulay

during his charge.
The A brigade left for PLL taking on the 7 packs Furs traded on by a
Roderick. Mr MacAulay's family and Roderick McAulay who is
returning also .
Nothing occurred.
Grand Jose & arrived with a little furs.
Alexis, SeapotawahKinnunce arrived & departed. They reported having
cached meat of 3 moose & 1 buffalo at a day march from here. This
could not be done from want of horses.
Entry missing
James Daniel and Angus MacLeod arrived from PLL with 5 horses to
make hay. They left Morron on account of his being blind at its Surphur
Springs.
James Daniel + family arrived, all having been sent back on his way up
to make hay. Annal and Angus went back from some of its 6 horses
which had been left in PLL. J. Janvier, arrived from PLL
Entry missing between 25 July and 27 July
Annal & Daniel sharpening the mower's truck. The others hoed the
potatoes in the garden.
Annal & Daniel at same work. The others having potato in the Island till
it raining in the evening.
Rain. No work.
Rain. No work.
Rained till mid-day. Afternoon Annal cut hay until the . Daniel, J.
Janvier & on the Island. A McLeod & out of a job.
151
Mr McAulay, Roderick
Roderick McAulay, Mr
McAulay's family
Grand Jose
Alexis, SeapotawahKinnunce
James Daniel, Angus
McLeod, Morron
James Daniel and family,
Annal, Angus, J. Janvier
Annal, Daniel
Annal, Daniel
Daniel, J. Janvier, A.
McLeod
Fine day.
Annal cutting with the mower all day. Daniel out with the scythe part of
the day. The others worked off and on gathering the hay.
Annal, Daniel
Annal cutting & stacking hay.
Annal
The same work done.

The same.
The same.
151

Annal and James Daniel cut hay. J. Janvier, refused to cut f and
only worked half a day at hay. The S S gave a refusing to cut
fences that Daniel told them not to do so. The weather was fine all week.
B.307/a/1
1880
48
B.307/a/1
1880
48
08Aug
09Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
10Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
11Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d
B.307/a/1
1880
48d49
18Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49
19Aug
Portage la
Loche
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1880
49
20Aug
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
1880
49
21Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
5 June 2014
49
12Aug
13Aug
14Aug
15Aug
16Aug
17Aug
22Aug
Lac la Biche
Rain
Annal fixing up the mower and afterwards stacking the hay with the
others who worked at that all day.
Rained. R. And J. Janvier cut & squared a log for an ox sled, say 1/4 a
day's work.
3 PLL men & Angus cutting wood for floats about 1/2 day. Annal &
Daniel Annal had being hurt with a horse and Daniel being too
lazy. Bishop passed down from Lac la Biche with 1 skiff and 1 canoe
loaded with 1 pint + 4 f
152
Annal, James Daniel, J.

Janvier
Annal
J. Janvier
Angus, Annal, Daniel,

Bishop
Rained no work.
Prairies, island
Rain. No work.
Annal began cutting the hay on the Prairies. Worked all day. The others
started & fenced 1 stock hay on the Island.
No entry
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
Entry missing
Morron fixed & Annals cut all day. Daniel & McLeod worked all day
cutting hay. The 3 PLL men worked 1/4 day cutting hay and
afterwards. Annal and 6 loads and helped Daniel & Angus who made
2 stacks. The McKenzie as Brigade arrived from PLL bringing Mr C..
to take charge of this post.
The Brigade left at 4 A.M. taking Daniel & family on to Fort Chipewyan
as he . Rained all day. Annal making floats for nets. Angus
Annal went to to the crossing to meet Roderick camp and Alex Sylvester
who are bringing 5 horses, 7 oxen, 8 bull from PLL. Angus set a net in
the Raining all day at intervals till 4 P.M.
Annal returned from crossing today at noon, and are afterwards
employed f.. Up the store. Paul & brought in 40 lbs from .
Raining, wind with west. C.C. Rod MacFarland arrived today from Fort
Chipewyan. Baptiste Francois, Mr Isaac Cowies started today for Portage
la Loche. Roderick, McAulay arrived here at 5 o'clock P.M. from portage
la Loche with 2 Dogs. Annal working in the store. Charlot sick and
Francois Behawlketh arrived from ....
Daniel, McLeod, Morron,

Annal, Angus, McKenzie
Brigade
Daniel and family, Annal
Roderick, Alex Sylvester

Annal, Paul
C.C. Rod MacFarland,
Baptiste Francois, Mr Isaac
Cowies, Roderick, McAulay,
Charlot, Francois Behawlketh
152
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
23Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
24Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
25Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
26Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
27Aug
B.307/a/1
1880
49d
B.307/a/1
1880
50
B.307/a/1
1880
50
B.307/a/1
1880
5 June 2014
50
28Aug
crossing
Hay prairies
Island
29Aug
White Fish
Lake, River
30Aug
Portage la
Loche
Raining all day, wind north west. Charlot and Francois left for their
camp; 3 oxen and 1 bull came to day from crossing.
Fine clear day; south wind. Francois arrived today with 80 lbs: bear
meat; and Pierre (Cree [surname]) killed 1 bear this morning. He gave in
10 lbs. bear meat. Francois Behawlketh left for his camp. Annal,
Roderick McAulay and Angus McLeod working at the Hay. Annal cut
about 10 loads. Roderick and McLeod made 10 loads.
Fine clear and calm day. Annal at the same work. He cut 15 loads.
McAulay 15 and McLeod made 1 stack. Paul and Pierre Cree [surname],
left for hunting bear this morning and came back. They did not killed any
thing.
Cloudy and raining. Annal and Angus McLeod sharpening the cutters till
noon. Roderick MacAulay being at Hay Prairie till noon, came home
afternoon and made floats for nets. Annal cut Axles for the cart. Angus
working in the store.
Cloudy weather. Raining a little. Pierre and Paul left to go and Hunt bear.
Roderick set a net in the river and squared some bars for the cart. Angus
McLeod working in the store. Annal looking for the cow and squaring
some sticks for the cart.
Cloudy weather, wind north East. Raining sometimes. Pierre and Paul
came back. They saw 4 bears, but they could not killed them. Annal and
Roderick sawing and squaring some Woods for the cart. Angus McLeod
fencing 1 stack in the Island. The Cree's [Crees] boys weeding in the
garden. Roderick McAulay caught 4 jack fish.
Cloudy, rained all night and all day. Roderick McAulay caught 1 white
fish in the river. Paul Killed 1 bear this mroning and he gave in 20 lbs.
fresh Meat and he left again to go and hunt in the river with his brother
Pierre and 2 boys. Intevatum arrived with his family from White Fish
Lake with a little dried meat. Baptiste arrived this evening from the same
Lake. he gave in 20 lbs. Dried meat. Annal and Roderick McAulay
employed at the same work. Angus working for the cow and squaring
some handles for axes.
Raining. Baptiste who arrived yesterday started for his camp this
morning.
Messrs McFarland, Cowie & Lt arrived at with a boat from PLL
before dawn. Messrs McFarland & Lt started again before sunrise.
Annal cut about 6 loads hay when the mower broke down. Roderick &
Angus hay. Bishop Tenand passed this evening and took his fl....
153
Charlot, Francois
Francois Behawlketh,
Roderick McAulay, Annal,
Francois, Angus McLeod,
Pierre
McAulay, McLeod, Paul &

Pierre Cree [surname]
Annal, Angus McLeod,

Roderick McAulay
Pierre, Paul, Roderick, Angus

McLeod, Annal
Pierre, Paul, Annal,
Roderick, Angus McLeod,
Crees boys, Roderick
McAulay
Roderick McAulay, Paul,

Pierre Cree [surname] boys,
Intevatum and family,
Baptiste, Annal, Angus
Mr McFarland, Mr Cowie,
Roderick, Angus, Bishop
Tenand
153
B.307/a/1
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
50
5050d
31Aug
01-Sep
Little Red
River
02-Sep
1880
50d
50d
50d
50d
B.307/a/1
1880
50d
06-Sep
B.307/a/1
1880
51
07-Sep
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
51
51
08-Sep
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
51
10-Sep
Portage la
Loche
11-Sep
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan,
Battleford
Fort
Chipewyan,
Ile a la Crosse
B.307/a/1
1880
1880
03-Sep
04-Sep
05-Sep
09-Sep
1880
51
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
12-Sep
1880
5151d
51d
B.307/a/1
1880
51d
14-Sep
5 June 2014
13-Sep
After Annal repaired the mower it came a rain that prevented his cutting
any hay. Angus & Roderick gathering hay and after the rain. The
worked at the garden and the later at .
The Cree [Crees] Paul & Pierre left yesterday to hunt. Indians have
promised to get all the dried provisions they possibly can for the post.
Annal cut .. Hay. Roderick & Angus c..king hay and afternoon when all
hands went to the Island and restarted the hay. When raining in the
morning and evening the men were employed and making account
box. Francois Chip [Chypewyan?] brought 97 white fish from Little Red
River & ... 1 net. Lowson Chip .... Roderick equipping for the fur hunts.
Francois promised to come here and give this fall on the ... of what he
got ....
Raining. Men making a hay frame and careling garden.
Men employed as yesterday. Rainy weather continues.
Fine day. Rain very high.
Annal cut 10 loads hay Ochers carting hay. Churchem & Paul came to
tell that the former had killed a moose and wanting more debt.
R. McAulay sent with two pack horses for Churchem's meat. Annal cut
about 5 loads hay and afterwards helped Angus McLeod gathering.
Roderick McAulay returned with Churchem's meat this evening. Annal
cut 10 loads hay. Angus gathering it.
Annal cut 8 loads hay and afterwards assisted the others to gather.
Pascal Janvier & two lads arrived this morning from P.L.L. with all the
oxen (excepting a Blackie which was left across the little river) and one
horse. There are still 4 horses at the Portage and him along the road.
Weather too bad for the men to work. Rain all day.
Immense flocks of geese and various flying all day. Men at various
jobs. Pascal & lads left from PLL in the large canoe which is to be left
there. Two canoes Mr. P. Mercredi in charge arrived from Fort
Chipewyan this evening bringing balance of outfit 80 POd for this post,
and an Indian prisoner from R in route for Battleford.
One canoe came with vegetables for Fort Chipewyan returned this day at
noon. J. Daniel in charge. Mr P. Mercerdi left for Ile a la Crosse with his
prisoner in a canoe with 2 men. Jos Beauliur stopped here to work.
McAulay caught 3 fish.
All hands gathering hay. McAulay caught 4 fish.
Blowing too hard to father hay. Men variously employed fixing up round
post, and making floats, etc.
154
Annal, Angus, Roderick

Crees, Paul, Pierre, Indians
Roderick, Angus, Francois,

Lowson
Ochers, Churchem, Paul

Churchem, Annal, Angus
McLeod, Roderick McAulay
Roderick McAulay,
Churchem, Annal, Angus
Annal
Pascal Janvier, two lads
Pascal Janvier, two lads
J. Daniel, Mr P. Mercredi,
Jos Beauliur, McAulay
McAulay
154
B.307/a/1
1880
51d
15-Sep
B.307/a/1
1880
51d
16-Sep
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
17-Sep
1880
51d
52
52
52
B.307/a/1
1880
52
21-Sep
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
52
52
22-Sep
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
52
24-Sep
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
52
52
25-Sep
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
52
27-Sep
B.307/a/1
1880
52d
28-Sep
B.307/a/1
1880
52d
29-Sep
1880
1880
5 June 2014
18-Sep
19-Sep
20-Sep
23-Sep
26-Sep
Prairies
Roderick caught 10 fish from 1 net this morning. Rained last night, and
so prevented any thing being done to hay. Angus & Beauliur cutting &
hauling fire wood, and making floats. Annal cleaning up stores. Roderick
set 4 nets and string up the furs in one of men's houses which is now to
be used as a fur store.
Roderick caught 2 white & 2 jack fish this morning. All hands gatheirng
hay till 3,300 M. when a thunderstorms began with hail & heavy rain.
Roderick caught 4 fish and after fixed fence and cut and hauled 1 load
wood. Annal & Angus tried to burn some time in the old kiln. Jose out
began & made floats. Joe to work at hay.
All hands stacking hay. Caught 10 fish.
Weather fine.
All hands stacking hay. Caught 12 fish.
Men still at hay. Caught 6 fish. Charle & Chrysostow Piche arrived to
gathering face debts, bringing their bales dried buffalo meat and a few
pound grease. J. Rehatract also arrived for a similar purpose.
Men as yesterday. 5 Fish caught. The Chipewyan who came yesterday
left to day with their winter supplies.
7 fish caught this morning. Men stacking hay & fencing it.
10 fish caught. Annal finished fencing the hay. Those are now 140 loads
secured. Roderick, Angus & Beauliur digging potatoes. 49 bushels early
gathered and put in office cellar.
10 fish caught 2 nets put down this evening. Roderick fetched to the post
the rake, and cart from the Prairies. Annal brought in the mower.
Other men dug bushels white potatoes.
Sunday
Men digging potatoes. Roderick caught 20 fish. Annal assisting in store.
Alexis Cree [surname] arrived by canoe down the river bringing 2 bales
dry meat.
Alexis got his supplies. Annal assisted in store and afterwards took up
vegetables. Angus & Beauliur finished taking up the potatoes. 48 bushels
white potatoes. Put in kitchen cellar. Produce of garden 10 1/2 bags
Beats, 2 bags Carrots & 2 1/2 bushels Onion. McAulay caught 1 fish and
had to take up all nets as they got so full of ... Etc.
Ten fish caught today. McAulay making floats and putting potatoes in
cellar. Annal, Angus & Beauliur taking up potatoes in . Alexis started
to fix up Bishop Ferrands furs which he is to be paid 15 skins.
155
Angus, Beauliur, Annal,

Roderick
Roderick
Rodrick, Annal, Angus, Jose
Charle, Chrysostow Piche, J.

Rehatract
Charle, Chrysostow Piche, J.
Rehatract
Annal, Roderick, Angus,

Beauliur
Roderick, Annal
Roderick, Annal, Alexis
Alexis, Annal, Angus,

Beauliur, McAulay
McAulay, Annal, Angus,
Beauliur, Alexis, Bishop
Ferrand
155
B.307/a/1
1880
52d
30-Sep
B.307/a/1
1880
53
01-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
53
53
02-Oct
1880
Island
03-Oct
B.307/a/1
1880
53
04-Oct
Lake, Island
B.307/a/1
1880
53
05-Oct
Island
B.307/a/1
1880
53
06-Oct
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/1
1880
5353d
07-Oct
Little River
(fishery)
B.307/a/1
1880
53d
08-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
53d
53d
09-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
53d
53d
53d
11-Oct
B.307/a/1
1880
14-Oct
B.307/a/1
1880
53d
53d54
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
54
54
16-Oct
1880
1880
1880
1880
5 June 2014
Ile a la Crosse
10-Oct
12-Oct
13-Oct
15-Oct
17-Oct
Lake
Lake
Two nets set a foot of rapid, caught 20 fish. Those in the store 10 which
were given to the dogs. Annal & others gathering potatoes in the Island.
Same men employed in the Island. In the evening they brought across 18
bags and 1 1/2 bushel Potatoes which were put in the kitchen. Roderick
attending his nets caught fish at face and in others. Alexis returned with a
Bishop Ferrand's canoe , bringing also the ... rods.
Men employed as on 1st. Same amount of potatoes brought across. Fish
hung. Baptiste Kohnipah & family arrived bringing nothing.
Sunday. Fine day.
Annal left for the lake to fish & hunt ducks, taking 4 horses. Angus
McLeod & Beauliur bringing across potatoes and at other small jobs.
Fish caught. Alexis & Baptiste & squaws left for the lake.
McLeod & Beauliur finished taking across Potatoes from Island. Total
100 bushels which were put in kitchen cellar. Roderick caught fish.
The LLB Ox "Spottec" got married and the men were employed all day
in getting him out. Fish caught.
Men repairing fences on the priaries and afterwards cutting, fencing for
hay yards. Fish caught. Nets changed to as the fishing at mouth of
little river has failed.
Raining. McLeod after cleaning byre washed table cloths. Beauliur
knowcked down load mud and began carrying other mud from the
kitchen. McAulay cooking and attending nets.
P. Mercredi and 3 men arrived from Ile a la Crosse last evening and left
toay taking J. Beauliur and leaving Jas. Sanderson who is to winter here.
Rain & sleet. Men still employed as on 8th.
Sunday. Weather fine.
McLeod & Sanderson sent to bring the horses left on the track, rationed
for 4 days. McAulay fishing & cooking.
McAulay at same work.
McAulay at same work. Number of fish hung today 550.
McAulay still fishing. McLeod & Sanderson returned and only brought
Maron being unable to find Centrin & Ceriam.
McAulay at usual work. McLeod hauling fence. Sanderson putting up
fences. Light snow fall last night.
Men employed as yesterday. Annal came from Lake to fetch a rod line.
He reports ducks are very scarce also fish. He has only hung 110 up to
day. He has evidently been eating away his time.
Annal returned to the lake this morning. Snow.
156
Annal
Roderick, Alexis, Bishop

Ferrand
Baptiste Kohnipah and
family
Annal, Angus McLeod,
Beauliur, Alexis, Baptiste,
"squaws"
McLeod, Beauliur, Roderick
McLeod, Beauliur, McAulay

P. Mercredi, J. Beauliur, Jas.
Sanderson
McLeod, Sanderson,
McAulay
McAulay
McAulay
McAulay, McLeod,
Sanderson, Centrin, Ceriam
McAulay, McLeod,
Sanderson
Annal
Annal
156

B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
18-Oct
1880
54
54
54
B.307/a/1
1880
54
21-Oct
B.307/a/1
1880
54
22-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
23-Oct
1880
54
54d
B.307/a/1
1880
54d
25-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
54d
54d
26-Oct
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
54d
28-Oct
B.307/a/1
1880
54d
29-Oct
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
54d
55
30-Oct
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
55
B.307/a/1
1880
55
31-Oct
01Nov
02Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
55
03Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
55
04Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
55
05Nov
1880
5 June 2014
19-Oct
20-Oct
Little River
(fishery)
Lake
24-Oct
Lake
27-Oct
Men reroofing kitchen. Thaw.

Men reroofing kitchen and mudding it. Warm. Rain. Wind S.W.
Men still at kitchen. Warm
Men finished the kitchen. McLeod hauled a cart load of cord wood.
McAulay put down his nets at the little river as fish are very scarce in the
.
Roderick fishing & mending nets. McLeod & Sanderson digging &
hauling mud. The fish are getting quite scarce. Cold frosty and
The fishery have being over. R. McAulay took up all his nets preparing
to starting for the lake. Number of fish hung. McLeod hauling & putting
cord wood. Sanderson mudding. Snow fell last night.
Sunday. Dull cloudy & cold. Wind NW.
R. McAulay left for the lake to take charge of the fishery there. McLeod
& Sanderson mudding houses. Weather fine.
Men mudding till mid-day and then went to look for white mud to white
wash with. They found more but brought a way little lime from kiln.
Thawing at night.
Men cleaning up around the house.
Men as yesterday till 12 PM after which McLeod mudded inside the
house and J. Sanderson hauled 1 cart load of length wood and 3 of cord
wood.
McLeod assisting to bed room. Sanderson cuting and piling drift
wood on the stand.
McLeod as yesterday. Sanderson glazing & putting windows. After dark
a fire broke out in the bed room roof occurred by the stove pipe igniting a
with which some ingeneous architect had covered the roof under the
The fire was got under by McLeod & Sanderson ....
Snowed last night.
157
McLeod, McAulay
Roderick, McLeod,
Sanderson
Roderick McAulay, McLeod,
Sanderson
Sanderson
McLeod, J. Sanderson
McLeod, Sanderson
McLeod, Sanderson
Men repairing damages caused by fire.
Lake
Men employed as on 1st.

McLeod white washing house inside. Sanderson at various jobs till
dinner time. Annal arrived from the lake with the horses & dogs.
Sanderson left for the lake to assist McAulay with 1 train dogs.
Annal started to look for horses but could not cross on account of enough
ice and so turned back. McLeod variously employed.
Nearly all the snow which fell this week thawed off today. Annal cleanng
away dung from the byre doors. Rained all night.
McLeod, Sanderson, Annal,

McAulay
Annal, McLeod
157
B.307/a/1
1880
55
B.307/a/1
1880
55
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
Annal cleaning away Dung. McLeod attending house. Churchem and

Paul Cree [surname] came this morning and after getting some supplies
returned in the evening. They brought nothing.
A cloudy day. Wind SW. The weather last week was very unsettled
commencing with snow and ending with rain. Winds N & SW.
06Nov
07Nov
08Nov
09Nov
10Nov
11Nov
12Nov
13Nov
Annal, McLeod, Churchem,

Paul
Annal fixing byre. McLeod attending house.
Annal
Annal as on 8th. McLeod cutting lentth wood.
Annal, McLeod
Men as on 9th.
Men as on 9th.
Men as on 9th.
Annal finished the byre and commenced to pile up drift wood.
B.307/a/1
1880
55d
14Nov
Lake
B.307/a/1
1880
56
15Nov
Lake
B.307/a/1
1880
56
16Nov
Little River
B.307/a/1
1880
56
B.307/a/1
1880
56
17Nov
18Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
56
19Nov
5 June 2014
158
Little River
R. McAulay arrived from the lake bringing 20 fresh fish. He says fish are
very scarce and he has only caught a few yet. The weather last week was
clear and frosty. No snow fell. The river got jammed up with drift ice and
started again several times. It moved again today and has risen to the foot
of the track. No snow left. Came on wind and showers of rain from NW
towards evening. Bte Kampa also arrived from the lake. Both he and the
others who were there say that Annal ... fully neglected this fishing while
the fish .... There is no doubt that a good fishery cannot make on the lake
if such a trust rarely .... the nets ....
Annal looking for oxen. McLeod cutting & hauling fire wood. R.
McAulay returned to the lake. Strong wind from N.
Men employed as on 15th. Mild. Annal made a water hole and watered
animals at the little river.
Annal watering the stock and looking for Moron which he could not find.
McLeod as before.
Men grinding axes and at usual work.
Annal brought in the cattle and put them in for the first time this season.
He is so bad he has to water them at the little river. McLeod getting
fire wood and attending the kitchen.
Annal
R. McAulay, Baptiste
Kampa, annal
Annnal, R. McAulay,
McLeod
Annal
Annal
Annal, McLeod
158
B.307/a/1
1880
5656d
20Nov
21Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
B.307/a/1
1880
56d
22Nov
23Nov
24Nov
25Nov
26Nov
27Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
57
28Nov
B.307/a/1
1880
57
B.307/a/1
1880
57
B.307/a/1
1880
57
B.307/a/1
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
57
5757d
5 June 2014
Lake
Lake
03Dec
Annal, McLeod, J.
Sanderson, McAulay, Jose
Mecrea, Young Adam,
Chrisistone
Chipewyans, James
Sanderson, McAulay, Paul
Cree [surname],
Annal, McLeod, Paul Cree
[surname]
Men at usual work.

Men at same work.
Same work. Snow fell.
Same work.
Lake
29Nov
30Nov
01Dec
02Dec
Annal & McLeod attending to their acceptance. J. Sanderson arrived

from the lake with 40 fish. Reports on fish catching except to find.
McAulay and the logs. Jose Macrea and Young Adam arrived from
Chrisistone's camp for a few supplies. who came and left yesterday.
reported having cached a white fish down from the post a days march
off.
The Chipewyans left this morning. James Sanderson left at mid day with
order to come back from the lake with McAulay. Paul Cree [surname]
arrived bringing 100 lbs dried meat, 800 lbs ...., 82 fresh . He says he
has cached 200 lbs dried meat from the post 2 days off. The weather
during the last part of last week has been very cold. No snow fell which
is a quite drawback to hauling & using sleds.
Annal & McLeod as usual. Paul Cree [surname] left today promised to
send in when enough snow falls to make dogs to fetch his meat.
159
Same work. Snowed.

Churchim and Paul's son came yesterday to guide the dog driver to their
caches. The weather has been rather cold last week and about two inches
of snow fell. R. McAulay arrived from the lake with 100 fresh fish
caught last week.
R. McAulay started with Churchim and 1 train dogs to fetch the deer
killed by Paul and Churchim. The other men at usual work.
Churchim, Paul's son,

Roderick McAulay
Roderick McAulay,
Churchim, Paul
Men at ordinary occupations. The fall of snow last night.
(Fish) Lake
Very cold and strong Snow fell. Men employed as usual.

Men as yesterday. R. McAulay arrived at noon with 170 lbs fresh
venison and a few furs from Churchim's. In the afternoon McAulay left
for the lake to take up his nets and to bring home the fish with them. Had
a great fisherman & assistant with 12 nets ... at the Fish Lake this fall. 2
or 300 good fish could have been secured.
R. McAulay, Churchim,
McAulay
Annal & McLeod at usual work.
Annal, McAulay
159
B.307/a/1
1880
57d
04Dec
B.307/a/1
1880
57d
05Dec
Lake (fishery)
06Dec
Fish Lake,
willow point
(fishery)
B.307/a/1
1880
58
B.307/a/1
1880
58
B.307/a/1
1880
58
07Dec
08Dec
B.307/a/1
1880
58
09Dec
B.307/a/1
1880
58
10Dec
B.307/a/1
1880
5858d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
5 June 2014
11Dec
12Dec
13Dec
14Dec
15Dec
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
Annal and McLeod at usual work.

J. Sanderson arrived from Lake with 100 fresh fish 68 fish still at the
lake. This fishery had begun to do well and is only more left off as
Sanderson and McLeod have to be in readiness to go to Fort Chipewyan
with the packet.
Sanderson making snow shoes. Ochers at usual work. McAulay arrived
from the lake having remained behind to set the nets past. Nets for fall
and winter Fishery at the fish Lake should be of 6 in. width, 14
deep. 20 such nets are repaired. To find the proper fishing stations at the
lake first ind the point of willows half way between the Co's house and
Baptistee's. The best fall fishing is at this place also in shore. F... later
fishing under the first... go out off this point with 3 .... The fishery in cold
weather is at the first place. 4 fins water is found in coming from the
Island, straight towards the sand point of willows. Nets for the Rain
fishing.... Proportions of Twine regular for net making. 1 ... No 5 for ...
18 of No 1 Twine; 1 ditto No. 9 ditto 12 ditto 1 ditto; No 2 twine is to ..
from the lake.
R. McAulay cutting & hauling wood. J. Sanderson netting snow shoes. A
McLeod washing clothes. Annal at cattle. Compliment of men at Fort
McMurray Winter 1880// Isaac Cowie, clerk in charge, R. McAulay
Fisherman, James Annal Cattle keeper, James Sanderson Dog driver,
Angus McLeod labn. Cook. No families.
Men employed as on 7th.
Annal at cattle. Sanderson at snow shoes. McAulay overhauling potatoes
and McLeod making dog shoes. Packet arrived.
Sanderson & Fontaine left this morning with the packet on one train dogs
300 lbs. Fontaine to be paid 19 from date till . The PLL men
returned this mid days spell. Others are at usual work.
McAulay took charge of the cattle while Annal is off. J. Annal left with
the PLL men to day. He is to fetch down his horses left at PLL last fall
and to look for those along the river on his way down.
160
Annal, McAulay
J. Sanderson, McLeod
Ochers, McAulay, Baptiste
Roderick McAulay, James

Sanderson, Angus McLeod,
James Annal, Isaac Cowie
Annal, Sanderson, McAulay,
McLeod
Sanderson, Fontaine
McAulay, Annal, PLL men
Weather for last week mild and lately rainy.

McAulay at cattle. McLeod cooking & getting wood.
McAulay, McLeod
Men as usual.
Men as usual.
160
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
16Dec
17Dec
18Dec
19Dec
Men as usual.
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
B.307/a/1
1880
58d
58d
58d59
B.307/a/1
1880
59
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1880
1881
59
59
01-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
59
02-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
59
03-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
59
04-Jan
Lake
B.307/a/1
1881
59
05-Jan
Lake
B.307/a/1
1881
59
06-Jan
Swan Lake
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
07-Jan
Clear Water
1881
59d
59d
59d
B.307/a/1
1881
59d
10-Jan
1880
1881
5 June 2014
20Dec
Portage la
Loche
29Dec
Portage la
Loche
30Dec
31Dec
161
Rabesca
08-Jan
09-Jan
Fort
Chipewyan
Men as usual.
Men as usual. Annal arrived from PLL without horses. Mr Morrin having
been away on a long trip.
Weather mild all last week.
Mr Cowie & J. Annal left to day for PLL to see about the horses
wintering there and about hauling La Prize fish. McAulay attending
cattle and McLeod getting fire wood.
Entry missing between 21 December and 28 December.
Mr Cowie & Annal returned from PLL accompanied by Mr Franklyn &
. Men at same work from 20th to date.
Men at same works. Annal & having a spell. Churchim & family
arrived to spend New Year.
McLeod cooking. McAulay getting wood. Annal attending cattle. Two
Chipewyans arrived from Rabesca side.
New Years Day.
Mild, slight snow fall. Two Chipeywans left last night. Churchim this
afternoon to look for lost horses.
Mr Franklyn & left for home this morning. McAulay getting wood.
Ochers at usual work.
McAulay started for a load of fish from the lake. Alexis Cree [surname]
arrived having cached his provisions 3 days off.
McAulay returned from lake along with Baptiste Cree [surname]. Ochers
were as usual.
La Prize arrived to get paid for his fish at Swan Lake. Churchim came
also and says he can't find the Cendrin's horses. McAulay mending a
sled. Ocher men at usual work. The coldest day we have had yet.
Men employed as usual. Alexis and family arrived & camped behind the
post. La Prise and Baptiste left for their homes this morning. Churchim
left yesterday to search for the lost horses up the Clear Water.
Weather still severely cold.
The weather since the middle of last week has been severely cold.
Roderick getting wod along with McLeod. Annal at cattle. Sanderson
and Fontaine arrived with the packet from Ft. Chipewyan after dark. The
dogs were tired and will have to get a rest to morrow.
Annal, Mr Morrin
Mr Cowie, J. Annal,
McAulay, McLeod
Mr Franklyn, Mr Cowie,
Annal
Annal, Churchim and family
McLeod, McAulay, Annal,
Chipewyans
Chipeywans, Churchim
Mr Franklyn, McAulay,
Ochres
McAulay, Alexis
McAulay, Baptiste Cree
[surname], Ochers
La Prize, Churchim, Centrin,
McAulay
Alexis and family, La Prise,

Baptiste, Churchim
Roderick, McLeod, Annal,

Fontaine
161
B.307/a/1
1881
59d
11-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
59d
59d
59d
59d
60
12-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
60
60
17-Jan
1881
B.307/a/1
1881
60
19-Jan
1881
1881
1881
1881
13-Jan
14-Jan
15-Jan
16-Jan
18-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
60
20-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
60
21-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
60
60
60
60
60
60
60d
22-Jan
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
60d
60d
29-Jan
1881
B.307/a/1
1881
60d
31-Jan
B.307/a/1
1881
60d
01-Feb
B.307/a/1
1881
60d
02-Feb
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
23-Jan
24-Jan
25-Jan
26-Jan
27-Jan
28-Jan
30-Jan
Portage la
Loche
Packet men having a spell. R. McAulay getting ready to go with the

packet to morrow with our second train as the load it too large for one
train. Other men at usual work.
McAulay & Sanderson left with two trains dogs with Packet for PLL
accompanied by Paul Fontaine who remains there. Other men at usual
work.
Men as usual.
Men as usual.
Men as usual.
Slight falls of snow last week.
Churchim came in again starving, gave him some meat & potatoes. Men
as usual.
Men as usual.
Men as usual. The horse Becken (old stock) died of inflammation of the
bowels.
Men as usual. R. McAulay & J. Sanderson returned from PLL and
brought some mail. Lowson Grand Jose arrived from Charot Piche's
camp for some supplies.
Alexis and Baptiste Cree arrived from the lake. The former starving.
Annal & Sanderson fetched of the dead horse. McAulay fixing up
sleds, Etc.
McAulay & Sanderson left to day with 2 trains dogs for Alexis cache.
Others as usual.
Churchim arrived as starving.
Men at usual work. Baptiste pitched off.
Men as usual.
Men as usual.
Churchim left. Men as usual.
Men as usual.
Men as usual. McAulay and Sanderson arrived with contents of Alexis
cache to night. Alexis came with him for provisions.
Weather very cold.
R McAulay went to Alexis camp with fish. Sanderson cut branch for our
sled and hauled it home. Other men at customary works.
Sanderson tried to make a sled but could not manage it. The afterwards
handled 2 oxen. McAulay returned this evening.
McAulay making pounded meat and pemmican. J. Sanderson made
chair.
162
R. McAulay
McAulay, Sanderson, Paul
Fontaine
Churchim
R. McAulay, J. Sanderson,
Lowson Grand Jose, Charlot
Piche
Alexis, Baptiste Cree
[surname], Annal, Sanderson,
McAulay
McAulay, Sanderson, Alexis
Churchim
Baptiste
Churchim
McAulay, Sanderson, Alexis

R. McAulay, Alexis,
Sanderson
Sanderson, McAulay
McAulay, J. Sanderson
162
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
60d
60d
61
03-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
61
61
06-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
08-Feb
1881
61
61
61
61
B.307/a/1
1881
61
12-Feb
B.307/a/1
1881
61
13-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
61
61-61d
04-Feb
05-Feb
09-Feb
10-Feb
11-Feb
14-Feb
1881
61d
10Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
61d
11Mar
61d
12Mar
1881
5 June 2014
Swan Lake
cache
07-Feb
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
Swan Lake
Portage la
Loche
Fort
Chipewyan
Fort
Chipewyan,
Swan Lake
cache, lake
Portage la
Loche
Chrysostow's
house
Churchim came in starving and saying he could not kill furs. He was told
he must work at his traps or work at the fort to save his grab. As long
as he was to [too?] lazy to work on trap he would get nothing. He then
left. McAulay and Sanderson went 2 trains dogs want for fish for Swan
Lake.
Annal and McLeod at usual work. Snowing.
Annal and McLeod at usual work.
The weather has been very mild and snowy since Thursday. McAulay
and Sanderson arrived from Swan Lake cache in which htye found only
2800 fish instead of 4,000 sold by La Prise. Loads Rations.
Annal & McLeod at usual work. Tripmen getting wood for themselves.
McAulay making pounded meat. Sanderson trying to make snow shoes.
The others as usual.
McAulay making pemmican. Sanderson and others at same work.
McAulay sorting potatoes. Others as before.
Men as on 10th.
Do. Old Jacquot arrived from PLL starving.
Alexis Cree [surname] came in starving. The packet arrived to night Rats
package.
Mr Cowie, J. Sanderson & P. Fontaine left for Ft. Chipewyan on this
morning with 2 trains dogs loaded with packets.
Entry missing between 15 February and 9 March.
Mr Cowie, Sanderson & Fontaine returned from Ft. Chipewyan with
packet. Since 14th ultimo to date the men have been employed as
follows. R. McAulay in charge getting ice and cutting and hauling wood
for carts on shingles. Annal attending horses & cattle. A. McLeod getting
firewood and keeping on furs. Jacquot remained till a few days ago. his
wife making pack cards etc. He then went on to Swan Lake cache to drag
fish. Alexis the Cree [surname] and family lodged round for a week and
then went to lake to try fishing in which he failed and then went off to
the Woods sacking Baptist's cache en route. Several Chipewyans visited
the post and traded as per blotter.
Sanderson & Fontaine left for PLL with packet.
McAulay left for Chrysostow Piche's house to bring his furs and some
provisions.
163
Churchim, McAulay,
Sanderson
Annal, McLeod
Annal, McLeod
McAulay, Sanderson, La
Prise
Annal, McLeod
McAulay, Sanderson
McAulay, Sanderson
McAulay
Old Jacquot
Alexis Cree [surname]
Mr Cowie, J. Sanderson, P.
Fontaine
Mr Cowie, Sanderson,
Fontaine, R. McAulay, A.
McLeod, Annal, Alexis and
family, Cree [surname],
Chipewyans, Baptiste,
Jacquot and wife
Sanderson, Fontiane
McAulay, Chrysostow Piche
163
B.307/a/1
1881
61d
B.307/a/1
1881
61d
B.307/a/1
1881
61d
B.307/a/1
1881
62
B.307/a/1
1881
62
B.307/a/1
1881
62
13Mar
14Mar
15Mar
16Mar
17Mar
18Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62
19Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62
20Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
21Mar
22Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
23Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
24Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
25Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
26Mar
5 June 2014
Chrysostow's
house
Portage la
Loche
McAulay returned today. The weather for the last four days has been
very warm.
Men employed as usual. Mr Cowie and R. McAulay went to Lake for a
moose killed by Baptiste Cree [surname]. Others at usual work.
McAulay
Mr Cowie, R. McAulay,
Baptiste the Cree [surname]
Mr Cowie & McAulay returned with 32 lbs moose meat.
Mr Cowie, McAulay
Men at usual work.

McAulay cleaning up about place. Others as usual. J. Sanderson arrived
from PLL bringing 1 bag Barley, 2 pairs of snow shoes and 100 white
fish. His dogs in very bad order. Used 40 fish.
McAulay, J. Sanderson
Sanderson having a spell. Men at same as on 17th.
Sanderson
2 Men getting to start for cache to night as it is too warm during the day.
Annal & McLeod at usual work. Sanderson who has been becoming
lazier checking and more disobedient every day, made some insulting
remarks and while people in reply to which Mr. Cowie gave him a slight
tap in the ... where upon Sanderson ran off and when given an chance to
return to duty did not do so. This subsequently deserved to be kept on till
spring but as he did not take the first chance he got Mr. Cowie would
have another men to do with him. McAulay left for the cache to night.
Rained a little last night. The weather all last week was very warm and
still continuous so. The snow is in part disappeared and dog sleighing
is .
Annal hauling hay & making a hay yard at horse stable. McLeod at usual
work.
Swan Lake
cache
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
164
Men at same work.

Men employed as on 22. R. McAulay and an Indian boy arrived from
Swan Lake Cache with 2 dogs sleds, having started from there with 434
fish from Feed dogs there with 43 fish.
McAulay and boy left for cache but McAulay on meeting two PLL men
with a packet returned with them. Others at usual work.
McAulay left for cache this morning. The PLL men returned to PLL.
Annal making a composite heap for hotbed. McLeod getting wood.
Annal and McLeod are hauling potatoes and shifting them from kitchen
to ha in the afternoon.
Annal, McLeod, Sanderson,

Mr Cowie, McAulay
Annal, McLeod
R. McAulay, Indian boy

McAulay, Indian boy, PLL
men
McAulay, PLL men, McLeod
Annal, McLeod
164
B.307/a/1
1881
62d
27Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
63
28Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
63
29Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
63
30Mar
B.307/a/1
1881
63
31Mar
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
63
63
63d
1881
1881
Swan Lake
cache
Swan Lake
cache
hill (on the
way to Swan
Lake cache)
01-Apr
02-Apr
03-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
04-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
05-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
06-Apr
Little Red
River
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
07-Apr
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
08-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
63d
09-Apr
5 June 2014
Little Red
River
McAulay and boy arrived from cache with 800 dried fish having left 800
fish there which are to be used for feeding the dogs till the spring fishing
begins. The ground is now quite clean of snow except in small patches in
hallows and in the shades.
McAulay hunging up dry fish on store and hung fish in ice cellar.
McLeod & Annal still at potatoes in addition to usual work. Weather
frosty.
McAulay and Indian boy left to take the dogs to cache. Others as before.
Snowed heavily last night. McAulay returned from top of hill the boy
being able to manage the dogs from there. Annal hauling hay and
McLeod hauling fire wood.
McAulay hauled the canoes & skiff out of reach of the flood expected.
He also hauled 15 posts for garden. In the afternoon he and Annal fixed
up new stable for the reception of the furs & goods. McLeod at potatoes.
McAulay & Annal tied up furs and hauled them to stable also bundled up
goods. McLeod at potatoes & fire wood. Seapotawokenum & Paul who
came in with their furs yesterday left to day. Rained heavily this morning
and afterwards froze hard.
McAulay, Annal & McLeod remaining furs, goods, etc. to stable.
Damp warm weather all last week.
McAulay & Annal fixed barley field fence. McLeod getting fire wood.
Old Seapotahwakinum & family arrived starving.
Annal made a box for a hot bed. McAulay cutting and hauling fence for
potato field.
Annal making a wheel barrow. McAulay hauling and putting up fence
round barley field. Charlo Peche arrived, stating that the Chipewyans
were gatering at Little Red River to trade and pay up their accounts.
Annal as yesterday. McAulay fixing up yards in stable. McLeod cut fire
wood. Kippling & Sanderson arrived from Ft. Chipewyan with 1 train
dogs.
Annal & McAulay at various jobs. McLeod as usual. Sanderson left for
Fort Chipewyan with the mail which came here last month.
Seapotawakinum looking for jumper for the steamer.
Mr Cowie & Annal with 2 dogs started to trade and collect Chipewyan
debts at Little Red River. Kippling & McAulay cross sawing shingles.
165
McAulay, boy
McAulay, McLeod, Annal
McAulay, boy
McAulay, boy, McLeod,
Annal
McAulay, Annal, McLeod
McAulay, Annal, McLeod,

Seapotawokenum, Paul
McAulay, Annal, McLeod
McAulay, Annal, McLeod,
Old Seapotahwakinum and
family
Annal, McAulay
Annal, McAulay, Charlo
Peche, Chipewyans
McAulay, McLeod, Kippling,
Sanderson
Annal, McAulay, McLeod,
Sanderson, Seapotawakinum
Mr Cowie, Chipewyan,
Kippling, McAulay
165
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
1881
64
64
10-Apr
11-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
64
12-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
64
13-Apr
Little Red
River
lake
B.307/a/1
1881
64
14-Apr
Little Red
River, Portage
la Loche
B.307/a/1
1881
6464d
15-Apr
Portage la
Loche, Lake
B.307/a/1
1881
64d
16-Apr
Little Red
River, Lake
B.307/a/1
1881
64d
17-Apr
Lake, little
river
B.307/a/1
1881
64d
18-Apr
plains
B.307/a/1
1881
64d
19-Apr
big prairie
B.307/a/1
1881
64d
20-Apr
5 June 2014
Sunday. Weather snowy & coldest all first of week, afterwards clear &
cold.
McAulay & Kippling are sawing shingles. McLeod getting wood. Mr
Cowie & Annal returned from Little Red River having collected 600
MB. The Cree [Crees] Seapotahevakennum & Baptiste left for lake this
morning.
McAulay & Kippling left for lake to saw boards for a skiff & to fetch in
nets, etc. Annal went after Seapotahevakennum to tell him to come back
and make a small canoe for the expected packet. McLeod planted some
cabbage, lettuce and radish seed in a large box in the office window. Paul
Cree [surname] came, brought in 126 lbs dried meat.
Annal having a holiday. McAulay planted some celery, spinach & onions
in a small box today. Weather cloudy.
Old Jollebois arrived from PLL with a packet of letters for the March.
Annal started with it at 2 PM to take it to Little Red River but turned
back on account of the ice being bad. McLeod at various jobs. Tomatoes
planted.
Old Jollebois left for PLL. Annal & McLeod hauling skiff up to stable.
McAulay returned from the lake for provisions having given away some
to the Cree [Crees].
McAulay & Annal started for Little Red River with the packet going by
land across the river. Mr Cowie went to the lake with provisions for the
sawyers.
Mr Cowie returned from the lake this afternoon, having had to leave his
horse across the little river as it was broken up and running. The Cree
[Crees] at the lake are catching lots of fish. First Goose seen 16th.
Mr Cowie & McLeod planting onions in boxes and burning hay
grounds on the plains. The land there was too wet and it was calm to
burn with.
Mr Cowie & McLeod burned the hay grounds in the big prairie and
parked the oxen for the night. Most of the top [?] onions are spoiled.
They should have been kept in a cellar after being dried in the fall.
Looking for horse left across little river. He was racked up the heel to the
cypress.
166
McAulay, Kippling, Mr
Cowie, Annal, Crees,
Seapotahevakennum,
Baptiste
McAulay, Kippling, Annal,

Seapotahevakennum, Paul
Cree [surname]
Annal, McAulay
Old Jollebois, Annal,
McLeod
Old Jollebois, Annal,
McLeod, McAulay, Cree
[Crees]
McAulay, Annal, Mr Cowie
Mr Cowie, Cree [Crees]

Mr Cowie, McLeod
Mr Cowie, McLeod
166
B.307/a/1
1881
64d65
21-Apr
River, potato
island, main
channel, little
island
opposite the
post,
Clearwater
river, big
prairie
B.307/a/1
1881
65
22-Apr
river
B.307/a/1
1881
65,
65d
23-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
65d
24-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
65d
25-Apr
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
26-Apr
1881
65d
65d
65d
B.307/a/1
1881
65d
29-Apr
B.307/a/1
1881
65d66
30-Apr
1881
5 June 2014
27-Apr
28-Apr
main channel,
small island
Cleaning up garden. Kippling arrived from lake at 6 PM. At 7 PM the

river started suddently with a rush and turned running for our house. It
first ran down the main channel which was speedily choked up between
the potatoe island and the little island opposite the posts. it then found an
outlet dawn the genoicle or "shry." This finding no outlet into the main
channel dammed up the Clearwater and overflowed the big prairie up to
the poplar at the mouth of the hay track. the channel between the little
island and the opposite shore began to run after the "shry" stopped and so
continued for an hour. After this the ice became completely jammed. as
soon as the "shry" got blocked up the water rose over the bank and began
to pour into the square. McLeod & Kippling, who had till then been
carrying to the high bank all loose private property, and then sent to drive
the cattle into the barley field for the night. Having done so McLeod
watched till dawn when Mr Cowie got up and found the water had gone
down five feet during the night altho' it had remained high.
Looking for horses and drown cattle to high ridges of the prairie and little
river. River still jammed. McAulay & Annal arrived across the river, but
made no attempt to cross.
McLeod & Mr Cowie went across & brought McAulay & Annal back. ///
as the two latter made no attempt to cross when sign to do so. Kippling
digging the garden to begin to sow when he went to look after cattle.
Annal killed 3 ducks.
Sunday. Weather up to Friday night with the exception duly was
bright and warm. Today it continuous Rainy. Water falling on prairie.
The ice still solid.
Annal making a wheel barrow. McAulay and Kippling cross sawing
shingle wood. McLeod getting fire wood.
McAulay & Kippling splitting shingles. Other men as on 25th. Weather
cleared up today, but still is very cold.
Men at 26th. Weather the same.
No change. Ice settling down owing to water falling.
McAulay & Kipping split 2800 shingles to date. Annal finished wheel
barrow yesterday and began a shingle bench. The ice in the main channel
flowed slowly all afternoon finding a passage between the small island
and the opposite shore. Weather wind SW and mild.
McAulay hauling down goods from place where stored in case of a flood.
Annal & Kippling carried outside of the roof of the store with tar as a
protection from rain.
167
McLeod, Kippling, Mr
Cowie
McAulay, Annal
McLeod, Mr Cowie,
McAulay, Annal, Kippling
Annal, McAulay, Kippling,

McLeod
McAulay, Kippling, Annal
167
B.307/a/1
1881
66
01May
B.307/a/1
1881
66
02May
B.307/a/1
1881
66
03May
B.307/a/1
1881
66
04May
B.307/a/1
1881
66
05May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
06May
07May
08May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
09May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
10May
11May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
12May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
13May
B.307/a/1
1881
66d
B.307/a/1
1881
67
14May
15May
67
16May
B.307/a/1
1881
5 June 2014
Lake
Snow fell last night. The river is now running almost free of ice in mid
channel but around the banks immense keaps of ice remain extending
half across the river from the upper end of the potato island.
Kippling & McAulay drying furs. Annal at sundry odd carpentry jobs.
McLeod collecting & piling firewood. Weather mild. Wind SW.
Men were similarly engaged as on 2nd except McAulay & Kippling who
weighed and bundled furs for 11 packs in the afternoon.
Annal and Kippling finished the store this morning. The former
afterwards made a window & put up some shelves in the loft above the
shop. Kippling made ready a tent for the trip up the river. McAulay made
3 small bags prime and afterwards began to fold furs. McLeod rather
unwell and at small jobs cleaning.
Annal searched for and found the horse left across the little river by Mr
Cowie. McAulay & Kippling packing furs. McLeod variously.
Seapotaheva kenum & Baptiste Cree [surname] came from lake for seed
potatoes and brought in the saw.
Lake
All hands packing furs in the The Cree [Crees] left for the lake.
river, potato
island
168
Kippling, McAulay, Annal,

McLeod
McAulay, Kippling
Annal, Kippling, McAulay,

McLeod
Annal, Mr Cowie, McAulay,
Kippling, McLeod,
Seapotahevakenum, Baptiste
Cree [surname]
Seapotahevakenum, Baptiste,
Cree [Crees]
Rainy day. Men allowed a day to wash their clothes, etc.
Little Red
River, prairies
Fine warm day.

Men cleaning up stacks & stones from prairies. Paul Fontaine from PLL,
Lowson & Maurice Grand Jose and Francois Black from Little Red River
arrived to trade and get seed potatoes.
Annal ploughed part of garden. McAulay & Kippling digging garden.
McLeod cutting potatoes.
Annal ploughed home field. Others as before. Planted parsnips.
Annal harrowing and sowing grass seed in home field. McAulay &
Kippling sowed carrots and parsely and cabbage in garden. McLeod at
various jobs.
Annal sowed 2 oz. Carrots & 4oz R... in home field. McAulay and
Kippling sowed onions and . McLeod washing.
Annal made a frame for garden . McAulay & Kippling sowed carrots,
onions & beats. McLeod cutting potatoes.
Sunday. Weather continuous fine.
Annal ploughing prairie field. McAulay & Kippling at garden planted 1
lb each of Beans & Peas and some radish & lettuce. McLeod at various
Paul Fontaine, Lowson Grand

Jose, Maurice Grand Jose
McLeod
Annal
McLeod
Annal, McAulay, McLeod,
Kippling
McLeod
McLeod
168
169
jobs.
B.307/a/1
1881
67
17May
B.307/a/1
1881
67
18May
B.307/a/1
1881
67
19May
B.307/a/1
1881
67
20May
prairie field
Athabasca
River Grand
Rapids
Athabasca
River Grand
Rapids
Athabasca
River Grand
Rapids, House
River
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
21May
Little Red
River
1881
67d
67d
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
26May
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
27May
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
67d
68
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
1881
1881
1881
5 June 2014
68
68
68
28May
29May
30May
31May
prairie field
Fort
Chipewyan
prairie field,
home field,
garden
03-Jun
04-Jun

Mr Cowie, Kippling, Paul
Cree [surname]
Mr Cowie
McAulay, Annal, Mr Cowie,

Angus McLeod
McAulay, Annal,
Chipewyans, Mr Cowie
Annal, McAulay, McLeod

Kippling, McLeod, McAulay,
Annal
Weather very warm. The mosquitos begin to be troublesome.

Men raked barley on land and then began packing furs.
01-Jun
02-Jun
McAulay set a net and caught 20 fish. Planted 2 bushel Early Ross
potatoes in garden. Annal ploughing prairie filed. Kippling harrowing.
Men planting early ross potatoes in prairie field. Mr Cowie with Kippling
& Paul Cree [surname] started with 1 canoe up the Athabasca River to
examine the obstructions to navigation between here and Grand Rapids.
Men as yesterday. Mr Cowie returned today. The men having refused to
proceed further than the first portage owing to the danger of ice facing on
them and its carrying the tracking ground.
McAulay & Annal at same work. Mr Cowie and men started again by
land taking two horses and Angus McLeod to bring them back from
House River, whence the party will disband in J to p the
examination of the Athabasca Rapids.
21-24 May: McAulay and Annal planting potatoes and attending to
Chipewyans, who brought up their hunts from Little Red River. Mr
Cowie returned from Grand Rapid on the evening of the 25th having
found the river practicable for flatboats during high water.
Entry missing on 25 May.
Annal sowing barley in prairie field. McAulay fishing and at various
jobs. McLeod arrived with the horses all right this morning.
Kippling left for Ft. Chipewyan. McLeod cleaning up fort. McAulay &
Annal at various jobs.
All hands hoeing field in island and planting barley in it. This completes
the sowing for this spring. Of barley 3/4 bushel was put in home field on
the 24 lbs, 1 bushel in prairie field on the 27th and 1 3/4 bushel in island
today. Of potatoes 2 bush put in garden on the 17th and 6 in prarie
field on 18th & 19th and 8 bushels mixed on 19/21st.
Portage la
Loche
Men packing furs. The Cree [Crees] pitched off.

Men packing furs.
Cree [Crees]
Annal & McLeod left for PLL with the cattle.

McAulay crosspacking packs.
McAulay at various jobs.
Annal, McLeod
McAulay
169

B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
68
68
05-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
68
68
68
07-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
68
68
68
68
68
68d
68d
68d
68d
68d
68d
68d
10-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
68d
68d
22-Jun
1881
B.307/a/1
1881
68d
24-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
68d
68d
25-Jun
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
27-Jun
1881
68d
69
69
B.307/a/1
1881
69
30-Jun
B.307/a/1
1881
69
01-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
69
69
02-Jul
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
5 June 2014
06-Jun
Lac la Biche
08-Jun
09-Jun
11-Jun
12-Jun
13-Jun
14-Jun
15-Jun
16-Jun
17-Jun
18-Jun
19-Jun
20-Jun
21-Jun
23-Jun
26-Jun
28-Jun
29-Jun
03-Jul
Portage la
Loche
Sunday
McAulay at various jobs.
McAulay as on 6th. Two RC Mission boats with 1 Os for A & R
missions and two priests arrived from Lac la Biche.
McAulay worken [sic] aboud [sic] the Ford [sic].
McAulay the work.
Mr McFarlane arrive with 4 loads after the boards wind of Roderick
McAulay. Commenced give goods to indians.
McAulay worken in the garden.
Sunday. Work
McAulay garden work.
Raining all day. McAulay garden work.
Raning all day. McAulay garden work.
fine clear day.
fine cleare [sic] day. McAulay worken at the Garden.
fine Cleare day. McAulay worken in the Garden.
fine Cleare day. Alexis came to Ford starven. Paul is 2 Boys came with
Berer [Bear?] mead [sic]. R McAulay woren [worked at] Garden.
Roderick McAlay worken in the garden.
Roderick McAulay garden worken. Paul Cree [surname] came with is
famely.
Roderick McAulay worken in the store to noon after that worken in
garden.
fin Cleare day
Mr Gardenar, Alexie with 4 p from Podage la Liche [Portage la Loche]
after the wind of R McAulay worken in the store.
Roderick McAulay hoen turnip the Gen Gaff [??]
Roderick McAulay worken in Garden.
Jose MaCree [surname] Chrysostom Roderick McAulay hoen the
potatoes.
Roderick McAulay weed the Potatoes. Chrysostom and Jose MaCree
[surname] wind
Chrysostom, Jose MaCree [surname] cam with 5 Berer. Roderick
McAulay weeden Potatoes.
Sunday fine cleare day.
170
McAulay
RC mission, A&R missions,
McAulay
Mr McFarlane, Roderick
McAulay, Indians
McAulay
Alexis, Paul, McAulay
Mr Gardner, Alexis, R.
McAulay
Jose Mecrea, Chrysostow,

McAulay
Roderick McAulay,
Chrysostow, Jose Mecrea
Chrysostow, Jose Mecrea,
Roderick McAulay
170
B.307/a/1
1881
69
04-Jul
Roderick McAulay, Chrysostom, Jose MaCree [surname] hoen potatoes.
B.307/a/1
1881
69
05-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
69
06-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
69
69
07-Jul
Roderick McAlay, Chrysostom, Jose MaCree [surname] Maken Back.

Roderick McAulay worken with the indians.
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
69
69
69
69
09-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
13-Jul
1881
69d
69d
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
15-Jul
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
16-Jul
1881
69d
69d
69d
69d
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
20-Jul
Mr Cowie and Angus McLeod wind of this mornng to Podage la Loche

with 2 horses. Mourice Grand Jose Little adam of for Bark.
Sunday
Roderick McAulay worken in the garden.
Tuesday
Mr Gardener arrive with Boards stock all day. Mourice Grand Jose
for Barks.
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
21-Jul
Roderick McAulay worken in the Garden. James Annal maken forks for
the hay. Morice, Adam and Lowis Grand Jose for Bark.
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
22-Jul
Roderick McAulay Mourice Adam Jose of for Bark. James Annal

worken at the Moore.
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
69d
23-Jul
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
1881
5 June 2014
08-Jul
10-Jul
11-Jul
12-Jul
14-Jul
17-Jul
18-Jul
19-Jul
24-Jul
Portage la
Loche
R McAulay, MaCree [surname], Grand Jose worken in the Garden.

Sunday
Roderick McAulay sick.
Tuesday
Mr Isaac Cowie arrive and Angus McLeod from Podage la Loche with 6
horses.
Jose Grand Jose arrive.
Maken Back Alexis Cree [surname] arrive. Macrice Grand Jose Little
adam of for Bark.
James Annal worken at the Mourice, Adam Jose for Bark. R McAulay
worken in the Garden.
Sunday
171
Roderick McAulay,
Roderick McAulay,
Roderick McAulay,
Roderick McAulay,
Roderick McAulay, Indians
McAulay, Grand Jose,
Mecrea
Mr Isaac Cowie, Angus

McLeod
Jose Grand Jose
Alexis Cree [surname],
Maurice Grand Jose
Mr Cowie, Angus McLeod,
Maurice Grand Jose, Little
Adam
Maurice Grand Jose

McAulay, James Annal,
Maurice, Adam, Louis Grand
Jose
Roderick McAulay, Maurice
Grand Jose, Adam Grand
Jose, James Annal
James Annal, Maurice Grand
Jose, Adam Grand Jose,
Roderick McAulay
171

James Annal, Maurice Grand
Jose, Adam Grand Jose,
Louis Grand Jose
B.307/a/1
1881
69d
25-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
26-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
27-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
28-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
29-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
30-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70
31-Jul
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
01Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
02Aug
rainy and Clouty

rainy all day. Mr Gardner arise with is brigade in the morning. Stop here
all day to late in the evening. Mourice and Adam went for the skiff down
the River. Annal comance to maken a rake after the com is no work.
McFarlane arise. James Annal maken rake for hay. Mourice and Adam
com skeft Mourice kell a Bear. Louis maken shingles. Roderick
McAulay worken in the store.
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
03Aug
James Annal worken at rake. Louis maken Singles. Mourice and Adam
cut framen for Barley feelt.
Annal, Louis, Maurice, Adam
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
04Aug
James Annal, Mourice, Adam, R McAulay at the hay with Grand Jose
Adam Jose MaCree [surname] arise with 180 lb dry mead.
Annal, Maurice, Adam,

McAulay
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
05Aug
James Annal cuten hay. R. McAulay, Louis, Mourice, Adam gathering

hay. Mr. King arise with is Bregate from Portage la Loche.
Annal, McAulay, Louis,

Maurice, Adam, Mr King
5 June 2014
big prairie
James Annal at the hay. Mourice and Adam worken in the garden in the
morning afternoon taken to Big Prairie. Louis of to hount Beaver.
Annal cuden [cutting?] hay. Mourice, Adam, Louis of for Barks. R.
McAulay worken garden after noon R McAulay, Mourice, Louis, Adam
weene the Potatos.
172
James Annal Cuten hay. Maurice, Louis, Adam hoen the Potatoes.
Roderick McAulay warken in the garden. Jose Grand Jose arise starven.
Annal cud 20 loads. Roderick McAulay, Louis, Mourice, Adam hoen the
Potatoes in the morning. After noon R. McAulay comance to rake hay.
Louis Mourice adam maken coks about 40 or 50 loads of hay cut.
Annal fexen the cuders. Adam was with him. Roderick McAulay, Louis,
Mourice gathering hay.
rainy and cloudy. James Annal was fexen the moor in the evening want
for piece of w for Rake. Roderick McAulay, Louis, Mourice, Adam
worken in the garten after noon. Comance to gathering hay.
river
Portage la
Loche
Annal, Maurice, Adam,

Loius, McAulay
James Annal, Maurice, Louis,
Adam, Roderick McAulay,
Jose Grand Jose
Annal, Roderick McAulay,
Louis, Maurice, Adam
Annal, Adam, McAulay,
Louis, Maurice
Maurice, Adam
Mr Gardener, Mourice,
Adam, Annal
McFarlane, James Annal,
Maurice, Adam, McAulay
172
173
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
06Aug
Annal, Louis, Mourice, Adam gathering hay.
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
07Aug
Sunday
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
08Aug
Annal cut hay. Roderick, Louis, Mourice, Adam gathering.
Annal, Roderick, Louis,

Adam, Maurice
B.307/a/1
1881
70d
09Aug
James Annal cut hay. Roderick McAulay, Mourice, Adam, Louis,

gathering hay.

B.307/a/1
1881
70d
10Aug
James Annal cuten hay. Roderick McAulay, Louis, Mourice, Adam

gathering.

B.307/a/1
1881
71
11Aug
James Annal Cuten hay. Roderick McAulay, Louis Mourice Adam

gathering.

B.307/a/1
1881
71
12Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71
13Aug
James Annal fexen the Cuters. Louis Gr Jose Gr Jose maken shingles.
Roderick McAulay, Mourice, Adam went cross River for weat [wheat?]
James Annal cut hay. Roderick McAulay, Mourice, Adam gathering hay.
Mr. Camsell and Mr Cowie arise from Portage la Loche. Mr Cowie went
town to Fort Chipewyan. Charle kill 2 moose in the river.
Annal, Louis Grand Jose,

McAulay, Maurice, Adam
Annal, McAulay, Maurice,
Adam, Mr Camsell, Mr
Cowie, Charle
B.307/a/1
1881
71
14Aug
Sunday
B.307/a/1
1881
71
15Aug
James Annal fexen Cuters. Louis, Mourice maken shingles. Adam

worken about the Fort.
B.307/a/1
1881
71
16Aug
Annal maken from for the hay. Louis, Mourice maken sengles. Adam
worken with Annal.
B.307/a/1
1881
71
17Aug
Annal cuten hay. Louis, Mourice, Adam, Roderick McAulay gathering.

Angus McLeod, William Roslan arise with 3 oxen 5 horses.
5 June 2014
river
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan

Annal, Louis, Maurice,
Adam, Roderick, McLeod,
William Roslan
173
B.307/a/1
1881
174
71
18Aug
rainy after noon. Roderick, Annal, Angus, Roslan, Louis, Morice, Adam
went ought to stacking hay only mate half stack.
Roderick McAulay, William Roslan, Adam wint of for Bark. James
Annal, Angus Leat Barken the store. Louis, Mourice maken sengles. Paul
Cree [surname] arise.
Roderick, Annal, Angus,

Roslan, Louis, Maurice,
Adam
Roderick, William Roslan,
Adam, Annal, McLeod,
Louis, Maurice, Paul Cree
[surname]
Annal, Angus, McLeod, William Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam maken

stacks 30.
Annal, McLeod, Roslan,


Maurice, Louis, Adam,
Chipewyan, Chrysostow
B.307/a/1
1881
71
19Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71
20Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
21Aug
Sunday. Clouty
James Annal, McLeod, Roeslan, Mourice Grand Jose, Louis Grand Jose,
Adam wint ought to stack hay. There fight at pig the Chipewyans
cam to the Fort. Chrysostom got the . There was stacken hay 31.
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
22Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
23Aug
J. Annal, McLeod, Roeslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking hay.
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
24Aug
James Annal, McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking hay to

noon rainy.
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
25Aug
James Annal, McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking hay 33.
Annal cut hay. Roslan, McLeod, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking fra
the stacks the same time. Roderick McAulay cuten Barley.
Rainy all day. Roslan, Louis Grand Jose, Mourice Grand Jose, Little
Adam worken at sengles. Annal fexen the c
Annal, Roslan, McLeod,

Louis, Maurice, Adam,
Roderick
Roslan, Louis Grand Jose,
Maurice Grand Jose, Little
Adam, Annal
Sunday. Rainy all day.

Rainy and cloudy. Annal and Roslan worken at Sengles. Louis Grand
Jose, Mourice, Adam, Chrysostom, R. McAulay worken at the Barley.
McLeod worken.
Annal, Roslan, Louis,

Maurice, Adam, Chrysostow,
McAulay, McLeod
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
26Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
27Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
28Aug
71d
29Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
5 June 2014

174
B.307/a/1
1881
71d
30Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
72
31Aug
B.307/a/1
1881
72
01-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
72
02-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
72
03-Sep
Rainy. James Annal worken at Sengles. Roderick McAulay, Louis,

Mourice, Adam worken at the Barley and McLeod worken at the Barley.
Chrysostom worken at the.
James Annal cut hay. Louis, Mourice, Adam cut fransen for the stacks.
Roslan, McLeod of for for sengles. Roderick McAulay worken at the
barley. Chrysostom of to hount bearer.
James Annal cut hay. McLeod, Roslan, Louis Grand Jose, Mourice
Grand Jose, Little Adam gathering and stacken hay. R. McAulay,
Chrysostom worken at the Barley.
Annal cut hay. McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam gathering.
Chrysostom of to hount Beaver. Roderick McAulay worken at the
Barley.
James Annal cuten hay. McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam
gathering. Chrysostom cam home with 2 Beaver this morning. Roderick
McAulay, Chrysostom worken at the Barley.
B.307/a/1
1881
72
04-Sep
Sunday Clouty
B.307/a/1
1881
72
05-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
72
06-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
07-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
08-Sep
Annal cut hay. McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam gathering.

Chrysostom of to hount Beaver. McAulay stacken Barley.
James Annal fenish cutten hay. Angus McLeod, William Roslan, Louis
Grand Jose, Mourice Grand Jose, Little Adam gathering. McAulay
stacking barley. Chrysostom kill 16 wares.
James Annal, William Roslan, shengles. Roderick McAulay, McLeod
splitteng woot for shengles. The Chipewyans not worken. Alexis Cree
[surname] arise. Raining all day.
Clouty. Annal and Roslan maken shengles. McLeod, Mourice, Adam of
for woot for shengles. Louis hounting kill a wares. Roderick McAulay
fixen the garden.
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
09-Sep
Annal, McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Adam, Mourice, gathering hay. McAulay

maken flots.
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
10-Sep
5 June 2014
Little River
Annal, McLeod, Roslan, Louis, Mourice, Adam, stacken hay. Roderick

work at floats on at Little river.
175
Maurice, Adam, McLeod,
Chrysostow
Annal, Louis, Maurice,
Adam, Roslan, McLeod,
McAulay, Chrysostom
McAulay, Chrysostow
McAulay, Chrysostow
McAulay, Chrysostow

McAulay, Chrysostow
McAulay, Chrysostow
Annal, Roslan, McAulay,
McLeod, Chipewyans, Alexis
Cree [surname]
Annal, Roslan, McLeod,
Maurice, Adam, Louis,
McAulay
Louis, Adam, Maurice,
McAulay
Roderick
175
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
13-Sep
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/1
1881
72d
14-Sep
Little River
Sunday. Roderick catch 9 fish.

Roderick McAulay catch 11 fish. Annal, Roslan, worken at shengles.
McLeod of for woot for shengles. Roderick, Adam sblafen woot. Louis,
Chrysostom of to hount Bearer.
Docter McKay and Mr Cowie arise this morning with 2 Boats from Fort
Chipewyan and Mr McKay start of apart 10 oclock with 2 Boats to
Portage la Loche. Sinklar cam with is [his?] family to Bass the wonter R.
McAulay catch 18 fish in the River. No work rainy the hay is not dry.
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking hay. Mr Cowie,
McAulay, McLeod worken in the store. Roderick McAulay catch 10 fish
at Little River.
Doctor McKay, Mr Cowie,

McAulay, Sinklar
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis,
Mourice, Adam, Mr Cowie,
McAulay, McLeod
Mr Cowie, Angus McLeod,
Chrysostow, Roslan, Sinklar,
[surname]
B.307/a/1
1881
1881
72d
176
72d
11-Sep
12-Sep
McAulay, Annal, Roslan,

McLeod, Adam, Louis,
Chrysostow
B.307/a/1
1881
73
15-Sep
Little River
Mr Cowie and Angus McLeod, Chrysostom start of this morning with 3

horses to Portage la Loche. Roslan, Sinklar, Louis, Mourice, Adam,
stacking hay. R. McAulay catch 9 fish at the Little river. McAulay
worken in the store. Baptiste Cree [surname] arise from the lake.
B.307/a/1
1881
73
16-Sep
Little River
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis Grand Jose, Mourice, Adam, stacken hay. R

McAulay worken in the store and we catch 16 fish at the Little river.

B.307/a/1
1881
73
17-Sep
Little River
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis, Mourice, Adam stacking hay. R. McAulay catch

8 fish at little river.

B.307/a/1
1881
73
18-Sep
Sunday
B.307/a/1
1881
73
19-Sep
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis Grand Jose, Mourice, Adam worken at the hay. R.
McAulay tryen Barley. R. McAulay catch 6 fish.

B.307/a/1
1881
73
20-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
73
21-Sep
Roslan, Sinklar, Louis, Mourice, Adam . Rainy. R. McAulay catch 8

fish.
R. McAulay catch 6 fish. R. McAulay triesen Barley. Roslan, Sinklar,
Louis, Mourice, Adam francen hay. Alexis Cree [surname], Pierre Cree
[surname], cam to the Fort.

McAulay, Roslan, Sinklar,
Alexis, Pierre Cree [surname]
5 June 2014
176
177
R McAulay catch 12 fish at the Little river. Sinklar, Roslan, Louis,

Mourice Grand Jose, Adam worken at the hay.
McAulay, Sinklar, Roslan,

23-Sep
R. McAulay catch 9 fish. Rainy. Sinclar, Roslan.
McAulay, Sinklar, Roslan
73d
24-Sep
Men at hay.
1881
73d
25-Sep
Sunday
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
26-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
27-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
28-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
B.307/a/1
1881
B.307/a/1
B.307/a/1
1881
73
22-Sep
B.307/a/1
1881
73
B.307/a/1
1881
B.307/a/1
Little River
Portage la
Loche
Two A Boats arrived from PLL. Messers Cowie & passengers. Men at
various jobs.
Mr Cowie
Boats left this morning. Men at various jobs.

Men at hay. A. McLeod & C. Piche arrived with 3 horses and 13 oxen
from PLL.
McLeod, Charlot Piche
29-Sep
Men at hay, etc. Chipeywans arrived to get fall advances.
Chipewyans
73d
30-Sep
Men at hay, etc. Mr Co & R. McAulay equipping Chipewyans.
Chipewyans, McAulay,
Cowie
1881
73d
01-Oct
All hands as yesterday. Hay finished. 240 loads.
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
02-Oct
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
3-8
Oct
Entry missing
Entry for 3-8 October: Men digging potatoes, roofing & mudding houses.
A heavy rain fell on 6th & 7th. McAulay hung to date 560 fish. C & M
not employed on 6th & 7th.
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
McAulay
177
178
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
09-Oct
Entry missing
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
10-Oct
Men fishing, cutting & hauling wood. Sinclair commenced to fix byre.
Sinclair
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
11-Oct
Men fishing, cutting & hauling wood. Sinclair commenced to fix byre.
Sinclair
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
12-Oct
C. Piche & Louis b..ing house. Others as usual. Maurice hunting.
Chrysostow Piche, Maurice

Grand Jose
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
13-Oct
A slight thaw. C Peche & M Ronche killed 1 Beaver.
Chrysostow Piche, M Ronche
B.307/a/1
1881
73d
14-Oct
C & M fixing tracks to half a day. 1043 good fish hung to day
McAulay took 60 fish & took up his nets.
McAulay
B.307/a/1
1881
74
15-Oct
McAulay & Sinclair fixing byre. McLeod & the three Chips digging
potatoes.
McAulay, McLeod,
Chipweyans
B.307/a/1
1881
74
16-Oct
The "shry" set fast.
B.307/a/1
1881
74
17-Oct
Men employed as on 15th. Only 20 bushels potatoes procured from field.

Sinclair put cattle in.
Sinclair
B.307/a/1
1881
74
18-Oct
B.307/a/1
1881
74
19-Oct
Men digging turnips.

Men digging carrots. 2 bushels Potatoes served out to each men's house.
Thawing a little today. Paul Cree [surname] brought 48 p & 30 d meat.
C. Peche & M Ronche off hunting on 18 & 19th. Returned after tracking
four cariboo with nothing.
Paul Cree [surname],

B.307/a/1
1881
74
20-Oct
Hunters again started after a bear with the dogs. Men digging vegetables.
Thawed a little.
5 June 2014
178
179
B.307/a/1
1881
74
21-Oct
Men finished taking up vegetables. Hunters returned with nothing.
B.307/a/1
1881
74
22-Oct
Men mudding & fixing up about the place. Weather mild snow off. River
free of ice.
B.307/a/1
1881
74
23-Oct
Entry missing
B.307/a/1
1881
74
24-Oct
Men as on 22nd. Maurice mudding.
Maurice
B.307/a/1
1881
74
25-Oct
Men as on 23d. Chrisostam mudding.
Chrysostow
B.307/a/1
1881
74
26-Oct

Maurice, Sinclair,
Chrysostow Piche, S. Ronche
B.307/a/1
1881
74
27-Oct
Men as on 25th.
R McAulay, McLeod and Maurice repairing fences on the prairie.
Sinclair fumigating byre. C. Piche & S Ronche off hunting & killed 1
beaver. Drizzly rain. Snow off.
B.307/a/1
1881
74
28-Oct
McAulay, McLeod, Maurice and Louis finished fencing hay. Chrys

Piche hunting. Sinclair at byre.
McAulay, Maurice, Louis,

Chrysostwo Piche
B.307/a/1
1881
7474d
29-Oct
McAulay & McLeod white washing. Louis hauling wood. C Piche and
Maurice went off hunting.
McAulay, McLeod, Louis, C.

Piche, Maurice
B.307/a/1
1881
74d
30-Oct
B.307/a/1
1881
74d
31-Oct
Weather all last week cloudy and mild. Same times raining. River quite
clear of drift ice.
McAulay, McLeod, Louis & Sinclair white washing. C. Piche & Maurice
came back from hunt. They killed 4 beavers but only put the meat of one
in the store. Weather still mild.
McAulay, McLeod, Louis,

Sinclair, C. Piche, Maurice
5 June 2014
179
B.307/a/2
1881
1d
01Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
02Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
03Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
04Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
05Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
06Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
07Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
08Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
09Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
10Nov
5 June 2014
Potatoe Island
The complement of this post consists of, for Winter 1881/2: Isaac Cowie,
J.C.S., Shetland; R McAulay (Seccond &) Fisherman; Lewis A. McLeod,
B., Laborer, Do; P. Sinclair, Cattleman, Orkney, Scotland; Lowis
Bouche, Temprary Laborer, Halfbreed Chipewyan. =Family= P.
Sinclair's wife (... cook) and 3 infant daughters. =Hangers-on=
Chrysostom Piche, Hunter; Maurice Bouche, alias Grand Jose, his wife
& grand daughter Grand Jose, now supposed to be 60 years of age, is
helpless, but having been a good hunter in his day, is now a sort of
pensioner, and the account is permuted to pass this winter at the post. All
hands and hunters collecting fire wood in the potatoe island. Hard frost &
clear.
180
Isaac Cowie, R. McAulay,

Lewis A. McLeod, P.
Sinclair, Lowis Bouche, P.
Sinclair's wife and 3 infant
daughters, Chrysostom Piche,
Maurice Bouche/Grand Jose,
Grand Jose's wife and grand
daughter
All hands gathering fire wood except Maurice. Hard frost.
Little Red
River
All hands getting wood.

Sinclair & McLeod slaughtering the ox Nez Range. McAulay baking
nets. Lowis hauled 6 loads wod. Maurice hauled 6 loads wood with drag.
C. Piche collecting fire wood.
Sinclair, McLeod, McAulay,

Lowis Bouche, Maurice
Bouche
Lowis & McLeod chopping stove wood. Sinclair sharpening tools.

McAulay as on 4th. C. Piche & Maurice started for Little Red River.
Lowis, McLeod, Sinclair,

McAulay, C. Piche, Maurice
Sun. Weather fine.
Prairie
Men as on 5th except Sinclair who went to prairie for sled wood.
Lake (fishery)
Sinclair flitting with family to mum's house. A. McLeod installed as

cook. Others as on 7th.
McAulay & Lowis started for the lake to fish under the ice with 12 nets.
McLeod went with them to bring back the horses. Sinclair & C. Piche
sawing.
Sinclair winnowing some barley & cleaning hand mill. C. Piche went off
hunting. Wind S. Thawing.
Sinclair
Sinclair and family, McLeod

McAulay, Lowis, McLeod,
Sinclair, C. Piche
Sinclair, C. Piche
180
181
C. Piche killed a bear & brought in a piece of rib. Sinclair winnowed all
the barley from home field--about 3 bushels--, and made a save. A.
McLeod returned with the horses from the lake.
Chrysostom Piche, A.
McLeod
Sinclair, McLeod
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
11Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
12Nov
Men at usual working. Sinclair at cattle & A McLeod cooking and

getting wood.
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
13Nov
Weather cold.
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
14Nov
Men as usual. C Piche brought in rest of his bear meat. Cold.
Chrysostom Piche
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
15Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
16Nov
Men as usual. Cold. Three Chips arrived for some supplies and brought a
few beaver tails. Report meddling beaver hunts.
Men as usual except Sinclair who was sawing with C Piche in the
afternoon. Bte Cree [surname] arrived in the evening with some furs to
trade. He says Macaulay is catching very few fish.
Chipewyans
Sinclair, Chrysostom Piche,
Baptiste Cree [surname],
McAulay
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
17Nov
C Piche fetched a log for wood sleds and chopped it down a little.
Chrysostom Piche
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
18Nov
C. Piche and Sinclair sawing wood for sleds.
Chrysostom Piche, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
19Nov
Men as yesterday.
B.307/a/2
1881
2d
20Nov
Lake (fishery)
Lowis arrived from Cree Lake with 40 fish, 35 there yet.
Lowis
B.307/a/2
1881
21Nov
Lake (fishery)
Lowis Bouche left for the lake this morning. P. Sinclair reframed a sled.
A. McLeod hauling wood. Snow.
Lowis Bouche, P. Sinclair, A.

McLeod
B.307/a/2
1881
22Nov
McLeod & Sinclair at usual work. Snow.
McLeod, Sinclair
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery)
181
182
B.307/a/2
1881
23Nov
Jackfish Lake
Men as usual. Jacquot arrived from Jackfish Lake with the dogs. He has
kept there since last spring & some fish oil.
Jacquot
B.307/a/2
1881
24Nov
Jackfish Lake
C. Piche and Maurice started with 1 train of dogs to bring Jacquot's dried
fish from Jackfish Lake.
Chrysostom Piche, Jacquot
B.307/a/2
1881
25Nov
Men as usual. Heavy snow fall.
B.307/a/2
1881
26Nov
Men as usual. Snow.
B.307/a/2
1881
27Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
28Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
29Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
30Nov
B.307/a/2
1881
3-3d
01Dec
Lake (fishery),
River
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
02Dec
Whitefish
Lake
Men as usual. Clear.

Men as usual. Sinclair complained of his rations being short. He was told
he could not get more than two men's allowance, Standing Rules of 1872.
Grand Jose's wife netting snow shoes.
Men as usual. McAulay arrived from Lake. His dogs got too tired to
bring his load to the fort. He caught 60 fish in one haul yesterday and
now has 200 on hand. 320 of the river fish alone remain on hand.
R. McAulay left for the lake this morning. Other men as usual. C. Piche
and M Bouche returned from Whitefish Lake with 180 dried fish from
Jacquot's cache and a deer 150 lbs which C. Piche killed on the road.
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
03Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
04Dec
Cree Lake
Men at usual work.

R. McAulay and L. Bouche arrived from Cree Lake with 120 fish being
balance of number caught to date. MacAulay left five nets in the water
for the Old Cree [Crees] women to attend to.
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery),
Saline
A. McLoed took out dogs to Saline where McAulay met him. 130 fish at
lake.
McLeod, McAulay
Men as usual. Snow.
Grand Jose's wife, Sinclair
McAulay
R. McAulay, Chrysostom
Piche, Maurice Bouche,
Jacquot
R. McAulay, L. Bouche
182
183
Macaulay and Lowis Bouche making dog whips and mending dog sleds
and harness. Others at usual work.
McAulay, Lowis Bouche
McAulay and Lowis left for Jackfish Lake to haul fish. McLeod and
Sinclair as usual.
McAulay, Lowis, McLeod,

Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
05Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
06Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
07Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
08Dec
Portage la
Loche, Carlton
Men at ordinary work. Two PLL men with one train dog arrived with
mail from Carlton this evening.
B.307/a/2
1881
3d
09Dec
Portage la
Loche
The PLL men left this morning for PLL. Men as usual.
B.307/a/2
1881
10Dec
Jackfish Lake
Men as usual. McAulay & Lowis arrived from Jackfish Lake with 300
fish and 180 dried fish.
McAulay, Lowis
B.307/a/2
1881
11Dec
Fort
Chipewyan
McAulay & Lowis left for Ft Chip. With packet. 1 train.
McAulay, Lowis
B.307/a/2
1881
12Dec
McLeod and Sinclair as usual.
McLeod, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1881
13Dec
Cree Lake
Mr Cowie and McLeod left for Cree Lake to set the fishing there. Before
starting rations for 4 days were given. Sinclair and Grand Jose.
Mr Cowie, McLeod, Sinclair,

Grand Jose
B.307/a/2
1881
14Dec
Fort
Chipewyan
F. Blackcock and Wapistan arrived, bringing a letter from Mr

MacFarlane dated 5th Octr 81, and wanting supplies.
F. Blackcock, Wapistan, Mr
McFarlane
B.307/a/2
1881
15Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
16Dec
5 June 2014
Jackfish Lake
Men at ordinary work.
Entry missing.
Cree Lake
Mr Cowie & McLeod returned from Cree Lake this evening.
Mr Cowie, McLeod
183
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1881
17Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
18Dec
Sun. Thaw.
B.307/a/2
1881
19Dec
Thaw. McLeod and Sinclair as usual.
B.307/a/2
1881
20Dec
20-23 December: Men at usual work. Weather warm.
B.307/a/2
1881
24Dec
B.307/a/2
1881
25Dec
Christmas
B.307/a/2
1881
26Dec
Mr Cowie and McLeod returned from Lake with 20 fish.
B.307/a/2
1881
4d
27Dec
Men at usual work.
B.307/a/2
1881
4d
28Dec
Men at usual work.
B.307/a/2
1881
4d
29Dec
Men at usual work.
B.307/a/2
1881
4d
30Dec
Men at usual work.
B.307/a/2
1881
4d
31Dec
Men at usual work.
5 June 2014
Cree Lake
Blackcock and Wapistan left this forenoon.
Mr Cowie & McLeod went to Cree Lake for fish.
184
Blackcock, Wapistan
McLeod, Sinclair
Mr Cowie, McLeod
Mr Cowie, McLeod
184
185
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
01-Jan
New Years Day
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
02-Jan
Men as usual
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
03-Jan
Men as usual.
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
04-Jan
Lake (fishery)
A. McLeod went to Lake for fish. C Piche making an ox sled. Sinclair at

cattle.
McLeod, Crysostom Piche,

Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
05-Jan
Lake (fishery)
McLeod returned light. Cree [Crees] catching no fish. Others as on 4th.
McLeod, Cree [Crees]
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
06-Jan
As on 5th.
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
07-Jan
As on 5th.
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
08-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
09-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
10-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
4d
11-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
5 June 2014
Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan,
Lac Brochel
Cree Lake
Packet arrived from Ft Chipewyan at 8 P.M. R McAulay with 5 Ft McM

dogs. Kippling with 5 Ft Chip dogs.
R. McAulay, Kippling
Packet left at 9 AM with Kippling. Lowis Bouche & C Piche each one
train for PLL. They are to come back with loads of for Ft Chip and
fish from Lac Brochel. McAulay spending. Others as usual.
Kippling, Lowis Bouche,

Chrysostom Piche, McAulay
McAulay making pemican. McLeod fixing a horse sled, etc.
McAulay, McLeod
McAulay and McLeod left for Cree Lake to fish.
McAulay, McLeod
January 12-14: Nothing unusual. Maurice Bouche getting wood.
Maurice Bouche
185
B.307/a/2
1882
15-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
16-Jan
B.307/a/2
1882
17-Jan
Lake (fishery)
McLeod returned from the lake. Poor prospects of getting many fish
there.
Nothing unusual. M Bouche is getting wood.

Grand Jose Bouche died. He was once a noted hunter and the headman
among the Chips here. He has a large grown up family which constitutes
about half our hunters here.
186
McLeod
Maurice Bouche
Grand Jose Bouche
B.307/a/2
1882
18-Jan
Portage la
Loche,
Jackfish Lake
B.307/a/2
1882
19-Jan
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1882
20-Jan
MacAulay cutting & hauling fire wood. Others as on 19th. Grand Jose
buried this pm.
McAulay, Grand Jose
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
21-Jan
MacAulay getting firewood. Sinclair cattle keeping. Lowis Bouche

hunting.
McAulay, Sinclair, Lowis

Bouche
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
22-Jan
Woods
Very cold. Grand Jose's widow & Maurice left the fort to rejoin their
friends in the Woods.
Grand Jose's wife, Maurice

Bouche
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
23-Jan
Swan Lake
C. Piche & Lowis sent to Swan Lake for fish. McAulay fixing store.
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
24-Jan
MacAulay at same work as on 23rd.
McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
25-Jan
McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
26-Jan
MacAulay cutting ice & getting firewood.

McAulay made a hay frame. C. Piche & Lowis arrived with 310 fish only
the rest of La Prise's cache having been stolen by PLL Chipewyans,
probably La Prise himself.
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
Kippling, Chrysostom and Lowis arrived with a mail and fish from PLL
and Jackfish Lake.
Kippling, Chrysostom, Lowis
Mr Cowie and A McLeod with two dogs and Kippling with four dogs
laden with to and mail left this morning for Fort Chipewyan.
Mr Cowie, A McLeod,
Kippling
McAulay, Chrysostom Piche,

Lowis, La Prise, Chipewyans
186
187
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
27-Jan
MacAulay & Sinclair as usual.
McAulay, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
28-Jan
Lowis Bouche left the service promising however to come back in time
to go down with the packet. McAulay putting ice in the store cellar.
Lowis Bouche, McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
5d
29-Jan
Sunday
B.307/a/2
1882
5d-6
30-Jan
McAulay hauling ice. C. Piche went off hunting and tracked five moose.
McAulay, Chrysostom Piche
B.307/a/2
1882
31-Jan
MacAulay cleaning barley. C Piche hunting but killed nothing.
B.307/a/2
1882
01-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
02-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
03-Feb
Lake (fishery)
MacAulay looking for shingle wood but found none. C Piche killed a doe
moose.
MacAulay hauling wood and attending the store. C Piche hunting. Bapte
Pierre, Alexis, Paul and Churchim Cree [surname] came in to trade furs
and provisions. Paul has been killing eleven moose since he was last in
and they all report moose and wood deer to be plentiful.
Men trading with the Cree [surname] who all left for their camps today.
C Piche doing nothing. R MacAulay started to trade the Cree [Crees] at
the lake where Paul had left his provisions & leather.
B.307/a/2
1882
04-Feb
Lake (fishery)
MacAulay returned from the lake (Should be on 5th). Cyprun & brother
came in for supplies. C Piche hunting rabbits.
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
05-Feb
Sunday
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
06-Feb
MacAulay and C Piche started to fetch the moose killed by the latter on
the 1st.
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
07-Feb
They returned today.
5 June 2014

Pierre, Alexis, Paul,
Churchim, Cree [surname]
Cree [Crees], Baptiste, Pierre,
Alexis, Paul, Churchim,
McAulay, Cyprun and
brother, Chrysostom Piche
187
188
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
08-Feb
MacAulay cutting wood. C Piche hunting rabbits.
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
09-Feb
MacAulay threshing barley. C Piche as on 8th. Francois Black came in

for supplies.

Francois Black
McAulay, Sinclair,
Chrysostom Piche, Jose
Macrae, Young Adam,
Lowison Grand Jose Bouche
McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
10-Feb
McAulay working in store. Sinclair fixing hey frames. C Piche idel. J

Macrae & Young Adam came to tell Lowison Gd Jose has cached 4 deer
& 3 moose for the fort.
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
11-Feb
R McAulay threshing barley.
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
12-Feb
Sunday
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
13-Feb
MacAulay at barley. C. Piche cutting wood.
McAulay, C. Piche
B.307/a/2
1882
6d
14-Feb
Men as on 13th. Jollebois and La Boss arrived with the packet &
sundries.
Jollebois, La Boss
B.307/a/2
1882
6d-7
15-Feb
Packet left for Chipewyan this morning. R MacAulay and train, C Piche
foregoer, and La Boss and his own dogs being the party sent.
Chipewyan, R. McAulay, C.
Piche, La Boss
B.307/a/2
1882
16-Feb
Jollebois
B.307/a/2
1882
17-Feb
Very cold. Jollebois left for PLL.

La boss turned back with a sore leg and arrived here this evening.
Macaulay had to have a bale and a bag of tur & oats at C Piche's house
in consequence.
B.307/a/2
1882
18-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
19-Feb
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
La Boss left for PLL. Mr Cowie & A McLeod arrived from Ft.
Chipewyan. R MacAulay returned with them having handed over his
dogs to a Fleet who came to meet the packet from Ft. Chip.

La Boss, Mr Cowie, McLeod,
McAulay
Oxen and horses looking in fair order.
188
MacAulay started with Mr Cowie's dogs for the twine and adze he left at
C Piche's. McLeod cutting & getting fire wood for the fort.
McAulay, Mr Cowie,
Chrysostom Piche, McLeod
river
Macleod making a track across the river on which to haul drift wood for
fuel. MacAulay returned.
McLeod, McAlay
Pine Island
Macleaod as yesterday. MacAulay repelling.

Warm & thawing a little. McLeod began hauling fuel wood from the pine
island bank. McAulay picking out building and saw logs from drift pile
on same place.
B.307/a/2
1882
20-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
21-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
22-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
23-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
24-Feb
Men as on 234d.
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
25-Feb
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
26-Feb
Do.
Jose Macrae came in to say Adam Boucher our fort hunter has for the
first time this winter killed some deer for us. He has cached 2 moose & 1
deer.
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
27-Feb
R. MacAulay left with J. Macrae with Mr Cowie's dogs to fetch in

Adam's hunt. Macleod & Sinclair at usual duties.
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
28-Feb
Men as usual.
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
01Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
02Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
7d
03Mar
5 June 2014
189
McAulay, McLeod
McLeod, McAulay
Jose Macrae, Adam Boucher

McAulay, J. Macrae, Mr
Cowie, Adam, McLeod,
Sinclair
McLeod hauling wood. Sinclair hauling hay and keeping cattle as usual.
McLeod, Sinclair
Men as on 1st.
Men as on 1st. McLeod drected to use a sled and a drag and make two
trips for wood p day. Sinclair told to haul two loads of hay per day from
date.
McLeod, Sinclair
189
B.307/a/2
1882
04Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
05Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
McLeod hauled four loads wood. Sinclair two loads hay. Cold.
McLeod, Sinclair
R McAulay arrived with 350 lbs fresh meat from Adam's cache. He
reports deer track being very numerous across the little Red River.
McAulay, Adam
06Mar
Macaulay sp Sinclair & Macleod at usual work.
McAulay, Sinclair, McLeod
07Mar
McAulay cleaning and hauling barley from the Island. McLeod serving
the house and hauling wood. Thaw.
McAulay, McLeod
08Mar
island
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche, island
Little Red
River
McAulay hauled the rest of the barley from the Island and afterwards
fixed two dog harness.
McAulay left this morning with 6 dogs to fetch meat from Chrysostom's
cache. Bruno arrived this evening with the packet from Fort Chipewyan
bringing 5 of our dogs back. Dramond still there. The packet left after
dark with the three C servants who came this morning. with 9 pas from
PLL for transmission to Ft Chip in spring. McLeod drove horses to
island to eat up the barley straw. Sinclair winnowing barley.
B.307/a/2
1882
8-8d
09Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
8d
10Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
8d
11Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
8d
12Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
8d
13Mar
Bruno left with five dogs for PLL to fetch a load of fish. Other men as
yesterday.
A very heavy tahw to day and drizzly rain for a time. The mower horse
Ronan fell sick of colic caused by warms. Sinclair took charge of him
and commenced giving him medicine.
Sinclair hauled 2 loads hay. McLeod 4 loads firewood. The horse Ronan
still very sick. Chrysostom Piche arrived from Andre's camp. He only
has to be paid for going down with the packet having failed to fulfil his
promise to return with it.
8d-9
14Mar
Sinclair physicing horses & oxen. C Piche hauling hay. McLeod

winnowing barley. Paul Cree [surname] brought 1 Caribou. R McAulay
came from A Bouche's camp with 326 lbs fresh meat.
B.307/a/2
1882
5 June 2014
190
Bruno spelling. Sinclair hauling hay. McLeod hauling wood.

Portage la
Loche
McAulay
McAulay, Chrysostom,
Dramond, McLeod, Sinclair
Burns, Sinclair, McLeod
Bruno
Sinclair
Sinclair, McLeod,
Chrysostom, Andre
Sinclair, Chrysostom Piche,
McLeod, Paul Cree
[surname], McAulay, A.
Bouche
190
Sinclair hauling hay. McLeod wood. C. Piche making a hay frame.

McAulay resting. Jose Grand Jose and Charlo Piche's son came in to day
for supplies. They report fairfur hunts.
Blowing a snow storm from the C. Piche finished the hay frame. The
other men variously employed. Bte Cree [surname] came in with his own
and Alexis furs to trade.
Bruno arrived from PLL with 49 fish having left 44 at camps in route. C.
Piche making an ox sled. McAulay fixing dog sled wrappers, etc.
Sinclair & McLeod as usual.
McAulay, Bruno & C Piche left for PLL with 3 trains of dogs to bring
stored there and some fish to keep the dogs till the Cree Lake fishing
opens. Sinclair at usual work. McLeod tying up furs preparatory to
storing them to the high bank behind the place to be secure in case of
flood.
B.307/a/2
1882
15Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
16Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
17Mar
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1882
9-9d
18Mar
Cree Lake
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
19Mar
Sunday. Snowing.
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
20Mar
McLeod tying up furs. Sinclair hauling hay. Snow and cold.
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
21Mar
Men as on 19th.
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
22Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
23Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
9d
24Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10
25Mar
5 June 2014
McLeod cutting lines. Sinclair as before. Cold.

The Chipeywyans and A Bouche, Maurice and J. Macrae who came in
yesterday with furs left to day after getting supplies for spring hunt.
McLeod finished tying up furs and began to fix up stable on the roof of
which Sinclair put 2 loads hay. Weather still cold.
Portage la
Loche
Men employed as on 23rd. This evening R McAulay, Bruno & C. Piche

returned from PLL with 6 pes A goods & 100 fish.
McLeod hauling wood. Sinclair hay. Other men spelling. Heavy thaw
yesterday but again cold today. Paul Cree 's [surname] old wife & 2
children came starving and wanting work.
191
Sinclair, McLeod,
Chrysostom Piche, McAuly,
Jose Grand Jose, Charlo
Piche's son
Chrysostom Piche, Baptiste
Cree [surname], Alexis
Bruno, McAulay, Sinclair,
McLeod

Sinclair, McLeod
Mleod, Sinclair
McLeod
Chipewyans, Bouche,
Maurice, J. Macrea, McLeod,
Sinclair
McAulay, Bruno, C. Piche

McLeod, Sinclair, Paul Cree
[surname], Paul's old wife
and 2 children
191
B.307/a/2
1882
10
26Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10
27Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10
28Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10
29Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10d
30Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10d
31Mar
B.307/a/2
1882
10d
01-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
10d
02-Apr
Cree Lake
B.307/a/2
1882
10d11
03-Apr
Little Red
River
B.307/a/2
1882
11
04-Apr
5 June 2014
192
Sunday. Snowy.
Cree Lake
Mr. Cowie, R McAulay & McLeod left for Cree Lake to fish. Bruno
squaring plating for stable. Sinclair getting firewood.
Mr Cowie, McAulay,
McLeod, Bruno
Sinclair & Bruno fixing stable. C Piche today and yesterday went off for
a short wolk in the forenoon and returned with nothing.
Sinclair mending harness and hauling hay. Bruno made a drag and
hauled some firewood. C Piche started off to hunt again this morning
when he saw he could get no more rations and did not return.
Sinclair, Bruno, Chrysostom

Piche
Bruno & Sinclair putting new logs & plating on stable in the forenoon;
afterwards the one got wood. The other cleaned barley.
C Piche refused to go and bring in the moose he killed. Sinclair hauling
hay and firewood. Bruno cut 50 poles for flooring and 3 shingles for for
the stable. Paul Cree [surname] & Lowison Bouche arrived.
C Piche still refuses to go for the moose. Bruno hauled the wood he cut
yesterday. Sinclair hauling firewood.
The weather during last week and today has been cold snowy and
stormy. Mr Cowie & A McLeod arrived from the fishery which promises
to be a success this spring, but the fish are only commencing.
McLeod returned to the fishery. Bruno & Sinclair hauling hay, getting
wood and fixing stable, etc. As the weather is very warm and the byre
leaky the oxen have not been put in tonight. C. Piche left to join his
brother at Little Red River not appreciating the comments his laziness,
childishness, grumbling, bragging and de... not to try to supply the place
with provisions. This Indian formerly ... will but has become demoralised
by the pelting he received from successr bourgeois and requires to be
reduced to the ranks of ordinary beings of his tribe.
Charlo Piche and David Galleux who arrived yesterday to report their
hunts of get supplies left today. The former has made a good winter hunt
having now MB300. The latter & Jon Bouche MB 100 each. Men
employed as on 3rd. Thaw continuous.
Sinclair, Bruno, Chrysostom

Piche
Bruno, Sinclair
Chrysostom Piche, Sinclair,
Bruno, Paul Cree [surname],
Lowison Bouche
Chrysostom Piche, Bruno,
Sinclair
Mr Cowie, McLeod
McLeod, Bruno, Sinclair,

Chrysostom Piche
Charlo Piche, David Galleux,
192
193
McLeod arrived from the lake to ask Mr Cowie to go out there with
goods to trade with Seapotahwakinum and Churchim who have arrived
there with a good deal of dried meat & leather. Each of these and Alexis
sent in four tongues a conduct which shows a much better disposition
than the selfish greedy Chipewyans who while much better treated than
the Cree [Crees] never bring in any grub but their leavings. Sinclair &
Bruno at usual work. McLeod returned to the lake tonightto tell the Cree
[Crees] to come in to trade.
McLeod, Mr Cowie,
Churchim, Alexis,
Sinclair, Bruno
Bruno, Sinclair, Cree [Crees]
B.307/a/2
1882
1111d
05-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
11d
06-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
11d
07-Apr
Men as on Monday [3rd].

Bruno at sundry jobs. Sinclair assisting in the Store to trade with the Cree
[Crees] with arrival with a sled load of provisions & this morning, and
left again tonight.
B.307/a/2
1882
11d
08-Apr
Men as usual. Weather stormy and warm. The greater part of the snow
has melted and there are a few small patches of ground visible.
B.307/a/2
1882
12
09-Apr
Sunday
B.307/a/2
1882
12
10-Apr
Sinclair & Bruno hauling hay to roof stable and putting furs & goods in
it. Churchim arrived to be paid for his provisions sent in on the 7th.
Sinclair, Churchim, Bruno
B.307/a/2
1882
12
11-Apr
Bruno pulled down old kitchen. Sinclair assisting packing up goods to be

put in the stable on the bank for fear of a flood. Not thawing.
Bruno, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
12
12-Apr
1882
1212d
Sinclair and Bruno hauled 3 loads hay for roof of the stable and
afterwards storing sundries there. Warm.
Sinclair working at stable and various jobs. Bruno cutting fencing.
McLeod arrived from the lake with 59 split and 8 fresh fish intended to
ration the train of dogs, which he also brought should a packet arrive for
the North. The white fish at the lake are poor at this time of year but
there are enough assorted fish caught to feed dogs and 2 men easily
there. The fishery gets better the warmer the weather. It is very
satisfactory to have found the lake is capable of supplying the fort in
food during the spring, at time of great scarcity here in former years. the
lake is reported to swarm with fat white fish in summer and the widow
Sinclair, Bruno, McLeod,

widow Angelique, Paul Cree
[surname]
B.307/a/2
5 June 2014
13-Apr
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery),
Clearwater
River
193
B.307/a/2
1882
12d
14-Apr
Cree Lake
Clearwater
River,
Athabasca
River
B.307/a/2
1882
12d13
15-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
13
16-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
13
17-Apr
Prairie
B.307/a/2
1882
13
18-Apr
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
1313d
19-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
13d
20-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
13d
21-Apr
5 June 2014
Angelique has been hired to fish there during the coming summer at
these rates viz-- for feeding each dog MB10 for 100 dried fish MB5 for
each gallen oil MB2 Agrets to be supplied by the Company. If this
project turn out will it will prove a mighty help to the fort. Paul Cree
[surname] arrived from across the Clearwater river having killed and ...
one deer, one bear, and two moose since he was last here. The first geese
(three) were seen this evening.
Bruno hauling fencing. Sinclair looking after cattle on the prairie and at
various jobs. McLeod himself returned to Cree Lake to assist McAulay
fishing. Cold last night but thawing heavily through the day.
Men employed as on 14th and Sinclair brought in two horses to be in
readiness to gather cattle should the river break. He cut the bull calf on
the 14th. The Clearwater is getting open in patches. The Athabasca River
is only showing a few rare patches yet. the snow has been so deep. The
ice is consequently not very thick and it will probably break up without
causing a flood as it caused last year.
Sunday warm
Bruno amusing himself making a few shingles. Sinclair hauling up
provisions and sundries to the higher ground, and looking after cattle.
Warm. The prairie is now nearly bare the only snow there being in the
gullies.
Sinclair & Bruno picking potatoes and transforming them from the hall
cellar to the new temporary store on the round bank. Very warm today,
nearly all the snow on the river and round the port is off except where
there were heavy drifts on shade. R McAulay arrived from the lake with
53 split fish. He says the white fish are attached by immense numbers of
worms which swarm in the lake at present.
Bruno commenced to cut fence for a cattle corral to be used in spring to
keep the oxen during the night at the time the river may be expected to
break. Sinclair herding cattle day and night. McAulay sowed some
cabbage and cauliflower seed in little kegs to start them inside.
A heavy fall of snow last night which is melting today. Bruno off duty.
Sinclair as before.
McAulay left for the lake taking all the dogs with him. Cernyen turned
back and bung a boss thief and useless brute he was shot. Bruno cutting
fencing. Sinclair as before.
194
Bruno, Sinclair, McLeod,

McAulay
Sinclair
Bruno, Sinclair
Sinclair, Bruno, McAulay
Bruno, Sinclair, McAulay
Bruno, Sinclair
McAulay, Cernyen, Bruno,
Sinclair
194
B.307/a/2
1882
13d
22-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
13d
23-Apr
Prairie Creek,
Horsetail
Creek, prairie
Prairie,
Athabasca
River,
Clearwater
River
1882
14
B.307/a/2
1882
1414d
25-Apr
Clearwater
River, Lake
(fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
14d
26-Apr
island
B.307/a/2
1882
14d
27-Apr
Clearwater
River
The prairie & Horsetrail Creeks broke up today. The Clearwater river
getting open. Bruno cutting fencing. Sinclair herding cattle and burning
prairie. Rain this evening.
Sinclair burnt some more of the prairie. The Athabasca River is getting
open. On each side the water from the Creeks above is running on the
of the ice and open water appears on the sand banks. A faint rumbling is
to be heard up the river from which it is thought the ice is about to break
up. The Clearwater is now quite loose at the prairie.
The Athabasca was observed to have an open lane of water in the middle
this morning. The lane extends from the point above to opposite the
middle of the potatoe island. The rumbling noise above has abased now-12 pm. At 3 PM the river broke te first rush coming only half up the
bank. The channel on this side got jammed up with ice which also
jammed up the Clearwater. At 6 PM the rush of ice in mid channel began
to thin. A great deal of ice has grounded on the shores. Bruno cutting
fencing. Sinclair herding animals and at Sundry jobs.
This morning the middle channel of ice excepting a bale bit here and
there. The Clearwater is jammed up with ice at the mouth and rising.
Sinclair herding, making a seine and cleaning barley. Bruno hauling
fencing. McLeod arrived from the lake reporting the catch of fish to
average fifty a day. The white fish are beginning to feed up. The track is
full of water. The Clearwater rose four feet today. Cold and cloudy.
Wind North and fresh.
Wet sleety & cold. Bruno fixing a canoe and afterwards hauling fence for
cattle corral at the prairie. McLeod oiling harness. Sinclair looking after
cattle & cleaning barley. This barley from the Island is full of large weed
seeds and has to be passed through three different sieves.
McLeod hauling down the things from the ark. Sinclair again cleaning
barley. Bruno went off to hunt up the Clearwater but found it full of ice
as it is still jammed at the mouth. Clear. Fresh breeze from the North.
24-Apr
Athabasca
River,
Clearwater
River
B.307/a/2
1882
14d15
28-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
15
29-Apr
Clearwater
River
Bruno cutting pickets & McLeod hauling them. Sinclair finished

cleaning barley and fixed mill. Mr Cowie burnig prairie.
Bruno commenced to put up pickets behind house for a calf yard.
McLeod after hauling the last of the pickets began to fix a saddle & g
Large quantities of drift ice some down the river today. The Clearwater
cleared its channel of the ice jam on the evening of the 28th. Sinclair
brought the broken harrow from the barley field and made an oar for the
skiff.
B.307/a/2
5 June 2014
195
Bruno
Sinclair
Bruno, Sinclair
Sinclair, Bruno, McLeod,
Bruno, Sinclair, McLeod
McLeod, Sinclair, Bruno

Bruno, McLeod, Sinclair, Mr
Cowie
Bruno, McLeod, Sinclair
195
B.307/a/2
1882
15
30-Apr
B.307/a/2
1882
15
01May
B.307/a/2
1882
15
02May
B.307/a/2
1882
15d
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
196
river
Sunday warm
McLeod left for the lake to bring in McAulay and the river nets. Sinclair
fixed a harrow and tried in vain to bring home the log he cut for a roller.
Bruno at pickets.
03May
Lake (fishery)
Sinclair and Bruno at pickets.

Sinclair and Bruno finished putting up pickets. Bruno afterwards began
to repair garden pickets and Sinclair cut and fetched home a roller.
McAulay arrived from the lake with 300 dry fish.
15d
04May
Lake (fishery)
Sinclair fixing up for ploughing. Bruno mending the large canoe.

McLeod arrived from the lake.
1882
15d
05May
B.307/a/2
1882
15d
06May
Fort
Chipewyan
Sinclair ploughed the home field today. McAulay and Bruno boiling tar
and fixing skiff and canoe. McLeod at sundry jobs.
Bruno & McLeod left for Ft Chipewyan and with 15 pos hauled here
from the Portage by dogs during the winter. McAulay took up the net
which he set last night. No fish. Sinclair ploughed garden.
B.307/a/2
1882
15d
07May
Sunday. Fine weather. A little rain.
B.307/a/2
1882
15d
08May
Sinclair began to plough barley field. McAulay fixing garden fence ,etc.
Sinclair, McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
16
09May
Sinclair finished the ploughing of the barley field. McAulay garden.

Sinclair sowed 1 bushel Oats and 2 1/4 bushels of barley in the barley
field and harrowed and finished it. McAulay at the garden. McLeod
arrived from Little Red River with Louison Boucher. Adam and Jose
Macrae hewing gum with Bruno to Athabasca after all. P Fontaine
arrived from the Portage on a hunting trip.
Sinclair, McAulay
Fontaine the big house. McLeod cleaning up fort. Sinclair

reploughing potatoe field. McAulay at Churchim and family arrived.
Fontaine, McLeod, Sinclair,

McAulay, Churchim
B.307/a/2
1882
16
10May
B.307/a/2
1882
16
11May
5 June 2014
Little Red
River,
Athabasca,
Portage
McLeod, McAulay, Sinclair,

Bruno
Sinclair, Bruno
Sinclair, Bruno, McAulay
Sinclair, Bruno, McLeod

Sinclar, McAulay, Bruno,
McLeod
Bruno, McLeod, McAulay,
Sinclair
Sinclair, McAulay, McLeod,

Macrae, Adam, Bruno, Paul
Fontaine
196
197
B.307/a/2
1882
16
12May
Men as yesterday. Sinclair began breaking out a new piece of ground

between the potatoe field and the back of the men's house.
Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
16
13May
Fountaine and McAulay fixed roof of the shop. Otherwise all hands as
yesterday. Sinclair crossploughed and harrowed the potatoe field.
Fontaine, McAulay, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
16
14May
B.307/a/2
1882
16d
15May
B.307/a/2
1882
16d
16May
B.307/a/2
1882
16d
17May
B.307/a/2
1882
17
18May
B.307/a/2
1882
17
19May
Sunday. Fine warm weather.

P. Fontaine and R McAulay sawed some boards in the forenoon, and
afterwards the one fixed garden and the other mended bedroom roof and
put a shelf in the dairy. A McLeod, Churchim and his sister planted all
the potatoes except a few in the garden. Sinclair with the horses made the
drills and covered the potatoes in the field.
Fontaine & McAulay again sawed a few boards and the former fixed a
field roller. The latter with McLeod finished planting in the garden.
Sinclair hauled fence for the field. Churchim and family left for the lake
today to start the summer fishery. Very warm the last few days.
Fontaine left for home this morning. Sinclair fencing potatoe field,
assisted by Angus. McAulay broke out a piece of new ground on the
bank of the potatoe field and planted 1/4 fushel Potatoes. He afterwards
set a net in the "shny." Cold NW wind. Planted to date.
R McAulay left for the lake to hand over the dogs and fishing gear to
Churchim and bring home all that is not required there. Sinclair fencing
field. McLeod attending to nets and keeping at fence. Only one fish
caught today. Snow and sleet from NW to sW today.
McLeod put up fencing with Sinclair and caught three suckers and two
perch. The fence round the potatoe field is now finished. Blowing a
strong breeze of cold NW wind today. Calm and cloudy towards evening.
B.307/a/2
1882
17
20May
McLeod fishing, etc. R McAulay arrived from the lake this evening.
Sinclair finished the fencing and build backyard.
McLeod, McAulay, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
17
21May
B.307/a/2
1882
17
22May
The cow calved yesterday. Another bull calf.

Sinclair making wedges and an for the fun press. McLeod fishing (3)
and trying furs today. McAulay attending to the milking and working at
castreum and furs. Alexis Cree [surname] brought in 6 Beaver.
Sinclair, McLeod, McAulay,

Alexis
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery)
Paul Fontaine, Roderick

McAulay, Angus McLeod,
Churchim and sister, Sinclair
Fontaine, McAulay, McLeod,
Sinclair, Churchim
Fontaine, Sinclair, Angus,
McAulay
McAulay, Churchim,
Sinclair, McLeod
McLeod, Sinclair
197
B.307/a/2
1882
17
23May
B.307/a/2
1882
17
24May
B.307/a/2
1882
17d
25May
B.307/a/2
1882
17d
26May
B.307/a/2
1882
17d
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
198
Men tying and .. Furs. Chipewyans arrived with furs.
Chipewyans
Men as yesterday. Chipeywans left.

McAulay and Sinclair fixed the calf and afterwards began weighing
beaver for packs. Mr Cowie and McLeod left to see the Cree [Crees] for
fur & grub.
Chipewyans
McAulay, Sinclair
27May
McAulay and Sinclair weighing and counting for beaver packs.

McAulay and Sinclair finished weighing and counting 16 beaver packs to
date. Mr Cowie and McLeod arrived from Cree [surname] camps with a
horse well laden with furs, dried beaver and fish.
17d
28May
Paul Cree [surname] who arrived with a few furs starving yesterday, left
today.
1882
17d
29May
All hands packing furs made 10 packs.
B.307/a/2
1882
17d
30May
Lake (fishery)
All hands fur packing made 6 packs. Baptiste Cree [surname], Alexis &
C.. Men arrived from the lake.
Baptiste, Alexis
B.307/a/2
1882
17d
31May
Portage la
Loche
All hands packing furs. Alexis Sylvester and brother arrived to take up
PLL oxen.
Alexis Sylvester
B.307/a/2
1882
17d18
01-Jun
A. McLeod & Alex Sylvester and brother left for PLL with 20 Oxen, 4
Horses & 1 Mare. Sinclair and McAulay assisted to get the oxen.
McLeod, Alex Sylvester and

brother, Sinclair, McAulay
B.307/a/2
1882
18
02-Jun
McAulay and Sinclair packed 10 packs in the wedge press.
McAulay, Sinclair
B.307/a/2
1882
18
03-Jun
Men finished packing 23 packs.
5 June 2014
McAulay, Sinclair, Mr
Cowie, McLeod
McAulay, Sinclair, Mr
Cowie, McLeod
Paul Cree [surname]
198
B.307/a/2
1882
18
04-Jun
The weather has been very warm all last week. No rain.
B.307/a/2
1882
18
05-Jun
men cross packing packs.
B.307/a/2
1882
18
06-Jun
Men as on 5th, packing castoreum and putting up a stuff.
B.307/a/2
1882
18
07-Jun
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1882
18
08-Jun
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1882
18
09-Jun
McAulay and Sinclair working in garden. The Lac La Boche mission

boats arrived this afternoon.
B.307/a/2
1882
18
10-Jun
Men sowing turnips. The mission boats left.
B.307/a/2
1882
18d
11-Jun
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
12-Jun
Fort
Chipewyan
1882
18d
18d
18d
18d
18d
18d
18d
18d
18d
1882
18d
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
5 June 2014
13/14-Jun
15-Jun
16-Jun
17-Jun
18-Jun
19-Jun
20-Jun
21-Jun
22-Jun
199
Portage la
Loche, Lake
The Athabascan Brigade of 3 loads arrived at 9 AM and left for PLL at 1

PM. Passengers C.F. McFarlane and family, J.C.T. Gardner and Mr.
Joseph Beauliur. An Indian powwow held.
MacFarlane and family,

J.C.T. Gardner, Mr Joseph
Beauliur
Messers CF MacFarlane, Cowie and Beauliur left for PLL with John
MacDonald and four horses.
Mr MacFarlane, Mr Cowie,
Mr Beauliur, John McDonald
McAulay
David Galleux left to fish at the lake. Angelique brought in 50 dried fish
from there yesterday.
McAulay sowing peas. Peter Sinclair and family left in the skiff for Fort
Chipewyan.
McAulay planting cabbage.
McAulay working in the garden.
McAulay fixing roof of little house.
McAulay weeding potatoes.
Sunday
The same work. Widow Boucher arrived from the lake. Rainy.
Rainy all day.
The Athabasca Brigade arrived from PLL. Churchim brought 40 dry fish
from the lake.
David Galleux, Angelique

Peter Sinclair and family,
McAulay
widow Bouche
Churchim
199
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
18d
19
19
19
19
B.307/a/2
1882
19
02-Jul
B.307/a/2
1882
19
3/5-Jul
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
19
19
19
19
06-Jul
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
19
19
19
19
10-Jul
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
1882
1882
19
19d
19d
19d
24-Jun
25-Jun
26/30-Jun
01-Jul
Portage la
Loche
08-Jul
09-Jul
McAulay with Stick in the mud & son making fur packs.
McAulay drying furs.
McAulay and Stick in the mud made 2 packs furs.
McAulay gardening
11-Jul
12-Jul
13/17-Jul
18-Jul
Lac la Biche,
Portage la
Loche
19/22-Jul
23-Jul
24-Jul
25-Jul
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
19d
27-Jul
B.307/a/2
1882
19d
28-Jul
26-Jul
Mr William MacKay returned from PLL on his way to Ft Chipweyan.

McAulay howing potatoes. oN 5th Old Cree [surname] arrived with
family.
McAulay, B Stick in the Mud, Susan, and John McDonald's wife
weeding potatoes.
Entry missing.
Rain
Rain
07-Jul
19d
19d
5 June 2014
McAulay at same work. Paul Cree [surname] from lake starving.

Sunday
McAulay howing potatoes.
23-Jun
Portage la
Loche
Pierre Cree [surname], his two sons & Pechegan arrived from LL Biche
to hunt here. The 2nd A Brigade passed directed to PLL.
McAulay weeding garden and howing potatoes.
Entry missing.
The same.
McDonald & McLeod arrived from PLL with horses for hay making.
McAulay at work in the garden.
McAulay hoeing potatoes. McDonald & McLeod putting mower
together.
McAulay & McDonald weeding garden. McDonald getting things ready
for hay. The Athabasca Brigade came from Portage la Loche today. Paul
Fontaine and family as passengers to here. Fontaine to work as carpenter
& general servant at MB30 per month and 1 1/2 rations per day.
200
McAulay
Mr William McKay
McAulay, Old Cree
[surname]
McAulay, B. Stick-in-theMud, Susan, John
McDonald's wife
McAulay, Stick-in-the-Mud
and son
McAulay, Stick-in-the-Mud
Pierre, sons, Pechegan
McDonald, McLeod
McAulay, McDonald,
McLeod
McAulay, McDonald, Paul

Fontaine and family
200
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
19d-20
20
20
B.307/a/2
1882
20
01Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
20
02Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
20
03Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
20-20d
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
1882
29-Jul
30-Jul
Grand Rapid,
Clearwater
River
Lake (fishery)
31-Jul
Lake (fishery)
Portage la
Loche
04Aug
05Aug
06Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
07Aug
08Aug
09Aug
10Aug
Portage la
Loche
lake, river
B.307/a/2
1882
20d
11Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
21
12Aug
5 June 2014
Joseph Breauliur left for Grand Rapid this morning to meet CF

MacFarland who is down with the machinery for a steamer for
Athabasca District. McDonald and Fontaine and 4 PLL horses started to
haul out lumber for steamer up the Clearwater River. Mr Camsell with
McKenzie River Brigade passed this morning. Mr King with 2nd R
Brigade passed here this evening and camped at the prairie.
Chipewyan came in with all the dogs from the lake.
Pierre Cree [surname] came in starving.
McAulay weeding potatoes. McDonald & Fontaine returned from
hauling out the steamboat logs. Angelique started with all the dogs for
the lake.
Raining all day. John McDonald & Fontaine fixing scythes. George
Martin passed down with the raft of lumber for the steamboat and our
men went for the staff below at the stand.
A small batteau from PLL built expressly arrived with 4 opes A C 82.
Natoway & son as crew. McDonald began cutting hay with mower.
McAulay and Fontaine with scythe on island.
201
Joseph Beauliur,
MacFarland, McDonald,
Fontaine, Mr Camsell, Mr
King
Chipewyan
Pierre Cree Cree [surname]
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine, Angelique
John McDonald, Fontaine,
George Martin
McAulay opening and drying goods. McDonald cutting hay with mower.
Fontaine with scythe. Paul Cree [surname] came in starving.
Natoway and son, McDonald,

McAulay
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine, Paul Cree
[surname]
McAulay planting onions. Others at hay as yesterday.
McAulay
Sunday
McDonald raking hay in the forenoon, afterwards in cutting the mower
broke down. Fontaine & McAulay cocking hay.
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay
All hands gathering hay till noon when McDonald began cutting.
McDonald
All hands gathering and cutting hay.

Men as on 9th.
The mower having completely broken down all the day cutting must now
be done by scythes. Men cutting & gathering hay. The 1st R Brigade
arrived and camped here this evening. Mr Sam Scott in charge. Messrs
Brick & Canham CMS Passengers.Messers Camsell & Cowie arrived
from PLL in their own canoe at 11 PM having left upper end of P... at 8
AM.
The 1st R Brigade left at 5 AM. Macdonald & Fontaine cutting hay in
island. Macaulay went to lake for men to go up River to meet A.
Steamboat machinery.
Mr Sam Scott, Mr Brick, Mr

Canham, Mr Camsell, Mr
Cowie
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay
201
B.307/a/2
1882
21
13Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
21
14Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
21
15Aug
Athabasca
River
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1882
21-21d
16Aug
Edmonton,
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1882
21d
17Aug
Portage la
Loche
18Aug
island, House
River
B.307/a/2
1882
21d
B.307/a/2
1882
21d
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
5 June 2014
22
22
19Aug
20Aug
21Aug
22Aug
23Aug
24Aug
25Aug
26Aug
27-
Edmonton,
House River,
Landing
Sunday Raining
The 2nd R Brigade Mr King passed here at 10 AM embarking Mr
Camsell and the RRC Mission pieces. Men variously employed. Mr
Cowie left this evening to meet Mr MacFarland up the Athabasca, in one
canoe manned by David, Blackcock and Pechegan.
All hands cutting hay. Charle Piche brought a keg of tar as requested. A
McLeod arrived from PLL with 5 horses and 10 oxen.
Fontaine tar for A batteau. McDonald & McAulay cutting hay.
Others spreading it. The Edmonton Brigade 1 Boat & 3 S laded with
the boiler and heavy machinery for the A Steamboat arrived here this
afternoon with Messers MacFarlane, Cowie, Smith & Little... After
loading up all RC Mission and A pieces in store here the brigade left this
evening for Ft Chipewyan all well.
McDonald unwell but helping with McLoed to open outfit and pay .
McAulay and Miolsan [?] cutting barley with scythe. Fontaine left for
PLL with the tar.
Louis Lavallee, F Castor, D & A Evans, and Antoine Azie left for
Athabasca Landing by land and House River. McAulay & nicolson
cutting barley. Macdonald gathering hay in island.
Mr Cowie left this morning to fetch the buildng material for the steamer
from Edmonton, taking with him A MacLeod and four horses as far as
House River from there he will use canoes to the Landing. Duncan
Trumblay & Ant. Laliberte--LLB tripman went with them. Macdonald &
Nicolson cutting barley. MacAulay at various jobs.
202
Mr King, Mr Camsell, Mr
Cowie, Mr MacFarland,
David, Pechegan
Charle Piche, McLeod
Fontaine, McDonald,
McAulay, Mr MacFarlane,
Mr Cowie, Mr Smith
McDonald, McLeod,
McAulay, Fontaine
Louis Lavallee, F. Castor, D
Evans, A. Evans, Antoine
Azie, McAulay, Nicolson,
McDonald
Mr Cowie, McDonald,
Duncan Trumblay, Antoine
Laliberte, Nicolson,
McAulay
Sunday
All hands cutting barley.
All hands cutting hay.
All hands as on 22nd.
Macdonald cutting hay. Others gathering it.
Portage la
Loche
Men as on 24th.
Men cutting hay till noon when rain stipped any more work. Fontaine
returned from PLL this evening.
Sunda
Fontaine
202
203
Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
B.307/a/2
1882
22
28Aug
29Aug
30Aug
22
31Aug
B.307/a/2
1882
All hands--viz Macaulay, Macdonald, Nicolson & Fontaine cutting hay.

Men cut hay till noon and then gathered it & stacked barley.
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
22-22d
22d
01-Sep
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
22d
03-Sep
B.307/a/2
1882
22d
04-Sep
B.307/a/2
1882
22d
05-Sep
B.307/a/2
1882
22d-23
06-Sep
Lake (fishery)
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche
1882
23
07-Sep
B.307/a/2
1882
23
08-Sep
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
23
23
09-Sep
1882
5 June 2014
House River
02-Sep
B.307/a/2
10-Sep
McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson, Fontiane
Lake (fishery)
Macdonald raking hay. Others gathering and cutting.

All hands cutting hay. Professor Bell, Assistant Director of the
Geological Survey arrived from Lac la Biche by oxen, en route for Ft.
Chipewyan.
Prof. Bell started for Ft Chipewyan this morning with Paul Fontaine.
Macdonald & Nicolson left today to search for McLeod and the horses,
they being far behind the expected time and therefore supposed to be
lost. At dark Macleod himself turned up having lost the way near House
River left his horses and found his way here by cutting for the river and
following it down. No one seems to have thought of sending after the
search party to apprise them of this. all he, Paul Cree [surname] &
Pechegan both arrived today and were available. McAulay cutting hay.
McAulay and Macleod working at the hay.
Paul Cree [surname] started to look for the horses lost by McLeod.
McLeod sent to lake for dry fish.
Raining. Mr Charlo Piche & Blackcock brought in 114 lbs dried meat
and 3 blodder's grease.
Macaulay & Pechegan cutting fencing for hay. Macleod arrived from
lake with 100 dry fish.
Two batteaux from PLL for Ft Chipewayn arrived with Steamboat
Machinery. McAulay cutting hay and attending to batteaux men.
McLeod & Pechegan gathering hay.
Lowson Mangrain and his four men from PLL (batteaux crew) left for
home this morning, leaving Joe Leark and the 2 batteaux here. Macaulay
& Macleod cutting hay. Paul Cree [surname] boys brought the horses
lost by Macleod.
McAulay trading with a lot of Chipewyans who arrived today. McLeod
& Paul Cree [surname] boys working at hay. Macdonald and Nicolson
returned from searching for Macleod having followed up his track to
here.
Macdonald, Joe Leark, Nicolson & Macleod cutting and macaulay &
Paul's boy gathering hay.
Sunday
Professor Bell
Professor Bell, Fontaine,

McDonald, Nicolson,
McLeod, Paul Cree
[surname], Pechegan,
McAulay
McAulay, McDonald
McLeod
Mr Charlo Piche, Blackcock
McAulay, Pechegan,
McLeod
McAulay, McLeod,
Pechegan
Lowson Mangrain, Joe
Leark, McAulay, McLeod,
Paul Cree [surname]
McAulay, Chipewyans,
McLeod, Paul Cree
[surname], McDonald,
Nicolson
McDonald, Joe Leark,
McLeod, Paul's boys
203
B.307/a/2
1882
23-23d
11-Sep
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
23d
23d
23d
12-Sep
Prairie
1882
1882
13-Sep
14-Sep
Little River
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1882
23d
15-Sep
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
23d
24
16-Sep
17-Sep
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
24
24
18-Sep
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
20-Sep
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
27-Sep
1882
24
24
24
B.307/a/2
1882
24-24d
30-Sep
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
1882
5 June 2014
19-Sep
Lake (fishery),
Little River
21-Sep
22-Sep
23-Sep
24-Sep
25-Sep
26-Sep
Prairie
28-Sep
29-Sep
Portage la
Loche
Jose Leark took one batteau and started all alone for Ft. Chipewyan.
Macdonald & Macleod cutting oats and Macaulay & Nicolson gathering
hay.
Macdonald putting up posts for corral at prairie. Other 3 men gathering
hay.
All hands with Paul's boy stacking hay.
Men drying wet hay. Macaulay set nets at little river.
Two boats for PLL arrived from Ft Chipewyan in charge of Messrs
Littlebury & Y Fleet. Prof. Bell, Passenger Left at 1 PM. McAulay
and Macdonald drying wet goods from Ft. Chip. Nicolson & Macleod
cutting wood for floats. 9 fish caught. P. Fontaine returned by these
boats.
Fontaine boiling tar. McDonald making pack saddles. Others making
foats, mending nets and one fencing hay. 4 fish caught.
David and Angelic arrived from the lake with all the dogs in good order.
Macaulay, Macdonald, Nicolson, Fontaine and David working at hay.

Macleod and Old Cree 's [surname] son went to Lake for dry fish.
Men as yesterday.
Men as on 18th. Macleod returned from the lake with 400 dry fish. 10
fish caught at little river.
All hands stacking hay. 7 fish.
All hands at hay. Only 6 fish.
All hands at hay.
Sunday
All hands at hay. 14 fish from 1 net.
Fontaine sick; others at hay.
Macdonald, Nicolson, Fontaine and David went to prairie to fence hay
but as they could not find the oxen (!!!) they returned and did nothing all
day!!! Macaulay meding nets. McLeod left to look p saddles. 8 fish.
Entry missing.
All hands digging potatoes.
Men as yesterday. The A boats arrived from PLL and left this evening
taking also the batteaux with machinery which has been here since the
6th.
204
Joe Leark, McDonald,

McLeod, McAulay, Nicolson
McDonald
Paul's boy
McAulay
Mr Littlebury, Professor Bell,
McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson, McLeod, Fontaine
Fontaine, McDonald
David, Angelic
McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson, Fontaine, David,
McLeod, Old Cree 's
[surname] son
McLoed
Fontaine
McDonald, Nicolson,
Fontaine, David, McAulay,
McLeod
204
B.307/a/2
1882
24d
01-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
24d
02-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
24d
03-Oct
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
24d
25
Crossing,
Portage la
Loche
04-Oct
05-Oct
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
25
06-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
25
07-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
25
08-Oct
Lake (fishery)
foot of
mountain
rapid
B.307/a/2
1882
25d
09-Oct
Athabasca
Landing
B.307/a/2
1882
25d
10-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
25d
11-Oct
5 June 2014
Grand Rapid
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chipewyan
Alex Sylvester and Tete de beed [probably Boef] arrived from crossing
where they had left the oxen from PLL. 2 fish.
Men finished digging potatoes. The crop is 200 bushels of which 15 bush
were given to each house. 10 fish.
Men stacking hay on island except Macaulay and Nicolson who were
backing nets. Macleod who started 7 days ago for the saddles he lost
returned today with Paul's boy. 15 fish.
A Sylvester and TetedeBeed left for home today. McAulay, Macdonald
and Nicolson backing nets. McLeod and David putting potatoes in cellar.
Fontaine making ready to start to the lake to fish. 20 fish.
Macdonald & four horses started with P Fontaine and his nets to the lake.
Macaulay and David making a new fish stage. Macleod putting potatoes
in the cellar. All the Chipewyan arrived to get their fall
advancements. Alexis Cree [surname] and family also arrived.
Macaulay working in store. Nicolson fishing and Macleod making floats.
20 fish caught. An Indian arrived with a note from Mr Cowie asking for
provisions. He was sent back at once with some Lowis Boucher and F
Blackcock going with him with their own canoe.
MacAulay and Nicolson backing nets. McLeod making floats. 48 fish
caught. John Macdonald returned from the lake.
100 fish caught out of 7 nets. Mr Cowie arrived this evening with Lowis
Boucher & Blackcock having left the brigade camped at foot of
Mountain Rapid.
Mr Cowie's thread boats from Athabasca Landing arrived this morning.
The boats were unloaded and hauled up for repair. Macaulay and
Nicolson fishing, caught 90 fish. Macleod cooking and variously
employed. Macdonald interpreting & helping in stores.
Tripmen having at length repaired & tarred their boats two boats, Lowis
Lavallee in charge, left for Grand Rapid to fetch the rafts cargo left there.
Five Chipewyans, F. Blackcock, Jose Lewis, & Maurice Boucher, and
Jose Macrae go for the trip to take the place of those who go home at
once from Grand Rapid. Men employed as on Monday.
Aliek Evans left for Ft Chip. with the LLB boat heavily laden with
steamboat and shot for Fort Chip. 100 fish. Men employed as on 9th.
The Chipewyans got their fall advances and cleared off.
205
Alexis Sylvester, Tete de

Boeuf
McAulay, Nicolson, Paul's

boy
Sylvester, Tetedebeed,
McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson, McLeod, Daivd,
Fontaine
McDonald, McAulay, David,
McLeod, Chipewyans, Alexis
Cree [surname]
McAulay, Nicolson,
McLeod, Indian, Mr Cowie,
Lowis Boucher, F. Balckcosk
McAulay, Nicolson,
McLeod, John McDonald
Mr Cowie, Lowis Boucher,
Blackcock
Mr Cowie, McAulay,
Nicolson, McDonald
Lowis Lavallee, Chipewyans,
F. Blackcock, Jose Lewis,
Maurice Boucher, Jose
Macrae
Aliek Evans, Chipewyans
205
B.307/a/2
1882
26d
18-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
26d
19-Oct
The Cree [surname] got their fall outfits. Men as usual. 100 fish.
Nicolson and David sent off to try fishing at the eddy below the fall at
Mountain Rapid
Macdonald fixing up store. Macaulay fishing. Macleod cooking, etc. 100
fish. Nicolson and David returned from Eddy, having only killed 12 fish
as the fish have already turned down before they got there.
Men as usual. D Galleux mending a Nicolson working at nets.
Sunday Snow
Macdonald put on planting and rebuilt g and ridge pole of byre.
Macleod hauling wood and Nicolson cutting it. Macaulay attending to
his fishery.
Macleod putting roofing sticks on byre. Macdonald & Nicolson were off
all day looking for gra for thatch, but found none. McAulay has hung
900 fish to date but the fishing is fast failing.
Macdonald and Nicolson found and cut 12 bundles thatch on island and
little Creek on this side of little prairie. McLeod at various jobs.
McAulay fishing.
Nicolson cutting thatch on island. Macdonald thatching his own house
with Macleod getting mud for him. Macaulay fishing. The fish have
already left and only a few are now caught, 6-12 a day.
20-Oct
The two boats sent to Grand Rapid for the rafts load arrived at 10 AM.
The Chips. Jose Boucher, Jose McRae and F. Blackcock refused to go
with these boats till they meet the men from Fort Chip. apologising on
account of having to feed their families. Lowis and Maurice Boucher
who have no such excuse point blank refused to go out of sh... desires to
disoblige as is the nature and habit of the Chip here whenever they think
they are much needed. This must not be forgotten to them and they will
get on debt this year any hour. This refusal of the Chipewyans causes
great inconvenience and expense. At this season there is as usual a great
deal of work to be done at the place and in addition to this there is a great
deal of arrears of work which should have been done ... in the season but
niglected. All the men cannot be spared for this trip in consequence so it
has been necessary to hire two Lac la Biche men, Gregoire Militaire &
John Johnson at $30 per month for the trip on the understanding that the
prises of any goods they take beat the LLB tariff and they get a train of
dogs to take their baggage to LLB. [to H]
B.307/a/2
1882
25d-26
12-Oct
Mountain
Rapid
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
13-Oct
Mountain
Rapid
1882
26
26
26
B.307/a/2
1882
26
16-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
26
17-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
5 June 2014
26d27d
14-Oct
15-Oct
island, little
Creek, little
prairie
Grand Rapid,
Fort
Chipewyan,
Lac la Biche,
island
206
Crees, Nicolson, David

McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod, Nicolson, David
David Galleux, Nicolson
McDonald, McLeod,
McAulay
McLeod, McDonald,
Nicolson, McAulay
McDonald, Nicolson,
McLeod, McAulay
Nicolson, McDonald,
McLeod, McAulay
Chipewyans, Jose Boucher,

Jose Macrae, F. Blackcock,
Lowis Boucher, Maurice
Boucher, Gregoire Militaire,
John Johnson, Nicolson,
McLeod, McAulay, Evans,
McDonald
206
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
1882
1882
1882
27d
27d
27d
27d
21-Oct
22-Oct
23-Oct
24-Oct
Red Island,
Fort
Chipewyan
island, Lake
(fishery)
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
27d-28
28
25-Oct
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
28
27-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
28
28-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
28d
29-Oct
26-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
28d
30-Oct
B.307/a/2
1882
28d
31-Oct
28d
01Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
5 June 2014
Lac la Biche,
Lake (fishery)
island
island
Louis Lavallee and his crew left for Lac la Biche this morning over land.
Macdonald finished thatching one side of his house. McAulay getting
mud for him. Bte. Kampo arrived from the lake reporting Fontaine to
have hung 970 fish. He (Bte) caught 600 himself with 3 old nets but had
half that hung before Fontaine began. Had Fontaine been out sooner he
would have made a very good fishery. The fish have now disappeared so
Fontaine is ordered in.
The weather all last week has been beautiful.
Macdonald and Macaulay thatching, etc.
Men as yesterday. Nicolson, Macleod, Militaire and Johnson returned
this evening having met the men from Ft Chip. at Red Island.
Macdonald began thatching bedroom assisted by the LL Boner,
Macaulay and Nicolson cutting thatch on island. Macleod cooking &
getting wood. Fontaine arrived from the lake this evening. He has 900
fish hung. This makes 1000 fish hung along with 100 fish brought from
Bte Kampo.
Fontaine having a spell. Other men as on 25th.
Fontaine fixing door and windows of his own house. Macdonald's wife
who has been laid up and unable to work for some time with a bad hand
much worse today and having had no sleep for several nights, he was
unable to work today. LL Boner covering byre. Other men as before.
Macdonald & LL Boner finished thatching bedroom. Macaulay and
Nicolson fetched over all the thatch they cut on the Island. Macleod
fencing hay yard. Fontaine mudding his own house.
Fine clear and for the season warm weather all last week. Last night
there was a heavy snow fall which looks as if it would remain.
Macdonald and LL Boner propped up and savvied the byre. Maclead
cleaning byre. Macaulay and Nicolson dug out and repaved hay track up
bank of island. Fontaine made two ladders and broke up batteau. Very
little thaw.
Nicolson renewing track down the river bank. Macaulay cutting &
hauling wood. Macdonald arranging his house. Fontaine & LL Boner
rebuilding office chimney.
McLeod still cleaning byre. McDonald fixing stalls, etc in byre.
MacAulay hauling wood and hay. Nicolson finished the track and
levelled ground fro site of new store. The LL Boner and Fontaine
finished chimney and mudden half of one side of big house roof.
207
Louis Lavallee, McAulay,

Baptiste Kampo, Fontaine
McDonald, McAulay
Nicolson, McLeod, Militaire,
Johnson
McDonald, McAulay,
Nicolson, McLeod, Fontaine,
Baptiste Kampo, LL Boner
Fontaine, McDonald's wife,

McDonald, LL Boner
McDonald, LL Boner,
McAulay, Nicolson,
McLeod, Fontaine
McDonald, LL Boner,
McLeod, McAulay,
Nicolson, Fontaine
Nicolson, McAulay,
McDonald, Fontaine, LL
Boner
McLeod, McDonald,
McAulay, Nicolson, LL
Boner, Fontaine
207
B.307/a/2
1882
29
02Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
29
03Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
29
B.307/a/2
1882
29
04Nov
05Nov
"Shny"
Lac la Biche
McAulay, Nicolson, LL
Boner, McDonald, Fontaine
Fontaine
Fontaine, LLB men,

McLeod, McDonald,
McAulay, Nicolson
Fontaine and wife
Lake (fishery)
Sunday. Mild Wind SW. Fontaine fighting with his wife.

Macdonald made a dung shed for byre. Fontaine stacking canoe timbers
and putting canoes part for winter; afterwards he arranged the windows
and door of shop. LL Boner mudded byre. Macaulay & Nicolson getting
sheds harness wrappers and nets ready to start the winter lake fishery.
Macleod keeping cattle and cooking. Wind N; cloudy; therm 19
R Macaulay and Nicolson left for lake to fish. Gregoire went to haul fish
with dogs. Macdonald and Johnson cut & hauled of loads wood.
Fontaine arranging carpenter's tools. Clear.
The river stopped up last night. Fontaine & Johnson made a mess of
whitewashing the big house. Macdonald hauled 6 loads hay.
Macdonald made a box for calves in the byre and up up [sic] the hay loft
door. Fontaine and Johnson took up the potatoes from the kitchen cellar
to dry them as many are getting spoilt. North wind and snowy.
Macdonald killed the lame heavy ox for beef this morning and
afterwards was squaring saw logs on island. Fontaine & Johnson picking
potatoes and sharpening tools. Militaire arrived from the lake last night
with 60 fish and left again this morning. He reports four nets put down
yesterday.
Macdonald cut & hauled 3 loads wood and arranged a gate for the hay
gard. Fontaine & Johnson cleaning potatoes. Nicolson arrived from the
lake with 80 fish at 2 PM.
Lake (fishery)
Sunday. G. Militaire arrived from Lake with 100 fish. Thaw.
Lake (fishery)
Nicolson & Johnson left for lake for fish. Macdonald & Fontaine
advanced this day to make traps. Militaire sick. Thawing.
Gregoire Militaire
Nicolson, Johnson,
McDonald, Fontaine,
Militaire
B.307/a/2
1882
29-29d
06Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
29d
07Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
29d
08Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
29d
09Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
29d-30
10Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
30
B.307/a/2
1882
30
11Nov
12Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
30
13Nov
5 June 2014
Macaulay, Nicolson, and the LL Boner mudded the roof of the big
house. Macdonald and Fontaine mudding their own houses. The weather
which has been cloudy since Sunday [29 Oct.] cleared up today but no
thaw has come on. Ice running for two days.
Fontaine covering his roof. Other men mudding dwelling houses. The
"Shny" frozen up on night of 2nd.
Fontaine & LLB men roofed and mudded workshop. Macleod attending
the cattle. In the forenoon Macdonald fixed hay frames and harness;
Macaulay cut 6 boards wood; and Nicolson hauled 5 loads wood. In the
afternoon Macdonald and Macaulay cut out and altered window in
kitchen; and Nicolson hauled two loads hay. A little thaw today.
208
Lake (fishery)
McDonald, Fontaine, LL
Boner, McAulay, Nicolson,
McLeod
R. McAulay, Nicolson,
Gregoire, McDonald,
Johnson, Fontaine
Fontaine, Johnson,
McDonald
McDonald, Fontaine,
Johnson
McDonald, Fontaine,
Johnson, Militaire
McDonald, Fontaine,
Nicolson
208
B.307/a/2
1882
30
14Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
30d
15Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
30d
16Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
30d
17Nov
river
B.307/a/2
1882
30d
18Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
30d
19Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
31
20Nov
21Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
31
B.307/a/2
1882
31
B.307/a/2
1882
31
22Nov
23Nov
24Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
31
B.307/a/2
1882
31
B.307/a/2
1882
31
25Nov
26Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
27Nov
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
Lac la Biche,
Portage la
Loche
Macdonald attending oxen and sorting furs. Macleod and Fontaine

papering houses. Militaire still sick. The dog drivers arrived with 120
fish each. The track is almost bare. Still thawing.
Johnson left this morning for lake. Macleod papering kitchen.
Macdonald stringing furs and attending oxen. Fontaine cutting & hauling
firewood.
Macdonald attending oxen and squaring saw logs. Macleod
whitewashing house. Fontaine cut sled bars for 2 ox sleds. Dog drivers
brought only 80 fish on each sled as there is now very little snow on the
track. Old Cree [surname] started to hunt.
Macdonald squared 2 logs and one stick for two ox sleds. Fontaine
chopped wood for 1 dog sled. Militaire yesterday and today able to
repair ox harness. Macleod attending cattle. Still thawing. The water is
rising and over flowing the ice.
Fontaine chopped birch for a dog sled. Macdonald hauling hay. Dog
drivers brought 60 fresh fish each from lake. There are still 300 fresh fish
there.
Macdonald caught 3 martens and Fontaine 2. G Militaire left for Lake on
a private visit.
Johnson and Macdonald tried to saw but had to give up as the saw was
out of order. Afterwards Macdonald began to sharpen saw and Johnson
brought 1 load wood. W Nicolson hauling logs and sled wood. Fontaine
making dog sleds. Four trains dogs arrived from PLL with pr or pA.
Macdonald and Nicolson getting wood. Fort aim at dog sleds. Johnson
left for Lac la Biche via PLL with the sleds from there today.
Fontaine and Macdonald ripped a log for ox sleds and afterwards the one
began making dogsleds; the other ox sleds. Nicolson repairing dog
harness.
209
McDonald, McLeod,
Militaire, Fontaine
Johnson, McDonald,
McLeod, Fontaine
McDonald, McLeod,
Fontaine, Old Cree [surname]
McDonald, Fontaine,
McLeod, Militaire
Fontaine, McDonald
McDonald, Fontaine,
Gregoire Militaire
Johnson, McDonald,
Nicolson, Fontaine
McDonald, Nicolson,
Johnson
Fontaine, McDonald,
Nicolson
Lake (fishery)
Men as on 22nd.
Macdonald finished an ox sled. Fontaine turned the dog sled. Nicolson
left for the lake.
Macaulay brought 70 fish from the lake. Macdonald and Fontaine cutting
and hauling wood.
McDonald, Fontaine,
Nicolson
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine
Lake (fishery)
Sunday. A heavy fall of snow just in good time.

Macaulay left for lake. Macdonald hauled 6 loads hay. Fontaine
repairing a dog sled.
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine
Lake (fishery)
209
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
28Nov
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
29Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
30Nov
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
01Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
02Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
31d
03Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32
B.307/a/2
1882
32
B.307/a/2
1882
32
B.307/a/2
1882
32
04Dec
05Dec
06Dec
07Dec
32
08Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
B.307/a/2
1882
32
09Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32
10Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32-32d
B.307/a/2
1882
32d
B.307/a/2
1882
32d
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
32d
32d
1882
5 June 2014
11Dec
12Dec
13Dec
14Dec
15-
Lake (fishery)
island
island
Lake (fishery),
Portage la
Loche,
Edmonton, La
la Biche
Portage la
Loche
Lake (fishery)
210
Macdonald hauled 6 loads hay. Fontaine barred a new sled.

Macdonald at sundry jobs. Fontaine cutting lines and putting ground
loshing on sleds. Nicolson brought 100 fish from Lake. There are still at
Lake 560 fish and in store here after giving out rations to night
970=1530 in all.
Macdonald and Nicolson making harness and sleds ready to go to Lake
for fish with horses. Fontaine fixing sleds. Snowing a little.
Macdonald and Nicolson left for lake with 2 horse and 1 dog sled.
Fontaine cut and hauled loads wood.
Fontaine out & hauled 4 loads wood. Macdonald brought 250 and
Nicolson 120 fresh fish from the lake, leaving 150 there still.
L. Boucher arrived with some furs, reporting all the Chips to have been
sick since fall.
Fontaine & Nicolson left for lake. The first to assist there till Saturday [9
Dec.]. Macdonald fencing hay on island.
McDonald, Fontaine
Macdonald sick. Nicolson brought 110 fresh fish.
McDonald, Nicolson
Nicolson cutting wood. Macdonald sick.
Nicolson, McDonald
Macdonald hauling hay from Sold Pld. Nicolson hauling wood.

Macdonald hauled Plds hay from island. Nicolson cutting wood and
variously employed.
McDonald, Nicolson
Fontaine & MacAulay arrived from the lake with 40 fish. Other men as
on 8th. Six sleds arrived from PLL this morning with Flour & bean for a.
A D Osborne with two men arrived from Edmonton via Lac la Biche to
prospect for coal oil at the tar wells.
The PLL men left today, also Osborne and men.
Macaulay and Fontaine left for lake. Macdonald making ox sleds. A
Sylvester and Nicolson cutting and hauling wood. L&L
McDonald, Fontaine,
Nicolson
McDonald, Nicolson,
Fontaine
McDonald, Nicolson,
Fontaine
Fontaine, McDonald,
Nicolson
L. Bouche, Chipewyans
Fontaine, Nicolson,
McDonald
McDonald, Nicolson
Fontaine, McAulay, A.D.

Osborne
Osborne
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald, Alex Sylvester,
Nicolson

Men as on 12th. Osborne came back tonight.
Osborne
Men as on 12th. Macdonald putting up HB br at ev of NB Claim.

Men as on 14th.
McDonald
210
211
Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32d
16Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32d
17Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
32d-33
18Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
B.307/a/2
1882
33
26Dec
27Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
33-33d
28Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
33d
29Dec
B.307/a/2
1882
33d
30Dec
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1882
33d
33d
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
1883
5 June 2014
33d
33d
19Dec
20Dec
21Dec
22Dec
23Dec
24Dec
25Dec
31Dec
01-Jan
02-Jan
03-Jan
Lake (fishery),
Portage la
Loche
Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche
Lake (fishery)
First Creek
old fort
Men as on 15th. MacAulay and Fontaine arrived from the lake, having
only got 60 fish this week. They have closed the fishery. La Boss arrived
from PLL with the packet at sunset.
Mr Cowie & Wm Nicolson with acariole and Macaulay and Alexander
Sylvester with 1 train dogs each started for Ft Chipewyan. The latter two
taking the packet.
La Boss returned to PLL. Macdonald made two pair horse trams.
Fontaine barred a lat sled. Macleod attending cattle.
Macdonald and Fontaine getting wood canoe and sleds ready to to start
for the lake. The canoe is very much nuded there every fall.
McAulay, Fontaine, La Boss

Mr Cowie, William
Nicolson, McAulay,
Alexander Sylvester
La Boss, McDonald,
Fontaine, McLeod
McDonald, Fontaine
Men took the canoe to First Creek and made two trips for hay.
Men cutting & hauling wood. R Macaulay came back from old fort with
Alexr Sylvester's dogs.
McAulay, Alexander
Sylvester
Macaulay sick. Other men hauling hay & cutting and hauling wood.
McAulay
Men cutting wood and hauling hay. Macaulay sick.
McAulay
Sunday.
Christmas
Macdonald hauled 6 loads hay. Macaulay hauled 6 loads wood, P
Fontaine cut 4 loads wood.
Lake (fishery),
First Creek
Lake (fishery)
Men as on 26th.
Macdonald and Macleod left for the lake with 1 train dogs to take out the
canoe left at First Creek on 20th. Macaulay attending cattle. Fontaine
cutting firewood.
Men at fort as on 28th. The others returned from the lake. The canoe
having been safely rendered there.
Fontaine cutting and Macaulay hauling wood. Macdonald stacking hay
in the yard and fixing frames. McLeod resumed his work as cattle
keeper.
Sunday. Fine warm day. Bte Cree [surname], Churchim and G Militaire
arrived from the lake.
New Years Day. Very cold.
Macdonald hauling hay. Macaulay auling and Fontaine cutting wood.
Men as on 2nd. Paul Cree [surname] arrived.
McDonald, McAulay,
Fontaine
McDonald, McAulay,
Fontaine
Fontaine, McDonald,
McLeod
Churchim, Gregoire Militaire
McDonald, McAulay,
Fontaine
Paul Cree [surname]
211
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
04-Jan
1883
33d
34
34
34
B.307/a/2
1883
34
08-Jan
B.307/a/2
1883
34
09-Jan
1883
1883
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
05-Jan
06-Jan
07-Jan
10-Jan
1883
34
34
B.307/a/2
1883
34
12-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
34
34
13-Jan
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
34-34d
15-Jan
B.307/a/2
1883
34d
16-Jan
34d
34d
17-Jan
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
34d
19-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
34d
34d
20-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
34d
35
22-Jan
5 June 2014
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
14-Jan
1883
1883
Fort
Chipewyan
11-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
Big Island, tar

island [?]
Clearwater
River
18-Jan
Portage la
Loche
21-Jan
23-Jan
Athabasca
River
Macaulay and Fontaine started with fish to cache at tar island [?] for
packet dogs. McAulay came back from Big Island. The track being good.
Others as before.
Macdonald cutting and Macaulay hauling wood.
Men as on 5th.
Fontaine returned today.
Fontaine spelling. Others as on 5th. Mr Cowie, W. Nicolson and A
Sylvester arrived from Ft Chip with packet at 4 PM. W. Kippling & two
other Ft Chip men also arrived to haul down beam with 2 trains.
R Macaulay & A. Sylvester left with packet at 12 PM. Fontaine cutting
wood. Macdonald spelling.
Trippers left for Ft Chip today. Nicolson left for P la Loche with 1 train
for fish. Fontaine cutting & Macdonald hauling firewood.
Men as on 10th.
Macdonald and Fontaine setting rabbit snares. Paul Cree [surname]
pitched off.
Fontaine picking out frozen potatoes from kitchen cellar. Macdonald
hauling wood.
Sunday. Fine weather.
Fontaine making yard sticks & foot measures. Macdonald visited his
rabbit snares and brought 17.
Macdonald and P. Fontaine making raabbit snares. Fontaine brought in
8.
Men made 44 snares and brought in 6 rabbits. They report the rabbits to
be very numerous on the top of the bank across the Clearwater.
Men making rabbit snares and brought 13 rabbits.
Macaulay and W Nicolson returned from PLL last night bringing 200
fish and 1 keg Sugar. Macdonald and Fontaine griding axes.
Fontaine squaring frame for an ice house. Macdonald visited rabbit
snares and brought 34. McAulay & Nicolson put up beds for themselves.
Sunday. Fontaine got a wolverine.
Fontaine as on 20th. Others squaring, hauling logs. Macdonald visited
snares across Athabasca and brought 73 rabbits.
Men employed as on 22nd.
212
McAulay, Fontaine,
McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
Fontaine
Fontaine, W. Nicolson, Mr
Cowie, A. Sylvester, W.
Kippling
McAulay, Sylvester,
Fontaine, McDonald
Nicolson, Fontaine,
McDoanld
McDonald, Fontaine, Paul
Cree [surname]
Fontaine, McDonald
Fontaine, McDonald
McDonald, Fontaine
McAulay, Nicolson,
McDonald, Fontaine
Fontaine, McDonald,
McAulay, Nicolson
Fontaine
McDonald
212
B.307/a/2
1883
35
24-Jan
B.307/a/2
1883
35
25-Jan
B.307/a/2
1883
35
26-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
35
35d
27-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
35d
35d
35d
29-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
01-Feb
1883
35d
35d
35d
35d
B.307/a/2
1883
35d
05-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
36
06-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
5 June 2014
36
36
36
36
36
36
Prairie
28-Jan
Portage la
Loche
30-Jan
31-Jan
02-Feb
03-Feb
04-Feb
07-Feb
08-Feb
09-Feb
10-Feb
11-Feb
12-Feb
Portage la
Loche
Lake (fishery)
Fontaine squaring frame for Ice house. R. Macaulay and Macdonald

making an ox sled rack to s across Prairie break and hauling ice house
frame from there. Nicolson hauling building logs for some building.
Fontaine finished squaring the ice house frame. Macaulay finished the
new track to the pines and brought one load of squared wood. Nicolson
hauled two loads of hay and the rest of the building logs. Macdonald
visited snares across Clearwater and brought 44 rabbits.
Fontaine grooving posts. Macdonald fixed hay frames and visited Paul's
snare so only getting 3 rabbits. Nicolson hauled 3 loads hay. Macaulay
hauled rest of squared logs.
Macaulay hauled 5 loads wood. Nicolson 3 loads hay. Fontaine posts.
Macdonald made 1 pr Frame & helped Fontaine.
Sunday. Fontaine trapped a Black fox.
Macaulay and Nicolson left for PLL for fish. Macdonald brought 35
rabbits from the snares. Fontaine still working at frame for Ice house.
Mild.
Macdonald and Fontaine working at frame of ice house.
Macdonald and Fontaine working at frame of ice house.
Macdonald interpreting and snared 7 rabbits. Fontaine squared 1 ridge
pole & 1 b cut & hauled 3 loads firewood. Pierre Cree [surname] left.
Cold.
Macdonald snared 23 rabbits. Fontaine hauled 3 loads hay.
Macdonald cut and hauled 3 loads wood. Fontaine hauled 3 loads hay.
Sunday
Men putting up frame of ice house. MacAulay, Nicolson and Tete de
beed arrived from PLL with fish.
Tripmen having a spell. Macdonald fetched two loads wood and sawed 6
boads. Fontaine finished frame of ice house and sawed 6 boads. Gale.
Fontaine made a slight edge p and bobs. Macdonald visited rabbit
snares and brought 15. Sylvester hauled 3 loads wood. Macaulay &
Nicolson mended nets and got ready to start for the lake fishery
tomorrow. Gale.
Men fitted on good logs of ice house.
Men hauled 3 loads wood and hay. Gale from NW continuous.
Men cut and hauled 100 billets fir shingles.
Sunday. Breeze from South.
Men put up frame of ice house. Macleod hauled 2 loads hay at night.
213
Fontaine, McAulay,
McDonald, Nicolson
Fontaine, McAulay,
Nicolson, McDonald
Fontaine, McDonald, Paul,
Nicolson, McAulay
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald
McAulay, Nicolson,
McDonald, Fontaine,
McDonald, Fontaine
McDonald, Fontaine
McDonald, Fontaine, Pierre
Cree [surname]
McDonald, Fontaine
McDonald, Fontaine
McAulay, Nicolson,
Tetedebeed
McDonald, Fontaine
Fontaine, McDonald,
Sylvester, McAulay,
Nicolson
213
B.307/a/2
1883
36
13-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
36d
14-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
36d
36d
15-Feb
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
36d
17-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
36d
18-Feb
16-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
36d-37
19-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
37
37
20-Feb
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
37
22-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
37
23-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
24-Feb
1883
37
37
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
26-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
27-Feb
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
28-Feb
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery)
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
21-Feb
25-Feb
Lake (fishery)
Macdonald visited snares and brought only 6. Fontaine cut and hauled 3
loads wood and repaired a hay frame. Sylvester returned from the lake
reporting 14 nets down but no fish. Macloed 3 loads hay.
Macdonald set snares and sawn 6 boards. Fontaine and Nicolson logging
up house. Others and Francois Piche arrived, reporting good hunts. Paul
Cree [surname] and family arrived starving.
Nicolson and P. Fontaine cut and hauled flooring and roofing for ice
house. Macdonald setting snares. F. Blackcock, Lowis and Maurice
Boucher arrived to trade; also Alexis Cree [surname].
Men employed hauling wood, sawing, etc. on Wednesday.
Nicolson left for Alexis furs. Macaulay & Moses arrived from lake. They
have only caught 6 fish to date.
Macdonald & Fontaine sawed slabs for ice house floor and cut 1 load
wood each.
A & M Sylvester left for Ft Chip with two trains dogs for mail & Mr A's
baggage. Fontaine getting wood. McAulay left for lake. Macdonald
starting men and visiting snares, 10 rabbits. The PLL men left at mid
day.
Mr Abel and W. Nicolson left with a carriole this morning. Macdonald
& Fontaine sawed 19 - 10 ft 8 1 in boards.
Macdonald and Fontaine sawed 20 boards. A little thaw.
Men tried to saw but saw got out of order. They then finished logging
[for?] new store. Macleod fetched a load of wood. Thawing and light
snow fall.
Macdonald cut & hauled 3 loads wood, and visited rabbit snares.
Fontaine laying flooring. Macaulay returned from the lake.
Macdonald squared some building logs and brought one and load of
roofing from the prairie Creek. Fontaine finished flooring and
commenced making a door. Macaulay got a little wood.
Sunday. Same Chips arrived.
Macdonald chipping building logs. Macaulay cut 27 pos ice. Fontaine
finished door and hung it. Churchim arrived and brought a little meat. A
heavy thaw.
Macaulay hauling ice and putting it in the cellar. Fontaine putting
roofing. Macdonald as on 26th.
Macaulay hauling building logs and firewood. Fontaine roofing
workshop. Macdonald squaring building logs.
214
McDonald, Fontaine,
Sylvester, McLeod
McDonald, Fontaine,
Nicolson, Paul Cree
[surname] and family
Nicolson, Fontaine,
McDonald, Blackcock,
Lowis and Maurice Boucher,
Nicolson, Alexis, McAulay,
Moses
McDonald, Fontaine
A Sylvester, M Sylvester,
McDonald, PLL men
Mr Abel, William Nicolson,
McDonald, Fontaine
Macdonald, Fontaine
McLeod, McLeod
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay
Chipewyans
McDonald, McAulay,
Fontaine, Churchim
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald
214
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
01Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
02Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
37d
B.307/a/2
1883
38
03Mar
04Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38
B.307/a/2
1883
38
B.307/a/2
1883
38
05Mar
06Mar
07Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38
08Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38
B.307/a/2
1883
38
09Mar
10Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
11Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
12Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
13Mar
14Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
15Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
38d
16Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
5 June 2014
38d
17Mar
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
215
McAulay and Macdonald cut some roofing & hauled it and 6 loads
building logs, etc. Fontaine cutting firewood.
Macaulay hauling logs and fire wood. Fontaine finished roofing little
store. Macdonald snaring rabbits--got 6.
Fontaine cutting and McAulay hauling firewood. Macdonald cleaning
thatch. Cold snowy day.
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald
Fontaine, McAulay,
McDonald
Sunday. Macdonald got two rabbits in his snares.

Macdonald cleaning thatch. Fontaine edging boards. Macaulay hauling
wood. Charlo Piche came to tell Chrysostom has 2 moose in cache for
us. Alexis Cree [surname] came to tell he has 7 deer in cache for us.
McDonald
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay, Charlo Piche,
Chrysostom, Alexis Cree
[surname]
Macdonald as before. McAulay & Fontaine mudded new store.
McDonald, McAulay
Men shifting furs, etc and fixing new store.

Men finished shifting goods & furs to new store and commenced pulling
down big store. Heavy thaw.
Macdonald and Macaulay thatching new store. Fontaine cutting &
hauling saw logs.
McDonald, McAulay,
Fontaine
Fontaine filling saws. Others finished thatching new store.

Three sleds returned from Ft Chipewyan with packets, arriving at ..AM.
The glass being over 70 in the shads it was necessary to detain the
packet till it froze at night. It left at midnight. W Nicolson and A
Sylvester the latter taking back the PLL dogs, W Nicolson brought two
moose and C Piche and deer from the latter 3 each.
Macaulay brought 3 loads firewood in the forenoon and afterwards
helped Macdonald & Fontaine to pull down big store.
Men put up a small house over the cal cellar of the store and hauled up
some of the logs of latter to new site.
Men finishing the work they were at on 13th.
Macaulay mudding new ice house. Macdonald and Fontaine cutting &
hauling new foundation & sleepers for big store. Moise cutting wood.
Macaulay & Moise cleaning away snow & stumps for new of big
store. The other men as yesterday.
Moise visited rabbit snares, catching 8. The other men laid foundation of
new store. A heavy snow fall. Nicolson & 2 PLL from PLL.
Fontaine
Nicolson, Alex Sylvester,

Charlo Piche
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine
McAulay, McDonald,
Fontaine, Moise
McAulay, Moise
Moise, Nicolson
215
B.307/a/2
1883
39
18Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39
19Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39
20Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39
21Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39
B.307/a/2
1883
39
B.307/a/2
1883
39
B.307/a/2
1883
39-39d
B.307/a/2
1883
39d
25Mar
26Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39d
27Mar
B.307/a/2
1883
39d
B.307/a/2
1883
39d
B.307/a/2
1883
39d
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
01-Apr
1883
39d
39d
39d
B.307/a/2
1883
40
03-Apr
1883
5 June 2014
22Mar
23Mar
24Mar
28Mar
29Mar
30Mar
31Mar
02-Apr
Portage la
Loche
Lake (fishery)
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
The PLL men returned today.

R Macaulay started for the lake to start a fishery agin. Fontaine cut &
hauled one log for big store. Macdonald and Nicolson fixing harness and
sleds ready to start tomorrow to haul Alexis' cache. Moise hauling wood.
A heavy snow fall.
Macdonald & Nicolson started for Alexis cache with two trains dogs.
Fontaine laying sleepers of big store assisted by Moise who also snared 4
rabbits.
Fontaine & Moise as on 20th. Four trains arrived from PLL with 3 cases
for A. Steamer 405th and 200 fish.
Fontaine & Moise as before. The PLL men left at noon.
216
McAulay, Fontaine,
McDonald, Nicolson, Moise,
Alexis
McDonald, Nicolson, Alexis,
Fontaine, Moise
Fontaine, Moise
Fontaine, Moise
Men logging up big store. Very cold.
Lake (fishery)
Fontaine working at store. Moise sent to Lake for dogs.

Moise returned from Lake with the dogs. McAulay has only caught 6
fish since he went out. Macdonald & Nicolson returned from Alexis
chache with 8 fresh deer & 2 1/2 dry do.
Cree Lake
Fontaine as before. The Trappers having a spell.

Nicolson & Moise Sylvester left for Ft. Chipewyan with 3 cases Steamer
Tran & 3 kegs Gunpowder. Macdonald cut & hauled two loads wood
and visited snares. Fontaine fixing beams of big store.
Men grinding tools and working at store. Mr Cowie started for Cree
Lake to visit fishing and look for Tamarac[k].
Cree Lake
Men working at store.

Men hauled wood & worked at store. Mr Cowie returned from fishery
which has begun to be successful. The tamarac examined is properly
large. The Old Cree 's [surname] children came in for seed potatoes and
brought 17 fish.
Fort
Chipewyan
Men working at store. MacDonald snared 18 rabbits.

Sunday
Men working at store. Fontaine quit work this evening.
Macdonald in carrying up logs of store ruptured himself . Mr Cowie &
A Macloed put up ridge pole of store.
Fontaine, Moise
Moise, McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson, Alexis
Nicolson, Moise Sylvester,

McDonald, Fontaine
Mr Cowie
Mr Cowie, Old Cree

[surname]
McDonald
Fontaine
McDonald, Mr Cowie,
McLeod
216
B.307/a/2
1883
40
04-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
40
05-Apr
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1883
40
06-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
40
07-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
08-Apr
1883
40
40
40
B.307/a/2
1883
40d
11-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
40d
12-Apr
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1883
40d
13-Apr
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1883
40d
14-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
40d
40d
15-Apr
1883
1883
09-Apr
10-Apr
16-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
40d-41
41
17-Apr
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
41
19-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
41
20-Apr
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
Portage la
Loche, Lake
(fishery)
18-Apr
Lake (fishery),
prairie
Fontaine begged to be allowed to work again and again worked at store.

Macdonald slowly recovering.
Fontaine visited the snares and brought 12 rabbits. He afterwards cut &
hauled load of wood. Macdonald still unable to work.
Macdonald packing shingles. Fontaine laid flooring & fixed doors of big
store. Nicolson & M. Sylvester arrived from Ft. Chipewyan this evening.
Fontaine fixing windows & of big store. Macdonald interpreting. The
tripmen spelling. McAulay returned from the lake with the dogs and only
6 fish.
Macaulay & Moise left for PLL to meet packet taking on that from Ft
Chipn. Nicolson left for lake to fish.
Fontaine visited snares and brought 7 rabbits.
Fontaine fixing cupples of big store.
Fontaine as on 10th. Macdonald interpreting. Kippling & a Chipewyan
arrived this morning to meet the expected packet. First ducks and goose
seen. Heavy thaw. The cow had a bull calf.
Fontaine sawed 2 pieces cupples and put them on. McAulay and
Tetedebeed brought packet from PLL.
Kippling & man left for Ft Chipewyan with the packet before day light.
Macdonald and Fontaine boarded one side of roof of store. Macaulay &
Moise spelling. Snow all off inside of fort.
Macdonald and Fontaine boarded the other side of the roof of the store.
The other men shifting everything up to top of second bank for fear of a
flood.
Macdonald killed the first goose of which a good many are flying.
Nicolson arrived.
Entry missing.
Nicolson left for lake again. Men putting a cattle corral and hay yard on
the prairie to keep cattle in at night. Macdonald & Fontaine shingling
store. Macaulay & Sylvester cutting fencing. MacLeod looking after
cattle.
Men as on 17th.
Fontaine & Macdonald shingling. MacAulay & Moise sorting potatoes
up to new store.
Fontaine quit qork today and off hunting. Macdonald shingling.
Macaulay knifing shingles. Moise hauling fencing. Macleod looking
after cattle on prairie. Commenced to rain from SE.
217
Fontaine, McDonald
Fontaine, McDonald
McDonald, Fontaine,
Nicolson, M. Sylvester
Fontaine, McDonald,
McAulay
McAulay, Moise Sylvester,
Nicolson
Fontaine
Fontaine
McDonald, Kippling,
Chipewyan
Fontaine, McAulay,
Tetedebeed
Kippling, Chipewyan,
McDonald, Fontaine,
McAulay, Moise Sylvester
McDonald
McDonald, Nicolson
Nicolson, McDonald,
Fontaine, McAulay,
Sylvester, McLeod
Fontaine, McDonald,
McAulay, Moise
Fontaine, McDonald,
McAulay, Moise, McLeod
217

B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
41
41
21-Apr
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
41
23-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
41
24-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
41-41d
25-Apr
B.307/a/2
1883
41d
26-Apr
River
Clearwater
River
B.307/a/2
1883
41d
27-Apr
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
28-Apr
1883
41d
41d
41d
B.307/a/2
1883
41d
01May
B.307/a/2
1883
41d
02May
B.307/a/2
1883
41d-42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
07May
08May
B.307/a/2
1883
42
09May
1883
5 June 2014
Rain & sleet from S.E. Men making shingles.

Nicolson returned from the lake. Fish season
22-Apr
29-Apr
30-Apr
03May
04May
05May
06May
Fort
Chipewyan
Macdonald and R Macaulay shingling store. W Nicolson & M Sylvester

making shingles. Macleod as usual, herding cattle and working.
Men as on 23rd except Macaulay who was sent to lake to see about
fishery. Warm. Ice open along shore. Horse Trail & Prairie Creeks
started today.
The River burst from the mouth of H Creek to opposite end of river
above garden at 2.30AM and stuck there all day.
Men as on 23rd. The Clearwater river burst. Warm. Macleod burnt the
prairie.
Men as on 23rd. Macaulay returned from the lake with the nets and some
fish and much from the Cree [Crees].
Men as on 23rd assisted by Macaulay. Macleod hauling fencing. The
Athabasca which has been breaking in patches even since the 26th at
length cleared the main channel of fixed ice this evening and ran till
midnight.
River ran all night, full of thick ice which is thinning a little today.
River almost clear of ice. Men shingling.
Finished the roof of house and put things in loft. Moise set 20 rabbit
snares.
Moise caught 4 rabbits. Women pitched canoe. Macdonald & McLeod
ploughed and sowed, 3 bushels wheat. McAulay and Nicolson hauling
fence.
Nicolson & McLeod left for Ft Chip with a canoe load of ba.
Macaulay, Macdonald and Moise fencing field & garden.
Lake (fishery)
Men employed as on 34d. Mr Cowie left for the lake.
prairie Creeks,
river
Athabasca
River
River
River
218
Nicolson
McDonald, McAulay,
Nicolson, M. Sylvester,
McLeod
McAulay
McLeod
McAulay
McAulay, McLeod
Moise
Moise, women, McDonald,
McLeod, McAulay, Nicolson
Nicolson, McAulay,
McDonald, Moise
Mr Cowie
Men as on 3rd.
Lake (fishery)
Chipewyan
camp
Mr Cowie arrived from the lake with some dried fish, meat & furs.
Men putting up garden pickets. Cree [surname] women mending a canoe
to be used for trip to Chipewyan camp.
Mr Cowie
lake
Men as on 7th. Women finished canoe and left for lake.
women
Charle Piche, Lowison
Adam, Louis Bouche, John
Macdonald
Charle Piche and Lowison Adam & Louis Bouche arrived with their furs.
John Macdonald interpreting and the others fencing garden.
Crees women
218
10May
11May
12May
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
B.307/a/2
1883
42
13May
14May
B.307/a/2
1883
42-42d
15May
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
16May
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
17May
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
18May
19May
20May
21May
22May
23May
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
24May
25May
B.307/a/2
1883
42d
26May
5 June 2014
Red River
Mr Cowie & John Macdonald left for Chipewyan Camp at Red River.
Macaulay & Moise digging the garden.
219
Mr Cowie, John McDonald,
McAulay, Moise
Men as on 10th.
Red River
Prairie
Edmonton
Cree Lake
Men sowing garden seeds.

Mr Cowie & Macdonald and 5 Chipewyans returned from Red River
with two large canoes laden with furs.
Men ploughing barley field & at garden.
Macdonald sowed 1 bushel barley in prairie field. Moise harrowing.
Macaulay dug in garden.
Rainy. Work interrupted after sowed 1 bushel Oats in field; and 5 oz
Indian Corn in garden. Macdonald mended mouding press.
Men planted 6 bushels early rise potatoes in field before dinner. Bte Cree
[surname] & G. Militaire left for River to meet expected from
Edmonton.
New planting potatoes in home field. 6 bushels. Mr Cowie left to visit
fishery.
Mr Cowie, McDonald,
Chipewyans
McDonald, Moise, McAulay

McDonald
Baptiste Cree [surname], G.
Militaire
Mr Cowie
Men as before farming.

Cree Lake
Clearwater
River
Mr Cowie returned from fishery.

Men sawing peas, etc. Macdonald & Moise started up Clearwater to get
bark for roofing.
Mr Cowie
McDonald, Moise
Macaulay gardening, cooking & atending cow.

Clearwater
River, Prairie
McAulay as usual.
Macaulay as before. Macdonald & Moise landed a raft of bark roofing at
the prairie this evening.
McAulay, McDonald, Moise
Athabasca
Macdonald & Moise unloaded raft. Macaulay as usual s&s.

Men sorting & furs. Nicolson, MacLeod, W Smith & T Trendell
arrived from Athabasca in a canoe.
McDonald, Moise, McAulay

Nicolson, McLoed, W.
Smith, T Trendell
219
B.307/a/2
1883
42d-43
B.307/a/2
1883
43
27May
28May
B.307/a/2
1883
43
29May
B.307/a/2
1883
43
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
43
43
43
43d
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
Little Red
River, Grand
Rapid, House
River, Portage
la Loche
F Blackcock arrived from LRR to go to G.R. Engaged George Martin to

go in charge of the party to House River and to build 1 store & 1 house
at House River, $50. The party, consisting of Martin, W. Smith, M
Sylvester, & F Backcock, left at noon. A. & T Sylvester, who arrived
here on the 26th, and T. Trundell left for PLL with 19 oxen & 4 horses at
10 AM. Bte Cree [surname] and G. Miletaire returned from House River
by canoe, alleging that they had to quit because of starvation. Alexis
having as usual failed to fulfill his promise to have provisions.
Men working at furs.
Macdonald off hunting. Macleod cooking, attending cow, & hauling
bark. Macaulay & Nicolson stringing & weighing furs, assisted by
Fontaine in the afternoon (=1/2 day) the latter feeding himself to get
MB2 per day.
Macdonald returned from hunting having killed 2 beaver. The others as
on 28th. Gregoire today commenced & on 29th, repairing wheels.
30May
31May
04-Jun
1883
43d
43d
43d
B.307/a/2
1883
43d
07-Jun
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1883
43d
08-Jun
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1883
43d
09-Jun
little Creek
All hands packing furs and hauling bark. Gregoire working at wheels.
Men as on 31st May. Gregoire finished wheels. Calm.
Men made wedges and lashed 14 packs. Calm.
Paul Cree [surname] returned from making bark.
Macaulay, Macdonald, & Nicolson putting new bark on roof of big
house.
Men finished roofing house.
Men finished packing furs -- 29 packs = 28 prs & 1 keg. altogether.
The Athabasca Brigade of 3 boats passed here this evening taking on furs
& John McDonald wife & family to PLL.
Fontaine commenced work at old r Mr Cowie, Angus McLeod, W
Nicolson started this morning with 3 horses by land to Portage la Loche.
Francois Black, William Smith, tete Bull arrived this evening from
Grand Rapid. Baptiste Cree [surname], Beerre is son arrived this
evening.
Raining all day. Baptiste, Beerre son wind of furs with is father. R
McAulay, Paul Fontaine went after him as far as little Creek on the other
side, top of hill Lake Track.
10-Jun
Athabasca
River
Jose Beauliur, William Smith, Baptiste Cree [surname], Gregoire,

Chrysostom start off this evening up Athabasca River looking for the
Batteau.
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
5 June 2014
43d
01-Jun
02-Jun
03-Jun
05-Jun
06-Jun
220
F. Blackcock, George Martin,

W. Smith, M. Sylvester, A.
Sylvester, T. Sylvester, T.
Trundell, Baptiste Cree
[surname], G. Miletaire,
Alexis
McDonald, McLeod,
McAulay, Nicolson, Fontaine
McDonald, Gregoire
Gregoire
Gregoire
Paul Cree [surname]
McAulay, McDonald,
Nicolson
John McDonald wife and

family
Fontaine, Mr Cowie, Angus
McLeod, W. Nicolson,
Francois Black, William
Smith, Tete Bull, Baptiste
Cree [surname], Beerre
Baptiste, Beerre, McAulay,
Paul Fontaine
Jose Beauliur, William
Smith, Baptiste Cree
[surname], Gregoire,
Chrysostom
220
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
44
44
11-Jun
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
44
13-Jun
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
44
44
14-Jun
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
44
44
44
16-Jun
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
19-Jun
1883
44
44
44
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
22-Jun
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
44d
23-Jun
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
25-Jun
1883
1883
1883
1883
Lake (fishery)
12-Jun
15-Jun
17-Jun
18-Jun
House River,
Lake (fishery)
20-Jun
21-Jun
24-Jun
Lake
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
26-Jun
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
27-Jun
lake
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
28-Jun
Lake
B.307/a/2
1883
44d
29-Jun
Lake (fishery)
5 June 2014
Paul Cree [surname], Churchim, Francois Black, Jose Boucher started

off this morning to the lake with their families because [there] is no gun
Cabs [?]. McAulay, Foundaine sowing turnips.
R McAulay, Paul, Fontaine putting new bark on the men's house.
Paul, Fontaine putting floors in the store. McAulay putting new bark on
the Ice store.
Paul, Fontaine same work as yesterday. McAulay weeding in the garden,
planting cabbage in the evening.
Paul, Fontaine same work as yesterday. Macaulay weeding in the garden.
Paul, Fontaine same work as yesterday. McAulay weeding in the garden
in the evening putting up fence at the barley field, working in the store.
Angelique from the lake bring in 20 fish.
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine putting floors in the store.
McAulay, Fontaine plaining, cutting, grooving Boards. Baptiste Cree
[surname] arrived from House River. Jose Boucher came from the lake
starving.
Fontaine, McAulay, putting board in the store. Raining.
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine sawed Boards.
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine sawed Boads in the evening, plaining boards
for the new store.
The Athabasca Brigade passed here this evening. Macaulay, Paul,
Fontaine working in the store.
Paul Cree [surname] arrived from the lake starving.
McAulay, Francois Black and 2 girls and boy [arrived?]. Paul Cree
[surname] and 3 boys weeding Potatoes. Fontaine plaining Boards.
McAulay, Fontaine sawed boards for the store in the evening. Maccaulay
weeding Potatoes. Francois Black went off down the River with Paul
Cree [surname] [on] the lake track. Beerre Cree [surname] arrived this
evening.
McAulay Cree [Crees] from Lake. C. Peche weeding Potatoes. Fontaine
working at the store.
McAulay, Cree from Lake, C. Piche weeding potatoes. Paul, Fontaine
working at the store. Churchim arrived from the lake.
McAulay weeding potatoes. Paul, Fontaine working at the shop. Cree
[Crees] from Lake. C. Peche started off this morning to lake to fish for
the Company.
221

Churchim, Francois Black,
Jose Boucher, McAulay,
Fontaine
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine
Paul, Fontaine, McAulay
Angelique
McAulay, Fontaine, Baptiste,
Jose Boucher
Fontaine, McAulay
Paul Cree [surname]
McAulay, Francois Black
and 2 girls and 1 boy, Paul
Cree [surname]
McAulay, Fontaine, Francois
Black, Paul Cree [surname],
Beerre Cree [surname]
McAulay, C. Peche, Fontaine
McAulay, Crees, C. Piche,
Paul, Fontaine, Churchim
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine,
Crees, C. Piche
221
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
44d
45
30-Jun
01-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
45
02-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
45
03-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
45
04-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
45
05-Jul
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
06-Jul
1883
45
45
45
08-Jul
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1883
45
09-Jul
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1883
45
10-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
45d
Athabasca
Fort
Chipewyan
07-Jul
11-Jul
Fort
Chipewyan,
Grand Rapid
B.307/a/2
1883
45d
12-Jul
Athabasca
River, Lac la
Biche, Lake
B.307/a/2
1883
45d
13-Jul
lake
B.307/a/2
1883
45d
14-Jul
Lac la Biche
5 June 2014
Rainy. Cloudy. McAulay weeding potatoes. Paul, Fontaine working at

the shop.
Sunday. Raining all day.
Natoway and his son passed here this morning with the packet to
Athabasca. Churchim arrived. McAulay weeding potatoes. Fontaine
working at the shop. Francois Black, Jose Boucher arrived this eveing,
start off at once.
McAulay weeding potatoes. Paul, Fontaine working at the shop, sawed
boards. Raining.
Raining. McAulay, Churchim having hoeing potatoes. Fontaine same
work as yesterday.
McAulay hoeing potatoes. Fontaine working at store in the saw. All the
Cree [Crees] arrived.
McAulay hoeing potatoes. Fontaine boards. Mr Cowie, Angus
McLeod, 2 Chipewyans arrived here with scow, 2 children. Start off at
once to Fort Chipewyan with scow.
All hands working in the store, giving goods to the Indians.
Susan, Susett arrived with the dogs from the lake.
Mr Cowie, McLeod started off this morning with 2 horses by land to
Portage la Loche. McAulay hoeing potatoes. Paul, Fontaine working at
the store. Charlo Piche, Adam Boucher, Maurice Boucher arrived started
off at once.
Francois Black arrived this morning with some fish, meat. Started off at
once. McAulay, Fontaine working in the store.
Raining to afternoon. Paul, Fontaine working at the shop. McAulay
hoeing potatoes. Natoway and his son arrived from Fort Chipewyan,
started off at once. Jose Beauliur arrived this evening with 1 batteau
from the new landing he brought 1 batteau at grand Rapid left 145 pieces
at Grand Rapid.
Jose Beauliur started off this morning with batteau down the Athabasca.
Paul, Fontaine, Man from Lake la Biche sawed boards. McAulay
weeding potatoe. Baptiste Cree [surname] and wife arrived from the lake
this evening.
Paul, Fontaine plaining boards. McAulay weeding potatoes. Baptiste
Cree [surname] and wife started to the lake.
Fontaine working at the store. McAulay, 3 men from Lake la Biche
weeding and hoeing potatoes.
222
Natoway and son, Churchim,

McAulay, Fontaine, Francois
Black, Jose Boucher
McAulay, Churchim,
Fontaine
McAulay, Fontaine, Cree
[Crees]
McAulay, Mr Cowie, Angus
McLeod, Chipewyans
Indians
Susan, Susett
Mr Cowie, McLeod,
McAulay, Paul, Fontaine,
Charlo Piche, Adam
Boucher, Maurice Boucher
Francois Black, McAulay,
Fontaine
Paul, Fontaine, McAulay,
Natoway and son, Jose
Beauliur
Jose Beauliur, Paul, Fontaine,
[surname] and wife
Baptiste Cree [surname] and
wife
Fontaine, McAulay
222

B.307/a/2
1883
45d
15-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
45d
16-Jul
River, Lac la
Biche, Portage
la Loche
B.307/a/2
1883
45d
17-Jul
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
46
46
18-Jul
Lac la Biche
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
46
20-Jul
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
21-Jul
1883
46
46
B.307/a/2
1883
46
23-Jul
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/2
1883
46
24-Jul
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/2
1883
46
25-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
46
26-Jul
B.307/a/2
1883
46-46d
27-Jul
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
28-Jul
Athabasca
River
1883
46d
46d
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
30-Jul
5 June 2014
19-Jul
River
Portage la
Loche, Lac la
Biche
22-Jul
29-Jul
Lac la Biche
Jose Boucher arrived this morning. The start off at once.

5 men came with Beauliur, started off this morning by land to House
River. Fontaine working at the store. McAulay working at potatoes. Cree
from Lake la Biche of for Bark Athabasca Brigade passed here this
evening to Portage la Loche.
Fontaine, Chipewyan putting bark inside the shop. McAulay weeding
potatoes. Cree [surname] from Lake la Biche off for Bark.
Fontaine, Chipewyan putting Bark on inside the shop. McAulay Cree
[surname] from Lake la Biche hoeing potatoes. Louison Boucher arrived
this evening.
Raining all day. Macaulay, Fontaine putting bark inside the shop.
Raining all day. McAulay, Paul, Fontaine making new Louison
Boucher started off this morning on a rift down the River.
Two Batteaux passed here the day from Portage la Loche. Fontaine,
McAulay sawed 6 boards. Cree [Crees] from Lake la Biche weeding
potatoes. David and North Pace arrived, brought little dry meat.
Sunday
McAulay, Cree [Crees] from Lake weeding and hoeing potatoes in the
garden. Fontaine working at the store.
Paul, Fontaine, fixing up the loft in partition store. Sharpeing saw.
McAulay Cree [Crees] from Lac la Biche weeding potatoes in the
garden.
McAulay, Fontaine sawed 15 Boards. The Cree [Crees] weeding in the
garden.
McAulay, Fontaine sawed 10 boards. Cree [Crees] from lake la Biche
weeding potatoes.
R Brigade 6 Boats passed here this morning. Paul, Fontaine went up to
the Portage with his family to fishing for the Company. Cree [Crees]
from Lake Biche weeding potatoes. John Macdonald, Wolverine arrived
here this evening with f from the Portage to work at the hay.
Wolverine started off down the Athabasca River with his family.
McAulay, McDonald putting moose together. The same Cree cleaning
around the store.
Sunday. Fine clear day.
McAulay, Macdonald putting loft in the partition store. Cree [surname]
from Lake la Biche putting in the hay forks and hoeing potatoes the
mission boats Brigate arrived here this evening from Lake la Biche.
223
Jose Boucher
Beauliur, Fontaine, McAulay,

Crees
Fontaine, Chipewyan,
McAulay, Crees
Fontaine, Chipeywan,
McAulay, Crees, Louison
Boucher
McAulay, Fontaine
McAulay, Paul, Louison
Boucher
Fontaine, McAulay, Crees,
David, North Pace
McAulay, Crees, Fontaine

Crees
McAulay, Fontaine, Crees
McAulay, Fontaine, Crees
Paul, Fontaine, Crees, John

McDonald, Wolverine
Wolverine and family,
McAulay, McDonald, Crees
McAulay, McDonald, Crees
223
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
31-Jul
lake
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
01Aug
Grand Rapid
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
02Aug
Lac la Biche
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
03Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
46d
B.307/a/2
1883
47
B.307/a/2
1883
47
B.307/a/2
1883
47
06Aug
07Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
47
08Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
47
09Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
47
B.307/a/2
1883
47
B.307/a/2
1883
47
10Aug
11Aug
12Aug
47
13Aug
Prairie
47
14Aug
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
5 June 2014
04Aug
05Aug
Athabasca 3 packs Brigade passed here today. Second trip down Lake
posts. Stop here all day.
Louis Lavallee started off this morning up to Grand Rapid to bring down
the pieces Mr Beauliur left at the foot of the Grand Rapid. John
McDonald and father in law sharpening the cutters. Maurice Boucher
arrived here with horses for the hay left 2 horses this site of old crossing.
Maurice Boucher started off this morning for the and Bull left
yesterday. John Macdonald started off to cut hay at the prairie with more
Cree [surname] from Lake la Biche cutting with scythes.
John Macdonald cutting hay with more others cutting with scyethes.
McAulay mudding.
McDonald cutting with more others cutting with scythes. McAulay
weeding and hoeing potatoes.
Sunday.
John Macdonald cutting hay. Others gathering. McAulay mudding the
store.
Grand Rapid
Men same as yesterday. McAulay mudding the store.

John McDonald cutting hay. Other gathering. McAulay mudding the
store. The mission Brigade arrived here this evening with pieces. Mr
Beauliur left at foot of the Grand Rapid.
Mission Brigade stop here all day. John Macdonald and his men stop
here all day at the hay.
Mission Brigade started off this morning. J Macdonald and his men
working at hay. Mr McFalane, Mr Camsell passed this morning. Jose
Mecrede 1 boat brigade arrived here this evening. Rainy all day.
224
Louis Lavallee, Mr Beauliur,

John McDonald and fatherin-law, Maurice Boucher
Maurice Boucher, John
McDonald, Crees
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McAulay
John McDonald, McAulay,
Mr Beauliur
John McDonald
McDonald, Mr MacFarlane,
Mr Camsell, Jose Mercredi
Entry missing.
Mr Mecredi stopped here all day.
Mr Mercredi stopped at the Prairie all day waiting with scow. Men
working at the hay.
Mr Gautet arrived here this mornig from the Portage 3 boats brigade,
started off at once, took the mission pieces from here. Jose Mecredi
started along with mission goods rainy. Old Cree [surname] and his boy
arrived this evening from the lake. Angus McLeod, 2 green hands
arrived here this evening with scow from the Portage.
Mr Mercredi
Mr Mercredi
Mr Gautet, Jose Mercredi,

Old Cree [surname], green
hands, scow, Angus McLeod
224
B.307/a/2
1883
47
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
15Aug
16Aug
17Aug
18Aug
19Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
25Aug
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
B.307/a/2
1883
47d
1883
5 June 2014
47d-48
26Aug
27Aug
28Aug
David Evans, 2 green hands and Cree started off this morning to Fort
Chipewyan with Scow. McAulay went to the Prairie to stack hay with
others; made 3 stacks. McLeod stopped at the Fort.
Macdonald, McLeod, Gregoire, tet Bull, Maurice Boucher, Cree
[surname] from Lake Beche stacking hay. McAulay trying sugar got wet
in the coming down from the Portage.
David Evans, Crees, green

hands, scow, McLeod
McDonald, McLeod,
Gregoire, Maurice Boucher,
Cree [surname], McAulay
All hands stacking hay except Macaulay trying sugar.
20Aug
21Aug
22Aug
23Aug
24Aug
B.307/a/2
Fort
Chipewyan,
prairie, Fort
McMurray
Lac la Biche,
Portage la
Loche
225
Men getting hay. Macdonald cutting. McAulay cutting barley.
McDonald, McAulay
Sunday. Cloudy all day.

Rainy and cloudy all day. Men cutting and hauling fence for the hay.
McAulay cutting barley.
McAulay
McDonald cutting hay. Others fence hay. Macaulay cutting barley.

McDonald cutting hay. Others gathering, made 1 stack in the evening.
Macaulay working at the barley.
McDonald, McAulay
Men cutting hauling fencing hay. Raining and cloudy all day.
Prairie
Athabasca
River
Athabasca,
Potato Island
Men fencing hay. Cloudy.

The hay makers taken work the day [off as] the hay was wet. Stop at the
prairie all dya. Blackcock arrived this morning, brought in little, tried,
made, stop here.
Blackcock
Blackcock and Gregoire started off this morning down Athabasca River.
Blackcock, Gregoire
Hay makers gathering the day. Macaulay working at barley.
McAulay
Mr Cowie, W. Nicolson, Alick Evans, John Drandel arrived here the day
two canoes, one scow with outfit for the post and Athabasca the was
so should left half of the loads at the Int of in the Potato Island. John
McDonald, Angus McLeod came from the Prairie to give help to track
the scow to the Fort Macaulay met them in the s... Maurice Boucher tet
Bull another Cree [Crees] stacking hay at the Prairie. Alick Evans, John
Drandel, one green hand started off this evening. Mr Cowie, Macdonald,
Macleod, Nicolson at Bull went with them to load the scow at the potato
Island.
Mr Cowie, Nicolson, Alick

Evans, John Drandel,
McDonald, McLeod,
Maurice Boucher, Crees
225
B.307/a/2
1883
48
B.307/a/2
1883
48
B.307/a/2
1883
48
29Aug
30Aug
31Aug
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
48
48
01-Sep
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
48
03-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
48
04-Sep
Prairie,
Portage la
Loche
Lake, Lac la
Biche
Lake (fishery),
Little River
02-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
05-Sep
Lac la Biche,
Little Red
River
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
06-Sep
Prairie, Little
River
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
07-Sep
Potato Island
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
08-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
09-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
48d
10-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
49
11-Sep
5 June 2014
Lake (Cree
Lake?)
Lake (fishery),
Little River
Prairie
Lake (Cree
Lake?)
Cowie, Nicolson opening goods. Macaulay putting flour in cask. Flour

got wet in the coming down from the Portage. The hay men stopped
at Prairie all day doing nothing. Raining. McLeod to the house.
Cowie left this morning to go to the lake to see any fish at the lake.
All hands working at the Byre except McAulay working at nets. Baptiste
Cree [surname] arrived from the lake, brought some dried meat, grease,
started off the day to Lake la Biche, my land.
Macaulay working at nets. The hay men working byre.
Men working at Byre. Cowie returned from the lake with some dried
fish. McAulay caught some white fish at little River.
McAulay caught 5 fish.
Macdonald cutting hay. Others gathering the more. McAulay working at
nets, caught 4 fish.
All hands cutting hay with scythes except Macaulay working at nets.
Chrysostom Piche, Blackcock his boy arrived here this evening.
John Macdonald, Angus MacLeod, W. Nicolson, Maurice Boucher, tet
Bull Cree [surname] from Lake Beche cutting hay with the scythes.
Macaulay working at nets, kill 2 fish. Chrysostom Piche started off this
morning. He got 2 nets to fish for the Company at little Red River, fish
for the packet.
All hands cutting hay, finished cutting at Prairie home the scythes this
eveing McAulay working at nets, 11 fish caught of 2 nets up at little
river.
All hands cutting hay in the potato Island. The hay is very poor in the
Potato Island this year. Macaulay working at nets. David and Charlo, his
boy arrived here this morning, brought little dried meat. 6 fish.
Men cutting hay at the Prairie all day. Cowie started off to Lake this
evening after he went off commenced to to turn back. McAulay
looking for horse.
Cowie started off to the lake this morning to the fishery. 16 fish
caught of 2 nets up little river.
Colt Simpson arrived here today. 3 Chipewyans with him in the scow.
Men cutting hay at the Prairie all of them came track the scow to the fort.
MacAulay, John, his wife and her mother cutting wheat.
Men gathering hay at the Prairie. McAulay and the women work at
wheat. Cowie returned from the lake. 8 fish.
226
Cowie, Nicolson, McAulay,

McLeod
Cowie, McAulay, Baptiste

Cree [surname]
McAulay
Cowie, McAulay
McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McAulay, Chrysostom,
Piche, Blackcock
McDonald, McLeod,
Maurice Boucher, Tet Bull,
Cree [surname], McAulay,
Chrysostom
McAulay
McAulay, David, Charlo and
boy
Cowie, McAulay
Cowie
Colt Simpson, Chipewyans,
McAulay, John, wife and
mother
McAulay, Cowie
226
B.307/a/2
1883
49
12-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
49
13-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
49
14-Sep
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
15-Sep
1883
49
49
B.307/a/2
1883
49
17-Sep
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
49
49
18-Sep
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
49
20-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
49
Fort
Chipewyan
Prairie
Red River,
Clearwater
River
16-Sep
island
19-Sep
21-Sep
B.307/a/2
1883
49d
22-Sep
Clearwater
River
B.307/a/2
1883
49d
23-Sep
Lake
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
49d
49d
49d
49d
24-Sep
Lake (fishery)
1883
1883
1883
5 June 2014
25-Sep
26-Sep
27-Sep
Cowie, Colt Simpson, Nicolson, Greagoire started off this morning to

Fort Chipewyan with Scow. Men gathering hay. McAulay working at
wheat with the women. 10 fish.
Men gathering hay at the prairie. McAulay working at wheat. Adam
Boucher, David arrived. 7 fish.
Men gathering hay. Paul Cree [surname] arrived with family. Women
cutting oats. Adam Boucher, David stacking hay with others, made 6
stacks at the Prairie. 8 fish.
Men stacking hay. Adam, David started off down the Red River.
McAulay cutting oats with the women. Paul Cree [surname] killed 2
Bears across the Clearwater River.
Sunday 7 fish.
Men stacking hay at the Prairie and in the Island. McAulay nets. 8
fish.
Men fenced hay. McAulay nets. Paul Cree [surname] killed Bear. 8
fish.
find the hay. McAulay working at nets. Caught a fish from 8 nets.
Men working at the Byre. McAulay hauling oats and Barley with a
frame. 18 fish.
Macdonald, McLeod, Tet Bull, Maurice Boucher working at Byre.
McDonald father in law went off to hunt with band. Cree [Crees] kill
nothing. Macaulay making floats. 20 fish.
Men working at the Byre. Louison Boucher, Louis Francois Black
arrived here today, brought in little dried meat. Started off at once.
Maurice Boucher left off working to Lowis Cache. 22 fish from 3 Nets.
Paul Cree [surname] started off this morning with his family across
Clearwater River.
Baptiste Cree [surname] arrived from the lake with his family. Old Cree
's [surname] boy, Churchim came with him. Paul Cree [surname] killed 1
Bear, 14 fish.
All hands digging potatoes. Churchim, Baptiste went off to the lake.
40 fish from 3 nets.
All hands digging potatoes. 30 fish.
Men working at the Byre.
Men working at the Byre. McAulay making floats. 30 fish.
227
Cowie, Colt Simpson,
Nicolson, Gregoire,
McAulay, women
McAulay, Adam Boucher,
David
Paul, women, Adam
Boucher, David
Adam, David, McAulay, Paul
Cree [surname]
McAulay
McAulay, Paul Cree
[surname]
McAulay
McAulay
McDonald, McLeod, Tet
Bull, Maurice Boucher,
McDonald's father-in-law,
Crees, McAulay
Louison Boucher, Louis,
Francois Black, Maurice
Boucher, Paul Cree
[surname]
Baptiste Cree [surname], Old
Cree 's [surname] boy,
Churchim, Paul
Churchim, Baptiste
227
B.307/a/2
1883
49d
28-Sep
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
29-Sep
Lake (fishery),
Lac la Biche
1883
49d
49d
B.307/a/2
1883
50
01-Oct
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
50
50
02-Oct
1883
30-Sep
03-Oct
Lac la Biche,
Athabasca
River
B.307/a/2
1883
50
04-Oct
B.307/a/2
1883
50
05-Oct
B.307/a/2
1883
50
06-Oct
lake
B.307/a/2
1883
50
07-Oct
Little Red
River, Lake
B.307/a/2
1883
50
08-Oct
B.307/a/2
1883
50d
09-Oct
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
50d
50d
10-Oct
1883
B.307/a/2
1883
50d
12-Oct
5 June 2014
Athabasca
11-Oct
Lake (fishery)
Men working at Byre. A one Boat Brigade passed here today to Portage
la Loche. Moise Sylvester started off by land with two horses. McAulay
attending to his fishery. 60 fish this morning.
Angus McLeod started off this morning to fish at the lake with 3 horses.
John Macdonald with him to take back the horses. McAulay packing
nets. Cree [surname] from Lake Biche making floats. 100 fish.
J. Macdonald returned from the lake with horses. 90 fish.
Macdonald and his father in law working at the Byre. McAulay attending
to his fishery. 80 fish this morning. 8 nets in the water this evening.
Macdonald the same Cree [Crees] working at the Byre. Macaulay
attending to his fishery. 130 fish this morning.
Men working at Byre. Macaulay attending to his fishery. 60 fish.
Macdonald working at Byre. Paul Cree [surname] and his son Cree
[surname] from Lake la Biche went down the Athabasca River to meet
Cowie. 130 fish today.
Macdonald working at Bre. Macaulay attending to his fishery. 120 fish
from 9 nets.
Macdonald cutting fence. Old Cree [surname] and his son Babtiste
began. Birre and his son arrived this evening from the lake. McAulay
attending to his fishery, 140 fish.
Paul Cree [surname] returned from little Red River this evening. Mr
Cowie, 3 of Chipewyan and his boys passed the Old Cree [surname] and
his son Baptiste. Beegegan Birre and his son started off to the lake this
evening. 100 fish today.
Paul Cree [surname] started off to the lake with his family. This evening
John Macdonald cutting fence. The Cree [Crees] helping McAulay at
fishery. 140 fish.
Mr Cowie, Nicolson & Militaire returned from Athabasca with a large
skiff laden with additional outfit and Servants PO's, accompanied by the
males of the Chipewyan tribe who came for advances. Men variously
employed. Macaulay has 1500 fish hung.
Macaulay fishing. Nicolson cooking. Macdonald working in store. J.
Moustlick grubbing field around post.
The Chipewayans left for their camp this morning. The Cree [Crees]
began to get their advances. Militaire & Moustlick sent to Simbend for
the oxen left there last month. A. McLeod arrived from lake, reporting a
poor fishing only 300 hung to date.
228
Moise Sylvester, McAulay

Angus McLeod, John
McDonald, McAulay, Crees
McDonald
McDonald and fatehr-in-law,
McAulay
McDonald, Crees, McAulay
McAulay
McDonald, Paul Cree
[surname], Cowie
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, Old Cree
[surname] and son
Paul Cree [surname], Mr
Cowie, Old Cree [surname],
Chipewyans, boys, Birre and
son
Paul Crees, McDonald,
Crees, McAulay
Mr Cowie, Nicolson,
Militaire, servants,
Chipewyan tribe
McAulay, Nicolson,
McDonald, J. Moustlick

Militaire, Moustlick, McLeod
228
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
1883
50d
50d
13-Oct
Lake (fishery),
Portage la
Loche
14-Oct
B.307/a/2
1883
51
15-Oct
House River,
Portage la
Loche,
"Simbend"
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
51
51
51
16-Oct
House River
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
51
51d
51d
19-Oct
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
22-Oct
1883
51d
51d
51d
B.307/a/2
1883
51d
25-Oct
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1883
51d
26-Oct
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1883
27-Oct
1883
51d
52
river
Portage la
Loche,
Cascade
B.307/a/2
1883
52
29-Oct
1883
1883
1883
1883
1883
5 June 2014
17-Oct
18-Oct
River, Lake
(fishery)
20-Oct
21-Oct
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery),
Little River
23-Oct
24-Oct
28-Oct
McLeod returned to lake. Men as before. Mr Simpson arrived from PLL

with 1 boat for A, 1 canoe p A1.
Sunday. Fine weather.
Messers Simpson & Cowie with McDoanld making up a trading outfit
for House River. Macaulay fishing. Nicolson cooking. The oxen from
the Simbend arrived; also those from PLL. The latter with D Frank and
Moise Sylvester.
Militaire putting up fence round byre. Francois Blackson getting fire
wood. Mr Simpson and J. Macdonald left for House River to trade
during winter, accompanied by Nicolson, Moustlick & F. Black in the
big skiff.
Men as on 16th. Women houses.
Militaire finished fence this AM and quit. Macaulay fishing & cooking.
Mr Simpson & party returned this morning having found the river to
ascend. Mr Cowie & R Macaulay left this evening for the lake to see
after fishery and start off the Indians, who are camping there to hunt. Mr
S & men drying goods.
Al hands "spelling it," ect.
McAulay came in for ammunition, etc for trade at Lake.
Macaulay left for lake. Macdonald & Joseph making a track at Little
River. Nicolson cooking & fishing.
Men roofing byre.
Men as on 25th.
Men putting post machinery cutting fence, etc. Mr Cowie, Macaulay and
MacLeod returned from lake. No fish only 300 hung. Lake only half
frozen and no fisheing can be done.
Mr Simpson, Macdonald and Nicolson preparing to start up river; after
Mr Simpson Macdonald & Joseph had gone for & despatched a bear
mortally wounded by Mr Simpson last night.
Mr Simpson & men left after dinner for PLL to locate the new track to
Cascade and cut out a horse sled round on the same line. McAulay left
for lake. Joseph m.
Paul Cree 's [surname] sons came for more ammunition. Cloudy.
Joseph mudding inside of his house. McLeod mudding the kitchen. Cold
NW wind. Hauled up skiff.
229
McLeod, Mr Simpson
Mr Simpson, Mr Cowie,
McDonald, McAulay,
Nicolson, D Frank, Moise
Sylvester
Militaire, Francois Blackson,
Mr Simpson, J. McDonald,
Nicolson, Moustlick, F.
Black
Militaire, McAulay
Mr Simpson, Mr Cowie,
McAulay, Indians
McAulay
McAulay, McDonald,
Joseph, Nicolson
Mr Cowie, McAulay,
McLeod
Mr Simpson, McDonald,
Nicolson, Joseph
Mr Simpson, McAulay,
Joseph
Paul Cree [surname]
Joseph, McLeod
229
B.307/a/2
1883
52
30-Oct
B.307/a/2
1883
52
B.307/a/2
1883
52
B.307/a/2
1883
52
B.307/a/2
1883
52
31-Oct
01Nov
02Nov
03Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52
B.307/a/2
1883
52
B.307/a/2
1883
52
04Nov
05Nov
06Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52
07Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52
08Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
09Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
10Nov
11Nov
12Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
13Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
B.307/a/2
1883
52d
B.307/a/2
1883
53
5 June 2014
14Nov
15Nov
16Nov
17Nov
river
Last geese flying South seen yesterday. Hard frost Clear. First drift ice
seen in river to day. MacLeod fetched a load of hay. Joseph Moustalick
fixing up track to river in front of post.
Hard frost. NW. Moustalick finished track. MacLeod fixing fence around
corn stacks. Lake froze last night.
230
McLeod, Joseph Moustalick

Moustalick, McLeod
Men fishing up Creeks byre walls. Bright.

Men mudding byre.
lake
Men mudding byre.

Mr Cowie went on horse back to fetch bags saddle etc left on lake track
by men. Snow.
Mr Cowie
lake
Men mudding byre. Mr Cowie returned. Snow.
Mr Cowie
river
Lake (fishery)
Entry missing.
Moustalick got a rousing up. Men hauling fence, etc. Snow. Drift ice still
running in river.
The drift ice stopped this morning and the river nearly set fast. Still
snowing a little 10 above 0. Wind NW. Men cutting & hauling fence.
Men fixing stall, etc at byre. Stalled 14 oxen to night. Snowing in
forenoon.
Men fixing up byre and hay yard. Stalled all the cattle. R MacAulay
arrived from lake with 3 dogs. No under ice fishery there yet.
Moustalick
McAulay
Men fixing byre, getting wood, etc.

Lake (fishery)
Portage la
Loche
Lake (fishery)
MacAulay left for Lake to fish. Mr Cowie went with him.

Moustalick get wood. McLeod attending cattle. Mr Simpson,
McDonald & Nicolson returned from P.L.L. Fontaine has 2000 fish
there. Cold.
Mr Cowie returned from lake. Caught 20 fish there this morning out of 3
nets. Moustalic & McLeod as on 13th. Others spelling. Cold.
McAulay, Mr Cowie
Moustalick, McLeod, Mr
Simpson, McDonald,
Nicolson, Fontaine
Mr Cowie, Moustalic,
McLeod
Men mudding. Moustalic fell afternoon.

Nicolson fixing up the kitchen. Macdonald fixing sled, ph & wood.
Moustalic hauling wood.
Moustalic
Nicolson, McDonald,
Moustalic
Moustalic set 20 rabbit snares. Others as yesterday. Heavy thaw.
Moustalic
230
B.307/a/2
1883
53
B.307/a/2
1883
53
18Nov
19Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
53
20Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
53
21Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
53
B.307/a/2
1883
53
22Nov
23Nov
24Nov
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
25Nov
26Nov
27Nov
Muskeg Tea
Hill
House River,
Sandy Lake,
river
Lake (fishery)
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
53d
B.307/a/2
1883
54
02Dec
03Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54
04Dec
Moustalic, McDonald,
Nicolson
Adam & Jose Bouche came in with some furs & provisions.
F. Black & G. Piche brought in some furs & reported the former has 1
moose & Chrysostom 2 moose in cache for us a day out on way to
Muskeg Tea Hill.
Moustalic started to make track to and en cache the moose meat
mentioned yesterday. Nicolson getting sled and wrapper ready.
MacDonald getting wood.
Nicolson went after Moustalic to fetch back his dogs which followed the
latter. Macdonald hewing axes, etc.
Adam Bouche, Jose Bouche
Nicolson returned this evening. Macdonald fetched two loads wood.

Mr Simpson, Macdonald & Nicolson with one train dogs left for House
River & Sandy Lake to get information about the trade and country there
-- going by the river.
Moustalic returned from Chipewyan caches today, bringing 1 shoulder &
1 thigh of moose meat and some fur & leather. R Macaulay arrived from
lake with 25 fish, some meat and furs from Cree [Crees]. He has 200 fish
on hand. Very cold.
Nicolson
F. Black, G. Piche,
Chrysostom
Moustalic, Nicolson,
McDonald
Nicolson, McDonald
Nicolson
Moustalic, Chipewyan,
McAulay, Cree [Crees]
Sunday. Wind changed. Not so cold.
28Nov
29Nov
30Nov
01Dec
B.307/a/2
5 June 2014
island
Moustalic hauling wood. Caught 10 rabbits. MacDonald & Nicolson

hauled all the hay cut on island = 12 loads, only leaving 1 load to be
eaten by horses.
231
Lake (fishery)
Macaulay left for lake. Moustalic cut & hauled 4 loads wood.
Moutalic set 25 rabbit snares. Old Cree 's [surname] girls came in with
fish.
McAulay, Moustalic
Moustalic got this day to set traps for himself.
Moustalic
Moutalic got wood for 2 pairs of snowshoes.
Moustalic
Moustalic getting wood. Mild.

Moustalic getting wood. S & S. R MacAulay arrived from lake with 40
fish. Has 200 there yet.
Moustalic
Old Cree 's [surname] girls
Moustalic, McAulay
Sunday.
Moustalic getting wood. Macdonald & Nicolson spelling.
Moustalic, McDonald,
Nicolson
231
05Dec
06Dec
07Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54
B.307/a/2
1883
54
B.307/a/2
1883
54
B.307/a/2
1883
54
B.307/a/2
1883
54
08Dec
09Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54
10Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54
11Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
12Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
13Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
B.307/a/2
1883
54d
15Dec
16Dec
17Dec
18Dec
1883
55
19Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
55
20Dec
Nicolson & Moustalic left for Chipewyan cache for moose meat.
Macdonald cut & hauled 2 loads firewood, and hauled 2 loads hay.
Heavy snow fall.
Nicolson, Moustalic,
McDonald
Macdonald setting traps.
McDonald
Macdonald cutting and hauling wood and hauling hay.

Macdonald hauled 2 loads hay & fixed workshop door. Nicolson &
Moutalic returned with 550 lb moose Meat. Rained a little this PM.
McDonald
McDonald, Nicolson,
Moustalic
Lake (fishery)
Sunday. Mild.
Nicolson hauling hau. MacDonald getting wood. Moustalic fixing
snowshoes, etc.
Nicolson fixing harness and wrapper. Others as on 10th. 13 rabbits.
Mild.
Macdonald putting fish in store (1300 on hand). Nicolson hauled 2 loads
hay. Moustalic finished snowshoes and brought 10 rabbits. Mild.
Macdonald cutting birch logs for sleds. Nicolson hauling them.
Moustalic set 11 rabbit & 11 lynx snares.
Nicolson Hauled rest of logs. Macdonald out on 13th. Macdonald [sic?]
at various small jobs. Moustalic brought 2 loads wood and 10 rabbits.
Paul Cree 's [surname] son came in for ammunition and to report he has
cached for the fort the meat of 3 moose.
Nicolson hauled 2 loads hay. Moustalic hauled 2 loads wood. Macdonald
variously employed. Macaulay came from lake with 50 fish. Snowy and
cold.
Lake (fishery)
Sunday. Heavy snow.

Mr Simpson & MacDonald sawed wood for house sleds. Moustalic
caught 8 rabbits & got wood. Nicolson hauled 4 loads hay. Macaulay
went back to lake.
14Dec
B.307/a/2
5 June 2014
Chipewyan
cache (1-2 day
march)
Fort
Chipewyan,
hill
232
Men as on 17th. Cold.

Mr Simpson and John Macdonald left for Ft Chipewyan, the latter
hauling a sled with their provisions and bedding. Nicolson started with
his dogs to go as far as the foot of the hill where the winter track comes
down to see if an accident has happened the long expected packet.
Moustalic cutting wood.
Moutalic hauled 4 loads wood. Nicolson returned having seen no sign of
the packet. Very cold.
Nicolson, McDonald,
Moustalic
Nicolson
McDonald, Nicolson,
Moustalic
McDonald, Nicolson,
Moustalic
Nicolson, McDonald,
Moustalic, Paul Cree
[surname]
Nicolson, Moustalic,
McDonald, McAulay
McAulay
Mr Simpson, John
McDonald, Nicolson,
Moustalic
Moutalic, Nicolson
232
1883
55
B.307/a/2
1883
55
B.307/a/2
1883
55
22Dec
23Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
55
24Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
25Dec
26Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
27Dec
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
B.307/a/2
1883
55d
28Dec
29Dec
30Dec
31Dec
B.307/a/2
1884
55d
01-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
55d
55d
55d
55d
55d
02-Jan
1884
1884
1884
1884
Lake (fishery)
Fort
Chipewyan
Lake (fishery)
Lake
05-Jan
06-Jan
56
07-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
56
08-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
56
09-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
56
10-Jan
Nicolson, Moustalic
Mr Cowie left for the lake.

Nicolson, Saboss & Alexander Janvier arrived with the packet from PLL.
It was detained at Carlton for want of dogs. R MacAulay & G Militaire
arrived from lake.
Christmas day. The packet left this morning for Ft Chipewyan -- 2 trains
& 1 dog drawn by. Nicolson & A Janvier, G Militaire going before to .
Mr Cowie
Nicolson, Saboss, Alexander
Janvier, McAulay, Gregoire
Militaire
Nicolson, A. Janvier, G.
Militaire
Mr Cowie returned from fishery. Jacquot had cut 6 loads wood to date.
Militaire returned yesterday and hauled wood today. Moustalic seeing
snares, 13 rabbits, 1 lynx.
Jacquot & son cutting wood. Militaire & Moustalic hauling hay and
wood.
Mr Cowie, Jacquot
Militaire, Moustalic
Jacquot and son, Militaire,
Moustalic
Sunday.
04-Jan
1884
Nicolson, Moustalic
Men as on 28th.
03-Jan
B.307/a/2
5 June 2014
Nicolson hauled 2 loads hay. Moustalic hauled 2 loads wood and broke a
sled. Very cold.
Nicolson & train left for PLL to see what has become of the packet.
Moustalic visited snares and brought 10 rabbits & 1 lynx. Milder.
21Dec
B.307/a/2
233
Jackfish Lake,
Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche
Moustalic & Militaire hauling hay & wood. Jacquot not working.
New Year's Day. Very quiet. No visiters but two Cree [Crees] from
Lake.
Jacquot & son cutting wood. Moustalic and Militaire hauling wood and
hay.
Men as on 5th.
Men as on 5th.
Men as on 5th. MacAulay arrived from lake and reports a good fishing.
Sunday.
Jacquot left for Jackfish Lake this forenoon. W Nicolson, J MacDonald
& A Janvier arrived from Ft. Chip. with the packet this afternoon. 5 days
on the way.
Moustalic, Militaire, Jacquot
Nicolson & A. Janvier left for PLL with packet this morning.
Macdonald looking for firewood. Militaire cutting wood. Moustalic as
on 8th.
J Macdonald & Moustalic left to fetch the rest of moose meat sold by F.
Black. Militaire hauled 4 loads wood.
Nicolson, Janvier
McDonald, Militaire,
Moustalic
McDonald, Moustlic. Black,
Militaire
Cree [Crees]
Jacquot, Moustalic, Militaire
McAulay
Jacquot, Nicolson,
McDonald, Janvier
233

B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
56
56
56
11-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
14-Jan
1884
56
56
56
B.307/a/2
1884
56d
17-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
56d
18-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
56d
56d
19-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
21-Jan
1884
56d
56d
B.307/a/2
1884
56d
23-Jan
1884
1884
1884
1884
12-Jan
13-Jan
15-Jan
16-Jan
lake
20-Jan
Macdonald at sleds. Militaire off duty. Cree [Crees] pitched off.

Men as on 21st.
Macdonald finished 3 horse sleds and got everything ready to start
tomorrow for lake for fish. Moutalic visited his snares. Militaire hauling
hay.
22-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
56d-57
24-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
57
25-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
57
57
26-Jan
1884
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery)
Lake (fishery),
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche, Lake
(fishery)
27-Jan
B.307/a/2
1884
57
28-Jan
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1884
57
29-Jan
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1884
57d
30-Jan
Lake (fishery)
5 June 2014
Militaire hauling wood. Heavy snow.

Militaire ason 11th. J Macdonald returned.
Sunday
Moustalic sanred 10 rabbits. Militaire making an ox sled. MacDonald
making horse sleds.
Moustalic started to the lake for fish. Other men as on 14th. Snowed.
Moustalic brought 50 fish from lake. Other men as on 14th.
Militaire went for hay. Macdonald at horse sleds and trading with
Indians. Moustalic helping McDonald.
Macdonald at horse sleds. Moustalic seeing snares. Militaire getting
wood.
Men as on 18th except Militaire hauling hay. R McAulay came in. Old
Cree [surname] arrived with his family from lake.
Sunday.
Militaire hauling hay. J Macdonald and Moustalic started for the lake
with four horse sleds for fish. Nicolson, Fontaine, Joachim Janvier and
M Lemaigre arrived from PLL with fish and goods for A.
J Janvier & Michel Lemaigre left for PLL today. Militaire hauling hay.
Fontaine left for PLL. Nicolson hauled 4 loads hay. Militaire cutting
wood. Macdonald and Moustalic returned from lake with 390 fresh fish.
Sunday.
MacDonald and Militaire left for the lake with 3 horse sleds. Moustatio
visited his lynx snares and brought 3. Nicolson hauled 4 loads hay. Paul
Cree 's [surname] two sons who arrived yesterday left this morning.
Nicolson & train started for lake with Mr Cowie to visit fishery.
Moustatio getting wood.
MacDonald and Militaire returned from lake with 316 fish. Mr Cowie &
Nicolson also returned. Moustatio getting wood. Paul Cree [surname]
brought in his hunt.
234
Militaire
Militaire, McDonald
Moustalic, Militaire,
McDonald
Moustalic
Moustalic
Militaire, McDonald, Indians,
Moustalic
McDonald, Moustalic,
Militaire
Militaire, McAulay, Old Cree
McDonald, Militaire, Old
Cree [surname] and family
McDonald, Moustalic,
Militaire
Militaire, McDonald,
Fontaine, Joachim Janvier,
Michel Lemaigre
Joachim Janvier, Michel
Lemaigre, Militaire
Fontaine, Nicolson, Militaire,
McDonald, Moustalic
Moustatio, Nicolson, Paul
and two sons, Cree [Crees]
Nicolson, Mr Cowie,
Moustatio
McDonald, Militaire, Mr
Cowie, Nicolson, Moustatio,
Paul Cree [surname]
234
B.307/a/2
1884
57d
31-Jan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
57d
57d
01-Feb
1884
B.307/a/2
1884
57d
03-Feb
Lake (fishery)
B.307/a/2
1884
58
04-Feb
Chipewyan
camp
B.307/a/2
1884
58
05-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
58
58
58
06-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
58
58
09-Feb
1884
1884
1884
Lake (fishery)
02-Feb
07-Feb
08-Feb
Chipewyan
camp
10-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
58
11-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
58d
12-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1884
58d
13-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1884
58d
14-Feb
Lake (fishery)
5 June 2014
Nicolson left for Paul Cree 's [surname] camp to fetch a moose.
MacDonald putting away harness, horse sleds & furs. Moustatio getting
wood. Militaire hauled 4 loads hay. Jose, Lowis & Maurice Bouche
arrived for supplies and to tell Adam has 8 deer in cache for fort.
Angelique arrived from lake with nets, kettles, etc.
Indians all left. MacDonald at sundry jobs. Other men as before. Cold.
NW wind. Storm last night.
Men as on 1st. Nicolson returned from Paul's camp with 1 buck moose.
Paul Cree [surname] & Peshegun arrived. MacAulay returned from lake.
Macdonald making a bed. Moustatio visiting and setting rabbit snares.
Got none. Militaire hauling hay. McAulay and Nicolson with 2 trains
dogs started for Chip camp to fetch 8 deer killed by Fort hunter Adam.
John McDonald unwell. Militaire hauling hay. Moustatio getting wood.
Paul Cree [surname] & Peschegun "pitched off." MacDonald mending
ox sled and made a bed.
MacDonald getting birch for fur press, hay sweep and ox sleds.
Men as on 7th.
Militaire left for a visit to lake on 8th. Others as usual. Got 14 rabbits
this week. MacAulay and Nicolson returned this evening. Cold for last 6
days. Moon full.
Sunday.
Macdonald getting birch for sleds. MacAulay and Nicolson cutting ice.
Mr Simpson and W Flett arrived from Ft Chipewyan.
Macdonald hauling the birch he cut. MacAulay and Moustatio hauling
ice. Nicolson preparing to start for fort Chipewyan tomorrow.
Mr Cowie started this morning (in Cariole) for Fort Chipewyan
accompanied by W Nicolson. Roderick Macaulay hauled Ice. John
McDonald and William Flett hauled Birch with Dogs.
Mustatio hauling wood. Gregoire returned from the lake late last night
and hauled hay today with two oxen. John & Flett sawing birch for ox
sled Runners. Roderick thrashing Barley. Angus McLeod attending to
the Cattle and booking.
235
Nicolson, Paul Cree

[surname], McDonald,
Moustatio, Militaire, Jose
Bouche, Lowis Bouche,
Maurice Bouche, Adam
Bouche, Angelique
Indians, McDonald
Nicolson, Paul
Peschegun, McAulay
McDonald, Moustatio,
Militaire, McAulay,
Nicolson, Adam Bouche
John McDonald, Militaire,
Moustatio
McDonald, Paschegun
McDonald
Militaire, McAulay, Nicolson

McDonald, McAulay,
Nicolson, Mr Simpson, W.
Flett
McDonald, McAulay,
Moustatio, Nicolson
Mr Cowie, W. Nicolson,
Roderick McAulay, John
McDonald, William Flett
Mustation, Gregoire, John,

Flett, McLeod, McAulay
235
B.307/a/2
1884
58d
15-Feb
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
16-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
1884
58d
58d
B.307/a/2
1884
58d-59
18-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
59
19-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
59
20-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
59
21-Feb
17-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
59
22-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
59
59
23-Feb
1884
B.307/a/2
1884
59
25-Feb
B.307/a/2
1884
59
26-Feb
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
59d
59d
B.307/a/2
1884
59d
5 June 2014
Lake (fishery)
24-Feb
27-Feb
03Mar
Lake (fishery)
Packet Arrived from Portage la Loche; two sleds & 3 men. One of these
men, Alexander Sylvester will go down with the packet to Fort
Chipewyan. All of the engaged Servants at the same work as yesterday.
Packet left for Fort Chipewyan. Two sleds of Dogs in charge of William
Flett and Alexander Sylvester, the Portage men. Chas Maurice and
Michael Le maigre left in the afternoon. John McDonald made a new
Hay sled. Roderick, Gregoire & Moustatio at the same occupation as
yesterday.
Weather stormy. Wind West. Nothing worthy of note transpired.
Weather still stormy. R. Macaulay thrashing Barley. Gregoire with two
Oxen hauling hay. John McDonald mending wood sleds. Moustatio
hauling fire wood. Angus attending to the cattle and looking.
John McDonald making ox sled and putting handle on Axe. Other men
same as yesterday.
John McDonald squaring Birch for teeth of hay sweep and Axe handles.
Other men same work as yesterday.
All hands at same work as yesterday. Blowing very hard from North all
day.
Sent John off to make Lynx Snares. Moustatio hauled Firewood.
Gregoire hauled hay with two Oxen. Roderick thrashing Barley.
Gregoire started on a visit to the lake. John Squared, sawing logs, 10 ft
long. Roderick, Moustatio & Angus at same work as yesterday.
John McDonald's Wife gave birth to a Son.
Moustatio hauled hay. Roderick thrashed the Oats, and began on the
wheat. John McDonald finished squaring the logs. Gregoire returned.
John & Moustatio with 4 Oxen hauled home the Logs & Birch. Gregoire
hauled hay. Roderick finished thrashing. Angus McLeod attending to the
cattle & cooking.
John began work on hay Sweep. Roderick measuring Potatoes. Mustatio
loading fire wood. Gregoire hauling Hay. Angus attending to the Cattle;
put 235 lbs meat in Ice house. Still 400 lbs in store. Weather very mild.
Snow thawing about the houses.
Entry missing between February 28 and March 2.
Mr Cowie and Nicolson returned from Ft. Chipewyan. C & C Peche &
Jerome arrived.
236
Alexander Sylvester
William Flett, Alexander
Sylvester, Michael Le
maigre, John McDonald,
Roderick McAulay,
Gregoire, Mousttio
McAulay, Gregoire,
McDonald, Moustatio, Angus
John McDonald
McDonald
John McDonald, Moustatio,

Gregoire Militaire, Roderick
McAulay
Gregoire, John, Roderick,
Moustatio, Angus
McDonald, wife and son
Moustatio, Roderick
McAulay, McDonald,
Gregoire
John McDonald, Moustatio,
Gregoire Militaire, Roderick
McAulay, Angus McLeod
John McDonald, Roderick
McAulay, Mustatio, Gregoire
Militaire, Angus McLeod
Mr Cowie, Charlo Peche,
Chrysostom Peche, Jerome
236
B.307/a/2
1884
59d
04Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
59d
05Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1884
59d
06Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
59d
07Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60
08Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60
09Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60
10Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60
11Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60
12Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
13Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
5 June 2014
14Mar
15Mar
16Mar
17Mar
18Mar
Red River
(McKay
River)
MacAulay cutting fencing. MacDonald working at hay sweep. Militaire

quit work. Moustatio getting wood. Chipewyans left.
Men as on 4th. John Trendell and Alexander Sylvester arrived with the
mail from Ft Chipewyan. Paul Cree 's [surname] sons came in for
ammunition.
Messers Simpson and Trendell left for Portage la Loche to get out wood
for corduroy road and cordwood for steamer. Nicolson & Alexander
Sylvester taking the mail and baggage. Macdonald began to make the
new fur press. Others as before. Cold.
Moustatio quit work today. MacDonald at press. MacAulay at fencing. D
Galleaux brought his furs.
McLeod hauled 2 loads hay. Others as on 7th. Churchim Cree [surname]
arrived with his winter hunt, a very poor one.
Jose Boucher came in to tell Adam has 1 dried moose, 1 deer and two
fa fresh moose meat in cache for the fort. We have no dogs to haul
this.
Macdonald working at new fur press. MacAulay cutting and hauling
firewood. MacLeod cooking and attending cattle as usual, also hauling
hay.
Men as on 10th. Churchim left this morning. Baptiste Old Cree 's
[surname] son arrived this morning.
Macdonald went to borrow dogs from Chipewyans at Red River to haul
Adam's meat. MacAulay cut and hauled two loads wood. Old Cree 's
[surname] son left for camp. Weather beginning to get warmer.
MacDonald returned with the dogs, bringing on the sled the furs, hunts
of Jerome & Norbert. MacAulay cut and hauled 2 loads wood and put an
cotton [?] window in little house.
MacAulay & Moustatio started with the borrowed dogs to fetch Adam
Bouche's meat, lines and furs. MacDonald at fur press. Heavy thaw.
MacDonald at fur press.
237
McAulay, McDonald,
Militaire, Moustatio,
Chipewyans
John Trendell, Alexander
Sylvester, Paul's sons, Cree
[surname]
Mr Simpson, Mr Trendell,
Nicolson, Alexander
Sylvester, McDonald
Moustatio, McDonald,
McAulay, David Galleaux
McLeod, Churchim, Cree
[surname]
Jose Boucher, Adam Bouche
McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod
Churchim, Baptiste, Old Cree
[surname]
McDonald, McAulay, Old
Cree 's [surname] son
McDonald, Jerome, Norbert,
McAulay
McAulay, Moustatio, Adam
Bouche, McDonald
McDonald
Sunday.
MacDonald at fur press. Charlo Peche, Louison & Lowis Boucher
arrived with their furs.
McDonald, Charlo Peche,

Louison Boucher, Lowis
Boucher
MacDonald putting away furs and settling with the Chipewyans.
McDonald, Chipewyans
237
B.307/a/2
1884
60d
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
19Mar
20Mar
21Mar
MacAulay as on 20th.
22Mar
23Mar
24Mar
25Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61
B.307/a/2
1884
61d
26Mar
27Mar
28Mar
29Mar
30Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
61d
31Mar
B.307/a/2
1884
61d
01-Apr
B.307/a/2
1884
61d
02-Apr
B.307/a/2
1884
61d
03-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
04-Apr
1884
61d
62
B.307/a/2
1884
62
06-Apr
5 June 2014
tar island
MacDonald grinding & for the cordwood to be out for steamer.

MacAulay returned this pm with the lines & meat he was sent for.
MacDonald left for tar island to oversee the cutting of 50 cords wood
there for steamer. MacAulay cutting wood.
MacAulay as on 21st. Old Cree [surname] & family arrived.
238
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McAulay
McAulay, Old Cree
Sunday.
tar island,
paririe
MacAulay fixing ice house. McLeod hauling hay.
McAulay, McLeod
Men as on 24th.
Men as on 24th. J McDonald returned having with the Chips cut 50 cords
wood at tar island. Old Cree [surname] left & camped at prairie.
John McDonald, Old Cree

Men as on 24th. J. MacDonald sick & off duty. Chips left today.
McDonald, Chipewyans
Men as on 27th.
prairie, lake
prairie
Portage la
Loche
05-Apr
Fort
Chipewyan
Men as on 27th. The Old Cree [surname] left prairie for lake.
Heavy thaw for two days. Patches of bare ground. Cattle not put in.
MacAulay & MacDonald finished roof of ice house. McLeod at various
jobs.
MacAulay & MacDonald finished door and gate of ice house.
Afterwards MacDonald visited prairie to find oxen and found the bull
had killed one of the best of the new oxen. MacAulay . McLeod laid
up with fever since last night.
McLeod still ill. McAulay making dram and cleaning up place.
McDonald went for Moustatio to cut up and dry the kiln yesterday.
Moustatio came and camped at prairie.
McDonald hauling fencing. McAulay cleaning up place and cooking. A
McLeod still laid up.
Men as on 3rd. Mr Simpson, Nicolson, Trendell and T Mongram arrived
this pm from PLL with a small packet 4 for steamer and some goods
from for trade here.
McDonald hauling fence. McAulay cooking.
Messers Simpson and Trendell and Nicolson left with 2 trains for Ft
Chipewyan at 10 am. Freezing.
Old Cree [surname]

McAulay, McDonald,
McLeod
McAulay, McDonald,
McLeod
McLeod, McAulay,
McDonald, Moustatio
McDonald, McAulay, A.
McLeod
Mr Simpson, Trendell, T.
Mongram
McDonald, McAulay
Mr Simpson, Mr Trendell,
Nicolson
238

B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
62
62
07-Apr
1884
B.307/a/2
1884
62
09-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
62
62
10-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
62
62
12-Apr
1884
B.307/a/2
1884
62
14-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
15-Apr
1884
62d
62d
62d
B.307/a/2
1884
62d
18-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
62d
62d
19-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
21-Apr
1884
62d
62d
B.307/a/2
1884
62d
23-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
62d
62d
63
63d
24-Apr
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
64
64
25-Apr
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
5 June 2014
08-Apr
11-Apr
13-Apr
16-Apr
17-Apr
lake
20-Apr
22-Apr
25-Apr
26-Apr
lake, Little
Prairie Creek
McDonald putting up fence. McAulay cooking, etc.

McDonald at various jobs. McAulay as before.
McDonald and G. Militaire cutting cord wood for steamer. McAulay
cooking & looking after cattle.
Men as on 9th. Peschegun arrived reporting a party trader on his way to
lake. Mr Cowie at once got ready to start for lake to secure Bte Cree 's
[surname] furs.
Men as on 9th.
Men as on 9th. Mr Cowie returned from lake having secured all furs
there.
Sunday.
McDonald and G. Militaire chopping cord wood. McAulay cleaning up
yard.
Macdonald and Militaire finished cutting cord wood as the river gets
dangerous to cross. The former cut 14 the latter 11 cords in 6 days = 25.
McAulay as before. First ducks seen.
McDonald piling furs and making bullets.
McDonald made 480 ball.
Cow calfed a bull as usual. Men fetched hay and calf home. McDonald
mortising and tenoning fur press.
Mr Cowie left for lake to fetch furs. McDonald off hunting, killed 1
beaver.
Sunday.
McDonald fencing back yard. McAulay getting wood. Mr Cowie
returned from lake. Little prairie Creek broke.
McDonald working at fur press. McAulay hauling wood.
Men off shooting ducks, morning and evening. McDonald at fur press.
McAulay cleaning up fort.
Men as on 23rd. McLeod getting well and began cooking. Finished fur
press.
McAulay getting wood. McDonald makig fur folder.
Expenditure Provision Account inserted
Account book inserted
McAulay putting up fencing and hauling hay. McDonald finished fur
folder and in afternoon went to burn prairie.
Sunday. Paul Cree [surname] arrived. Prairie burnt.
239
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McAulay
Peschegun, Mr Cowie,
Baptiste Cree [surname]
Mr Cowie
McAulay
McAulay
McDonald
McDonald
McDonald
Mr Cowie, McDonald
McDonald, McAulay, Mr
Cowie
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald, McAulay
McLeod
McAulay
McAulay, McDonald
Paul Cree [surname]
239
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
64
64
64
64
B.307/a/2
1884
64
01May
B.307/a/2
1884
64
02May
B.307/a/2
1884
64
03May
1884
1884
27-Apr
28-Apr
29-Apr
30-Apr
B.307/a/2
1884
64-64d
04May
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
05May
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
06May
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
07May
08May
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
09May
10May
11May
B.307/a/2
1884
64d
12May
65
13May
B.307/a/2
1884
5 June 2014
Cree Lake,
River
Cree Lake
Clearwater
River
Clearwater
River
lake
lake, Portage
la Loche
Portage la
Loche
McDonald fixed a cart box. McAulay cleaning up fort. Mr Cowie left for
Cree Lake to secure Alexis & Pierre Cree 's [surname] hunts. River
broke up this evening.
Entry missing.
Men cleaning up fort.
Men as on 29th. Mr Cowie returned.
J McDonald started to go up the Clearwater for two canoes left there last
fall, but finding the river blocked, returned. McAulay & McLeod
cleaning up fort.
McDonald sent to look for a tar spring up the river. McAulay cleaning
grain. McLeod cutting potatoes.
A heavy fall of snow last night and cold. N wind today. McDonald &
McAulay stringing furs etc and packing goods for Chipewyan trade.
Snowed all last night. Cold north wind today. John McDonald started to
fetch the canoe left up Clearwater last fall.
McDonald returned with the canoe today, having shot 4 beaver.
McAulay stringing furs.
Men furs. Mr Cowie left for lake with ammunition for trade with Cree
[Crees].
McDonald and McAulay trying to plough with horses but found them
too weak. McLeod cutting potatoes.
Men ploughing with oxen. McLeod as before. Mr Cowie returned. P
Fontaine and Alex Sylvester arrived from PLL with 5 bags flour and 1
keg Sugar in a canoe. Chrysostom Piche & Paul Cree [surname] arrived.
Men as on 8th. Fontaine & Sylvester left for PLL. The Indians also went
away.
240
McDonald, McAulay, Mr
Cowie, Alexis, Pierre Cree
[surname]
Mr Cowie
McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod
McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod
McDonald, McAulay
McDonald
McDonald, McAulay
Mr Cowie
McDonald, McAulay,
McLeod
Mr Cowie, P. Fontaine,
Alexander Syslvester,
Chrysostom Piche, Paul Cree
[surname]
Fontaine, Sylvester, Indians
Men ploughing, putting up fencing and cutting potatoes.

Sunday.
All hands planting potatoes in field assisted by Chinayansay wife & boy.
13 bushels planted. J McDonald's wife assisted.
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr Cowie with John Macdonald, Chinayansay & boy left for Red River
to get Chipewyan's furs. Other men and Chinayansa's wife planting
potatoes in garden. 4 bushels Early Rose; 1 bushel small white.
Chinayansay's wife and boy,

McDonald's wife
Mr Cowie, McDonald,
Chinayansay and boy,
Chinayansay's wife,
Chipewyans
240
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
5 June 2014
65
65
65d
65d
65d
65d
241
14May
Lac la Biche,
House River
Men ploughing barley field. A trader named Antoine Ducharm arrived

today from Lac la Biche with a large and well selected outfit. Pierre Cree
[surname] who has been trading with Ladonaur at House River since last
spring came in with MB 30 at the same time and sold them to Ducharm
while McAulay was working at barley field. Unless he had paid his old
debt to the Co (MB 288) his furs would not have been accepted anyhow.
Antoine Ducharm, Pierre

Cree [surname], Ladonaur,
McAulay
15May
Red River
(McKay
River)
Men sown barley, 1 bushel and 2 of oats. Mr Cowie returned from RR

with Chipewyans' spring hunt accompanied by same men and Adam &
Louis Boucher & G Piche. He met Ducharm at first old fort. Mr Cowie
(with McAulay and Louis) went off after Ducharm tonight.
Mr Cowie, Chipewyans,
Adam Boucher, Louis
Boucher, G. Piche, McAulay,
Louis
16May
Red River
(McKay
River)
McDonald putting up goods for R R trade and preparing to start for

Athabasca. Mr Cowie returned at 1 pm with Ducharm and outfi. The
latter having been purchased by him for $3000 cash. After opening out
and checking these goods the Chipewyans were settled with.
McDonald, Mr Cowie,
Cucharm, Chipewyans
17May
Fort
Chipewyan
McDonald and McAulay packing up traders goods for Ft Chpewyan; and

getting skiff ready for trip. Churchim arrived with his hunt of 50 beaver.
Paul Cree [surname] also arrived with 9 beaver.
McDonald, McAulay,
Churchim, Paul Cree
[surname]
Ducharm and men left for Lac la Biche by land via House River. Hired
him horses for trip to River for 1 bag flour. He is to pay for any
damage to animals besides.
Ducharm
John McDonald left with the skiff laden with goods for Ft Chip this
morning. Churchim goes with him to RR from there. Louis Boucher,
McAulay arranging furs. Moustatio arrived with his spring hunt: 20
beaver. Chinayansay left for PLL.
McDonald, Churchim, Louis

Boucher, McAulay,
Moustatio, Chinayansay
18May
19May
House River,
Lac la Biche
Fort
Chipewyan,
Red River
(McKay
River),
Portage la
Loche
241
242
B.307/a/2
1884
65d
20May
Moustatio & McAulay packing furs. McLeod finished garden.
Moustatio, McAulay,
McLeod
B.307/a/2
1884
66
21May
Old Cree [surname] arrived with his furs this afternoon. Men airing furs.
Moustatio who set a net yesterday caught 6 fish.
Old Cree [surname],

Moustatio
B.307/a/2
1884
66
22May
Men packing furs, etc.
B.307/a/2
1884
66
23May
men packing furs. Old Cree [surname] & Churchim left today.
B.307/a/2
1884
66
24May
Men packing furs . Caught 13 fish.
B.307/a/2
1884
66
25May
Cloudy cool day.
5 June 2014
Old Cree [surname],

Churchim
242
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
1884
1884
66
66
66
66
26May
Men packing furs and boy snaring rabbits.

Edmonton,
Fort
Chipewyan,
the Athabasca
River, Grand
Rapid
Men as on 26th. A McLeod feel very ill this evening. Captain Favel
arrived from Edmonton on his way to Ft Chipewyan to take charge of the
Grahame. He came by scow down the Athabasca. Two men here at G
Rapid returned from here.
Captain Favel, McLeod
28May
Stony Island
Moustatio went to Stony Island with Captain Favel who got Adam
Boucher from there. McLeod very ill. McAulay & Cree boy packing
furs.
Moustatio, Captain Favel,

Adam Boucher, McAulay,
Cree boy
29May
Portage la
Loche
Moustatio & McAulay packing furs. A Sylvester, his nephew and Sam
Herman arrived from PLL to fetch oxen.
Moustatio, McAulay, A.
Sylvester and nephew, Sam
Herman
A Sylvester left with 21 oxen & 6 horses & 1 mare for PLL. Old Cree
[surname] and arrived from lake. Men packing furs. McLeod
dangerously ill.
Sylvester, Old Cree

[surname], McLeod
Men as on 30th. The Chipewyans arrived today. Bte Koregen and Pierre
& Alexis arrived from Lake.
Chipewyans, Baptiste
Koregen, Pierre, Alexis
27May
B.307/a/2
1884
66-66d
30May
Portage la
Loche, lake
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
31May
lake
5 June 2014
243
243
244
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
01-Jun
Sunday. Very warm day.
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
02-Jun
Militaire, Moustatio and McAulay packing furs. Paul's Boy snaring

rabbits.
Militaire, Moustatio,
McAulay, Paul's boy
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
03-Jun
Men as before. McLeod very nearly dead owing to the noise made all
night by Indians drumming.
McLeod, Indians
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
04-Jun
Men finished furs and at various jobs.
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
05-Jun
MacAulay working in the store. Jose Cree [surname] putting post in the
ground for the steamer. Gregoire making rift saddles.
McAulay, Jose Cree

[surname], Gregoire Militaire
B.307/a/2
1884
66d
06-Jun
MacAulay working in the store. Jose Cree [surname] gathering about

the fort. Gregoire making to go to the Portage.
McAulay, Jose Cree

[surname], Gregoire
5 June 2014
Portage la
Loche
244
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
1884
1884
66d
67
67
67
07-Jun
Portage la
Loche
J. Cowie, Gregoire start off with 4 horses by land to Portage la Loche.

MacAulay giving supplies to the Indians for the summer. Jose Cree
[surname] pulling post down for the Steamer.
Cowie, Gregoire, McAulay,

Indians, Jose Cree [surname]
08-Jun
Lac la Biche,
Grand Rapid
Louis Lavallee arrived here this morning with missing Brigade from Lac
la Biche. George Martin came with them. He left his outfit above Grand
Rapid.
Louis Lavallee, George

Martin
09-Jun
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chipewyan
Rainy all day. Lac la Biche Brigade stopped here all day. Mr Simpson
[came] this evening with one Boat Brigade from Fort Chipewyan. John
McDonald returned from Fort Chipewyan with Brigade. All the Indian
stopping here since 12 days waiting to the steamer.
Mr Simpson, John
McDonald, Indians
10-Jun
Portage la
Loche,
"Shanty Point"
Portage la
Loche,
Athabasca
River, Lake,
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/2
1884
67
11-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67
12-Jun
5 June 2014
245
Mr Simpson started off this evening with one boat Brigade to Portage la
Loche. He is going to put wood for steamer at the Shanty Point. John
McDonald, other four men stopped here fixing the Boat. Mr Cowie got
from the Trader to go to the Portage.
John McDonald started to the Portage this morning with his family in the
little Boat. All the Chipewyans started down the Athabasca River except
Adam Boucher. I hope all had come here very soon. All the Cree [Crees]
went off the lake Track except Old Baptiste is here yet. Joseph
Moustatick went off this evening with his family to Lac la Biche with
canoe. George Martin started off this morning to Fort Chipewyan. He
took some tea and gunpowder for the company from here to Fort
Chipewyan.
Mr Simpson, John
McDonald, Mr Cowie
McDonald and family,

Chipewyans, Adam Boucher,
Cree [Crees], Old Baptiste,
Joseph Moustatick and
family
MacAulay planting cabbage.
245
B.307/a/2
1884
67
13-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
14-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
15-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
1884
67d
17-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
18-Jun
5 June 2014
Rainy all day. Men as one Angus MacLeod getting little better.
McLeod
Portage la
Loche
Gregoire Militaire returned from Portage la Loche this evening with

Packet. Maurice Bouche returned from Mr Simpson Brigade.
Gregoire Militaire, Maurice

Bouche, Mr Simpson
Athabasca
River
Maurice Bouche started off this morning with the Packet to meet the
Steamer down Athabasca River. Rainy.
Maurice Bouche
MacAulay weeding garden. Gregoire weeding potatoes. Paul Cree

[surname], Baptiste Cree [surname] arrived this evening with some furs.
Started off at once.
McAulay, Gregoire, Paul,

Baptiste Cree [surname]
Athabasca Steamer arrived here this morning first trip started off at once
up Clearwater River. Gregoire Militaire went off in the Steamer to work
at the Transport at Portage la Loche.
Gregoire Militaire
Babush Cree [surname] wife, Gregoire's wife weeding potatoes. R.

babush Cree [surname],

Gregoire's wife, McAulay
16-Jun
B.307/a/2
246
Athabasca
River,
Clearwater
River, Portage
la Loche
246
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
19-Jun
Men same yesterday. Old Cree [surname] arrived here this evening from
Pambna [?] to square 40 logs for Mr Cowie's house.
Old Cree [surname], Mr

Cowie
Stick in Mud started off to the lake this morning with family. McAulay
weeding potatoes. Beegegian and his Brother arrived here this evening.
Started off at once.
McAulay, Stick-in-Mud,
Beegegian and brother
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
20-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
21-Jun
Sunday
B.307/a/2
1884
67d
22-Jun
Angus McLeod weeding in the garden. McAulay weeding potatoes.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
23-Jun
Entry missing.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
24-Jun
Angus McLeod weeding in the garden. McAulay weeding potatoes. The

potatoes froze last night. This week is very dry weather.
5 June 2014
247
lake
McLeod, McAulay
247
B.307/a/2
1884
68
25-Jun
Men as yesterday weeding and hoeing potatoes.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
26-Jun
Men weeding and hoeing potatoes this last two days. Cloudy and
blowing hard very little rain.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
27-Jun
McAulay weeding hoeing potatoes. Raining and cloudy.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
28-Jun
All the potatoes got frost last night. McAulay weeding and hoeing
potatoes.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
29-Jun
B.307/a/2
1884
68
30-Jun
5 June 2014
Athabasca
River
248
McAulay
Blowing hard from the North. Very heavy rain. Athabasca River rose
four feet since yesterday morning.
MacAulay, McLeod working at potatoes.
248
B.307/a/2
1884
68
01-Jul
McAulay, McLeod working at the potatoes.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
02-Jul
The men as yesterday. The weather keeping very cold and dry.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
03-Jul
MacAulay, McLeod weeding garden.
B.307/a/2
1884
68
04-Jul
Men as yesterday. McAulay weeding the garden every evening if he

rain.
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
5 June 2014
68
68d
05-Jul
06-Jul
249
McKay River,
Portage la
Loche
Men as one. Steamer arrived in evening, brought J. Lex Woods as former

took the McKay River Athabasca Mission freight, left for safe custody.
Mr McFarlane took flag, four shirts + two trousers. Gregoire Militaire
arrived to assist at hay, etc.
Mr MacFarlane, Gregoire
Militaire
Lake (fishery),
Lac la Biche
G. Militaire started to fix house at lake for fishery, took five days
provisions. Paul who was hurt on steamer attended by. John the fireman
came back here with two Indians to wait for the lake la Biche boats to go
on to Edmonton. Thunder torn + heavy rain in evening.
G. Militaire, Paul, John the

fireman, Indians
249
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
1884
5 June 2014
68d
68d
68d
68d
69
69
07-Jul
08-Jul
09-Jul
250
river
M. Woods + McAulay went throgh + posted up accounts. Angus cooking

as he did on previous days. Took fur from Chip Indians Francois
Blackcock + Louis Boucher. Rained hard all day. River rose about 6
inches.
M. Woods, McAulay,
McLeod, Chipewyans,
Francois Blackcock
Edmonton
M. Woods + Macaulay went to look at crop + to the hay ground in

Morning. In afternoon mowing down weeds + hoeing potatoes, etc.
Peychean's Brother came in with some fur reporting that his brother had
cut his foot badly. Angus cooking. Gave Paul (sickman) + his partner ...
for trip (15 days) to Edmonton + lent them a gun.
M. Woods, McAulay,
Peychean's brother,
Peychean, Angus McLeod,
Paul
Little Red
River
Paul + his partner started early in morning. Woods + McAulay set up

mower + found it complete. In afternoon hoed potatoes. Jose's old wife
came + brought fur from Little Red River from Chrysostom Peche.
Angus as yesterday.
Paul, Woods, McAulay,

Jose's old wife, Chrysostom
Peche
10-Jul
river
11-Jul
Portage la
Loche
12-Jul
Athabasca
River, Ling
Rapid
Messers Woods + McAulay hoed potatoes. Churchim Cree [surname]

came in with wife + family, brought in fur, reports plenty of moose
across the river. Jose Bouche came in evening with fur for trade. Gave
him 10 skins for old gun.
Baptiste Anderson, Lowis arrived with four ponies for haying. They left
the Portage on Monday [7 July] missed the track and had to make a raft
to cross on, ponies back otherwise all right. M. Woods made up books
+ opened New Ledger. McAulay overhauled fishery nets. David
(Chipewyan) arrived in afternoon. Louis Bouche will not let him stay to
hay making. Several heavy showers.
David + Churchim went up river to cut Bark. Mr Woods + Bte Anderson
cut 45 Poplar lap for Cattle stable. In afternoon Mr Ogilvie D.L.S. came
with three men of his party. He is exploring the Athabasca River, and
reported having lost a man in Ling Rapids. Rolled by name, from
account it appears the Canoe, a Peterbore, was to securely laden in the
bow + in a looking dipped + filled his partner swam shore but swing to
heavy boots + a cartridge belt round his waist he was unable to get
ashore although they saw him some half mile or more from where the
Woods, McAulay, Churchim,

Cree [surname], Churchim's
wife and family, Jose Bouche
Baptiste Anderson, Lowis,

Woods, McAulay, David,
Chipewyan, Louis Bouche
David, Churchim, Mr
Woods, Baptiste Anderson,
Mr Ogilvie
250
251
accident happened. They body was not found.
B.307/a/2
1884
69
13-Jul
Fine warm day. Indian wives they having fled where Mr. Ogilvie
came. Angus laughingly saying he was going to take the country.
Mr Ogilvie, Angus McLeod,

Indian wives
In morning I fixed rake + helped Roderick to pack fur. In afternoon

corded pack went to look at crop + wrote up books. Bte cutting logs up
river. Indians cutting bark. Mr Ogilvie leaves tomorrow. Angus free.
Roderick McAulay, Baptiste,

Indians, Mr Ogilvie, Angus
McLeod
river
Mr Ogilvie left in morning forwarded by him mail to steamer. Woods,

Baptiste, A. David cutting logs up river.
Mr Ogilvie, Woods, Baptiste,

David
river
M. Woods, Baptiste + David same as yesterday. Paul Cree [surname] +

Francois Peche came down the river. Roderick counting fur, etc.
M. Woods, Baptiste, David,

Paul Cree [surname], Franoic
Peche, Roderick McAulay
river
Work the same as yesterday. Saw smoke down river + thought it was
steamer but on arriving home at 5:30 found it to be a fire Cree [Crees]
came in from up the River. Not enough help to get the logs out + no rope
to use with block.
Cree [Crees]
B.307/a/2
1884
69
14-Jul
B.307/a/2
1884
69
15-Jul
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
5 June 2014
69
69d
16-Jul
17-Jul
251
B.307/a/2
1884
69d
18-Jul
island, prairie
Went over to the Island to look at hay. On return Bte Anderson + M.

Woods went to prairie to start cutting hay + pick up rails round old stack
yards. Bull dogs so bad had to quit cutting. The horses nearby mad
resumed at five + cut until dark. Hay very short but will grow more.
Chrysostom came in. Cow bulled.
Clearwater
River, prairie,
lake
Looked like rain so no hay cut. Went up Clearwater River + brought

down two scows as far s prairie. Rain threatened in evening vivid
lightening. Cree [Crees] started out the lake track.
B.307/a/2
1884
69d
19-Jul
B.307/a/2
1884
69d
20-Jul
Threatened to rain all day, thunderstorm in distance.
B.307/a/2
1884
69d
21-Jul
M. Woods, Baptist + David at hay. Flees so bad had to use scythes until
evening. Worked mower tere until dark.
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
5 June 2014
69d
69d-70
22-Jul
23-Jul
England,
prairie, Lac la
Biche
Same at hay a good spell in morning. There came on to rain heavily for
an hour and a half; flee a holy freight in middle of day came over + took
cart across. Stick in Mud came in.
Stick in the Mud left fairly well pleased. Gave him 50 lbs of flour + ten
bacon from Mr. McFarlane. Rained about ten o'clock but had a good +
full cutting in morning. Baptiste + David with scythe + myself with
mower started at 4 a.m. Steamer arrived about six o'clock + left ...
shortly afterwards. Mr. Camsell + several other passengers on board
going out. Roderick McAulay left for England to return next summer. I
went round to prairie + landed there. A. O'Brian Brother Catholic
Mission stopped here for Lac la Biche boats.
252
Baptiste anderson,
Chrysostom
Cree [Crees]
Woods, Baptiste, David
Stick-in-the-Mud
Mr MacFarlane, Baptiste,
David, Mr Camsell, Roderick
McAulay, A. O'Brian
252
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
70
70
Wapistan + Cypriau, Galleaux cutting cord wood on Island for steamer.

Mr Woods + at hay. David sick, gripes. Chrysostom to see after fort
at night away to stay about two days. Rained in afternoon just as we
were cocking + raking hay. Saw Black bear on track.
Wapistan, Cyriau, Galleaux,

Mr Woods, David,
Chrysostom
25-Jul
Came over to Fort about 9 a.m. Stay wet from rain. Made some wood
rakes, cleared up in afternoon, cocked hay + carled a little. Indians
cutting cordwood.
Indians
Rained a little in night but hay in morning. Early got up part of a stack.
Commenced to rain about 5 P.M. made ladder + came over to Fort. Two
Indians cutting cord wood.
Indians
Gregoire, Churchim, Saul's

son, Victorine Henriette
Marie, Mr MacFarlane,
priests, sisters, brothers
24-Jul
B.307/a/2
1884
70
26-Jul
B.307/a/2
1884
70
27-Jul
island
B.307/a/2
1884
70
28-Jul
river, lake,
Lac la Biche
Went round for walk by little river to see if there was any tamarc but
could not find any. Came home by prairie. Rained in evening.
Cut hay in morning. Began to rain about eleven as soon as we had
scattered the cocks made path to water horses at river. Thunderstorm in
evening. Gregoire came in from lake with Churchim + Saul's son,
brought fish, very few. Churchim + party left in morning. Lac la Biche
Mission boat arrived. Two priests, eight sisters + 5 brothers. The father
baptised David Galleaux's child Victorine Henriette Marie. Rained
heavily in afternoon. Sent Priest a scow. Mr McFarlane to arrange for
loan or payment.
B.307/a/2
1884
70
29-Jul
lac la Biche
Priest + party left in morning; boat for Lac la Biche in afternoon; men at
hay carting.
5 June 2014
253
Little River,
prairie
253
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
30-Jul
Men at hay. Fine day, first whole one without rain since commenced
hay.
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
31-Jul
Men at hay. Could not catch p finished first stack about 15 wagon
loads. Commenced a fresh one.
Little Red
River
Men at hay. Put down a net to catch as pork is short. Three canoes
arrived from Portage la Loche. Bte Lemaigre + went on to Little Red
River. Finished second stack, eight wagon loads.
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
01Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
02Aug
All hands at hay. Had to turn some in morning as it rained during the
night. I helped to cart nearly all day. Came over to fort in the evening.
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
03Aug
Stayed at fort all day, not well.
04Aug
All at hay. Militaire is growling to the other men but do not care They
are working well + satisfied. Thunderstrom + little rain at night. Came to
fort in afternoon Francois Blackcock came in begging said he was
starving, etc. Blew great in afternoon. men cocked hay. Francois left
in evening.
B.307/a/2
1884
5 June 2014
70d
254
Baptiste Lemaigre
Militaire, Francois Blackcock
254
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
05Aug
Men at hau. Fine but windy. Greagoire Militaire grumbling as usual

about shoes this time going to McF. A L- of an account of me,
nothing doing the right way or not as he would do if he were in charge.
Cattle not seen since Sunday [3 Aug.]. No one to send after them.
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
06Aug
Men at hay. As beautiful fine weather .
255
Gregoire Militaire,
MacFarlane
B.307/a/2
1884
70d
07Aug
All at hay. Baptiste in the sulks as I had to call him over the coals this
morning for getting to work late but for all that he is the best man here.
Came to fat at midday.
B.307/a/2
1884
71
08Aug
Men at hay. Fine but very high wind at midday. Raked + cocked while
some spread poles round stacks. Came over to Fort after dinner.
Men cocking hay in morning. J cutting. Militaire + myself moved

camp after dinner. Others hauling + raking the rest of the day, but a spell
in evening. Baptiste Cree [surname] + family came in from lake at night.
Weather fine but windy.
Militaire, Baptiste Cree

[surname], family
Alex (Cree [surname]) + party went out to prairie look in his fur + meat,
etc. Rained very heavily for several in the evening.
Alex, Cree [surname]
B.307/a/2
1884
71
09Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
71
10Aug
5 June 2014
lake
Baptiste
255
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
71
71
11Aug
Bte Anderson + I went up Clearwater River to get sticks for hay rack.
Men turning + returning hay until 4 p.m. Hauled one load but rather too
damp.
Baptiste Anderson
12Aug
Very stormy. Set men to pull scow to pieces + square birch crook I found
yesterday. I came over to fort to write up books, etc. Bte Anderson came
also.
Baptiste Anderson
Men (Bte Wanepin + Gregoire) did not a d d they after I left David
sharpened the knives + then all went off to hunt when it cleared up to
day. Turned hay + carted in afternoon. I cut two spells. Fine but cold
sharp frost last night. Froze all potatoes again.
Baptiste Wanepin, Gregoire,

David
Dull threatening day. Hay did not dry so we fenced stacks already built.
Let men go at 4 P.M. to hunt. I came to fort.
Scow arrived ahead of steamer. Joe Leisk, two others sent them off with
a bag of flour, as requested. At 11 a.m. men twined hay before dinner.
Gave leave to all to shoot for two hours. Bte Anderson stayed on his own
account to help me to take a few boards from scow. Gregoire Militaire
who understood well what was said as he asked Bte to come as if all
were away I could say nothing, had not returned when I left the prairie ...
although it turned out a fine afternoon + David, Bte + myself got up ten
loads. this ought to be remembered against Militaire when he is settled
with. I make strict mention of this on a specimen of his conduct since I
have been here with him through haying.
Joe Leisk, Baptiste

Anderson, Gregoire Militaire,
David
B.307/a/2
1884
71
13Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
71
14Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
5 June 2014
71d
256
15Aug
prairie
256
Athabasca
River
257
All hands at hay. In morning four scows arrived at 11 am. After dinner I
went up river to meet steamer which I did at little house where the wheel
was smashed. Mr. Clarke came over to sleep at Fort. The steamer
stopped at prairie. Passengers Mrs. Reeve + Miss Reed.
Mr Clarke, Mrs Reeve, Miss

Reed
B.307/a/2
1884
71d
16Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
71d
17Aug
I went over to steamer + stayed all day + night by Mr. McFarlane's

invitation. Prayers at night for my benefit I think. Peychegan arrived.
Mr MacFarlane, Peychegan
Peychegan, Baptiste
Anderson, Joe Leisk
B.307/a/2
1884
71d-72
18Aug
Came over to Fort in morning Steamer left at noon. I afterwards opened

some of the pieces + sent Peychegan to look for big Bull which did not
turn up the other cattle on Saturday [16 August] morning. Bte
Anderson went off + Joe Leisk stay in his place. No work done at hay a
few slight showers.
B.307/a/2
1884
72
19Aug
Bte. Cree [surname] left. Joe Leisk cutting. Myself + others carting.
Rained in evening.
Baptiste Cree [surname], Joe

Leisk
20Aug
Peychegan returned after tracking the cattle. He went to where they all
turned but one which he traced a considerable round and again came to
track at the little river I suppose. The bull crossed the Pembina + went to
portage as that is where they turned homeward.
Peychegan
Joe Leisk, Peychegan went off to visit Alexis Cree [surname] who sent
in word that he would give up all his fur (150 beaver, some bear + small
fur) if we sent out some things I have thought it is advisable to get this as
trader is coming down + he went to him last year although Mr. Cowie
did otherwise last year. David + myself carted hay.
Jose Leisk, Peychegan,

Alexis Cree [surname], Mr
Cowie, David
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
5 June 2014
72
72
21Aug
little river,
Pembina
257
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
B.307/a/2
1884
1884
1884
72
72
72d
22Aug
Rained all day. David came over to fort + did odd jobs ground axes, etc.
David
23Aug
Hay cocks wet through with yesterday rain scattered + turned there
before dinner when there was another shower. David came over to fort +
commenced to clear brush wood away.
David
24Aug
prairie
Rained in Early morning. Thunderstorm at night with heavy rain. I went

in middle of the day to look at little river for lost bull but no luck. Came
home by prairie if we do not get some fine weather. Some fifty loads of
hay will be spoiled on the ground.
prairie,
Clearwater
River, river
I went out to prairie a sharp shower just as I arrived 8 a.m. no work could
be done at hay as I came over to Fort with David + commenced mudding
cattle byre until 2 pm; started again for prairie but had not landed when it
again rained, disgusted + went up Clearwater thinking to meet boats or
Mr. Camsell. River rising.
David, Mr Camsell
David, Joe, Peychegan,

Alexis
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
25Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
26Aug
David + myself at hay. Fine weather. Joe + Peychegan returned, not

having found Alexis.
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
27Aug
All hands at hay.
5 June 2014
258
258
259
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
28Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
29Aug
B.307/a/2
1884
72d
30Aug
Entry missing.
73
31Aug
Started early with Old Cree [surname]. Chief for steamboat arrived
druing service. Mr. McFarlane in great way because Mr. Camsell had not
turned up + water was falling. Left after supper. Weather fine.

MacFarlane, Mr Camsell
Fixed Indians in the morning. Joe Leisk interpreting. All left at noon.
Peychegan going off with them. David fencing stacks at Prairie. In
afternoon Joe cutting + David + myself carting.
Indians, Peychegan, David,

Joe Leisk, David
Joe Raking + cutting. David + myself cutting barley, etc + cocking hay.
Very windy.
Joe Leisk, David
B.307/a/2
1884
B.307/a/2
1884
73
01-Sep
B.307/a/2
1884
73
02-Sep
5 June 2014
House River,
Lake
prairie
Same as yesterday.
Same as yesterday. Steamer arrived at noon. I rode over to fort as she did
not come there to fetch a moose skin which Mr. McFarlane promised
to + went with Chrysostom to the wood pile when we met steamboat
stayed all night on board + went on until after breakfast back at prairie.
at 10:30 a.m. fixed Chrysostom + made up packet to take to House River
on Monday. Started at 6 P.M. for steamer but turned back as six Cree
[Crees] from Lake came in.
Mr MacFarlane, Chrysostom,
Cree [Crees]
259
260
B.307/a/2
1884
73
03-Sep
Mr. Camsell + two boats arrived from portage + went on at once. Went
with canoe + David to steamer to take twine to Mr. Simpson who had
started in the morning stayed all night. David fencing stacks.
B.307/a/2
1884
73
04-Sep
Came back from steamer. Fixed Chipewyans + started at 5 P.M. with all
hands to help down with steamer as the water was falling.
Chipewyans
B.307/a/2
1884
73
05-Sep
Came down with S.S. to Prairie at noon David shot a bear. Fixed Chips +
they left. Slept at prairie.
David, Chipewyans
B.307/a/2
1884
73
06-Sep
Joe David + Cree [Crees] at hay. I wrote up books for Mr. McFarlane
after I had taken fur from Indian mentioned.
Joe David, Cree [Crees], Mr

MacFarlane
B.307/a/2
1884
73
07-Sep
B.307/a/2
1884
73
08-Sep
5 June 2014
prairie
Athabasca
River
Mr Camsell, David, Mr
Simpson, David
I came over to Fort in morning, dined on Steamer + Capt + party came

over in afternoon. Athabasca rising.
David + Joe at hay. I did some writing for Mr. McFarlane after I had set
men to work + been to Fort. Gregoire came in from lake. Pierre left.
David, Joe, Mr MacFarlane,

Gregoire, Pierre
260
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
09-Sep
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
10-Sep
Fort
261
Tommy + I fixed hay rack to waggon in morning. The others cocking

hay in afternoon. I did some writing on Steamer.
Tommy
Men at hay. I had to go to Fort for vegetables, etc, did a little writing for
Mr. McFarlane.
Mr MacFarlane
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
11-Sep
Two batteaux arrived. I went over to fort + took young bull on steamer +
some hay. It left about 3 P.M. Took pieces. Left over to fort on waggon
after we had found the horses, which took a long time, having no bell on
them.
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
12-Sep
Joe + I at hay. Put up a stack + a half.
Joe
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
13-Sep
Rained all day. Got up with Joe's three loads of wood + took up fish net.
Joe
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
14-Sep
Bte. Lemaigre arrived from Little Red River with four Indians + letter
from steamer.
Baptiste Lemaigre, Indians
5 June 2014
Little Red
River
261
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
15-Sep
cascade
Attended to Indians wants + gave rations, etc for trip with Captain scow
to Cascade to Mr. Simpson I went with them to ensure dispatch. Joe
fencing hay.
12 miles
above
Pembina
Came back with two Indians having been about 12 miles above Pembina
+ not finding scow. Hope Mr. Simpson has sent for it himself. Joe +
Pierre fencing hay.
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
16-Sep
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
17-Sep
Went out to prairie in morning, hauling logs out of bush. Some at work
as yesterday.
B.307/a/2
1884
73d
18-Sep
Wet in morning, hauled logs + I fixed + painted canoe + visited fish net.
One fish.
B.307/a/2
1884
74
19-Sep
B.307/a/2
1884
74
20-Sep
5 June 2014
prairie
262
Mr Simpson, Joe, Indians
Indians, Mr Simpson, Joe,

Pierre
Rained in morning. Fenced hay at Prairie in afternoon.
Work at hay in morning. Rained in afternoon. Gave Pierre some goods.

Joe interpreting.
Pierre, Joe Leisk
262
263
B.307/a/2
1884
74
21-Sep
Sunday. Fine + windy. Large War passing.
B.307/a/2
1884
74
22-Sep
Fine + windy. Half the day hunting. Horses hauled hay in afternoon.
Same at work as here to fore.
B.307/a/2
1884
74
23-Sep
All hauled hay in morning. So windy afterwards so look up potatoes.
B.307/a/2
1884
74
24-Sep
Finished hay at Prairie. Pierre son came in with family. Rained in

afternoon.
Pierre's son
B.307/a/2
1884
74
25-Sep
Pierre + myself taking up potatoes. Joe cutting on Island in afternoon. I

set snares nearly out of meat.
Pierre, Joe
B.307/a/2
1884
74
26-Sep
Joe cutting hay. Myself raking + cocking with five Indian boys. Some of
the Cree [Crees] came in.
Joe Leisk, Indian boys, Cree

[Crees]
5 June 2014
263
B.307/a/2
1884
74
27-Sep
Cocking hay in morning. Rained in afternoon. Cree Chief + family came

in.
B.307/a/2
1884
74
28-Sep
Sunday. Rained nearly all day.
264
Cree Chief and family
Mr. Simpson + J McDonald arrived with one boat + two scows from
Portage la Loche. He unloaded + opened up some of the pieces which
were wet.
Mr Simpson, McDonald
B.307/a/2
1884
74
29-Sep
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/2
1884
74
30-Sep
Athabasca
River
Boat + Scow left in of Mr. Woods for Athabasca. Opened up pieces +

drying goods.
Mr Woods
Island
Joe, Gregoire + Indians at hay on Island. Mr. Simpson + John McDonald

attending to Indians + drying pieces.
Joe Leisk, Gregoire Militaire,

Indians, Mr Simpson, John
McDonald
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
01-Oct
264
B.307/a/3
1884
02-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
03-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
04-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
B.307/a/3
1884
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
Prairie
265
Rained. Re fixing fencing on prairie.
Rained. Men as yesterday.
Got up balance of hay on Island. Mr. Simpson, John McDonald attending

to Indians.
Mr Simpson, John McDonald
05-Oct
Cold + sharp frost. Alec Evans commenced fishing.
Alec Evans
06-Oct
Joe hauling fire wood with Militaire. Mr. Simpson + McDonald going
out Indian debt.
Joe Leisk, Mr Simpson,

McDonald
07-Oct
All hands same as yesterday. Captain arrived from Ft. Chipewyan having
passed the boats + scow without seeing them.
Captain
Island
Fort
Chipewyan
265
B.307/a/3
1884
08-Oct
House River,
landing
B.307/a/3
1884
09-Oct
Lake
B.307/a/3
1884
10-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
11-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
12-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
13-Oct
5 June 2014
Little River
266
Captain Favell + Mr. Littlebury left with four ponies + Joe Leisk +
Militaire for House River to proceed from there to the landing in canoe
purchased from Alexis.
Captain Favell, Mr
Littlebury, Joe Leisk,
Militaire, Alexis
Mr. Simpson left with six Indians to meet Mr. Cowie + bring on lake of
pieces for A.
Mr Simpson, Indians, Mr
Cowie
John McDonald taking up potatoes, etc + attending to Post.
John McDonald
Snow + beastly cold. John McDonald making track down to little River.
John McDonald
Snowed + very cold.
Island
Cold. John McDonald fixing track on Island + attending to fort.
John McDonald
266
John McDonald, Alec Evans,

Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1884
14-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
15-Oct
Taking to pieces form complements + attending to Post.
B.307/a/3
1884
16-Oct
John McDonald + Alec Evans again at Prairie to fence stacks. Cattle did
breaching.
McDonald, Alec Evans
B.307/a/3
1884
17-Oct
John + Alec mudding house + general stores round Fort.
John McDonald, Alec Evans
B.307/a/3
1884
18-Oct
Very cold a little ice in River. Snowed in afternoon.
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
19-Oct
5 June 2014
Prairie
John McDonald went to fix fencing at Prairie which was very badly put
up. Alec E. hauling fire wood not catching any fish. Trader passed for
Chipewyan .
267
River
Very cold night lots of floating ice in River.
267
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
20-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
21-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
22-Oct
268
Mr. Woods came on a load of boat which he left at Stoney Island. The
ice have cut a large hole in her bow. Alex Evans went off in skiff with
rations for men who were starving, having been eleven days on trip +
having started with eight days grub but at that John McDonald attending
to Post.
Mr Woods, Alec Evans,

McDonald
Boat came with servants outfit, etc. Everything very wet, all opening +
drying goods. Gregoire declined to do what Mr. Woods ordered.
Gregoire, Mr Woods
Prairie
Alec + Harper fencing at Prairie. Trendell + Woods drying goods.

McDonald attending to Indians with last named.
Alec Evans, Harper, Indians
Cree Lake
Mr. Woods started for Cree Lake with Gregoire to get meat + skin +
check what fur he had traded. McDonald + A. Evans mudding Cattle
byre.
Mr Woods, Gregoire,
McDonald, A. Evans
Stoney Island
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
23-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
24-Oct
Alec E. hauling fire wood. McDonald attending to Fort + Indians. Cree

Chief + Paul came in. Snowed all day.
Alec Evans, McDonald, Cree

Chief, Paul, Indians
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
25-Oct
Men same as yesterday. Cree [Crees] left.
Cree [Crees]
5 June 2014
268
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
26-Oct
B.307/a/3
1884
2d
B.307/a/3
1884
B.307/a/3
1884
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1884
1884
5 June 2014
Mr. Woods returned from Cree Lake with fur. Meat all eaten.
Mr Woods
27-Oct
Alec Evans hauling fire wood + fixing harness with McDonald. Snowed.
Alec Evans, McDonald
2d
28-Oct
Men hunting rabbits.
2d
29-Oct
2d
2d
Cree Lake
269
McDonald + Mr. Woods fixing bobsled. Alec Evans hauling fire wood.
Mr Simpson returned by land, having been frozen in at Ferre Blanche.
McDonald, Alec Evans, Mr

Simpson
30-Oct
Alec E. hauling fire wood. John McDonald + Mr. Simpson attending to

Indians. Trendell cooking.
Alec Evans, John McDonald,

Mr. Simpson, Indians,
Trendell
31-Oct
Alec same as yesterday. McDonald + Mr. Simpson cleaning out little

fish house. Adam McRae cleaning yet cattle. Mr. Woods + Gregoire
M. hauling hay.
Alec Evans, McDonald, Mr

Simpson, Adam McRae, Mr
Woods, Gregoire Militaire
Ferre Blanche
269
270
McDonald, Alec Evans,

David Galleaux, Adam
McRae, Mr Woods, Mr
Simpson
B.307/a/3
1884
01Nov
McDonald + Alec Evans started for Cree Lake with David Galleaux +
Adam McRae. The two latter to fish there. Messrs Woods + Simpson
looking for Birch, cooks found there.
B.307/a/3
1884
02Nov
Sunday. Slight snow all day.
B.307/a/3
1884
03Nov
Mr. Simpson + Woods fixing bobsled.
Mr Simpson, Woods
Before mentioned same as yesterday. Trendell cleaning cattle byre.

Chrysostom Piche + Cyprian, Galleaux came in to say there were three
moose in cache.
Trendell, Chrysostom Piche,

Cyprian, Galleaux
McDonald + Evans came in from lake. Messrs Woods + Simpson

hauling hay.
McDonald, Evans, Mr
Woods, Mr Simpson
McDonald + Evans went for Chrysostom's meat. Woods + Trendell

hauling hay.
McDonald, Evans,
Chrysostom Piche, Woods,
Trendell
B.307/a/3
1884
04Nov
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1884
05Nov
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
06Nov
Lake
270
271
B.307/a/3
1884
07Nov
Mr. Woods fixing stable + hauling hay with Trendell in afternoon.
Mr Woods, Trendell
B.307/a/3
1884
08Nov
McDonald + Evans returned with meat. Evans killed a bear shortly after
his return. Messrs Woods + Trendell hauling hay.
McDonald, Evans, Mr
Woods, Mr Trendell
B.307/a/3
1884
09Nov
Sunday. Weather of last week mild.
B.307/a/3
1884
10Nov
Cree Lake
McDonald + Mr. Simpson squaring birch for dog sleds. Mr. Woods went
to Cree Lake to fetch dogs + fish.
McDonald, Mr Simpson, Mr
Woods
B.307/a/3
1884
11Nov
Cree Lake
Mr. Simpson + McDonald sharpening tools. Mr. Woods returned from

lake with dogs + David Galleaux.
Mr Simpson, McDonald, Mr
Woods, David Galleaux
B.307/a/3
1884
12Nov
McDonald + Trendell fixing dog sleds, etc. Messrs Simpson hauling hay
+ wood.
McDonald, Trendell, Mr
Simpson
5 June 2014
271
Trendell + McDonald started with one sled + seven dogs for Portage la
Loche to be at track + bring in a pieces.
Trendell, McDonald
14Nov
Messrs Simpson + Woods hauling wood + hay.
Mr Simpson, Mr Woods
15Nov
Same work as yesterday in morning. fixing house in afternoon.
1884
3d
16Nov
Sunday. Weather cold. Messrs Camsell + Wilson arrived at noon with

three trains of A. dogs + packet.
Mr Camsell, Mr Wilson
1884
3d
17Nov
Portage la
Loche
All spelling. Mr. Woods hauling wood, shooting rabbits (17).
Mr Woods
18Nov
Portage la
Loche
Mr Camsell + party started this morning for Portage la Loche. Messrs

Woods & Simpson hauling hay. Alex Evans keeping Cattle.
Mr Camsell, Mr Wilson, Mr
Woods, Mr Simpson, Alex
Evans
B.307/a/3
1884
13Nov
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1884
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1884
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1884
5 June 2014
3d
Portage la
Loche
272
272
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B.307/a/3
1884
1884
1884
3d
3d
3d
19Nov
20Nov
Portage la
Loche, Forks,
Manitoba, Ilea-la-Crosse
Weather fine. Wind west. Messrs Simpson & Wood hauling Hay.
Alex Evans looking for wood. Messrs Simpson & Wood hauled three
loads of Hay and one load of dry wood. Mr and Mrs Cowie arrived from
Portage la Loche. Archie Linklater, Jas Sutherland (Portage Men), John
McDonald & John Trindell (Forks Men) accompanied Mr Cowie. Mr
Cowie hired two Men for Forks. Jas Corrigal (from Manitoba) and
Joseph Rod from Isle Ala Crosse both accompanied him.
Mr Simpson, Mr Woods
Alex Evans, Mr Simpson, Mr
Woods, Mr Cowie, Mrs
Cowie, Archie Linklater, Jas
Sutherland, John McDonald,
John Trindell, Jas Corrigal,
Joseph Rod
21Nov
Cree Lake,
Portage la
Loche
Archie Linklater & Sutherland started for Portage la Loche this morning.
Mr Wood & Adam (Chipewyan) with one Horse started this morning for
Cree Lake for a load of Fish.
Archie Linklater, Sutherland,

Mr Wood, Adam, Chipewyan
Portage la
Loche, Forks
John McDonald and John Trindell with two trains of Dogs started for
Portage la Loche to haul down Forks pieces to Steamer Landing from
which point the Horses will haul to here. Mr Simpson hauled two loads
of wood. Alex Evans keeping Cattle.
John McDonald, John

Trindell, Mr Simpson, Alex
Evans
Cree Lake
Entry missing.
Mr Wood returned on Saturday night, having left his load about eight
miles from here and went for it yesterday. Corrigal went out to Cree
Lake with a sled of Dogs to tell David Galleau to come in as the Fishery
is a failure: Only 100 fish. Mr Simpson hauled two loads of wood. Mr
Cowie + Mr Wood looking over accounts. Joseph Roy cut while Alex
Evans hauled same and attended to the Cattle. Corrigal and Adam
returned this evening.
Mr Wood, Corrigal, David

Galleaux, Mr Simpson, Mr
Cowie, Adam, Alex Evans,
Joseph Roy
B.307/a/3
1884
3d
22Nov
B.307/a/3
1884
3d
23Nov
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
273
24Nov
273
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1884
1884
25Nov
26Nov
Portage la
Loche, Cree
Lake
Heavy fall of Snow. Jas Corrigal and Joseph Roy uptting up an

additional wing to Officer's quarters. Adam snaring and shooting
Rabbits. Alex Evans keeping Cattle. Mr Simpson & Mr Cowie making
shelves, etc for house. Mr Wood posting up Transport accounts.
Light fall of snow in forenoon. Mr Cowie writing letters for the return
sleds to Chipewyan. Mr Woods finished the Transport Hay Accounts. Mr
Simpson with the Horse Team hauled two loads of Hay. The Athabasca
men returned from Portage la Loche with a supply of Sugar, Twine, etc
for Fort Chipewyan. David Galleau who has been fishing for us at Cree
Lake came in today with his Family. he will be employed to watch the
Trader and perform any work assigned to him. Two Cree [Crees] turned
up this Evening. Pechegan and Baptiste (Chief's Son), Corrigal putting
up new house. Joseph Roy but four loads of dry Firewood. Adam setting
Rabbit Snares. Alex Evans attending to Cattle.
B.307/a/3
1884
4-4d
27Nov
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1884
4d
28Nov
Fort
Chipewyan
The three men from Fort Chipewyan, Adam and D. Galleaux shooting &
snaring rabbits for dog rations. Mr. Simpson writing. Mr Woods
preparing for his trip to Fort Chipewyan when he is to act as clerk for the
winter. Corrigal working at addition to house. Evans attending cattle.
Roy getting wood.
Heavy snow fall during night. Mr Simpson hauled hay. Adam Bouche,
Jr. attempted to desert this morning to join his relations but changed his
tactics on being told he would be stripped of his clothing advanced to
him on work. Mr Woods left for Ft. Chipewyan with the sleds going
there. The other men were employed as usual except Adam mixing mud.
Evans filling in old dung under new building. Roy fell sick from effects
of a kick from a horse the other day.
Island
Roy still sick. Adam mudding. David Galleaux cut wood. Mr. Simpson
made a track to island. Corrigal and Evans sawed some boards. Heavy
thaw.
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
4d
29Nov
274
Jas Corrigal, Joseph Roy,

Adam, Alex Evans, Mr
Simpson, Mr Cowie, Mr
Wood
Mr Cowie, Chipewyan, Mr
Woods, Mr Simpson,
Athabasca men, David
Galleaux and family, trader,
Cree [Crees], Pechegan,
Corrigal, Joseph Roy, Adam,
Alex Evans
Adam, David Galleaux, Mr

Simpson, Mr Woods,
Corrigal, Evans
Mr Simpson, Adam Bouche,

Jr., Mr Woods, Evans, Roy
Roy, Adam, David Galleaux,

Mr Simpson, Corrigal
274
275
B.307/a/3
1884
4d
30Nov
Still thawing. Roy still off duty.
Roy
B.307/a/3
1884
4d
01Dec
David off after a bear which he did not kill. Others as on Saturday [29
November].
David
02Dec
Corrigal and Evans sawed some boards and . Adam cleaning byre.
David making snares. McDonald, Trendell and M Sylvester arrived with
450 fish from Fontaine at PLL. They hauled all the pieces cached at
Ferre Blanche to the steamboat landing assisted by J & R Sylvester.
Thawing.
Corrigal, Evans, Adam,

David, McDonald, Trendell,
M. Sylvester, J. Sylvester, R.
Sylvester
03Dec
McDonald & Trendell spelling. David making snares. Corrigal plaining

boards. Moise Sylvester and Adam mudding. Evans hauled two loads
wood. Roy still sick. Colder.
McDonald, Trendell, David,

Corrigal, Moise Sylvester,
Adam, Evans, Roy
04Dec
McDonald & A. Bouche left with one dog train to trade with Chipewyan
to see if they caught any fish for us. David & Moise mudding. Corrigal
edging boards. Evans cut 4 and hauled 1 load wood in island. Roy
recovering. Still mild.
McDonald, Adam Bouche,

Chipewyan, David, Moise,
Corrigal, Evans, Roy
05Dec
Trendell and David started for Chrysostom Piche's cache to bring the
meat left there last trip of J. McDonald & Evans. Evans and Corrigal and
Moise mudding. Colder.
Trendell, David, Chrysostom

Piche, McDonald, Evans,
Moise Sylvester
B.307/a/3
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1884
1884
1884
1884
5 June 2014
4d-5
Ferre Blanche
275
276
B.307/a/3
1884
06Dec
Moise mixing mud. Evans and Corrigal killed "Rory" the 3 year old ox
raised here, for beef as hay is too short.
Moise, Evans, Corrigal
B.307/a/3
1884
07Dec
Trendell and David came back from cache with the remaining meat.
Trendell, David
B.307/a/3
1884
5d
08Dec
Evans hauled wood. Moise mixed mud. Corrigal worked at passage.

David mudded his house and saw snares. Cold.
Evans, Moise, Corrigal,

David
09Dec
Evans repaired hay yard. Corrigal getting sleds ready to use tomorrow.
David visited snares (11), and cut and hauled 2 loads wood. J. Trendell
& Moise left for a trip with 2 trains to PLL for fish, etc. Roy getting
better.
Evans, Corrigal, David, J.

Trendell, Moise
10Dec
Evans mudded passage. Kitchen chimney took fire during night and had
to be pulled partly down to put it out. Corrigal & Roy repaired it today.
David caught 12 rabbits and hauled wood.
Evans, Corrigal, Roy, Daivd
11Dec
Evans at cattle, etc. David got 12 rabbits and was put to get wood &
water for horse till Corrigal comes back. Corrigal & Roy left for Landing
with 3 horse and 1 dog sled to fetch outfit hauled there by McDonald,
etc from Ferre Blanche.
Evans, David, Corrigal, Roy,

McDonald
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1884
1884
1884
5 June 2014
5d
5d
5d
Portage la
Loche
Ferre Blanche
276
B.307/a/3
1884
5d
277
12Dec
Evans hauled a bobsled load of hay. David hauled 2 loads wood & cut
wood & carried water for horse. Joe McDonald scrubbed Mr Simpson's
room. John McDonald & Adam returned tonight.
Evans, David, Jose

McDonald, Mr Simpson,
John McDonald, Adam
Bouche
Evans hauled his 2nd load of hay from 2nd stack. David as before. Adam
visited snares & cut wood for house. J. McDonald "spelling." He reports
finding a little house without door or flooring made by Louis Boucher at
fish lake and 2000 fish hung by him. He saw no Indians. The trader has
no dogs.
Evans, David, Adam, J.

McDonald, Louis Boucher,
Indians
B.307/a/3
1884
13Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
14Dec
Cold. David cut wood for house.
David
McDonald making a door for passage. Evans hauled 1 load hay. David
getting wood and water for horse. Adam cut hauled 2 loads wood. Very
cold. Late tonight Corrigal & Roy returned having left there sleds across
the prairie.
McDonald, Evans, David,

Adam, Corrigal, Roy
Corrigal & Roy went for and brought their sleds. McDonald finished
door. Others as before. Very cold.
Corrigal, Roy, McDonald
John McDonald left for Cross to fetch cooking stove. John Trendell &
M Sylvester returned from PLL with 80 fish and 5 keys for Ft.
Chip. Last night. Others as before. Corrigal and Roy excepted, spelling.
John McDonald, John

Trindell, M. Sylvester,
Corrigal, Roy
B.307/a/3
1884
15Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
16Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
5 June 2014
17Dec
Fish Lake
Prairie
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
277
Trendell and Roy left for PLL for 2 dog sled loads of fish. W Flett & J
Laflour arrived from Ft Chipewyan yesterday evening with flour, etc. M
Sylvester cutting wood for house. David cutting wood on island. Adam
hauled 3 loads. Corrigal fixing Mr Simpson's house.
Mr Simpson & Adam started with 1 train dogs to see Chipewyans &
watch the trader. Flett & Laflour left for Fort Chipewyan. M Sylvester
cut wood for house and hauled 1 load from island. Corrigal fixed a sled
and worked at Mr Simpson's house. David Galleaux refused to go for
wood and was permuted to retire. Paul Cree 's [surname] son came in for
sleds to haul ... rabbits he has snared for the Co.
Trendell, Roy, William Flett,

J. Laflour, Moise Sylvester,
Adam Bouche, Corrigal, Mr
Simpson
Mr Simpson, Adam,
Chipewyans, Flett, Laflour,
Moise Sylvester, Corrigal,
Mr Simpson, Daivd
Galleaux, Paul Cree
[surname]
M Sylvester hauled 1 load wood and cut wood for house. Evans cut &
hauled a load of wood, hauled 1 load hay yesterday & today. Corrigal
lining Mr Simpson's house with printed cotton.
Moise Sylvester, Evans,

Corrigal, Mr Simpson
Portage la
Loche
Sutherland & C Maurice with 2 trains brought 235 fish from PLL Post
on
Sutherland, C Maurice
Woods
M. Sylvester supported to be getting wood. Corrigal and Sutherland

sawing boards. Evans hauled a load of hay. D. Galleaux and family left
for the Woods.

Sutherland, Evans, Galleaux
Red River
(McKay
River)
The PLL men left this morning. Mr Simpson and Adam returned from
Red River, having got 48 MB from Michel Boucher who had been
camped to sell 36 MB to the trader on account of his wife's illness. Evans
hauled a load of wood and one of hay. M. Sylvester cut and hauled two
loads wood and cut four wood and carried water for horse.
PLL men, Mr Simpson,

Adam, Michel Bouche,
Evans
B.307/a/3
1884
6d
18Dec
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1884
6d
19Dec
Island, Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1884
6d
20Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
6d
21Dec
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1884
1884
5 June 2014
22Dec
23Dec
278
278
B.307/a/3
1884
24Dec
Cree Lake,
Red River
M Sylvester + A Boucher cut + hauled wood. Evans hauled a load of hay

from second stack. Corrigal making a bed for Mr. Cowie. Gregoire
Militaire arrived last night from Cree Lake with a sled + other furs.
He started this morning taking Corrigal's dogs to the lake to bring in Old
Cree [surname] + Baptiste's fish. Chrysostom Piche sent his nephew
from Red Rirver for some supplies. Mr Simpson fixing up his room. The
men got the usual Christmas regale. Sent ... Militaire to Angelique to
make a net.
279
M. Sylvester, A. Bouche,
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Cowie,
Gregoire Militaire,
Chrysostom Piche's nephew,
Mr Simpson, Angelique
B.307/a/3
1884
7d
26Dec
Island, Lake,
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/3
1884
7d
27Dec
Island
Christmas. J Trindell already took 142 fish, having left J. Roy at their
Portage with the dogs. Evans hauled a load of hay. M Sylvester cut +
hauled a load of wood.
Evans hauled a load of hay and the track to the Island to the cattle
from going there. M Sylvester cut + hauled wood. Adam Boucher hauled
two loads of wood + cleaned Byre. Corrigal finished the bed. The Old
Cree [surname] + arrived from the lake with furs. M Lemaigre and G.
Sayer arrived from PLL with three bags of flour ... and one hundred 4
fish this evening.
Messrs Simpson + Cowie settled with Old Cree [surname] this morning.
J. Trindell + M Sylvester left for Paul + Alexis Cree [surname] camp to
bring their furs. Adam Boucher cutting wood + gathering water for
horse. Corrigal cutting and hauling wood from Island. Evans hauled one
load of hay and attending cattle as usual. Snowing all day + rather much
milder.
Mr. Simpson and A. Boucher started for Red River this morning. Paul
Cree [surname] + Alexis came for supplies.
Mr Simpson, Adam Boucher,

Paul, Alexis Cree [surname]
Corrigal hauling + cutting wood. Evans hauled a load of hay from third
stack + began to haul from Island.
Corrigal, Evans
B.307/a/3
1884
25Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
7d
28Dec
Red River
(McKay
River)
B.307/a/3
1884
7d
29Dec
Island
5 June 2014
John Trindell, Roy
Evnas, M. Sylvester, Adam

Bouche, Corrigal, Old Cree
[surname], M. Lemaigre, G.
Sayer
Mr Simpson, Mr Cowie, Old
Cree [surname], John
Trindell, Moise Sylvester,
Paul, Alexis Cree [surname],
Adam Boucher, Corrigal,
Evans
279
B.307/a/3
1884
7d-8
30Dec
B.307/a/3
1884
31Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
01-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
02-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
03-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
8d
04-Jan
5 June 2014
Island
Red River
(McKay
River), Ile-ala-Crosse,
Portage la
Loche
Portage la
Loche
280
The horses as well as the cattle have got into the hay at the Island by
Mr Woods as it . Oxen have to be kept in the Byre all day to prevent
them from going catch . The fence on the river being useless the
horses continued to . Evans hauled two loads today.... Corrigal cut +
hauled three loads of wood + cut wood + carried wood for the house
besides repaired ... in the afternoon.
Mr Woods, Evans
Evans hauled the last two loads from the first stack on the Island.
Corrigal cut + hauled two loads of wood.
Evans, Corrigal
Mr Simpson + A. Bouche returned from Red River. J. Trindell + M

Sylvester arrived this afternoon from Cree [Crees] Camp. J. McDonald
returned from Ile a la Crosse. Roy from PLL where he has been laid up,
accompanied by two men from PLL with cook stove goods for here and
3 ... Mail.
Mr Simpson, A. Bouche,
John Trindell, M. Sylvester,
Crees, John McDonald, Roy
Corrigal putting together cook stove. Moise getting wood. Evans hauling
hay and cutting cattle. Others spelling.
Corrigal, Moise
J. Trindell & Adam left for PLL for Y goods. The PLL men also left for
home. Others as usual & various jobs.
John Trindell, Adam Bouche,

PLL men
Sunday. Weather very mild.
280
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B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
8d
8d
8d
8d-9
05-Jan
J. Corrigal hauling hay. Evans attending cattle. Roy getting wood and
water for house. M Sylvester cutting and hauling wood. John McDonald
& Mr Simpson gettng ready for trip to visit Chipewyan camps.
Corrigal, Roy, Moise

Sylvester, John McDonald,
Mr Simpson, Chipewyans
Mr Simpson, John
McDonald, Chipewyans,
Corrigal, Moise Sylvester,
Roy, Evans
06-Jan
Chipewyan
camps
07-Jan
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
Mr Simpson & John McDonald left on a tour to the Chipewyan camps.

Corrigal hauled all the rest of the hay in the Island. 5 loads. M Sylvester,
Roy & Evans as on 5th.
Joe Lusk arrived from Lac la Biche last night having been about six
weeks on the way as the traders with whom he came did not know the
way. W. Flett & J Lafleur arrived from Ft Chipewyan with outgoing
packet from the North. M Lemaigre and J. Sylvester arrived with ... for
A4 from PLL. Lusk having a spell. Corrigal at various jobs. Evans & M
Sylvester as usual.
Portage la
Loche
Corrigal getting up mail and loads for Ft Chipewyan. W. Flett & Lafleur
spelling selves and dogs. Northern Packet left for PLL with M Lemaigre
and J Sylvester. Roy left with them for J M Sylvester getting wood.
Evans attending cattle. Snowing.
Corrigal, W. Flett, Lafleur,

M. Lemaigre, J. Sylvester,
Roy, M. Sylvester, Evans
Lake, Portage
la Loche
J Corrigal shot four and snared four rabbits. Other men as on 8th. Lusk
left for lake with Old Cree 's [surname] son to see after the trader who
have arrived there. J Trindell and Adam returned from PLL this evening
with 1 load fish and 1 load of goods. Snowing.
J. Corrigal, Lusk, Old Cree 's

[surname] son, John Trindell,
Adam Bouche
Corrigal made a rack for books and papers. Trindell & Adam resting.
Sylvester & Evans as usual. Cold.
Corrigal, Trindell, Adam,

Sylvester, Evans
08-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
09-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
10-Jan
5 June 2014
Chipewyan
camps
281
Joe Lusk, W. Flett, J. Lafleur,

M. Lemaigre, J. Sylvester,
Corrigal, Moise Sylvester
281
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
282
Sunday. Cold. Paul Cree 's [surname] son came in for supplies.
Paul's son, Cree [surname]
12-Jan
Red River
(McKay
River), lake,
Portage la
Loche
Milder. Corrigal making an ox sled. John McDonald & C Piche arrived

from Red River. Evans & Sylvester at usual works. Joe Lusk returned
from lake with some furs. Trindell & Boucher left for PLL this morning.
Corrigal, John McDonald, C.

Piche, Evans, Sylvester, Joe
Lusk, Trindell, Bouche
13-Jan
Red River
(McKay
River)
Corrigal finished ox sled. Lusk making an ox sled. McDonald getting

ready to start for Red River. Evans set 20 snares. Sylvester arrived.
Churchim came in this evening.
Corrigal, Lusk, McDonald,

Evans, Sylvester, Churchim
John McDonald, Joe Lusk,

Churchim, J. Corrigal, Evans,
Sylvester
11-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
14-Jan
J. McDonald left to haul two moose which Churchim has got in and to
fetch his furs. J. Corrigal & J. Lusk finished another ox sled. Evans &
Sylvester as formerly.
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
15-Jan
Men employed as on 14th. Finished another ox sled. Evans caught 14

rabbits.
Evans
Corrigal & Lusk made a track across the river to the pile of drift wood.
Evans caught 11 rabbits. Sylvester cut & hauled wood. Mr Simpson
arrived from Red River.
Corrigal, Lusk, Evans,

Sylvester, Mr Simpson
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
9d
16-Jan
Red River
(McKay
River), river
282
283
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
17-Jan
Lusk cutting wood at drift pile. Sylvester hauled 3 loads from there.
Corrigal at various jobs besides hauling a bob sled load of hay from
prairie. Evans as before.
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
18-Jan
Sunday
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
19-Jan
Portage la
Loche
Trindell & A Boucher arrived with 134 hung & 24 fresh fish from PLL. J
McDonald arrived.
Trindell. Adam Bouche, J.

McDonald
20-Jan
Fort
Chipewyan
Men made a track up the bank yesterday and afterward hauling. John
Trindell & Joe Lusk left for Alexis's camp. Mr Woods arrived from Ft
Chip.
John Trindell, Joe Lusk, Mr

Woods
Red River
(McKay
River)
John McDonald and family left for Red River to remain there to trade.
Mr Simpson filling with goods to trade with Ft Chip Indians. Corrigal
left with Adam to haul fish with 3 horse sleds from Cascade. Evans
hauling hay. Moise hauling wood.
John McDonald, Mr
Simpson, Fort Chipewyan
Indians, Corrigal, Adam,
Evans, Moise
Evans hauling hay and attending cattle. M Sylvester cutting and hauling
wood.
Evans, Moise Sylvester
B.307/a/3
1885
9d
B.307/a/3
1885
10
21-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
10
22-Jan
5 June 2014
Lusk, Sylvester, Corrigal,

Evans
283
B.307/a/3
1885
10
23-Jan
Men as yesterday.
B.307/a/3
1885
10
24-Jan
Men as usual.
B.307/a/3
1885
10
25-Jan
Steamboat
Landing
(Cascade
fishery), Red
River
J Corrigal & A Bouche returned from Steamboat Landing with 426 fish
& 2 bales for A1. Mr Simpson returned from Red River.
J. Corrigal, Mr Simpson
Red River
(McKay
River)
Trindell & Lusk arrived with two loads rabbits. Evans & Sylvester at
usual work. Other two men resting. Mr Simpson returned last night.
Trindell, Lusk, Evans,

Sylvester, Mr Simpson
Trindell & Lusk repairing sleds. Corrigal making a dog sled. Adam at
wood. Others as usual.
Trindell, Lusk, Corrigal,

Adam
Trindell, Lusk & M Sylvester left for PLL with dogs for pieces and fish.
A Boucher cutting wood. Corrigal turned a dog sled. Evans as usual.
Trindell, Lusk, Moise

Sylvester, Adam Bouche,
Corrigal, Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
10
26-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
10
27-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
10
284
28-Jan
Portage la
Loche
284
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr Woods returned from Red River. Corrigal hauled 2 loads hay. Evans
cut 3 loads wood. Adam cutting and hauling wood.
Mr Woods, Corrigal, Adam
30-Jan
Corrigal hauling hay. Evans cut 3 loads wood. Boucher as before.
Corrigal, Evans, Bouche
10d
31-Jan
Corrigal making a dog sled. Other men as before.
Corrigal
10d
01-Feb
Sunday
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
29-Jan
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
B.307/a/3
1885
B.307/a/3
1885
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
02-Feb
Red River
(McKay
River)
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
03-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
5 June 2014
285
Harper arrived from Red River with the furs traded there till date. Men as
on Saturday.
Harper
Mr Woods left for Fort Chipewyan. Harper getting ready to snare

rabbits. Men as before.
Mr Woods, Harper
285
Red River
(McKay
River)
286
Mr Simpson left for Red River. Harper started to snare rabbits. Corrigal
finished 2 dog sleds. Adam getting wood. Evans cut and hauled two
loads wood. It has been snowing since the 1st and is now a foot deeper.
Mr Simpson, Harper,
Corrigal, Adam Bouche,
Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
04-Feb
B.307/a/3
1885
10d
05-Feb
Men looking for line and whole day. Corrigal hauled 1 load hay from 5th
stack. Evans and Adam getting wood.
Corrigal, Evans, Adam

Bouche
06-Feb
Corrigal fixed stable and hauled 2 loads hay. The horses Range and Jim
stabled on 5th. Adam getting wood. Evans squared two logs for a new
foundation for a new horse.
Corrigal, Adam, Evans
Corrigal as on 6th. Evans cut . Adam as usual at wood. Mr Trindell, J

Lusk & M Sylvester with 3 A1 trains and M Lemaigre freeman with 1
train arrived from PLL with fish A and 94 fish for here. Chinayansay
came ahead of them from La Bonne as the snows very deep. Old Cree
[surname] & son arrived from lake.
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Trindell,

J. Lusk, M. Sylvester, M.
Lemaigre, freeman,
Chinayansay, Old Cree
[surname] and son
B.307/a/3
1885
11
Portage la
Loche, lake,
La Bonne
B.307/a/3
1885
11
07-Feb
B.307/a/3
1885
11
08-Feb
Sunday
09-Feb
Trindell left for Alexis camp for 2 deer. Lusk and Sylvester left for PLL
to meet packet. Harper went off to snare. Evans cutting logs for new
foundation of men's house. Corrigal hauling hay. Adam getting fire
wood.
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
11
Portage la
Loche
Trindell, Alexis, Lusk,

Sylvester, Harper, Evans,
Corrigal, Adam
286
B.307/a/3
1885
11
287
10-Feb
Red River
(McKay
River) at
Forks
Men employed as on 9th. Harper brought 20 rabbits. Maurice Boucher

and Pierre Cree 's [surname] son came in for supplies from Forks of Red
River.
Harper, Maurice Bouche,

Pierre's son, Cree [surname]
Red River
(McKay
River)
The Indians left. Messrs Simpson and Woods arrived from Red River
with some fresh meat. Evans attending cattle only. Others as usual.
Indians, Mr Simpson, Mr
Woods, Evans
Corrigal, Adam, Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
11d
11-Feb
B.307/a/3
1885
11d
12-Feb
Corrigal getting wood. Adam sick. Evans attending cattle and squaring
logs.
B.307/a/3
1885
11d
13-Feb
Men as on 12th.
14-Feb
lake
Corrigal's wife who has been unwell and unable to work for the last three
days finally resigned her birth [work?] as cook today. Corrigal making a
table. Evans getting wood & hay. Mr Woods left for lake to her.
Corrigal's wife, Corrigal,

Evans, Mr Woods
15-Feb
Red River
(McKay
River), lake,
Portage la
Loche
McDonald returned to Red River. Mr Woods came back from lake.

Sutherland left for PLL.
McDonald, Mr Woods,
Sutherland
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
11d
11d
287
B.307/a/3
1885
11d-12
16-Feb
Fort
Chipewyan
Angelique commenced to work as cook. R. Lemaigre getting wood.

Harper at wood and rabbits. Corrigal hauled 1 load hay & fixed a sled.
Evans as usual. J Lusk & M Lemaigre left with mail for Ft Chip. Mr
Woods left for same place.
Mr Cowie with Raphael Le maigre started for Portage la Loche this
morning. Tete de Bull accompanies them as far as La Bonne where he is
to get a load of Rabbits from Chinayansay. John Trindell with 1 train of
Dogs left this morning for Pierre camp with some supplies. he will bring
in all of there furs. Jas Corrigal hauled 2 loads of Hay. Harper cut wood
for the house and visited his Rabbit snares and brought home 15 Rabbits.
Evans hauled & cut two loads of wood and attended to the cattle.
All hands at same work as yesterday. Harper brought home 15 Rabbits.

Sent Aleck Evans off to haul Deer on Lake track.
Harper, A. Evans
19-Feb
Corrigal hauled 1 load of Hay attended to the Cattle and cut wood for the
house. Harper hauled wood with 2 oxen and went to rabbits snares. Alex
returned this evening. The Deer having crossed his track while he was
hunting.
Corrigal, Harper, Alex
20-Feb
Clearwater
River
Harper set a new line of Snares and visited the old snares. Evans
attending to the cattle and hauling fire wood. Mr Simpson and Corrigal
went with two horses up the Clearwater River and squared + hauled
Birch for four Dog sleds + 1 Bob sled.
Harper, Evans, Mr Simpson,

Corrigal
La Bonne
Harper set more snares. Corrigal hauled one load of Hay and cut wood
for the house. Alex Evans at same work as yesterday. Tete de Bull
arrived from La Bonne with 100 Rabbits.
Harper, Corrigal, Alex

Evans, Tete de Bull
B.307/a/3
1885
12
17-Feb
Portage la
Loche, La
Bonne,
Pierre's camp
B.307/a/3
1885
12
18-Feb
lake
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
12
12
12
288
21-Feb
Angelique, R. Lemaigre,
Harper, Corrigal, Evans, J.
Lusk, M. Lemaigre, Mr
Woods
Mr Cowie, Raphael
Lemaigre, Tete de Bull,
Chinayansay, John Trindell,
Pierre, Jas Corrigal, Harper,
Evans
288
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
12
12d
12d
12d
12d
12d
289
22-Feb
Entry missing.
23-Feb
Cree Lake
Corrigal hauled Hay. Harper went out on Lake track to set Lynx Snares.
Aleck Evans hauled wood and attended to Cattle. Sent Tete de Bull off to
Cree Lake for Horse sled & harness.

Evans, Tete de Bull
Cree Lake,
Pierre's camp
Corrigal mending Horse sleds. Harper chopping wood for House he has
given in 126 Rabbits to date. Aleck Evans at same work as yesterday.
Tete de Bull returned from Cree Lake with Horse harness & sled. John
Trindell returned from Pierre's camp. He took four dogs to make the trip
out.

Evans, Tete de Bull, John
Trindell
24-Feb
25-Feb
Portage la
Loche
26-Feb
La Bonne,
Portage la
Loche
27-Feb
Corrigal + Aleck Evans opened a new road to the Hay stacks on Prairie.
Aleck hauled 1 load of hay with oxen. Harper setting Lynx snares. Mr
Cowie arrived this evening from Portage la Loche with 2 trains Dogs,
Raphael Lemaigre & Alexander Janvier.
Corrigal + Harper with 5 Horses sleds started this morning to La Bonne
Portage with a load of Rabbits. John Trindell started for Francois Black's
camp for Moose meat. Tete de Bull with a train Dogs started for Alexis'
camp. The Portage men left this afternoon for PLL. Heavy thaw all day
with a slight shower in evening. Alex Evans with oxen hauled two loads
Hay.
Weather very mild. Wind south west. Rain fell in afternoon accompanied
by a heavy shower of storm which lasted for half an hour. Alex Evans
hauled two loads of Hay, mended the Bob sleds and attended to the
Cattle.
Corrigal, Aleck Evans,

Harper, Mr Cowie, Raphael
Lemaigre, Alexander Janvier
Corrigal, Harper, John

Trindell, Francois Black,
Tete de Bull, Alexis, Alex
Evans
Alex Evans
289
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
12d
13
13
13
13
13
290
28-Feb
Weather very mild. Alex Evans attending to the Cattle and hauled one
load hay.
Alex Evans
01Mar
Red River
(McKay
River)
John McDonald and a boy came up from Red River with a Packet & 1
Bag Flour which Chrysostom + Raphael Lemaigre brought up from
Chipewyan. Jo Leisk will follow in a few days with the South bound
Packet. Michel Lemaigre remained at Red River. John McDonald will
return to RR tommorw.
John McDonald,
Chrysostom, Raphael
Lemaigre, Chipewyan, Jo
Leisk, Michel Lemaigre
02Mar
Red River
(McKay
River)
John McDonald with Boy left this morning. Raphael Lemaigre brought
up the Furs from Red River. Aleck Evans hauled 1 load of Hay and
attended to the Cattle. Slight fall of Snow during the night.
McDonald, boy, Raphael

Lemaigre, Alex Evans
03Mar
Portage la
Loche, La
Bonne
Michel Lemaigre started back to PLL this morning. Alick Evans at same
work as yesterday. Harper & Corrigal arrived from labonne with the five
horses. They brought 820 Rabbits.
Michel Lemaigre, Alex

Evans, Harper, Corrigal
Lake, Lac la
Biche, Portage
la Loche
Harper & Corrigal did nothing today. Alex Evans with oxen hauled cord
wood and attended to the Cattle. Tete de Bull arrived with meat from
Alexis' camp.
Harper went to his snares. Corrigal cut wood in the forenoon and squared
Birch in afternoon. Alex Evans hauled 1 load hay and cut wood for the
house. Tete de Bull with 2 oxen hauled wood. John Trindell arrived from
Francois Black's camp with a load of meat and some furs. Lawque the
Trader came in from the lake with his goods which he will store with the
Company and return to Lac la Biche via PLL.
04Mar
05Mar
Harper, Corrigal, Alex

Evans, Tete de Bull, Alexis
Harper, Corrigal, Evans, Tete

de Bull, Trindell, Black,
Lawque trader
290
B.307/a/3
1885
13
06Mar
Cree Lake,
Lac la Biche
Corrigal & Harper leased 5 horse sleds. Tete de Bull with 2 oxen hauled
2 loads of wood and cut wood for the House. Alex Evans hauled hay &
attending to the Cattle. Gregoire Militaire came in from Cree Lake. He
will accompany Lawque to Lac la Biche. Both these men signed on
agreement to work for the HBC (per month) during coming Summer.
Lawque as a Steersman & Gregoire as Middleman.
Corrigal, Harper, Tete de

Bull, Alex Evans, Gregoire
Militaire, Lawque
Corrigal & Harper left with 5 horse sleds for PL Loche to bring freight.
Trindell & M Sylvester left to fetch meat of 2 moose sold by F Black.
Evans hauling hay & attending to cattle. The packet arrived from Ft
Chipewyan with Mr Woods & J Lusk this afternoon.
Corrigal, Harper, Trindell, M.

Sylvester, F. Black, Evans,
Mr Woods, J. Lusk
Lusk left for PLL with packet.
Lusk
Evans as usual.
Evans
Mr Simpson left for Ft Chipewyan. Mr Woods going with him to Red

River. Evans got wood as well as at to his usual work.
Mr Simpson, Mr Woods,
Evans
Evans doing duty again. Trindell & Sylvester returned with two
young moose and half a lorge moose carcase.
Evans, Trindell, Sylvester
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
07Mar
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
08Mar
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
09Mar
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
10Mar
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
11Mar
5 June 2014
291
Fort
Chipewyan,
Red River
(McKay
River)
291
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
12Mar
Red River
(McKay
River)
Evans as before. Tripmen resting after trip. Mr Woods returned from

Red River. Snowed a little.
Evans, Mr Woods
Red River
(McKay
River)
M Sylvester left for Red River to assist McDonald. Trindell fixing his
sled. Evans getting wood & hay and attending to cattle. Mr Woods made
a desk. Flurry snow fall last night.
Sylvester, McDonald,
Trindell, Evans, Mr Woods
Trindell, Sylvester, Alexis,

Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
13d
13Mar
B.307/a/3
1885
14
14Mar
Trindell left to fetch the deer's meat he and Sylvester left on way home
from Alexis. Evans hauled hay, cut & hauled wood and attended cattle.
B.307/a/3
1885
14
15Mar
Sunday. Still snowy.
B.307/a/3
1885
14
16Mar
Evans attending oxen. Mild. A partial eclise of the sun this forenoon.
B.307/a/3
1885
14
17Mar
Trindell returned this morning. Evans hauled wood and hay. Heavy
thaw.
5 June 2014
292
Trindell, Evans
292
B.307/a/3
1885
14
293
18Mar
Lac la Biche
Evans pulled down roof of passage and made a temporary platform.

Trindell stringing furs. D Ladouceur, trader, from Lac la Biche arrived to
take back the goods left by Laracque. Heavy thaw.
Lac la Biche,
White Fish
Lake
Evans hauling hay and getting wood. Trindell at furs still. Ladouceur left
for home going by White fish Lake. Heavy thaw.
Evans, Trindell, Ladouceur
Evans, Trindell, D.
Ladouceur, trader, Laracque
B.307/a/3
1885
14
19Mar
B.307/a/3
1885
14
20Mar
Evans hauled hay and afterwards cut ice with Trindell. Cold NW wind &
snow.
Evans, Trindell
B.307/a/3
1885
14
21Mar
Evans hauled hay and wood. Trindell finished getting ice. Cold.
Evans, Trindell
B.307/a/3
1885
14d
22Mar
Cold and clear. No sign of men returning.
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
14d
23Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
Evans as usual. Trindell fixing his sled. Mr Simpson & 3 Ft Chipewyan

men arrived from A4. Corrigal came ahead of sleds to tell the horses are
played out.
Evans, Trindell, Mr Simpson,

Fort Chipewyan men,
Corrigal
293
B.307/a/3
1885
14d
24Mar
Portage la
Loche
J. Trindell left for PLL with mail. Joe Lusk left for goods cached. Joe
Lusk arrived from JX. Corrigal resting.
John Trindell, Jose Lusk,

Corrigal
Corrigal hauling out logs for new house. Lusk went to meet Harper &
returned with him tonight. Evans at usual work and looking for hay but
found none. Messrs Simpson and Woods went out to shoot rabbits but
saw none. Ft Chipewyan men getting wood, etc. Cold NW wind. Only 3
1/2 loads hay left in stack.
Corrigal, Lusk, Evans, Mr

Simpson, Mr Woods, Fort
Chipewyan men
Men as on 24th except Ft Chip Indian birch boughs for cattle, and Lusk
& Harper resting. Joe Dollar returned.
Fort Chipewyan Indian,

Lusk, Harper, Joe Dollar
Joe Dollar, Fort Chipewyan

Indian, Joe Lusk, Harper,
Brown
Evans, Corrigal, Brown, Mr

Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
14d
25Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1885
14d
26Mar
Fort
Chipewyan
B.307/a/3
1885
14d
27Mar
Joe Dollar & Ft Chipewyan Indian left for Ft Chip. Joe Lusk and Harper
left for lake to commence fishing. Brown help mending kettle. Other
men as on 24th.
B.307/a/3
1885
15
28Mar
Evans attending cattle, etc. Corrigal hauling logs. Brown & Mr Woods
fixing loft for a bed room.
B.307/a/3
1885
15
29Mar
Thawed very little for the last few days.
5 June 2014
294
294
B.307/a/3
1885
15
30Mar
B.307/a/3
1885
15
31Mar
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
Ferre Blanche
Evans attending cattle & getting wood. Corrigal cutting sleepers and
laying foundation of a house. Mr Engineer Littlebury arrived this am
from PLL with 3 men bringing a packet; and left tonight for Ft
Chipewyan with Brown & his dogs. The PLL men returned. J.
McDonald and F Black arrived from RR with furs this forenoon and
returned tonight accompanied by Mr Simpson. John Trindell arrived
from PLL with 3 Ft Chip pieces. Alexis Cree [surname] & son came in.
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Engineer

Littlebury, Brown, John
McDonald, Francois Black,
Mr Simpson, John Trindell,
Men as on 29th. Trindell "spelling."
Trindell
Messrs Woods and Trindell left for Ferre Blanche to secure pieces left by
horse sleds there and bring sugar. Corrigal hauled the 4 - 30 ft building
logs cut and squared by Evans yesterday. Evans as usual. Old Cree
[surname] & Peychegun came in.
Mr Woods, Mr Trindell,
Corrigal, Old Cree
[surname], Peychegan, Evans
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Cowie
B.307/a/3
1885
15
01-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
15d
02-Apr
Corrigal working at new house. Evans at usual work. Mr Cowie cleaning

and putting the stores in order.
B.307/a/3
1885
15d
03-Apr
Men shifting their quarters and things from dwelling house to small
house before pulling down former to shift it up the bank. Rained today.
Cattle not put in tonight.
B.307/a/3
1885
15d
04-Apr
Men pulling down the house mentioned yesterday. Rained heavily last
night. The snow disappearing very quickly.
5 June 2014
295
295
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
15d
15d
05-Apr
06-Apr
296
lake
Joe Lusk came in from lake with 2 white fish & 3 suckers. He says they
have about 30 suckers there. He brought in from lake, 1 bundle
Churchim's furs and 3 beaver fur from Old Cree [surname], his son and
Peychegun. No snow on lake track.
Joe Lusk, Churchim, Old

Cree [surname] and son,
Peychegun
Ferre Blanche,
Portage la
Loche
Joe Lusk returned to lake this morning. Messrs Woods & Trindell
arrived from Ferre Blanche with 1 keg sugar. Sutherland arrived from
PLL with a packet which could not be sent on for want of provisions.
Corrigal & Evans hauling logs of house pulled down to new site, etc
more provisions in store.
Jose Lusk, Mr Woods, Mr

Trindell, Sutherland,
Corrigal, Evans
lake
Mr Woods left for lake to spring time fishing. Corrigal & Evans putting
up house. Paul & Churchim Cree [surname] came in and left yesterday.
Men slaughtered a 3 year old calf raised here for food.
Mr Woods, Corrigal, Evans,

Paul, Churchim, Cree [Crees]
B.307/a/3
1885
15d-16
07-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16
08-Apr
Joe Lusk arrived from lake at 11 AM. Men hauling up a batteau &
logging house. Old Cree [surname] & Peychegun came in.
Joe Lusk, Old Cree

[surname], Peychegun
09-Apr
river
This morning at 4 the River broke open and ice began running till
midday. The water rising to within 6 feet of level of fort. Evans looking
after cattle and assisting Corrigal logging new house. Sutherland & Lusk
after hauling things up from old houses out of the way of the possible
flood, commenced to saw flooring.
Evans, Corrigal, Sutherland,

Lusk
10-Apr
Clearwater
River,
Athabasca
River
Corrigal & Evans chopping and hauling logs. Lusk & Sutherland sawing.
The Clearwater over flowing its banks. Ice in Athabasca still stucking.
Evans killed 1st goose.
Corrigal, Evans, Lusk,

Sutherland
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
16
16
296
B.307/a/3
1885
16
11-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16
12-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16-16d
13-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16d
14-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16d
15-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
16d
16-Apr
297
Men as yesterday. Lusk & Sutherland very lazy. Harper brought 28

suckers and 3 white fish from lake and cleaned up yard.
Lusk, Sutherland, Harper
Harper left for lake taking out all the dogs.
Harper
Portage la
Loche
Lusk & Sutherland left for PLL. Corrigal & Evans at rebuilding house.
Lusk, Sutherland, Corrigal,

Evans
Lake (fishery),
little river
Mr Trindell tried to go to Lake for fish but could not cross little river.
Corrigal fixing kitchen. Evans getting logs.
Mr Trindell, Corrigal, Evans
J M Trindell killed first duck. Men at various small jobs.
John Trindell
Snowy & blowy. The men getting wood hauling roof poles, sharpening
tools, etc. Mr Simpson & M Sylvester arrived from Red River by land,
bringing letters from Ft Chipewyan to 4th inst.
Mr Simpson, M. Sylvester
Lake (fishery)
Red River
(McKay
River), Fort
Chipewyan
297
B.307/a/3
1885
16d
17-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
16d
18-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
17
19-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
17
20-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
17-17d
21-Apr
5 June 2014
Creek, lake
(fishery), river
Clearwater
River,
Athabasca
River
Lake (fishery)
298
M. Sylvester resting. Corrigal caught a horse for Trindell and helped him
across the Creek on the track to lake, where the latter are going for fish.
Corrigal & Evans then hauled roof poles and began putting them up.
Clear but rather cold. The ice in the river still stucking.

Trindell
Evans & M. Sylvester working at roof of new house.
Evans, Sylvester
Ice in the middle which moved a little now and then and stops at present
opposite the mouth of the Clearwater which is campletely blocked up
with the ice piled up by the Athabasca.
JM Trindell left to fetch suckers from lake. Farming began today by Mr
Woods putting down cabbage, cauliflower, cress and cucumbers in boxes
to start in house. Other men at house till 4 PM when Evans, Corrigal
reported the waggon and arranged a hoist for the ox cariole & M
Sylvester went for a little wood and 3 keys floated off by ice.
Sylvester went for a load of wood this morning and only got back after
dinner; he then went to gather pine pitch. Corrigal & Evans killed the
young ox. As there is no provision to be had except half rations of
suckers obtained with difficulty at the lake and the brute was becoming
dangerous and unsafe to handle, it was decided to be best to slaughter
him and so get much needed work done by the men instead of allowing
them to starve in idleness. Mr Woods prepared a land and dig up 193
leek bulbs; also maured 2 stools rhuberb. Corrigal minded waggon, made
a byre keg, put up stands for plant boxes and cut the beef up in quarters.
Evans put up some roofing and went for wood for 4 oars.
JM Trindell, Mr Woods,
Evans, Corrigal, M. Sylvester
Sylvester, Corrigal, Evans,

Mr Woods
298
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
17d
17d
22-Apr
Lake (fishery)
23-Apr
Trindell came from lake last night at 1 AM with a horse laden with 40
fish, suckers. He left 12 fresh & 28 dried suckers there. M. Sylvester
gathered pitch all day, but only began at 9 A.M. Corrigal and Evans
repairing scow and making oars for her. Mr Woods went for an ox and
burnt prairie. Messrs Simpson and Trindell cut up beef, cleaned stores,
and hung up furs to dry, etc. Weather clear and cool.
Trindell, M. Sylvester, Mr
Woods, Mr Simpson
Corrigal & Evans caulked and pitched scow, hauled her to top of bank
and began a skid way to launch her from there over ice pile to water. Mr
Trindell burnt hay field on stand, hung out fur to dry, etc. Mr Woods
transplanted leek and dug round rhubarb. Moise Sylvester hauled 7 loads
manure to garden. Showery.

Mr Woods, Moise Sylvester
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1885
18
24-Apr
B.307/a/3
1885
18
25-Apr
Mr Woods & M Sylvester hauled 9 waggon loads of manure to garden.

Corrigal repaired fur folder, and Evans cut up old roof poles for pickets
after they finished the skid way at 10 AM. Trindell sorting furs and
cleaning up fort. Snowed last night and this A.M. till 9. Showery all day.
Rained last night and froze near day light. Showery and changeable all
day. Mr Woods spread manure and garden and made a hot bed and
planted in boxes some radish, tomatoes & lettuce. M Sylvester hauled
fence from barley field and put them on the garden fence also hauled one
load manure, hauled off rubbish of yard. Trindell cleaned up yard. After
4 PM these three passed ... through fur holder as it rained too much for
outside work. Corrigal fixed folder batteau and a box for tools. Evans all
day at fence for calf yard.
B.307/a/3
1885
18
26-Apr
Sunday
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
18-18d
27-Apr
Red River
(McKay
River), Fort
Chipewyan
299
Mr & Mrs Simpson left for Red River. Mr Trindell & M Sylvester went
with them in the Ducharm batteau, which was laden with all Ft Chip
pieces to hand. Messrs Cowie & Woods assisted in loading batteau till
after dinner when it started and Mr Woods went to look for horses and
failed. Corrigal & Evans putting up packets for a calf yard.
Mr Woods, Moise Sylvester,

Corrigal, Evans, Trindell
Mr Woods, M. Sylvester,
Trindell, Corrigal
Mr and Mrs Simpson, Mr

Trindell, M. Sylvester,
Ducharm, Mr Cowie, Mr
Woods, Corrigal, Evans
299
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1885
1885
1885
1885
18d
18d
18d
19
28-Apr
29-Apr
Lake (fishery),
the mouth of
the Clearwater
River
Mr Woods left for lake after men found horses. Mr Cowie, Corrigal &
Evans went for and secured a batteau at the mouth of Clearwater. Strong
NW wind.
Mr Woods, Mr Cowie,
Corrigal, Evans
Lake (fishery)
Snow & sleet all day. Men began roofing ho. And cutting roofing but
had to quit and folded some furs indoors. Mr Woods returned form lake
at 9:30 PM with one horse laden with 40 suckers & 1 white fish.
Mr Woods
The cow had a cow calf this morning. The last four were bulls. Corrigal
& Evans hauled and put up some roofing. Afterwards Corrigal roofed
and fixed calf house & Evans got fire wood this afternoon, was told
his a/c and rearranged for one year. Mr Woods fixing riding saddle.
Corrigal and wife hired to milk cow.
Corrigal and wife, Evans, Mr

Woods, Evans
30-Apr
01May
prairie,
Athabasca
River
Mr Woods putting some things in order round the place. Mr Cowie

brought skiff and cable from Prairie. Men finished putting roofing poles
men's house. The Athabasca River began rising on Sunday and is now
three feet higher than then. The ice piled on the banks crumbles and
tumbles constantly.
Mr Woods went up the Athabasca in the skiff with Corrigal & Evans to
fetch the bark cut last summer. They succeeded in bringing 64 pieces but
the ice had carried the rest. The women split and salted on the suckers in
store. The river went down a foot this morning but rain in the evening
owing to the bursting of the barrier at the mouth of the Horse Trail
Creek.
Evans shot a beaver, a goose and 4 ducks in the Clearwater.
B.307/a/3
1885
19
02May
Athabasca
River, Horse
Trail Creek
B.307/a/3
1885
19
03May
Clearwater
River
5 June 2014
300
Mr Woods, Mr Cowie
Mr Woods, Corrigal, Evans,

women
Evans
300
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1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
19
19-19d
19d
19d
19d
19d-20
301
Evans started for lake to bring in a canoe. Corrigal put bark on kitchen
roof. Mr Woods at various jobs. Harper arrived with 38 suckers & 1
white fish.
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Woods,

Harper
lake, Red
River
Men finished fixing up kitchen. Harper insulted Mr Woods and got a

Evans returned from lake with a canoe. Mr Trindell returned from Red
River with Sylvester.
Harper, Mr Woods, Evans,

Mr Trindell, Sylvester
river
Evans helped Harper across river with dogs, got pitch, fixed his canoe
and put a net down. Men cleaning up chips and cutting wood. Cold NW
wind.
Evans, Harper
08May
little hill
Evans caught 2 suckers and 1 jackfish. Corrigal & Evans ploughed

garden and half of field. Mr Trindell & Sylvester cleaning round store.
Mr Woods working at ice house & packets.
Mr Woods planted some potatoe shoots as an experiment on South side
of little hill in garden, close the fence; also a bed of onions. Corrigal
finished ploughing and harrowing garden and home field; and hauled 3
loads fence. Evans set 2 nets backed 2 nets and caught 7 fish. Mr
Trindell went for and fetched Paul Cree [surname] cached furs.
Churchim & Paychegun Cree [surname] arrived. Evans' and Corrigal's
wives cut all the potatoes for seed, say 8 bushels.
09May
Clearwater
River,
Pembana,
Portage la
Loche
Evans started up the Clearwater for a hunt and to see if any fish are to be
had at Pembana. Corrigal hauling fencing and doing some carpenters
work. Mr Woods sowed some cabbage and fixed hot bed. Chinayansay
arrived from PLL.
04May
05May
06May
07May
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Trindell,

Sylvester, Mr Woods
Mr Woods, Corrigal and

wife, Evans and wife, Mr
Trindell, Churchim, Paul
Cree [surname], Paychegun
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Woods,

Chinayansay
301
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1885
1885
1885
1885
20
20
20
20
10May
Red River
(McKay
River)
J McDonald arrived from Red River this PM. Evans returned with 3
beaver but got no fish.
McDonald, Evans
11May
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr. Cowie left this morning with J Trindell, Corrigal for Red River to
settle with Indians at that place. Evans unwell (resting). Cree [Crees]
pitched off.
Mr Cowie, John Trindell,

Indians, Evans, Cree [Crees]
12May
Lake
13May
Red River
(McKay
River), Ile-ala-Crosse,
Carlton
Evans still unwell. Mr. Woods planted some Mustard. Cree [Crees] and
Squash in hot bed. Put Cabbage, Tomatoes already planted there. M
Sylvester returned from Lake bringing in horse + fish by Harper on
Saturday.
M. Sylvester hauled a load of firewood + cleaned up round fort. Evans
mended + put down two nets + drove pickets round home field in
morning. In afternoon he + Mr. Woods put put fire which had run into
the manure round byre, which had a narrow escape of being burnt down.
Mr. Cowie returned with skiff from Red River at 3:30 PM. William
Scette + Jonas Torangeau arrived with special packet from Isle a la
Crosse bringing new of the Riel + Cree [surname] insurrection at
Carlton, etc. Commenced to Rain about 9:30 PM.
Red River
(McKay
River), Ile-ala-Crosse
Rained and sleeted all day. Fishery failed. Men folding furs. Mr Trindell
with Moise Sylvester & J Torangeau left for Red River on a batteau with
some ammunition, etc at 11 PM, taking on packet from Ile a la Crosse.
Mr Trindell, Moise Sylvester,

J. Torangeau
Evans & Scette left this morning for PLL for Tea & Sugar. Corrigal &
Mr Woods attending nets & gardening.
Evans, Scette, Corrigal, Mr

Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
20
14May
B.307/a/3
1885
20d
15May
5 June 2014
302
Evans, Mr Woods, Cree

[Crees], Moise Sylvester,
Harper
Moise Sylvester, Evans, Mr

Woods, Mr Cowie, William
Scette
302
303
B.307/a/3
1885
20d
16May
Lac la Biche,
Edmonton
Mr Woods & Corrigal planted 8 bushel potatoes. G. Militaire arrived last

night from Lac Biche by canoe to House River from there by land,
bringing a letter from Mr Young dated 20th April giving news of Indian
Rebellion up to that time. Militaire left Lac la Biche on 34d inst. and
heard from Mrs Young that Mr Young had retured from Edmonton
bringing the intelligence that 10,000 soldiers were to be there on the 8th
inst. All was quiet at Edmonton. The Cree [Crees] robbed & pillaged the
Co's post and traders at Lac la Biche while Mr Young was away.
B.307/a/3
1885
20d
17May
little river
Militaire tried to go to lake but had to turn back the little river being too
high. He then went off hunting.
Militaire
B.307/a/3
1885
20d
18May
Corrigal and Mr Woods bundling up furs in store. Rained hard all day. 5
fish.
Corrigal, Mr Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
20d
19May
Mr Woods & Corrigal planted the rest of the potatoes, 8 bushels in all. 3
Fish. Churchim & Peychegung came in.
Mr Woods, Corrigal,
Churchim, Peychegung
Militaire, Evans, Corrigal,

Mr Woods, Pierre Cree
[surname], sons and son-inlaw
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Woods,

Churchim, Peychegung
B.307/a/3
1885
21
20May
Portage la
Loche
Militaire returned having killed nothing. Evans returned from PLL with
ammunition & sugar. Corrigal bundling up furs. Mr Woods working in
office and store. Pierre Cree [surname] with his sons and son in law
arrived. Heavy showers all day.
B.307/a/3
1885
21
21May
lake
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Woods folding furs. Churchim & Peychegung left

for lake with 1 horse Rain.
5 June 2014
Mr Woods, Corrigal,
Gregoire Militaire, Mr
Young, Indian, Mrs Young,
soldiers, Cree [Crees]
303
Evans left for the lake with his wife & child to lake Harper's place there.
Angelique left for the lake. Corrigal brought a load of wood & carried in
kitchen passage.
Evans and wife and child,

Angelique, Corrigal
Corrigal
B.307/a/3
1885
21
22May
B.307/a/3
1885
21
23May
Corrigal backed a new small mesh net and looked for he lost. Rained
till afternoon.
B.307/a/3
1885
21
24May
Clear and bright for the first time for a week. Strong wind from NW.
B.307/a/3
1885
21
25May
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
21d
21d
lake
26May
Red River
(McKay
River), Lake
(fishery),
Athabasca
River,
Clearwater
River
27May
Red River
(McKay
River), House
River
304
Corrigal caught 5 fish and sowed some carrots.

M Sylvester arrived last evening from Red River to report McDonald
starving and unable to get a canoe to fetch up furs. Corrigal killed an ox
to save us from starvation and enable to to assist McDonald and get
throught with the work. Mr Woods sowing seeds, etc. Harper arrived
from Lake this evening with 10 suckers. Fish have failed there too.
Baptiste Cree [surname] came in with him. They tracked 3 strangers on
the way from lake supposed to be fugitive Indians. Thunder & showers.
Rivers very high for last two days.
Harper & Sylvester left for Red River with provisions to fetch up J
McDonald and family and the furs. Mr Woods and Corrigal sowed
carrots, onions and turnips in the garden and salted down 359 lbs. beef.
Alexis and Bpatiste, Old Cree 's [surname] son arrived this evening.
They tracked two men coming on the House River trail near here. Clear
and bright with occasional showers and thunder. The ice is falling and
Corrigal
Mr Sylvester, McDonald,
Corrigal, Harper, Baptiste
Cree [surname], fugitive
Indians
Harper, Sylvester, J.
McDonald and family, Mr
Woods, Corrigal, Alexis,
Baptiste, Old Cree 's
[surname] son
304
305
clearing away from the banks quickly.
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
22
22
22
22d
Mr Woods & Corrigal sawed turnips, S and some Spinach till

afternoon and then folded furs. Warm with small showers toward
evening.
28May
29May
Red River
(McKay
River)
30May
Portage la
Loche, Red
River, Duck
Lake, Prince
Albert, Lac la
Biche
31May
Corrigal put up fence round home field and cut and hauled 2 waggon
loads wood. Mr Woods checking Red River a/c. Cloudy.
Joe Lusk arrived from PLL with some shot and sugar in a small canoe.
He brings an Indian report that 500 soldiers from Red River were
defeated by Riel at Duck Lake; that 1000 more soldiers were on their
way from Red River to Prince Albert; that the 500 fefeated by Riel had
shortly before defeated and killed 200 Cree [Crees] who were about to
attack Prince Albert. The Indians also report that the 12 oxen for PLLT
which wintered at Lac la Biche were taken by Big Bear's men and that
Big Bear intends sending a pillaging party to sack this place. Mr Woods,
Corrigal & Lusk made a roft to float our property should intelligence of
an attacks being made reach us in time.
Very rainy. Mr Woods & Lusk packed up goods and brought them and
the provisions down to dwelling house in case the rebel Indians might
make a night raid on the store. Corrigal assisted them but hurt his back
before dinner and was laid up.
Mr Woods, Corrigal
Corrigal, Mr Woods
Joe Lusk, Indian, soldiers,

Riel, Cree [Crees], Indians,
Big Bear, Mr Woods,
Corrigal
Mr Woods, Lusk, Corrigal,

rebel Indians
305
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
22d
22d
01-Jun
Red River
(McKay
River),
Athabasca
Landing,
Grand Rapids
Mr Woods & Lusk folded some furs and filled the garden up with barley.
Corrigal sick off duty. Harper returned from Red River with small canoe,
leaving McDonald & family and Sylvester near herd. They bring no furs,
not having been able to get skiff from John McDonald's daughter died
and was buried at Red River on 27th May last. Captain Favil arrived
from Athabasca Landing this afternoon in a small scow with only his
baggage and no provisions. He hired Thomas Oncanaise for trip from
Grand Rapid and left him here.
Mr Woods, Corrigal, Harper,

McDonald and family,
Sylvester, McDonald's
daughter, Captain Favil,
Thomas Oncanaise
02-Jun
Fort
Chipewyan,
Red River
(McKay
River)
Captain Favil left for Ft Chipewyan this morning. McDonald and

Sylvester arrived starving this afternoon. Men folding furs, etc. Harper,
Sylvester & Oncanaise left for Red River to fetch furs again today. Favil
was to leave for them.
Captain Favil, McDonald,

Sylvester, Harper, Oncanaise
lake
Mr Woods at various jobs. McDonald & Lusk took up roft and hauled
logs to old silo and also put goods back in store. Corrigal still laid up.
Evans, who came from lake last night went Bte Cree 's [surname] furs,
reporting he has 70 dried fish there, returned this morning. Showery.
Mr Woods, McDonald, Lusk,

Corrigal, Evans, Baptiste
Cree [surname]
Men folding furs. Mr Woods parting axes.
Mr Woods
Red River
(McKay
River)
Men made 19 packs fur. Thomas Oncanaise returned from Red River to
say Captain Favil had contrary to arrangement taken on the he
brought and owing to the high water. Harper & Sylvester could not bring
up
Thomas Oncanaise, Captain

Favil, Harper, Sylvester
Portage la
Loche
Baptiste & Churchim Cree [surname] arrived from lake this AM with
hunts and 70 dry fish. Men getting oxen & horses sent off to PLL.
Corrigal, Churchim and Mr Woods going to drive them to PLL. Thomas
Soulteaux doing odd jobs.
Baptiste, Churchim, Cree

[Crees], Corrigal, Churchim,
Mr Woods, Thomas
Soulteaux
B.307/a/3
1885
23
03-Jun
B.307/a/3
1885
23
04-Jun
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
23
23
306
05-Jun
06-Jun
306
B.307/a/3
1885
23
07-Jun
307
Mr Cowie started off to the Portage la Loche with 3 men. Jose Leash and
Baptiste Cree [surname], Thomas in the shift and canoe.
Mr Cowie, Jose Leash,

Thomas
John McDonald Paul Paul son started down to Red River for furs
and all the things.
John McDonald, Paul and

son
B.307/a/3
1885
23-23d
08-Jun
Red River
(McKay
River)
B.307/a/3
1885
23d
09-Jun
Lac la Biche
John McDonald folding beavers and watering the garden. The Lac la
Biche Boats arrived here today at 2 o'clock the afternoon.
McDonald
10-Jun
Little Red
River, Stoney
Island, Lake
John McDonald making Packs. Paul Cree [surname] and his son
arrived from Little Red River and left the Furs below Stoney Island.
Harper and Moise is coming up by land. Old Cree [surname] and his son
Alexie and 2 boy came in from the lake today with their furs and
starving.
McDonald, Paul and son,

Harper, Moise Sylvester, Old
Cree [surname] and son, boys
11-Jun
Lac la Biche,
Portage la
Loche
J. McDonald making packs. Lac la Biche boats started off this morning
and all the Cree [Crees] pitched out to the lake. Harper and Moise
arrived today. They arrived here today and the men started off to the
Portage la Loche.
McDonald, Crees, Harper
12-Jun
Athabasca,
Red River
(McKay
River)
Harper started off this morning to Athabasca with Packet and Moise
went down with him to Red River to put the Furs by right. J. McDonald,
planting garden seeds and making .
Harper, Moise, McDonald
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
23d
23d
23d
307
B.307/a/3
1885
23d
13-Jun
B.307/a/3
1885
24
14-Jun
15-Jun
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
24
24
16-Jun
B.307/a/3
1885
24
17-Jun
B.307/a/3
1885
24
18-Jun
5 June 2014
308
John McDonald, France planting garden seeds weighing Packs. Alex

Evans came from the Loche today with 25 Dried Fish.
McDonald, Alex Evans
Little Red
River
Moise Sylvester arrived from Little Red River today. Alex went and hunt
and mild nothing.
Moise Sylvester, Alex
Portage la
Loche
McDonald, Alexis, Moise making Packs. Jose Leash, Thomas,

Churchim, Baptiste arrived from the PLL Landing with Packets for A
and Forks.
McDonald, Alexis, Moise

Sylvester, Jose Leash,
Thomas, Churchim, Baptiste
lake, Lac la
Biche
McDonald, Evans, Moise making Packs today. We finished making

packs today 34 P 1 case. Moise put a net down this evening. Alex Evans
started off to the lake. Jose Leash and Thomas started off to Lac la Biche
this morning and Baptiste, Churchim went to the lake.
McDonald, Evans, Moise,

Alex Evans, Jose Leash,
Thomas, Baptiste, Churchim
Lake (fishery)
John McDonald and Moise making Packs. John watering the garden. Old
Cree [surname] and his son and his girl came in from the lake today and
brought 60 dried fish from Alex Evans.
John McDonald, Moise, Old

Cree [surname] and son and
daughter, Alex Evans
John McDonald working in the garden. Moise Sylvester taking rabbit

snares.
McDonald, Moise Sylvester
308
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
309
The steamer Grahame arrived here today from Fort Chipewyan and
started again up the Portage. John McDonald off to the Portage with the
steamer off to Ft. Chipewyan with some powder + other stuff for Ft.
Chipewyan.
McDonald
B.307/a/3
1885
24
19-Jun
B.307/a/3
1885
24
20-Jun
J. Trindell with .. Stick in the Mud and son. They went off today to
the lake. J. Trindell got some skins.
Trindell, Stick-in-the-Mud
and son
McDonald, Harper's wife,

Cree [Crees], Trindell
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
21-Jun
John McDonald's & Harper's wife started off to the lake to stop at the
fishery. The 3 Cree [Crees] came here al off too. Trindell went and hunt
and killed a duck.
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
22-Jun
John Trindell fools some beavers. Joseph Leash came here to get some
Tea + tobacco. It was very hot today.
Trindell, Joseph Leash
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
23-Jun
lake
it is north wind today. Joe went off this morning to the lake. Alex Evans
and Paul Cree 's [surname] boy brought some dried fish. 41.
Joe, Alex Evans, Paul's boy,

Cree [surname]
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
24-Jun
lake
It rained a little last night. Alec + Paul's boy went off this morning to the
lake.
Alex Evans, Paul's boy
5 June 2014
309
310
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
25-Jun
Lake (fishery)
It rained this morning before sun rise. Joe Leisk returned here from the
lake with some dried fish. Ps 18.
Joe Leisk
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
26-Jun
House River
John Trindell & Joe Cameron made 6 packs. Gregoire returned from
House River. He went there for his things.
John Trindell, Joe Cameron,

Gregoire Militaire
B.307/a/3
1885
24d
27-Jun
It was fine day today.
28-Jun
It was very hot day. Joe Cameron started off in a small Birch Canoe to
the Portage. Gregoire off to Lake. Churchim and Alexis arrived here
from the lake, to go and hunt across the River. John Trindell went and
hunt, up the Clearwater and saw 2 ducks and killed one from the two.
Joe Cameron, Gregoire,

Churchim, Alexis, John
Trindell
29-Jun
Alexis and Churchim started off this morning. John Trindell worked in
the garden. Rained about 1/2 hour at 6 o'clock in the afternoon. Very hot
today. I
Alexis, Churchim, John

Trindell
30-Jun
Tommi Youpi, the Trader, and his man passed here this morning to go to
lake la Biche. He says is going to come back at once. Trindell at the
same work. Weather clear and hot.
Tommi Youpi, trader,

Trindell
B.307/a/3
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B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
24d
24d
24d
lake, river
Lac la Biche
310
prairie, river
311
Rained a little today. J. Trindell cleaned the Byre. Old Cree [surname],
Baptiste, Harper and Gregoire arrived at the Prairie to hunt Rabbits for
their living and after Pitched off across the river to hunt Beavers. Alex
Evans's wife is very sick, they say.
John Trindell, Old Cree

[surname], Baptiste, Harper,
Gregoire, Alex Evans's wife
Churchim, John Trindell
B.307/a/3
1885
25
01-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25
02-Jul
Very fine day today. Churchim came here this morning with some fresh
Moose meat. John Trindell worked from midday in the Potato field.
B.307/a/3
1885
25
03-Jul
Friday
B.307/a/3
1885
25
04-Jul
Portage la
Loche, Red
River, Lake
(fishery)
B.307/a/3
1885
25
05-Jul
Lake (fishery)
Paul Cree [surname] and Peychegin arrived here today from the lake.

Peychegan
Lake (fishery)
John McDonald and Jos Mangarin weeding the garden. Rained half day.
Alex Evans, Baptiste, Old Cree [surname] son went to the lake for dried
fish.
McDonald, Jose Mangarin,

Alex Evans, Baptiste, Old
Cree [surname]
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
25
06-Jul
John McDonald arrived here today from PLL in canoe and John Trindell,
Gregoire Militaire started to Red River to get Tar. Alexis Cree [surname]
arrived here today with 2 Beaver meat. Alex Evans and wife were here
today from Lake.
John McDonald, John

Trindell, Gregoire Militaire,
Alexis Cree [surname], Alex
Evans
311
B.307/a/3
1885
25
07-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25-25d
08-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25d
09-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25d
10-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25d
11-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
25d
12-Jul
312
Big Island
John + Gregoire Militaire arrived here without Tar. They went to the Big
Island, they looked for some there but did not find any. Alex Evans
arrived here from the lake with 50 dried fish. John Trindell and Jose
Mangrin started off to Portage la Loche in canoe this evening. John
McDonald weeding the garden. it rained all day.
John, Gregoire Militaire,

Alex Evans, John Trindell,
Jose Mangrin
river
McDonald, Alex Evans, Peychegain weeding the garden. Susan,

Peychegain wife, McDonald wife, Harper wife weeding the Potatoes.
Alexis Cree [surname] killed Bear today. Churchim arrived from cross
the River today.
McDonald and wife, Alex

Evans, Peychegain and wife,
Susan, Harper's wife, Alexis
Cree [surname], Churchim
McDonald, Alexis hoeing the Potatoes.
McDonald, Alexis
McDonald hoeing the Potatoes. Alex Evans started off to the lake with
his wife this morning.
McDonald, Evans and wife
John McDonald hoeing the potatoes till middle of day. It rained all after
noon. Paul the Cree [surname] son died last night and was Buried today.
John McDonald, Paul Cree

[surname], and son
Chrysostom Piche arrived from Red River. Thomas arrived from House
River today with his wife in canoe. It rained all the afternoon.
Chrysostom Piche, Thomas
Lake (fishery)
Red River
(McKay
River), House
River
312
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
25d
25d
The steamer Graham arrived here this morning and started off at one.
John McDonald fixing the . They landed 2 Bags Flour, 4 Balls, 5
chests, Tea, 5 kegs sugar.
John McDonald
14-Jul
Portage la
Loche, Ferre
Blanche,
Athabasca,
Athabasca
River
McDonald and Thomas hoeing the potatoes. Louisian Chirla arrived

here today and Jos Leash arrived here from PLL this evening. James
arrived here from Ferre Blanche and started to Athabasca in canoes. Left
the oxen along the river and came starving near.
McDonald, Thomas, Luisian

Chirla, Jose Leash, James
Red River
(McKay
River),
Athabasca
B D Revee, Jose left here this morning to Athabasca in canoe. Charla

Francois Louisian, Jose, Adam left here to R River. McDonald, Thomas
hoeing the Potatoes.
B.D. Revee, Charla Francois

Louisian, Jose, Adam,
McDonald, Thomas
McDonald, Thomas searching in garden handle axes for to take book

with.
McDonald, Thomas
McDonald went and Leash for the oxen that James Daniel left up the
River. Thomas a/c wanting down the River.
McDonald, Leash, James

Daniel, Thomas
Raining all day. McDonald working in the store. Thomas not back yet.
We had Frost last night.
McDonald, Thomas
13-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
25d-26
15-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
26
16-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
26
17-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
26
18-Jul
5 June 2014
313
river
313
314
B.307/a/3
1885
26
19-Jul
McDonald and Thomas went to the Paul's to see the hay.
McDonald, Thomas
B.307/a/3
1885
26
20-Jul
McDonald sick. Thomas a/c hunting came back and killed nothing.
Mr Cowie arrived here this morning nearly Dead.
McDonald, Thomas, Mr
Cowie
McDonald, Thomas went to the lake for fish. They brought 40 dried, 7
fresh fish. John wife and Thomas wife they shot Lynxes crossing the
river. The Potatoes froze last night.
McDonald, Thomas, John's

wife, Thomas's wife
B.307/a/3
1885
26
21-Jul
river, Lake
(fishery)
B.307/a/3
1885
26d
22-Jul
Lake (fishery)
McDonald, Thomas arrived from the lake today. All the Cree [Crees]
pitched up from the lake 3 days ago. Alex killing four fish.
McDonald, Thomas, Cree

[Crees], Alex
23-Jul
Lake (fishery)
McDonald and Thomas folding beaver skins and made 1 Pack. Francois
Black came here today starving. Alex Evans arrived from the lake today
and brought in 35 dried fish.
McDonald, Thomas, Francois

Black, Alex Evans
24-Jul
Clearwater
River
McDonald, Alex Evans, Thomas, Leash today 220 Pine Bark up the
Clearwater River. It rained a little today. The Steamer arrived here
tonight.
McDonald, Evans, Thomas,

Leash
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
26d
26d
314
B.307/a/3
1885
26d
25-Jul
Lake (fishery),
Clearwater
River
B.307/a/3
1885
26d
26-Jul
Clearwater
River
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
26d
27
McDonald, Thomas went for bark. Alex Evans went to the lake. The
Steamer started off this morning up the Clearwater River. Gregoire
arrived here this morning. Charlo Piche came here and started up to AC.
McDonald, Thomas, Alex

Evans, Gregoire, Charlo
Piche
Gregoire Militaire started this morning up the Clearwater River.
Gregoire Militaire
27-Jul
McDonald, Thomas went and carry back to the Rivee and Pile them
there. We have no way to bring them to the Fort. John wife and Thomas
wife went and pick st. It rained a little this afternoon.
McDonald, Thomas, John's

wife, Thomas's wife
28-Jul
Lake
McDonald, Thomas hoeing the Potatoes. Paul Cree [surname] arrived

from the lake today with his wife, brought 7 beaver skins today. The boy
Ted with flour arrived from the steamer this morning with canoe and
brought 100 lbs bacon, 100 lbs flour for the hay making.
McDonald, Thomas, Paul

Cree [surname], Ted
McDonald, Thomas, James

Harper
McDonald, Vincan, Thomas,

Corrigal, Moise
B.307/a/3
1885
27
29-Jul
Landing, Lake
McDonald, Thomas having hoeing the potatoes. 1 boat arrived from the
Landing today. Four and bacon. T came down with canoe, brought 4
bags flour, 1 bacon. James Harper went to the lake today.
B.307/a/3
1885
27
30-Jul
Portage la
Loche
McDonald and Thomas mending flour bag. Corrigal, Vincan, Moise

arrived from Portage la Loche with two oxen here today.
5 June 2014
315
315
B.307/a/3
1885
27
31-Jul
B.307/a/3
1885
27
01Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
27d
02Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
27d
03Aug
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
27d
27d
04Aug
05Aug
316
McDonald, Thomas, Vincan, Moise went for baark with the Boat.
John, Paul and his men started up the Athabasca River in a small canoe.
Harper arrived from the lake with his wife today. James Corrigal fixing
the machine and and harness.
McDonald, Thomas, Vincan,

Moise, John, Paul, Harper
and wife, James Corrigal
McDonald sick. Thomas and weeding in the garden. Corrigal, Vincan,

Moise making .. handles.
McDonald, Thomas,
Corrigal, Vincan, Moise
Old Cree [surname] arrived form the lake today with his family and
Pagain died on the 31st July.
Old Cree [surname] and

family, Pagain
Corrigal, Moise, Vincan working at the hay. McDonald, Thomas and

Dog Rib making Limestone today.
Corrigal, Moise, Vincan,

McDonald, Thomas, Dog Rib
Athabasca
River
McDonald, Thomas, Dog Rib went up the river with a Boat for
Limestone. Corrigal Moise Sylvester working at the Hay. Fine
weather.
McDonald, Thomas, Dog

Rib, Corrigal, Moise
Sylvester
llime hill
McDonald, Thomas, Dog Rib carrying stones to the lime hill till diner
and then cocking Hay. The boat a/c the day. Corrigal, Moise, J Vincan
working at the Hay.

Rib, Corrigal, John Vincan
Athabasca
River, lake
Lake
316
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
27d
27d
06Aug
07Aug
317
Athabasca
River
All hands at the Hay till in the evening. We all went up the river with the
Boat for Limestone.
little hill
McDonald, Thomas, Dog Rib working at the Lime hill. Corrigal, Moise,
John Vincan

Rib, Corrigal, Moise, John
Vincan
llime hill
McDonald, Harper, Moise, Corrigal, John Vincan stacking Hay all day.
Finished at the Island today. Thomas Dog Rib burning Lime Mill.
McDonald, Harper, Moise,

Corrigal, John Vincan,
Thomas, Dog Rib
B.307/a/3
1885
28
08Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
28
09Aug
Thomas, Dog Rib burning lime hill. It rained a little this evening.
Thomas, Dog Rib

McDonald, Corrigal, Harper,
John Vincan, Moise,
Thomas, John's wife,
Harper's wife, Old Cree
[surname] and son
B.307/a/3
1885
28
10Aug
Big Prairie,
lime hill
McDonald, Corrigal, Harper, John Vincan, Moise went to the Big Prairie
with Boat. Corrigal cutting Hay. Vincan cocking, McDonald, Harper,
Moise roofing and backing the House. Thomas, Dog Rib burning the
Lime hill. John wife, Harper wife picking . Old Cree [surname] son
killed a Bear today.
B.307/a/3
1885
28
11Aug
llime hill
McDonald, Harper, John Vincan working at the house. Thomas and Dob
Rib finished burning Lime hill this evening.
5 June 2014
317
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
28
28-28d
Lake (fishery)
McDonald, Thomas working at the house. Corrigal, Vincan, Moise, Dog

Rib working at the Hay. Harper went out to the lake to take Alex's Place
at the fishing. Took a horse out with him to bring in dried fish.
McDonald, Thomas,
Corrigal, Vincan, Moise, Dog
Rib, Harper, Alex
13Aug
river
McDonald, Thomas working at the Fort till in the evening and went up
the River with the Boat to visit the steamer. John Trindell and another
came hear this morning with 2 men. Corrigal, Moise, Dog Rib, John
Vincan at the Hay.
McDonald, Thomas, John

Trindell, Corrigal, Dog Rib,
John Vincan
14Aug
river, prairie,
Lake (fishery)
12Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
28d
15Aug
All hands at the Hay till noon and went up the river with the Boat to
meet the steamer. The steamer arrived at the Pairie this evening. Alex
Evans arrived from the lake this evening, brought 80 dried fish.
The steamer, "Graham," arrived this morning and left in eveing, after the
return of Corrigal, Trindell, Vincant, Thomas and Michel Dog Rib with
the boat, which went up yesterday to fetch a load from whom the steamer
stuck. Evans & McDonald unloading & loading steamer, etc. Mr & Mrs
Cowie and servant ... and a cattle keeper J. Sabstan arrived by steamer.
the latter laid up with a broken rib. M Sylvester sick and off duty.
B.307/a/3
1885
28d
16Aug
Fine dry weather. About 80 loads hay already stacked and cocked.
17Aug
Corrigal, Trindell & arrived by McDonald & Thomas Oncanaise

working at hay. The weather & hay are both first rate never have been
better.
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
28d
28d-29
318
Alex Evans
Corrigal, Trindell, Vincant,
Thomas, Michel Dog Rib,
Evans, McDonald, Mr
Cowie, Mrs Cowie, J.
Sabstan, M Sylvester
Corrigal, Trindell,
McDonald, Thomas
Oncanaise
318
319
Men as on Monday. Lake men amusing themselves at making a net for

river.
B.307/a/3
1885
29
18Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
29
19Aug
Men as on 18th.
B.307/a/3
1885
29
20Aug
Men as on 18th.
B.307/a/3
1885
29
21Aug
Men still as on 18th. Old Cree [surname] came in with some fresh moose
meat.
Old Cree [surname]
McDonald, Thomas, Evans
Alex Evans
river
B.307/a/3
1885
29
22Aug
McDonald, Thomas whitewashing. Others at hay. A Evans has been

squaring some logs since Monday [18 Aug]. = 60 logs. McDonald killed
a large bear.
B.307/a/3
1885
29
23Aug
Alex Evans brought some Bear's meat to-day.
5 June 2014
319
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
29
29
Thomas white washing the house. The other men still at the hay. The
steamer Grahame arrived to-day from Chipewyan.
Thomas Oncanaise
25Aug
It rained nearly the whole day. The men are not working at the hay.
Vincent + Corrigal are fencing the hay. J. McDonald + J. Trindell
cleaned the store + placed the pieces up stairs.
Vincent, Corrigal,
McDonald, Trindell
The steamer Grahame started off up the Athabasca River. Moise + John
Trindell, Corrigal, Vincent built a stage since Midday. John McDonald
not well. He killed a large Bear in the evening. Thomas is off to help
Alex to saw.
Moise Sylvester, John

Trindell, Corrigal, Vincent,
John McDonald, Thomas
Oncanaise, Alex Evans
24Aug
Fort
Chipewyan
320
Athabasca
River
B.307/a/3
1885
29
26Aug
B.307/a/3
1885
29
27Aug
John McDonald helped the other men to stay, built two square stacks.
Rained this evening.
McDonald
28Aug
The hay is wet this morning by the Rain last night. Chrysostom Piche +
Wapistane brought some Bears' meat + moose meat. Corrigal + Vincent
fenced a stack this and after Corrigal called the rest of the dog. John
Trindell + Vincent + Moise Sylvester cocked all the hay was packed. Mr
Cowie arrived in a skiff from the steamer.
Chrysostom Piche,
Wapistane, Corrigal, Vincent,
John Trindell, Moise
Sylvester
29Aug
The men at the same working, bailed a square stack, except John
McDonald went up to see the sawers with Mr Cowie and measuring the
stack. The steamer turned back from the place where there was no sign
of the Captain Smith.
McDonald, Mr Cowie,
Captain Smith
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
29d
29d
320
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
29d
29d
29d
29d
Corrigal, Sabistan, Sylvester & Messrs Trindell & Vincent cut hay.
McDonald unwell but gathering barley. T. Oncanaise fell sick.
McDonald at various jobs. Evans & Mr Vincent sawing. Corrigal,
Sabistan & Sylvester fencing hay. Mr Trindell writing in office. Rained
last night & early this morning. The package and cargo of a batteau
floating down Athabasca this forenoon, picked up by steamer. Captain
Favil started up with 12 men to meet the ... boats. Old Cree [surname] &
party arrived.
31Aug
01-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
30
03-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
30
04-Sep
5 June 2014
Fine dry weather to-day. 2 Bands of grey geese passed this morning. One
fellow from the steamer killed a large Bear this morning.
30Aug
02-Sep
321
Corrigal, Sabistan, Sylvester,

Mr Trindell, Mr Vincent,
McDonald, Thomas
Oncanaise
McDonald, Evans, Mr
Vincent, Corrigal, Sabistan,
Sylvester, Mr Trindell,
Captain Favil
Red River
(McKay
River)
Corrigal, Sabistan, Sylvester, McDonald, & Trindell at hay. Others at

saw. Pierre Cree [surname], Morrin & Joe Bouche arrived from Red
River. On their way up they packed up 27 R pieces part cargo of
wrecked scow.
Corrigal, Sabistan, Sylvester,

McDonald, Trindell, Pierre
Cree [surname], Morrin, Joe
Bouche
river, Portage
la Loche
T. Oncanaise went off to hunt for wreckage. The Chipewyans left.

McDonald started up river to pick up wreckage. A packet arrived from
PLL by R & R Lemaigre. Other men as before at hay & sawing. Mr.
Trindell at attending to shop.
Thomas Oncanaise,
Chipewyans, McDonald,
Lemaigre, Mr Trindell
Men at hay & sawing.
321
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
30
30
30
30
30-30d
30d
322
05-Sep
McKenzie
River,
Athabasca
River, Long
Rapids
Men at hay & sawing. Nearly enough hay on hand. Chief Factors
Camsell arrived in Captain Favil's scow with some wrecked pieces. The
accident occurred before Long Rapids. The borter for McKenzie River
steamer was lost and all the rest of cargo except 60 pieces picked up
down here.
06-Sep
Red River
(McKay
River)
Sunday. A big fire burning between here and Red River.
river, islands
The same men are at the hay yet and the other two chaps are sawing. All
the scows arrived this afternoon from up the river. The steamer went up a
piece behind the two islands to load it.
river, Fort
Chipewyan
The men are at the same as yesterday. The scows came here from the
steamer, and the men having a rest to-day. Two of the Athabasca men
came with them to go up the river for the pieces that were left. The
steamer started off for Chipewyan.
Athabasca men
Forks
All the scows went up this morning. Mr Cowie is off too. Mr Brereton
also. All the forks men went up also for the pieces except John Trindell
was left to keep the place. He cut the same wood for the house and
hauled with horse, and cleaned the store. It rained this evening before
sun set till dark.
Mr Cowie, Mr Brereton, John

Trindell
island, Lake
(fishery)
John Trindell cut rails for fencing the hay on the Island. Harper arrived
here from the lake, brought some dried Fish (40). He says that there are
some there yet. Alexis's son arrived also, said he had some meat for the
Company and left his . It rained nearly the whole day. Harper says he
left 300 dry fish.
John Trindell, Harper, Alexis
07-Sep
08-Sep
09-Sep
10-Sep
Chief Factor Camsell,

Captain Favil, McKenzie
River
322
323
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
11-Sep
island
Rained last night. Friday. John Trindell cut some fences at the Island.
Alexis and his son started off to their camp. Harper started off with a
horse to fetch some dried Meat to Alexis's camp. A good day from here.
Rained all Day.
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
12-Sep
Athabasca
River
Rained all day. John Trindell getting wood for the houses, and went and
fetch some hay for the calf. Athabasca River went down a good deal.
John Trindell
Lake (fishery)
5 Company dogs came here from the lake last night. They made a
terrible roe [?]. Harper arrived this afternoon all right with the horse with
dried Meat and 10 large Beavers belonging Alexis Cree [surname].
Harper, Alexis
John Trindell, Alexis, Harper
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
13-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
14-Sep
Harper started off to the lake with the Dogs. John Trindell cut fences for
3 stacks. Rained this afternoon till dark.
Harper, John Trindell
Rained nearly the whole day. John Trindell cut his leg with an axe. He
cut 3 loads of wood but can't fetch it. Gregoire Militaire arrived here
from Pembina River, brought some Beaver meat and three Ducks.
John Trindell, Gregoire

Militaire
Rained a little this morning. Gregoire hauled the wood that John cut
yesterday. He made 2 .. And left one load there yet.
Gregoire
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
15-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
30d
16-Sep
5 June 2014
Pembina River
323
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
30d
30d
Clear + Cool. 2 Band of geese passed here this morning.
17-Sep
18-Sep
Edmonton
The steamer arrived this morning loaded up. The Edmonton men
preparing to return home tomorrow. Corrigal, Evans & Sabiston with Mr
Woods fencing hay. Mr Trindell laid up fish.
The Edmonton men with one boat left this morning. Mr Trindell &
Militaire went with them to pick up some flour & tea. David Evans & 4
Chips left for PLL with the Captains, saw the afternoon Mr King
passenger. The steamer also left today with two scows and a boat. John
McDonald returned and left with Edmonton people. Rained much of the
day. Men out at hay.
Mr Woods arrived with a packet from PLL this evening.
B.307/a/3
1885
31
19-Sep
Portage la
Loche,
Edmonton
B.307/a/3
1885
31
20-Sep
Portage la
Loche
B.307/a/3
1885
31
21-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
31
22-Sep
324
Edmonton men, Corrigal,

Evans, Sabiston, Mr Wood,
Mr Trindell
Mr Woods
Edmonton men, Mr Trindell,

Militaire, David Evans,
Chipewyans, Captains, Mr
King, John McDonald
Men boating fire wood.
Portage la
Loche
Men went with boat to bring some lumber, etc. Mr John Trindell &
Militaire returned with 2 bags flour & 1 Tea this morning early. Mr
Woods left by canoe for PLL.
Mr John Trindell, Militaire,

Mr Woods
324
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
31
31
31d
31d
31d
32
325
23-Sep
Men brought home p boat 70 stacks, 100 planks and 70 boards. Mr

Trindell drying tea & flour, and roofing little house.
Mr Trindell
24-Sep
prairie
Evans backed two nets, made floats and set two nets in "shanille." Mr
Trindell as usual & making floats. Mr Vincent, Corrigal & Sabiston
finished stacking & fencing hay on prairie. Harper arrived from Lake
with 9 dogs and 4 river nets and got ready to start fishing tomorrow.
Evans, Mr Trindell, Mr
Vincent, Corrigal, Sabiston,
Harper
25-Sep
foot of
Mountain
Rapid
(fishery),
island
Evans caught 12 fish out of 2 nets and backed and made floats for two
nets. Mr Trindell left with Harper to try for fish at foot of Mountain
Rapid. Mr Vincent & Corrigal fenced the hay on the Island. The hay
work finished. Sabiston spread two loads of wet hay on ground and
cleaned out the potato cellar.
Evans, Mr Trindell, Harper,

Mr Vincent, Corrigal,
Sabiston
Evans caught 4 fish out of 2 nets, and backed and made floats for 2 nets.
Corrigal hauled up bark and pulled the sawn lumber, and put away the
mower and rake. Sabiston fixed and began taking up vegetables. Mr
Vincent cut posts for hay yard fence and hauled them & afterwards put
bark to soak in water. Adam Boucher arrived.
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Vincent,

Adam Boucher, Sabiston
Evans caught four fish from 3 nets. Mr John Trindell returned from
Mountain rapid reporting Harper has hung 116 fish already. Evans got 10
fish this evening.
Evans, Mr John Trindell
Mr Vincent dug a cellar in new house. Sabiston took up a few beets,

carrots & onions. Corrigal & Evans began and nearly finished a skiff for
Harper's fishery. Mr Trindell got some fur wood & axe handles. Evans
caught only 4 fish.
Mr Vincent, Sabiston,
Corrigal, Evans, Harper, Mr
Trindell
26-Sep
27-Sep
28-Sep
foot of
Mountain
Rapid
(fishery),
island
325
foot of
Mountain
Rapid
(fishery),
island
326
Corrigal & Evans finished one skiff, and began another. Mr Trindell &
Sabiston went up with the skiff for Harper and came back in a canoe
with 30 fish. Harper has 176 fish hung. Evans cuaght only 11 fish today.
Mr Vincent dug another cellar and hauled 3 loads stores for chimney of
men's house.

Sabiston, Harper, Mr Vincent
B.307/a/3
1885
32
29-Sep
B.307/a/3
1885
32
30-Sep
Men taking up potatoes & making a track down bank. Steamboat

Graham arrived. Mr Emerson left with 9 men & 1 load to secure b.
Mr Emerson
01-Oct
Steamer Grahame off to the Sulphur. Mr. Cowie + all his men started too
with the steamer except John Trindell left to keep the place + fish the
same time. John Trindell caught 3 fish this morning in 3 nets. He made
two oars for the skiff. Fine day + clear.
Mr Cowie, John Trindell
02-Oct
Athabasca
River
John Trindell caught 13 fish to-day and took up a net. Corrigal &
Sabiston arrived here this morning from the steamer. The steamer only
went a piece up the river. She stopped because it was too shallow to go
farther. Mr. Cowie started off to the Portage with two of his Men & 3
fellows from the steamer. Fine day & clear.
John Trindell, Corrigal,

Sabiston
Lake
John Trindell caught 6 fish this morning. All the Cree [Crees] from the
lake came here to have debt, but did not get debt. Only trader what they
brought. Corrigal and Trindell getting wood for the houses. Sabiston cut
a little wood for the house. Rained all day. The steamer turned back and
landed at the same place where she needed to be.
John Trindell, Cree

[surname], Corrigal, Sabiston
Fine day and clear. All the Cree [Crees] started off this morning. John
Trindell caught 9 fish this morning.
John Trindell, Cree [Crees]
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
32
32
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
03-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
04-Oct
5 June 2014
326
327
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
05-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
06-Oct
Corrigal and Sabiston + the women took up all the Potatoes, only 20
bushels in all. John Trindell caught 11 fish to-day, cut wood for the
Kitchen and the Big house.
John Trindell caught 16 fish to-day. Corrigal and Trindell mudding the
wall of the new house. Sabiston mixing the mud. The Trader Huppi came
here to get some tea for himself, got some and started. Charlot came too,
brought 5 Beaver skins & traded it, brought a ... of grease + a piece of
Dried Meat. The trader promised to bring some fur for the tea he got
here. David and Crew arrived to-day with pieces, 18 pieces. Rained a
little.
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
07-Oct
John caught 10 fish this morning. Corrigal and Trindell still mudding.
Corrigal put some bark on the roof. Sabiston mixing the Mud.

Sabiston
river
Trindell caught 5 fish to-day. Sabiston mixing the mud for Trindell.
Corrigal put some bark on the roof and went for a load of wood for the
houses. The engineer Emerson returned from the river, could not found
Boiler.
Trindell, Sabiston, Corrigal,

engineer Emerson
Rocky Bar (5
miles below),
Ferre Blanche,
Sulphur
Landing
Snowed very hard to-day. Trindell mending a net and caught 12 fish this
morning.
Snowing. Men fishing, getting wood, and doing a little to fix up the new
house. Steamer Grahame left for Rocky Bar, five miles below here as the
pilot, Favel, feared she would not get over it with a load. All none sense
she could have gone up to Sulphur Landing and so sound a great deal of
trouble. Messrs Cowie, P Mercredi, and John vincent arrived with a scow
from Ferre Blanche this evening. 6 pieces for A., rest for Az & 4.
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
08-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
32d
09-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
32d-33
10-Oct
Corrigal, Sabiston, women

trader Huppi, Charlot, David
Trindell
Favel, Mr Cowie, Mr P.
Mercredi, Mr John Vincent
327
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
33
33
11-Oct
Ferre Blanche,
Rocky Bar
Trindell caught 10 fish. A. Evans arrived with two scows & a skiff from
Ferre Blanche (12 pieces for here) this morning. The while brigade left
for steamer at once. The scows to be hauled up for winter at Rocky Bar.
Corrigal put up a partition upstairs in store and finished barking men's

house. Merrs J. Trindell & Vincent mudded the roof of men's house,
caught 6 fish and cut some wood at door.
Mr Trindell started to visit Harper's fishery this morning but met him
near here coming back with 60 fish, leaving 700 hung at Eddy [?]. He
went there to take and his net was of too large a mesh for the fish. In
other gear this fishery should be commenced to work sooner. Corrigal,
Evans & Mr Vincent making a chimney in men's house. Sabiston
cleaned out byre.
12-Oct
328
Trindell, Alex Evans,
Corrigal, Mr J. Trindell, Mr
Vincent
B.307/a/3
1885
33-33d
13-Oct
foot of
Mountain
Rapid
(fishery)
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
14-Oct
Lake (fishery)
Harper left to fish at Lake. Men finished the chimmny. P & A Cree
[surname] left.
Harper, Cree [surname]
Birch
Mountain
Lake
Evans hauled wood, stones for chimney and batteau wood; took up some
potatoes, caught 12 fish. Sabiston cutting wood for house and attending
cow & calf. Corrigal, Vincent & Trindell byre and chimney for men's
house. Lowison & Jose Boucher arrived. Report plenty fish at Birch
Mountain Lake.
Evans, Sabiston, Corrigal,

Vincent, Trindell, Lowison
Boucher, Jose Boucher
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
15-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
16-Oct
5 June 2014
Mr Trindell, Harper,
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Vincent
Men as on 15th. Finished chimney.
328
329
Men employed as on 16th except that they fixed roof of men's house and
began mudding it.
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
17-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
18-Oct
Portage la
Loche
Sunday. Mr Woods arrived from PLL by canoe.
Mr Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
19-Oct
Portage la
Loche
Men mudding men's house. Corrigal making doors and windows. 25

oxen arrived from PLL. Alex Sylvester and Alexes Salime.
Corrigal, Alex Sylvester,

Alexes Salime
B.307/a/3
1885
33d
20-Oct
21-Oct
Portage la
Loche,
Pembina,
Winnipeg,
Athabasca
District
Men as yesterday.
Mr Woods yesterday went with PLL men to look for missing oxen at
Pembina. Mr Vincent & Enoch Evans left for lake to take after the
fishery which Harper is neglecting there. Others mudding houses. Mr
Roderick Ross, Factor, arrived from Winnipeg today by canoe from PLL
manned by two PLL men, Sylvester's sons. He came to relieve Mr
McFarlane of the charge of Athabasca District.
Mr Woods, PLL men, Mr

Vincent, Enoch Evans,
Harper, Mr Roderick Ross,
Sylvester's sons, Mr
McFarlane
22-Oct
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
Mr Ross's canoe men left for PLL. Messrs Woods & Vincent preparing
to start in skiff off for Ft. Chipewyan with Mr Ross. Corrigal & Sabiston
getting hay, wood, & water.
Mr Ross, Mr Woods, Mr
Vincent, Corrigal, Sabitston
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
5 June 2014
33d
34
329
Fort
Chipewyan
Messrs Ross, Woods, and Trindell left for Ft Chipewyan this morning
with the skiff.
B.307/a/3
1885
34
23-Oct
B.307/a/3
1885
34
24-Oct
Men as on 23rd. Ice bagan running in river.
B.307/a/3
1885
34
25-Oct
Snowed a good deal. More ice drifting.
B.307/a/3
1885
34
26-Oct
Corrigal fencing hay yard. Mr Vincent & Sabiston mudding byre.
B.307/a/3
1885
34
27-Oct
Men as on 26th.
B.307/a/3
1885
34
28-Oct
Corrigal getting hay & Wood, ect. Others as on 26th.
5 June 2014
330
Mr Ross, Mr Woods, Mr
Trindell
Corrigal, Mr Vincent,
Sabiston
Corrigal
330
331
B.307/a/3
1885
34
29-Oct
Sabiston put in the cattle as it has snowed more or less since Sunday [25
Oct]. Corrigal & Vincent at various jobs.
Sabiston, Corrigal, Vincent
B.307/a/3
1885
34
30-Oct
Corrigal to make a combined kitchen and eating roo, out of it & Mr

Woods' bed room. Others getting wood, mudding & attending cattle.
Corrigal, Mr Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
34
31-Oct
Corrigal making a cut board for kitchen. Others as on Friday [30 Oct].
Corrigal
river, Lake
(fishery)
Deep snow but thawing. The ice ran all last week till Saturday, when the
river was clear as well as today. Harper arrived with dogs from lake with
10 hung & 10 fresh fish. the lake froze over a week ago and they put
down 10 nets under ice on Wednesday. There are hardly enough fish to
find. The two men & women and 9 dogs caught ... Evans ordered in.
Harper, Evans, women
Lake (fishery)
Corrigal fixed bob sleigh & finished cut boards. Mr Vincent cut &
hauled 1 load sleigh load of wood. Sabiston attending cattle. Heavy snow
fall last night. Harper left for lake fishery this morning.
Sabiston, Harper
Mr Vincent went for a bob sleigh load of hay and brought the sleigh.
Afterwards he edged three plants. Sabiston edged two planks and
attended to cattle. Corrigal sharpened carpenter's tools and began to
tongue & groove plank for flooring. Mr Vincent edged 5 planks after
hours.
Corrigal
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
34d
34d
34d
01Nov
02Nov
03Nov
331
B.307/a/3
1885
34d
04Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
34d
05Nov
Corrigal & Mr Vincent edging & plaining flooring. Sabiston attending

cattle and mudding little house. Old Cree [surname] came in.
Sabiston, Old Cree [surname]
Lake (fishery)
Men as yesterday except Mr Vincent who cut & hauled once load of
wood. Enoch Evans & family returned from Lake. No fish as before.
Mr Vincent, Enoch Evans

and family
Lake
Old Cree [surname] left for lake to ring out dogs and an ox hide to make
lines of, also ba for four ponies snow shoes. Mr Vincent hauled 2
loads hay being all of first stack at this end of prairie. Sabiston finished
mudding little houses. Corrigal & E. Evans plaining and sawing flooring.

Vincent, Sabiston, Corrigal,
Enoch Evans
Corrigal, Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
35
06Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
35
07Nov
Mr Vincent cut & hauled two loads wood. Sabiston began making ox
harness. Corrigal & Evans at flooring.
B.307/a/3
1885
35
08Nov
Although it has been snowing every night during last week owing to
heavy thaws during the day the snoe gets no deeper. The river is still
open and very little ice is remaining. Rained a little last night. A bright
clear day.
B.307/a/3
1885
35
09Nov
Mr Vincent brought one load hay. Corrigal & Evans laying flooring.
Sabiston began to make ox harness. Cold.
5 June 2014
332
Mr Vincent, Corrigal, Evans,

Sabiston
332
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
35
35
35d
333
10Nov
House River
Mr Vincent & Sabiston began a chimney in clerk's room. Others at

flooring. Gilbert Conteroy, P. Prunder's man arrived from House River
on his way to tell Harper that an outfit of 30 pieces had been brought
there for him.
11Nov
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr Vincent cut and hauled two loads wood. Evans & Corrigal fixing
Evans's house. Sabiston at cattle. Conteroy left for Red River.
Mr Vincent, Evans, Corrigal,

Sabiston, Conteroy
12Nov
Athabasca
River, Lake
(fishery)
Evans & Corrigal fixing up chimneys which were smoking. Mr Vincent

buildng a chimney for clerk's house. Sabiston attending cattle and fixing
his byre. Harper arrived from lake with 20 fish & some lines. The river
Athabasca set fast last night without rising, so the ice is very smooth.

Sabiston, Harper
Pembina
George Sayer & Andr Herman's son came here to-day to tell that they
left the three missing oxen where Militaire cut hay above Pembina four
days ago. Evans cutting fire wood. Corrigal fixing chimneys, etc.
Vincent hauled two lob sleds of hay. Sabiston attending cattle, etc.
George Sayer, Andr

Herman's son, Militaire
Mr Vincent, Sabiston, Gilbert

Conteroy, P. Prunder, Harper
B.307/a/3
1885
35d
13Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
35d
14Nov
Mr Vincent hauled 4 loads wood. Corrigal fixed sleds and began own
house. Sabiston as usual attending cattle.
Sabiston
15Nov
Evans returned from Lake with 20 fish. He could not go for Paul's cache
as the latter's child is dying and he could not bear it to guide Evans. The
fishing is truning out better. Old Cree [surname] left late this morning to
fetch the oxen found near Pembina by G Sayer & Andr Herman's
son.
Evans, Paul and child, Old

Cree [surname], George
Sayer, Andr Herman
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
35d
333
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
35d
35d
36
334
16Nov
Evans & Corrigal fixing byre. Vincent hauled 4 loads wood.
Evans, Corrigal, Vincent
17Nov
Evans fixing his chimney. Corrigal plaining boards. Vincent mudding.

Old Cree [surname] came, having been unable to fetch the oxen as the
river is not frozen. He killed an ox which was unable to move.
Evans, Corrigal, Vincent, Old

Cree [surname]
18Nov
Corrigal & Evans plaining boards. Vincent hauled 1 load of hay &
finished mudding clerk's house. Sabiston attending oxen and mixing
mud. Harper & two men passed here for House River with 1 train of
dogs to haul goods from there.
Corrigal, Evans, Vincent,

Sabiston, Harper
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Vincent,

Sabiston
House River
B.307/a/3
1885
36
19Nov
Corrigal & Evans finished plaining flooring boards and began logging up
in former house. Mr Vincent hauled 3 sled loads of hay. Sabiston at
byre.
B.307/a/3
1885
36
20Nov
Evans cutting & Vincent hauling wood. Corrigal fixed a sled and laid
flooring.
Evans, Vincent
B.307/a/3
1885
36
21Nov
Corrigal & Evans left to bring home oxen and fetch meat of ox killed.
Mr Vincent cut his foot with an axe last night.
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Vincent
5 June 2014
Pembina
334
B.307/a/3
1885
36
22Nov
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr John Trindell arrived from Red River where he was left sick by Mr
Woods.
Mr John Trindell, Mr Woods
Portage la
Loche, Red
River
CF McFarlane and Captain Favil left for Portage la Loche at half past
Twelve am along with Trindell, Joe Lusk and young Taurangeau.
Sabiston attending cattle. Mr Vincent sawing firewood. Mr Woods
ready for trip to Red River.
McFarlane, Captain Favil,

Trindell, Joe Lusk, young
Taurangeau, Sabiston, Mr
Vincent, Mr Woods
All hands as on 23rd. Corrigal & Evans returned with white ox and
sled load of beef of
Corrigal, Evans
Red River
(McKay
River)
Evans cutting wood & fixing his dog sled & harness. Mr Vincent making
ox harness. Mr Woods getting ready sled wrapper & harness for trip to
Red River. Corrigal finished his flooring. Sabiston at usual work.
Thawing.
Evans, Mr Vincent, Mr
Woods, Corrigal, Sabiston
prairie
Corrigal & Evans left to search for missing ox and to fetch remainder of
"cow head's" beef. Mr Vincent hauled 2 bobsled loads of hay from 3rd
stack on prairie. Mr Woods as before. Still thawing.
Corrigal, Evans, Mr Vincent,

Mr Woods
Mr Vincent hauled 1 load wood yesterday evening and two this morning,
then out at door. Mr Woods as before. Sabiston as usual.
Mr Vincent, Mr Woods,
Sabiston
B.307/a/3
1885
36
23Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
36
24Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
36d
25Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
36d
26Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
36d
27Nov
5 June 2014
335
335
B.307/a/3
1885
36d
28Nov
B.307/a/3
1885
36d
29Nov
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
36d
36d
30Nov
1885
36d-37
02Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
37
03Dec
At 9:30 am Messrs Woods & Vincent left with 1 dog train laden with
goods to trade at Birch Mountain Lake and Red River. River weak.
Sabiston cutting wood & attending cattle. Still thawing.
Mr Woods, Mr Vincent,
Sabiston
The weather was very mild all week. Thawing during the day.
Red River
(McKay
River)
01Dec
B.307/a/3
5 June 2014
Birch
Mountain
Lake, Red
River
336
Fort
Chipewyan,
Portage la
Loche
Sabiston cut firewood for house. Mr Vincent returned from Red River
this evening.
Sabiston, Mr Vincent
Mr Trindell & 3 PLL men arrived with 3 train loads goods pA last night.
Evans came back last night with some beef of "Cow head's" reports
finding ox. Corrigal arrived with last ox today.
Mr Trindell, PLL men,

Evans, Corrigal
Mr Trindell & Alexander Janvier left for Ft Chip with goods in two
trains. Joseph Janvier & Baptiste Jacquot returned to PLL with and
leather for Ile a la Crosse. E. Evans with train left for Paul Cree 's
[surname] camp to fetch furs & dried meat.
Mr Trindell, Alexander
Janvier, Joseph Janvier,
Baptiste Jacquot, Paul Cree
[surname], Enoch Evans
Mr Vincent & Corrigal white washing & mudding his house.
Mr Vincent, Corrigal
336
B.307/a/3
1885
37
04Dec
Red River
(McKay
River)
337
Corrigal finished his house. Mr Vincent cut & hauled 3 loads wood.
Louis Boucher & Casmir arrived from Red River for supplies. Louis and
Chrysostom have each MB100 already. Thermometer 10 above zero
today, having been warm till now.
Corrigal, Mr Vincent, Louis

Boucher, Casmir, Louis,
Chrysostom
Sabiston, Mr Woods
B.307/a/3
1885
37
05Dec
Mr Vincent & Corrigal re-flooring servant's room. Sabiston attending

cattle. Mr Woods returned from his trading trip having secured MB250
furs.
B.307/a/3
1885
37
06Dec
Cold. Mr Vincent hauled 1 load hay.
Mr Vincent
07Dec
Red River
(McKay
River)
Corrigal & Mr Vincent making a passage between kitchen and cook's

house. After hours Corrigal barred Mr Woods sled. J. Harper traded
arrived from House River with 3 dogs laden with 1 bag flour, 500 lbs
Bacon, etc and passed on to Red River.
Corrigal, Mr Vincent, Mr
Wood, James Harper
08Dec
Red River
(McKay
River)
Mr Woods left for Red River to trade with 1 train dogs. Corrigal at
passage. Mr Vincent hauled two loads hay & cut and hauled three loads
wood.
Mr Woods, Corrigal, Mr
Vincent
Corrigal making a door. Mr Vincent hauled 1 load hay and cut and
hauled three loads wood. Sabiston as usual attending cattle. E. Evans
arrived from Paul Cree 's [surname] camp with 126 lb damaged dried
meat and MB80 furs.
Sabiston, E. Evans, Paul Cree
[surname]
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
1885
5 June 2014
37
37
37d
09Dec
337
B.307/a/3
1885
37d
10Dec
Lake (fishery)
Corrigal off duty, unwell. Evans resting. Sabiston cut wood for house.
Mr Vincent left for lake with the horse "Champaigne" and flat sled to
bring in fish and nets. Harper with his usual having deserted his post.
Corrigal, Evans, Sabiston, Mr

Vincent, Harper
Corrigal, Evans, Sabiston, Mr

Vincent
Mr Vincent, Evans, Corrigal
B.307/a/3
1885
37d
11Dec
Corrigal finished and began to hang door from kitchen to cook's house.
Evans hauled 1 load of hay & cut & hauled two loads wood. Sabiston
usual. Mr Vincent returned from lake tonight.
B.307/a/3
1885
37d
12Dec
Mr Vincent hauled 2 loads hay. Evans fixed chimney of cooks house.

Corrigal at various jobs.
B.307/a/3
1885
37d
13Dec
Sunday.
B.307/a/3
1885
37d
14Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
5 June 2014
37d
15Dec
House Portage
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan,
Birch
Mountain
Lake, Red
River
338
Evans fetched a horse sled from House Portage. Corrigal making a wheel
barrow for byre. Mr Vincent cutting & hauling wood.
Evans, Corrigal, Mr Vincent
Mr Vincent middle of passage, etc and afterwards went for hay but broke
his sled. Corrigal at wheel barrow still. Evans left with his dogs for PLL
for fish. A. Janvier returned from Ft Chip and brought a letter from Mr
Ross. He left Mr Trindell at Red River to accompany Mr Woods in a trip
after Harper to Birch Mountain Lake.
Mr Vincent, Corrigal, Evans,

Alexander Janvier, Mr Ross,
Mr Trindell, Mr Woods,
Harper
338
B.307/a/3
B.307/a/3
1885
1885
37d
38
339
16Dec
Mr Vincent hauling hay. Corrigal fixed bobsled and counted furs. Janvier
resting.
Mr Vincent, Corrigal, Janiver
17Dec
Corrigal finished the wheel barrow last night ( 3 night work). Janvier &
Corrigal chopped & brought home wood for 4 jumpers. Mr Vincent cut
and hauled wood.
Corrigal, Janvier, Mr Vincent
Corrigal & Janvier chopped and brought birch wood for two more ox
jumpers, ripped the runners, and worked till late at night. Mr Vincent
hauled 2 loads hay and cut wood for house.
B.307/a/3
1885
38
18Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38
19Dec
Portage la
Loche
Corrigal & Janvier working at jumpers. Mr Vincent hauling wood.

Janvier left to night for PLL.
Portage la
Loche, Fort
Chipewyan
Evans returned from PLL with 110 fish this evening along with C.
Maurice & Jean Janvier with an old mail & some goods for Ft
Chipewyan.
Evans, C. Maurice, Jean

Janvier
Mr Vincent hauled hay. Corrigal working at jumpers. Evans spelling.
Mr Vincent, Corrigal, Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
38
20Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38
21Dec
5 June 2014
339
B.307/a/3
1885
38
22Dec
Portage la
Loche
Mr Vincent broke two wood sleds and brought home 1 load wood.
Corrigal working at and Evans getting wood for jumpers. The PLL men
left this morning for home.
Mr Vincent, Corrigal, PLL

men
Birch
Mountain
Lake, Red
River
Evans left for PLL for fish. Corrigal fixing jumpers sleds and a chimney.
Mr Vincent fixing a chimney in clerk's house. Churchim arrived with
nothing but says he has for his debt. Messrs Trindell & Woods arrived
from Birch Mountain Lake and Red River.

Mr Trindell, Mr Woods
Corrigal at jumpers. Mr Vincent hauling wood. Messrs Woods &

Trindell resting after trip.
Corrigal, Mr Vincent, Mr
Woods, Mr Trindell
25Dec
Portage la
Loche
Christman day. Alexis Taurangeau's son with 1 Aj train & J & R

Sylvester with their own trains arrived from PLL with winter packet &
same A4 supplies.
Alexis Taurangeau and son,

J. Sylvester, R. Sylvester
Lac la Biche,
Fort
Chpewyan
Mr J Trindell with one A train & Alexis Taurangeau's son with our A4
train left at 10 AM for Ft Chipewyan with packet & Az supplies. J & R
Sylvester left for PLL. John McDonald, wife & 1 child arrived from Lac
la Biche with two trains dogs.
Mr John Trindell, Alexis

Taurangeau and son, J.
Sylvester, R. Sylvester, John
McDonald and son and wife
B.307/a/3
1885
38
23Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38
24Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
26Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
27Dec
5 June 2014
340
Sunday
340
B.307/a/3
1885
January
28Dec
341
Portage la
Loche, Red
River
Mr Woods & J. McDonald left for Red River. E Evans returned from
PLL with fish. Jas Daniel arrived from Red River to trade. Antoine
Laliberty engaged at MB45 & 2 lbs Tea & Tobacco per month from date.
Corrigal & Laliberte getting wood for jumpers. Mr Vincent hauling hay.
Mr Woods, John McDonald,

Enoch Evans, James Daniel,
Antoine Laliberte
Ile a la Crosse
James Corrigal left for Ile a la Crosse this morning on leave to visit his
sick wife. He took 1 train dogs to fetch bark freight. Laliberte making
jumpers. Evans making trains for do. Mr Vincent hauling wood.
James Corrigal, Laliberte, Mr

Vincent
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
29Dec
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
30Dec
Laliberte making jumpers. Evans went for a for hay press.
Laliberte, Evans
B.307/a/3
1885
38d
31Dec
Men as on 30th except Evans, who fixed byre, hauled wood.
Evans
B.307/a/3
1886
5 June 2014
39
01-Jan
New Years day. Messrs Woods & Vincent back from Red River
yesterday where Mr Vincent went for some moose meat & rabbits on
Wednesday [30 Dec]
341
342
APPENDIX 4: FAMILIES MENTIONED IN THE FT MCMURRAY JOURNALS, 1877-85

FAMILY
HBC officers and permanent or contract servants
McAulay, Mr. and Roderick (Fisherman and subordinate clerk)
McLeod, Angus (servant at McMurray)
McDonald, John (and family servant/labourer/fisherman McMurray)
Evans, Alick (servant at mcMurray fisherman) and David (scowman)
Corrigal, Mr. and James (also Jame's wife)
Fontaine, Paul (and family from Portage la Loche)
Martell, George (outpost trader at Little Red River and House River)
Cowie, Isaac (Clerkat McMurray 1880-81 and Junior Chief Trader)
Daniel, James (and family from Terre Blanche)
Woods, Mr. (carried packets by canoe and scow)
Sinclair, Peter (and family) (livestock keeper )
Lambert John (and family) (servant/labourer at McMurray)
Simpson, Colt (wintered at House River and Little Red River)
Harper, James (and wife) (labourer and trapper also snared rabbits)
Sanderson, James (servant/labourer at McMurray)
Janvier, Alexander (dog train driver), Jean (carried winter packet), Jospeh, Joachim (dog
train driver from Portage la Loche), Mercredi, and Pascal (transport from Portage la Loche)
Henderson, Richard (servant at McMurray & carried winter packet) and Henry
(dog train driver & winter lake fisher), Richard and Henry
Trendell, John (mail packet carrier from Chipewyan)
McFarlane, Robert R (Chief Factor, Ft Chipewyan)
Leisk, Joe (servant and interpreter of Cree)
Boner, L. L. (labourer at McMurray)
Flett, William (packet carrier from Ft Chipewyan and servant at McMurray)
Chipewyan, Cree and Metis

Cree (a Cree family) (Alexis, Baptiste, Old Cree, Paul, and Pierre, and Twaytum)
5 June 2014
# REFS
504
456
417
211
203
193
143
135
105
101
97
92
74
68
41
28
22
15
11
10
8
8
217
342

Bouche (Boucher, Bouchez) Adam (Ft McMurray contract post hunter 1882), John, Jose
(Chipewyan), Lowis [Lewis], Louison, Maurice [alias Grand Jose], and Michel)
Sylvester (Alexis, Alexander, J., Old Sylvester, Moise, and families from Portage la Loche)
Piche (Chipewyan) (Carlo, Francois, G., and Chrysostum)
Militaire (Gregoire) (served as a company middle man the summer of 1885)
Black (Francois)
Lemaigre (Le Maigre) (Michael [a freeman], and Raphael)
La Prise (La Prize (a Chipewyan from Swan Lake)
Mercredi, Paul and Jose (from Ile a la Crosse)
Twaytam [a Cree and family]
Chripestone [a Chipewyan]
Churchem (Cree)
Cyprecain (Chipewyn)
Laliberte, Baptiste (dog train driver)
Lavialette (also Lavialitte) (Chipewyan who was at Chripestone camp)
Macrae, Jose (camped with Grand Jose [Maurice] Bouche)
Lavallee, Louis (served as a tripman to Athabasca Landing and Lac la Biche)
Ducharm, Antoine (a well outfitted trader from Lac la Biche operated near McMurray and
House River in 1884)
5 June 2014
343
148
103
80
72
34
18
17
14
13
11
8
8
7
6
6
5
5
343
344
APPENDIX 5: PLACES MENTIONED IN THE FT MCMURRAY JOURNALS, 1877-85

MCMURRAY PLACE FREQUENCY
Fort Chipewyan
Portage la Loche
Lake, 'the' [Gregoire Lake]
Little Red River [Little Red River McKay River]
Lac la Biche
Island, 'the' [Rocke Island]
Swan Lake (a.k.a. Gordon Lake)
Cree Lake
Fish Lake
Clearwater River
Waskahegan River (House River)
House River (see Waskahegan River)
Jackfish Lake (somewhere in vicinity of McMurray)
Whitefish Lake
5 June 2014
Significance

Important
transport depot
and frequented by Ft
McMurray 'Indians' for
better fur prices.
important winter fishery
Chipewyan moose hunting
and trapping area
Pierre Cree & family from
there & hunt near McMurray
also
Post maintained a lime kiln
there, pig byre,
Important fishery
Camp trading
fishery (winter)
Duck hunting spot & fishery

This
was a Cree hunting/
trapping area

important
fishery
Jaquot & family to; La Prize
From
No of Refs
183
124
109
94
46
33
30
26
24
22
21
18
17
17
344

Pembina River
on McMurray-Chipewyan
route
Red Island
Regional market & outfitting
center and trading place for
Edmonton
McMurray 'Indians'.
Old Fort Creek
Beaver trapping area
Ferre Blanche
Fish Cache
Fishing site; Ft McMurray
men & families did spring
Clear River (near fort) [alternative for Clearwater R.) hunts there.
First Creek

Lac de Brochet

Isle a la Crosse
HBC
post
Big Prairie (see Big Plain)

Portage, 'the'

Little Prairie

Grand Rapids
navigation
obstruction
Old Fort

Indian
camping place,
Big Hay Plain (near fort)
souce of hay
Willow Point [on Fish Lake]
fishery best fall fishery]
Little River (near the fort)
source of firewood
Fort Vermilion
HBC men headed for
Driftwood River

Stoney Island [Rocky Island] (near fort)
Martell's
Camp (1879)
Waskahegan [House]
winter hunting place
Stoney Mountain
Part of winter track
Shanty Point (near fort)
Riverine de Maison [House River] (a.k.a. Waskahigan River)
5 June 2014
345
13
12
12
11
6
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
345

Potatoe Island (near fort)
Little Prairie Creek
Hay River
Chripstone's Camp (Chipewyan)
Big River (Athabasca River?) (near fort)
Niemest Point (near fort)
Grand Rapid, Ft
Big Plains (Big Prairie)
Tar Island
Mountain Rapid
Horse Tail Creek
Hay Prairies
5 June 2014

Source
of hay for McMurray

Source
of wood 'across'

Cree
summer camp 1879

camping
place for brigades
fish weir at outlet

346
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
346
347
APPENDIX 6: FT MCKAY POST JOURNALS, 1901-11

REF
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DATE
ENTRY
ND
Servants: Jean Genet , labourer, E. [Elzaer] Greenwood, Clerk, Jose Mercredi, Laborer [These are listed as
the permanent men. Others mentioned at post below likely hired locally and could be Metis or Whites]. Those
mentioned by first name only (excepting permanent HBC employees) are likely 'Indians.']
2d
1-Jan-01
Weather fine & clear but very cold. Indians all having a good time.
2d
2-Jan-01
Weather Stormmy & cold. Connor's man left for Chipewyan and Jean off to Lake [likely Moose Lake] for
fish, etc.
3-Jan-01
Still stormmy weather. Indians doing nothing just now.
4-Jan-01
Stormmy still. Nothing much going on.
5-Jan-01
6-Jan-01
3d
7-Jan-01
3d
PLACE
PEOPLE
Genet , Jean
E. Greenwood
Mercredi, Jose
Ft Chipewyan
Willow Lake
Connor
Getting warmer. Jean came in from Lake with a load of fish.
Willow Lake
Genet, Jean
Ft Chipewyan
8-Jan-01
Warm day. Packet arrived at noon today [from Chipewyan?]. I arrived also from Chipewyan.
Packet man resting his doge & getting ready to start in the morning. Self busy fixing up around Fort.
Jean working around palce. Weather stormy & cold.
Still stormy. Packet left in the morning for Lac la Biche. Self getting ready to start a trading trip to
Willow Lake. Jean working around place. [Willow Lake (a.k.a. Gregoire Lake); 14-86-8-w4; Wood Buffalo;
Lake http://ab.canadagenweb.org/alberta-info-placenames4.html#W ].
3d
9-Jan-01
Weather fine. Clarke off up river[McKay River?] trading [Willow Lake].
Willow Lake
10-Jan-01
Weather fine. Not much going on.
11-Jan-01
12-Jan-01
13-Jan-01
5 June 2014
Lac la Biche
Willow Lake
Genet, Jean
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4d
14-Jan-01
Came back from Willow Lake. Getting ready for start to Wood Buffalo Lake. Weather Stormy.
348
Willow Lake
Wood Buffalo
Lake
4d
15-Jan-01
Left for Lake [Wood Buffalo Lake in vicinity of upper Mckay River and Buffalo Creek tributary of
Athabasca River west of Ft. McMurray] taking Jean with me. Weather stormy.
4d
16-Jan-01
Got to Lake [Wood Buffalo Lake]
Ft. McMurray
Wood buffalo
Lake
Portage la Loche
Wood Buffalo
Lake
17-Jan-01
18-Jan-01
On my way back
Got back from Lake. Weather has been stormy and cold. [Wood Buffalo Lake is about day's
overland travel].
Wood Buffalo
Lake
19-Jan-01
Getting ready to Start up River [McKay River?]. Also trading with Indians around place.
up River
20-Jan-01
Not much going on. Takking a rest.
5d
21-Jan-01
Off to McMurray & Lake. Jean in charge of place.
5d
22-Jan-01
Off
5d
23-Jan-01
Off
24-Jan-01
25-Jan-01
back from Lake [Wood Buffalo]

Packet Sled arrived at 1 pm [back from McMurray?]. Jean off for meat. He came back on the same
day with 200 lbs moose meat [traded or hunted?].
26-Jan-01
Packet men getting ready to start in morning. Baking & resting dogs today. Snowed during the night.
Ft. McMurray
Genet, Jean
Ft. McMurray
Genet, Jean
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Packet starting at 6 am. Fine day. Getting ready to start for McMurray and Willow Lake.
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6d
28-Jan-01
Off to McMurray & Lake [Willow Lake] with 2 sleds.
Ft. McMurray
Willow Lake
[Gregoire Lake]
Ft. McMurray
Willow Lake
6d
29-Jan-01
When here (Willow Lake) I decided to go for some Fish from Jack Fish Lake & started across country with
Geyan as guide. We camped about 10 miles from this lake.
Jackfish Lake
Lac la Biche
6d
30-Jan-01
31-Jan-01
On the road all day.

Still on the road. Got to Jackfish Lake about 10 pm [lake is 2.5-3 days overland from McKay]
Jackfish Lake
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Geyan
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349
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1-Feb-01
Got Fish for Napasis & Cheuabush to turn back from here & I went on to La Loche for Gun caps.
[suggests Jackfish Lake could be toward toward La Loche].
Portage la Loche
2-Feb-01
Started back from P.L.L. [Portage La Loche] at noon today and travelled till I got up to my men who
were camped at the Pembina [lake or river?].
Portage la Loche
Pembina
3-Feb-01
Willow Lake
7d
4-Feb-01
Got to Willow Lake at noon. Traded for some fur.

Started back today. Got to McMurray and had ?. [suggests he was travelling west up Clearwater to
McMurray].
7d
5-Feb-01
Stop over most of day today fixing up there. Left in evening.

Red River
[McKay
River]
Willow Lake
Napasis
Cheubush
Ft. McMurray
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7d
6-Feb-01
I got to Red River [McKay River] where I found Fraser, Colin & McLelland who came last night. They rested
their dogs today.
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7-Feb-01
Left today. I was getting Jean and Elzear ready for a start to lake in morning.
8-Feb-01
Sent Benoit, Robillard off to Lake today. Am on sick list mayself. Not much going on. Weather stormy.
9-Feb-01
Still on sick list. Very warm. Not much going on.
10-Feb-01
[no entry]
8d
11-Feb-01
Still sick.
8d
12-Feb-01
Still sick.
8d
13-Feb-01
Benoit & Robillard turned up from Lake. Still warm.
14-Feb-01
Ft. McMurray
15-Feb-01
Fine Day. Started for McMurray with 3 sleds loaded with flour.
Commenced to snow very hard. Sent Benoit and Robillard back from McMurray. Self went to Willow
Lake.
Ft. McMurray
Robillard
16-Feb-01
Snowing hard still. Got to Willow Lake & went to Milton's camp & traded for his furs.
Willow Lake
Milton
17-Feb-01
9d
18-Feb-01
Still Snowing hard & blowing a gale. Staid at Miltons all day.
Still snowing but I went to Frans Blacks & as he was still out to his hunting grounds I started for
McMurray.
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Fraser, Colin
McLelland
Genet, Jean
Greenwood, Elzear
Benoit
Robillard
Benoit
Robillard
Milton
Ft. McMurray
349
350
Ft. McMurray
Black's Camp
Stoney Mountain
9d
19-Feb-01
On getting to McMurray I decided to turn back & see if I could not find Black's camp on Stony
Mountain.
9d
20-Feb-01
I got to Lake [willow] and found that he had just arrived having 6 Martin & 4 Beaver.
Willow Lake
10
21-Feb-01
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22-Feb-01
Ft. McMurray
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23-Feb-01
As it was still stormy I thought I would wait for the packet today.
I started for home today having made a haul of 20 Martin, 1 lynx, 1 mink, & 4 beaver. I was just in
time for Gordon arrived at McMurray just after me.
I started from McMurray & got to McKay after dark & found some Indians waiting for me having
just come in this evening. Everything is OK.
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24-Feb-01
Naples men under Wm Patton arrived from below about noon & laid over all day. Self taking rest.
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25-Feb-01
10d
26-Feb-01
Patton started for L.L.B. [Lac la Biche] in the morning. Sent Robillard for load of fish from Callis
cache. Jean cutting wood. Sent Mcdonald, Wm. with load of Flour to McMurray. Weather fine & clear.
Weather still fine. Looking out for packet. Unable to go any where until it passes although there is
over twenty martin waiting to be sent for out in the camps at Moose Lake.
10d
27-Feb-01
Snowing a little in morning. No sign of Packet yet.
11
28-Feb-01
Pages missing and/or blank until 17 April]
16
4-Apr-01
Weather warm. [Different hadwriting]
16
5-Apr-01
Weather a little cold with wind from North
16
6-Apr-01
Weather a little cold with wind from North.
16
7-Apr-01
Weather fine. Light winds from North West. Start to the Portage with two sleds.
16d
8-Apr-01
[no entry]
16d
9-Apr-01
[no entry]
16d
10-Apr-01
[no entry]
17
11-Apr-01
[no entry]
17
12-Apr-01
[no entry]
5 June 2014
Black
Ft. McMurray
Naple
Patton, William
Lac la Biche
Ft. McMurray
Callis
Patton
Robillard
Mcdonald, Wm.
Moose Lake
350

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13-Apr-01
Westher fine with light winds from North.
17
14-Apr-01
17d
15-Apr-01
17d
16-Apr-01
Weather cold and very windy.

Weather fine. Light winds all day from south west. Plenty of water on ice. Jean working Place. Wiken
cutting wood.
Weather a little cold. Some Rain in Morning. Jean has gone up the River for canoe. First geese see today. Got home from the Portage about noon. Also Robihard.
17d
17-Apr-01
Weather a little cold. Some snow falling. A few geese flying.
18
18-Apr-01
Weather fine. Strong winds from North. Men working around the place.
18
19-Apr-01
Weather fine very warm. Ice Breaking off along shorte. Men getting ready for packing fur.
18
20-Apr-01
Weather very warm. River Broken along shore. Jean came home. Robillard repairing guns. Wilson
working around the place.
18
21-Apr-01
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22-Apr-01
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23-Apr-01
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24-Apr-01
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25-Apr-01
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26-Apr-01
19
27-Apr-01
19
28-Apr-01
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29-Apr-01
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5 June 2014
Weather fine.
The day is fine very strong wind from the north. A few geese flying. Also the first ducks were seen
today. Robillard fixing Rifle. Jean has gone to swet his nets.
The day is fine. Strong wind blowing from South. Little Red River broken also started Athabasca.
Geese flying all day. Jean off for Back for canoe.Robihard Repairing chains. ... Cutting Brush [he
smudged his ink often making words hard to read].
The day is fine. Ice floating all day in evening water rose and Athabasca ice started down. The water
higher than I ever saw it in 8 years. Jean fixing canoe. Wilson working around place, also Elzear at
floats, etc.
A little snow during night. River jammen where below and over flowed banks. Robillard who was
shopping down in McClellands House woke up with about 6 in water on his floor. Consequently
he had to move up on the hill.
The day is fine. River still jammed somewhere below. The water is very high. Geese flying all day.
Wilson & Jean working around the place. [Wilson hired locally?]
The day is very warm. River moving a little water still very high. Wilson working around. Jean off to
visit net in afternoon.
351
Genet, Jean
Wiken
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Wilson
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Macka River
Athabasca River
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Greenwood
McClelland's
House
Robillard
McClelland
Wilson [1st name]
Jean
Wilson
Genet, Jean
The day is very warm. River started. The water the highest it has ever been.
The weather is very fine. AM River almost clear of ice. Geese & Ducks flying all the time. The water
has gone down about five feet leaving Ice all along the Banks PM a little rain.
351
The weather is unsettled has been Raining all morning. Afternoon cludy. Jean set two nets this
Morning. Jean and Robbilard Making Skiff in afternoon. Wilson cleaning the store.
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30-Apr-01
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1-May-01
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2-May-01
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3-May-01
The weather is fine. The river is clear of ice now. Robillard & Jean working at Skiff, Wilson working
around the place.
The day is coudy with a little Rain in Morning. Afternoon fine. Jean & Robillard working at the skiff.
Wilson working around place.
The day is very fine with light wind blowing from South East. Jean & Robillard working at Skiff.
Wilson working around place.
20
4-May-01
The day is fine with sgtrong north wind. Robillard & Jean at Skiff.
20
5-May-01
The day is cold with light showers of Rain.
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6-May-01
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7-May-01
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8-May-01
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9-May-01
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10-May01
The day is cloudy with Light winds blowing from North East. Jean working at Skiff. Robillard, Joseph & Isadore
start at noon for Indian camp. Willl be gone four days. Wilson working around Place. Expecting scows every
day.
The day is fine, in morning & afternoon strong winds are blowing from north. Jean making oars for the skiff.
Wilson cleaning up around the Place. Fraser, Colin arrived about six PM with three scows accompanied by John
Sutherland & wife.
The day is cloudyt in Morning with strong North wind followed by Rain & snow in afternoon. Jean & Wilson
working around the Place.
The Weather is almost the same as yesterday. Still snowing hard. Jean off to the nets. Wilson working around the
Place.
The day is fine, with Light winds from North East. Expect Robillard Back to-night. Wilson & Jean working
aro;und place. No more scows have arrived.
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11-May01
The day is fine, Light North winds. Wilson & Jean working around the Place. Robillard not back yet.
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12-May01
The day is fine. John McDonald Sr., John McDonald Jr., Paul Cree & son arrived To-night.
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13-May01
The day is cloudy with Light winds Blowing from North East. Jean working at the Skiff. Robillard, Joseph, &
Isadore go down to the Indians camp. [Does this indicate that none of these men were Indians?]
5 June 2014
352
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Robillard
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Genet, Jean
Joseph
Isadore
Fraser
John Sutherland
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Wilson
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Genet, Jean
John McDonald sr
John McDonald jr
Paul Cree
Genet, Jean
Robillard
Joseph
Isadore
352
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14-May01
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15-May01
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18-May01
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19-May01
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21-May01
22-May01
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23
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25-May01
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24
28-May01
29-May01
30-May01
24
31-May01
23d
23d
5 June 2014
353
Wilson
Genet, Jean
The [day] is cloudy. I start for McMurray. The afternoon is showery. Wilson & Jean working around the place.
The day is fine. The Hudsons Bay Scow arrives this morning. Also 1 canoe with two Gentlemen enroute to
Resolution. 6 pm Mercredi & Loutit also arrive with two scows for Government. [Suggests these two men
contracting for transport work.]
9AM. The day is cloudy with Light Rain andvery Strong South West winds. Two scows belonging to the W H
Connors pased about four oclock this morning. 6 pm weather just the same. Louis Cardinal & Joseph Robillard
start on Beaver Hunt today. [Possibly another Robillard considering this is frist time he is given first name, but
not likely.]
The day is Dark & Cloudy has been Raining. This morning Strong Winds Bllowing from South West. St Perie
got home about sometime in the Night. Jean & Wilson Working around the Place.
The day is cloudy. Robillard Jr. & Louis Cardinal have come back. Did not get anything. Wilson & Jean working
around the Place.
Mercridi
Loutit
The day is Dark & ... Much ... & Rain. Susan Rouelie [Bouelie?] came in Late to night. Brought a lot of fur.
Louis Cardinal
Joseph Robillard
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Genet, Jean
Wilson
Susan Roulie
[or Bouelie?]
Weather Bad, has been raining all night. Still doing so 6 pm. Still Raining
The Weather is bad. Storng winds from North East, followed by rain. Gordons men arrived tonight from Poplar
Point.
Gordon's Men
Weather just the same. Nothing new. Got Back from Willow Lake to night.
Weather about the same. Crisostym pitched off this morning. WS Connors passed to-night with four scows.
The day is fine. River is very high. All the Indians have pitched off. Robillard visiting nets. Wilson working
Round the place. Arrived a A.L. 6 am [?]
The day is very fine. Reiver still Rising. Robillard visiting nets. Wilson writing around the House.
Willow Lake
Crisostym
W S Connors
Robillard
Robillard
Wilson
The day is very warm.

The day is very warm. Northing new. 6pm Strong wind Blowing from North West. Water going down.
The Weather is fine in the Morning, but Raining in afternoon. Cardinal styarted off this morning on a hunt.
Indians killing lots of Moose, Bears. Indians arrived from Moose Lake late to-night. E. Nagles Steamed Passed
this morning.
Cardinal
The Weather is bad, has been Raining all day. Light wind blowing from North West.
Theweather is very bad. Still Raining hard. Arrival Y Rapids.
The Weather about the same, had a little Rain this afternoon. Isadore arrived this afternoon from Moose Lake
bringing in his hunt. The water is very high to-night. No sign of any scows yet.
353
24
1-Jun-01
The Weather is fine, Storng Winds blowing from the North. Bellaur, Gordons man started for McMurray at
noon. Men making packs.
24
2-Jun-01
The Weather is fine, strong Wind blowing from the North.
24d
3-Jun-01
24d
4-Jun-01
The Weather is fine. Strong Wind blowing from the North East. Men working around the place
The Weather is fine. Very strong wind blowing from the North. Old man Sirene [?] arrived this morning from
Below. Water still very high. Indians arrived from Moose Lake also.
24d
5-Jun-01
[blank] No further entries or pages until 20 June]
27
20-Jun-01
27
21-Jun-01
blank
Cloudy still, wants to rain. S.S. Grahame [steamer] arrived last night from Mcmurray. Ellenwood arrived to
take charge for summer. [Change in journalist?] Paul Bere arrved also. I with a few people sick here [note his
'ere' looks like 'rre']
27
22-Jun-01
Cloudy still, wantes to rain. Grahame left this morning. Raining in afternoon.
27
23-Jun-01
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24-Jun-01
Raining all night and morning.

Cloudy and blowing. Busy with account &c. Clarke getting ready to start out by way of the Portage. Quite a few
people sick around here.
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25-Jun-01
27d
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354
Ft. McMurray
Bellaur [Belleur]
Sirenne [Old Man]
Ft. McMurray
Ellenwood
Paul Bere
Clarke
26-Jun-01
Cloudy and looks like rain. Chrysostum's child died this morning. John Nakohos wife is likely to go too. Old Jose
Boucher came over to-day, still preetty sick. Adam Boucher arrived from Chipewyan.
cloudy & warm. Mr. Clarke left this morning for the Portage on his way to Prince Albert as he has
left the Company. [means the 'portage' is to the south'
Ft Chipewyan
the Portage
Prince Albert
28
27-Jun-01
Cloudy. Nothing doing. D. J. Hanbury with 2 canoes arrived this evening en route to Hudsons Bay. Camped here.
Hudson Bay
D. J. Hanbury
28
28-Jun-01
Cloudy and drizzling. Mr. Hanburry left this morning for Chipewyan.
Ft Chipewyan
D. J. Hanbury
28
29-Jun-01
28
30-Jun-01
Cloudy but not raining.

Cloudy and raining in afternoon. Jean ..ueau. Returned from McMurray in evening having four [?] up with Mr.
Clarke.
Ft. McMurray
Clarke
28d
1-Jul-01
Cloudy and a little rain. Nothing doing.
2-Jul-01
Cloudy but warm. David Cardinal started for McM [McMurray] this morning but had to turn back having hurt
himself. Am keeping him here till he can be moved. Am afraid he will have to see the Doctor. P. Loutit Sr, P.
Loutit jr., & S Everson from Chipewyan passed on their way to Edmonton.
Ft. McMurray
Ft Chipewyan
Edmonton
Cardinal, David
P. Loutit Sr
P. Loutit Jr
S. Everson
28d
5 June 2014
Old Jose Bucher

Adam Boucher
Clarke
354

305-A1
28d
3-Jul-01
Cloudy and raining all night.
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29
4-Jul-01
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29
5-Jul-01
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29
6-Jul-01
29
7-Jul-01
Cloudy still with a little rain. Nothing doing. Jean & Maguenis off to cut wood for the steamer Graham.
Cloudy with little rain. Men still at wood. Making out requisitions &c Adam Boucher killed a young moose
yesterday and are off for the meat to-day.
Cloudy with thunder & rain. Men still cutting wood for SSG. 6 canoes arrived from Chipewyan. People from
here pitching home.
Still cloudy with rain. A scow passed last night bound for Bear Lake. Am starting Jean off to Chipewyan for grub
as we are next to starving. Jean's engagement expires to-day.
29d
8-Jul-01
Fine & warm in morning. Afternoon showers. Nothing doing.
29d
9-Jul-01
Fine in morning. About dinner time heavy shower and thunder. Indians getting ready to pitch off.
29d
10-Jul-01
30
11-Jul-01
30
12-Jul-01
30
13-Jul-01
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30
14-Jul-01
30d
15-Jul-01
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16-Jul-01
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30d
17-Jul-01
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31
18-Jul-01
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31
19-Jul-01
31
20-Jul-01
31
21-Jul-01
31d
22-Jul-01
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5 June 2014
355
Genet, Jean
Maguenis
Adam Boucher
Ft Chipewyan
Ft Chipewyan
Warm in morning with showers. Almost all the Indians pitched off to-day
Fine in morning but about 4 o'clock an awful rain & wind storm came up. The trees around the
place were kncked down little nothing and rain came down down in buckets full. Only 3 or 3 Indians left here
now all having pitched off.
Raining all day about 5 o'clock stopped raining but still cloudy. Nothing doing. Expect 'Shot'
along any day now.
Genet, Jean
Shot'
Fine but little cloudy. Nothing doing.

Fine with wind from West. No signs of anybody from above. Have been living on bread & tea for last
10 days.
Cloudy with raw wind. Nothing doing. Fine in afternoon towards evening.
Fine & warm in morning, towards evening cloudy. Nothing doing. Expect Jean back from Chipewyan
this evening.
Raining in the forenoon, fine in afternoon but showery towards sundown. Got some moose meat
this evening from Old Charlot which is a change from straight bread. No sign of Jean.
Fine & warm in morning. Jean & man arrived at 4 pm with some grub. Mr. Livock is Expected here
on the ?th with Colin Frraser's steamer.
Rain all forenoon & part of afternoon. Stopped raining in afternoon but still cloudy & clear.
Jean working around the place.
Fine & warm in early part of morning but about 11 am violent rainstrom accompanied with thunder
sprang up. Toward evening stopped raining. Cloudy & wind blowing up river.
Fine in morning with wind north-west.
Raining in forenoon. Drizzling in afternoon. Fraser, Colin & Men camp here tonight on their way
to Edmonton. Mr Livock is comming on Colin's steamer.
Ft Chipewyan
Old Charlot
Genet, Jean
up River
Fraser, Colin
355
356
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31d
23-Jul-01
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31d
24-Jul-01
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32
25-Jul-01
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32
26-Jul-01
305-A1
32
27-Jul-01
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32
28-Jul-01
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32d
29-Jul-01
32d
30-Jul-01
Fine warm but smokey. Fire burning up the river somewhere.

Fine and warm. Smokey. Jean working at drain. River rose again about 1/2 ft since last night.
Mr. Livock looking over accounts &c.
Fine warm. Last [night] rained heavy. Jean still working at drain. After supper a heavy thnder storm
came up. Heavy wind & rain accompanied it.
32d
31-Jul-01
Fine warm. Jean working at drain & cutting brush. Nothing doing.
Genet, Jean
33
1-Aug-01
Genet, Jean
305-A1
33
2-Aug-01
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33
3-Aug-01
33
4-Aug-01
Warm. Lots of drift wood coming down the river the last 2 days. Jean covering in drain.
Fine & warm. Getting ready to go up to McMurray in afternoon. I had another heavy rainstorm.
Jean working around place cutting brush, etc.
Cloudy in morning. Cleaning up around the place and stumps. Some Indians arrived from below
brought some dry meat. Warm all day. St. Pierre & Louis [Cardinal?] arrived in the evening bringing back the
dogs as they could catch no fish.
Fine & warm in morning. Towards evening clouded up and rainsgtrom passed over. River going down
a little.
33d
5-Aug-01
Rainy & cold, raw wind
33d
6-Aug-01
No entry
33d
7-Aug-01
No entry
34
8-Aug-01
No entry
34
9-Aug-01
No entry
34
10-Aug-01
34
11-Aug-01
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5 June 2014
Raining all day. Fraser, Colin stayed here all day.

Cloudy but warm in forenoon. Clouded up in afternoon. Fraser, Colin pulled [off] this morning.
Showering all day.
Cloudy but warm. Baptiste Cree & 2 boys arrived from Fort McMurray. They brought 10 M guncaps
which had been asked for from Portage la Loche. Camped here. Cloudy all day but not raining. River
going down.
Cloudy & blowing. S.S. Grahame arrived at 9 am with Mr. Livock on board. Left again for
Chipewyan after diner. Mr. Livock [government treaty commissioner ?] stays here till treaty time. 'Shot' passed
with a scow in evening. No letters from above.
Cloudy & warm. Mr Livock busy looking over account. [Livock checking HBC treaty accounts?] Jean
working at drain.
Jose Mercredi arrived on the S Grahame, brought his wife & 4 children to swell the mess. [Mercredi remains]
No entry
Fraser, Colin
Fraser, Colin
Ft. McMurray
Portage la Loche
Ft Chipewyan
Ft. McMurray
Baptiste Cree
Livock
Shot
Livock
Genet, Jean
Livock
Genet, Jean
Livock
Genet, Jean
Genet, Jean
St. Pierre
Louis [Cardinal]
Mercredi, Jose
356
357
1
34d
12-Aug-01
A [?] array. Remitted $245 to Edmonton on ACC of this post per W. J. Livock. [Must have been what
Livock approved. Possibly sick and destitute acocunts.]
34d
13-Aug-01
No entry
34d
14-Aug-01
305-A1
35
15-Aug-01
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35
16-Aug-01
Arrived on SSG tonight brought down 2 scows.

Fine & warm. SS Grahame left for Chipewyan in morning. Today unloading scows. BP O.K. [?]
cash sales amounted to $ 597.50. One of the dogs 'Tiger' was drowned last night and another 'Don'
an old dog died coming in from Moose Lake.
Warm in day. Clouded up in evbening with thunder and a little rain. Busy all day in marking and
opening up goods in store. Set a net in morning.
35
17-Aug-01
Cloudy & windy with a little rain off & on. Busy in store. Jose cutting wood & Jean carpentering.
Took in a little cash [treaty money]. Indians getting ready to pitch off again.
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
35
18-Aug-01
305-A1
35d
19-Aug-01
Moose Lake
Genet, Jean
Genet, Jean
Mercredi
Nakohe
305-A1
35d
20-Aug-01
Fine & warm. Caought no fish to-day. Jean off to set net on other side of river.
Fine & warm. Jean across the river to cut a stick for a skiff. Jose cutting wood . Have got John
Nakohe to go out to Moose Lake to fish for the winter. He is taking 4 dogs with him 'Soldat,' 'Barney', 'Bright,'
Doggie'. Busy in store clearing up and putting away goods.
Fine & warm. I scow for Peter Loutit [independent trader?] & 2 for Fraser, Colin passed this morning. Old
Greene passed with 1 boat for Fort Chipewyan. Busy hanging up bacon and working in the store. Jean across the
river making a place to rip lumber for a skiff. Most of the Indians pitched off to-day.
Ft Chipewyan
Peter Loutit
Fraser, Colin
305-A1
35d
21-Aug-01
Fine but windy. Jean & Jose off sawing wood across the river. Busy in store marking goods. John
Nakoho left for Moose lake to-day.
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
305-A1
36
22-Aug-01
Fine & warm. Jean & Jose still sawing across. Working in store and writing. Caught 5 whitefish last
night. Getting nets ready for fall.
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
305-A1
36
23-Aug-01
Fine warm. Cold at night and mosquitos all gone. Jean & Jose working around. Brought the lumber
they had sawed in morning. Jean off in afternoon to The Saline [Saline Lake] to get some ducks.
36
24-Aug-01
Fine & warm. Jean came back having killed 10 ducks. 'Shot' with 2 scows passed and camped about
7 miles from here. He had a lot of passengers with him. J. Peacock, W. Ibbotson, Calhoun & a lot of
others.
36
25-Aug-01
Fine and warm but blowing hard. Noting doing.
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5 June 2014
Edmonton
Livock
Ft Chipewyan
Moose Lake
The Saline
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Genet, Jean
Shot
J. Peacock
W. Ibbotson
Calhoun
357
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Fine and warm. Men get the wood ready for a skiff to go down to Chipewyan. Went down the river
about 2 miles with Jean to get some tar. Found some and brought back about 3 gal of fine tar, no dirt
or sticks in it.
358
Ft Chipewyan
36d
26-Aug-01
36d
27-Aug-01
36d
28-Aug-01
Fine and warm. Working at skiff. Killed 20 fish in net this evening.
Fine & warm. Working at Skiff. Killing quite a few fish. One of the dogs, 'Dan' died last night,
leaves 6.
37
29-Aug-01
Fine & warm, working at Skiff.
37
30-Aug-01
37
31-Aug-01
Warm - working as usual.

Warm. Finished skiff and caulked and painted it. Will start for below Thursday or day after [writing
on Saturday.]
37
1-Sep-01
Cloudy and not so warm.
37d
2-Sep-01
Cloudy but warm. The boat finished to-day and will leave for Chipewyan to-morrow.
37d
3-Sep-01
Cold & blowing.
37d
4-Sep-01
40d
25-Sep-01
No entry [away at Ft. Chip] No pages until his return 25 September]

Arrived from Chipwyan and found everything ok. Jose took in about $65 cash and 2 beaver
skins while I was away. Getting ready to start up to the fisher to-morrow.
Ft Chipewyan
41
26-Sep-01
Cloludy and raw. Started up the river to Tar Island [up river from La Saline] with a scow taking St. Pierre up to
fish also Jean who will stay up there to cut birch for 1/4 doz sleds & snowshoes.
Tar Island
Ft Chipewyan
41
27-Sep-01
No entry
41
28-Sep-01
Returned from up the River killing quite a few fish here.
41
29-Sep-01
blowing and windy
41d
30-Sep-01
No entry
41d
1-Oct-01
No entry
41d
2-Oct-01
Fine and warm. Guler [or Gulle] and man passed on their way to Chipewyan.
Ft Chipewyan
42
3-Oct-01
Started for McMurray with man
Ft. McMurray
42
4-Oct-01
42
5-Oct-01
No Entry
Arrived from McMurray. Did not see Indians but sent out some tea, tob[baco] & c with Paul
Charchum [not clear from handwriting]
5 June 2014
Ft Chipewyan
358
Cloudy and not too warm. J. Bird & Johnny McDonald arrived from McMurray last night and
started back this morning.
Cloudy and rain. Jean returned from up the river [Tar Island] with wood for sleds & snowshoes and
is busy at them to day. Jose fishing and fixing up the house inside for thge winter. Have a trader alongside of us
now - Jimas [?] for C. Fraser.
359
Ft. McMurray
J. Bird
Johnny McDonald
Tar Island
Genet, Jean
Fraser, Colin
305-A1
42
6-Oct-01
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42d
7-Oct-01
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42d
8-Oct-01
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42d
9-Oct-01
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43
10-Oct-01
Cloudy and raw. Jean busy at sleds & Jose fishing and carpentering around the place. St. Pierre
returned from up the river as he was killing no fish. Brought back 1100.
Clear & blowing from South. Philip Atkinson passed on his way to Fort Providence. Men
working around.
Clear and windy from SW. Jean turned 2 sleds to-day. Jose working around. Paul Cree arrived from
McMurray in evening with a little fur.
43
11-Oct-01
Cloudy and windy. Paul Cree styarted home this morning. Jean & Jose working as usual. St. Pierre
mudding store. Chrysostrine killed 3 moose and are going for the meat to-morrow.
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Chrysostrine
43
12-Oct-01
Cloudy and windy. Jean came back with some meat.
Genet, Jean
43
13-Oct-01
Cloudy and windy. Jean came back with some meat.
Genet, Jean
43d
14-Oct-01
15-Oct-01
Cloudy with North wind and raw. Jean working at sleds. Jose planing lumber for partitions.
Cloudy and raw. Very cold last night. George Loutit arrives with scow from the Landing [Athabasca].
Brought some freight for this post, bacon &c. Gordon has arrived at McMurray. Indians all
pitiching off.
Ft. McMurray
Athabasca
Landing
George Loutit
Gordon
Cloudy but not so raw as yesterday. Chas Smith passed last night bound for Chipewyan. St. Pierre &
Louis Boucher left this morning for Moose Lake. Sent some tea &c with him. No Indians here now
except Adam. [Adam and Louis Boucher 'Indians'?]
Ft Chipewyan
Moose Lake
Adam
St. Pierre
Louis Boucher
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43d
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43d
16-Oct-01
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44
17-Oct-01
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44
18-Oct-01
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44
19-Oct-01
5 June 2014
Cloudy but not cold. Jean & Jose working at snowshoes &c. Indians all pitched off.
Clear & warm. Men carpentering & putting up partition in house. Nothing doing. Cherpostuin killed
2 beaver. Cold at night.
Clear & warm & windy. Men at same works. Not catching many fish but enough to feed the dogs
without giving them hung fish.
St. Pierre
Genet, Jean
Fort Providence
Ft. McMurray
Philip Atkinson
Genet, Jean
Paul cree
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Cherpostuin
359
305-A1
Clear & Warm. Nothing doing. Maurice Boucher returned from McMurray with goods which he is
going to trade for Gordon with.
Fine & warm. Men finishing the partitions to-day. Adam is to pitch off to-morrow. Will give him
a few supplies. Chespostuim is also going to pitch off.
360
McMurray
Maurice Boucher
44
20-Oct-01
44d
21-Oct-01
44d
22-Oct-01
305-A1
44d
23-Oct-01
305-A1
45
24-Oct-01
Fine & warm. Bad for the fish. Men at sleds &c.
Fine and warm. Finished the sled & snowshoes to day. Adam and Cheysortum pitched off. Gordon's
from Point Brule passed on his way to McMurray.
Fine & warm. Nothing doing. Men cutting wood and carpentering. Cleaning up the store. Hauled
a scow up on the Beach.
305-A1
45
25-Oct-01
Fine & warm. Jean breaking up scow. Jose working around.
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
45
26-Oct-01
Cloudy and raw. Think will have some snow soon. Jean still at scow. Jose cutting wood.
Louis Boucher got back from Lake. 9 mink 4 beaver.
Moose
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Louis Boucher
45
27-Oct-01
45d
28-Oct-01
Clear & warm but Smokey. Nothing doing. Fish are commencing to [?] pretty strong.
Cloudy and looks like snow. Busy around the place cleaning up. Gave Louis Boucher some goods
to take out to Lake as he is going out again tomorrow.
Moose Lake
Louis Boucher
45d
29-Oct-01
Cloudy and misty. Louis left this morning. Off cutting out road to Moose Lake as far as
Moose Lake
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45d
30-Oct-01
46
31-Oct-01
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46
1-Nov-01
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46
2-Nov-01
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46
3-Nov-01
5 June 2014
Red River. Adam & Cheysostum came back in afternoon. Toldval, Isdore, and Francois came in from
the Lake with a little fur. Raining toward evening.
Snowing hard. Jean working at sleds. Fixing Up the Indians [Toldval, Isdore, and Francois].
Cloudy with wind from the North and flurries of snow. Gordons man arrived last night from McMurray
on his way to Poplar Point. Jean and Jose off working on the road. Indians stared back for Moose
Lake this morning. Ice floating in river to-night.
Cold and snowing heavily. River full of ice and frozen along shore. Gordon's man unable to leave.
Getting wrappers harness ready &c.
Cloudy and Cold. Sent Jean & Jose with 1 sled down to see Michel & Callis.
Chespostuim
Ft. McMurray
Point Brule
Willow Lake
Adam
Chespostuim
Adam
Toldval,
Isdore
Francois
Genet, Jean
McMurray
Moose Lake
Poplar Point
Gordon's man
Gordon's man
Genet, Jean
Mercredi, Jose
Michele
Callis
360

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46D
4-Nov-01
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5-Nov-01
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6-Nov-01
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361
47
7-Nov-01
Cloudy and cold. Cutting wood &c. Getting Ready to start to McMurray. Charlot came across with 2 beaver.
Clear & cold. Jean 7 Jose got back about 3:30 pm. Brought little fur but the Indian have not started to hunt.
Will start for the forks [McMurray] tomorrow.
Cold & blowing. Cutting wood and hauling goods up from the house on the bank. Cold - River full of ice
all day. Glass went down to 80 below zero. River froze over.
Cold and Blowing with snow. Jean and Louis returned from Moose Lake. Brought back some fish but the
pups are Knacked up. Are under the necessity of buying 1 t4rain of dogs more I am afraid. Report plenty of
martin & fox tracks all over. Louis killed 1 fox and 1 fisher on road. 5 marten, 8 mink and some other fur. Will
start for McMurray in a few days. Junas is paying 15 MB for beaver &10 for Martin. Cold, snowing - cutting
wood.
47
8-Nov-01
Cold fixing up with Louis and others.
47
9-Nov-01
Blank [away at McMurray]
47
10-Nov-01
47d
11-Nov-01
47d
12-Nov-01
13-Nov-01
Fine & clear, cold. Arrived from McMurray in afternoon. Brought back 10 beaver, 1 bear, 1 marten, 3 mink
&c. [goes there to trade] Nothing much doing while I was away. Louis Boucher came back with 8 beaver,
17 mink and some other furs.
McMurray
clear & cold. Clouded up in afternoon. Getting Jean ready to send out to Moose Lake with flour and to bring
Moose Lake
back fish. Louis will go with him. Jose I will send down to Michel's camp.
Michel's camp
47d
48
14-Nov-01
McMurray
the Forks
McMurray
Charlot
Genet, Jean
Moose Lake
McMurray
Gent & Robillard
Robillard
Louis Boucher
Robillard
Jose Mercridi
Julian
Chrysostium
Cloudy but not cold. Jean & Louis started for the Lake [Moose Lake] in the morning. Jose fixing sled &c.
305-A1
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48
15-Nov-01
48
16-Nov-01
48
17-Nov-01
48d
18-Nov-01
5 June 2014
Chrysostum & Julian ame across about dinner time. Brought no furs. Chrysostum has 7 beaver & 4 martin &
Julian has 5 marten, wants a dog.
Cloudy and cold. Trapper from McMurray arrived during the night. Sent off Chrysostum [or ium] in morning
Jose cutting wood, etc.
Robillarde
Jose Mercridi
Moose Lake
Chrysostum
McMurray
Cold. Nothing doing.

Cloudy and cold. Cutting wood and working around.
361
362
1
305-A1
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48d
19-Nov-01
Cold & snowing. Went down to set some traps in the morning for foxes.
48d
20-Nov-01
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49
21-Nov-01
305-A1
49
22-Nov-01
Cold and windy. Nothing doing.

Cold blowing & snowing. Cutting wood &c. Jean and the others came back from lake [Moose Lake} in
evening. Very little fur although they report lots of marten & fox tracks. Brought back no fish. Louis killed
1 x fox [cross fox] and 1 fisher on road.
Cold and snowing. Fixing up with Louis. Will start for McMurray in a few days. Will have to buy a train of
dogs am afraid as am short.
Moose Lake
McMurray
McMurray
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49
23-Nov-01
Start for McMuray. Paul Cree, Messrs Cummon & Baker arrived from Chipewyan.
49
24-Nov-01
No entry [at McMurray]
49d
25-Nov-01
49d
26-Nov-01
49d
27-Nov-01
50
28-Nov-01
50
29-Nov-01

Cloudy but not cold. Arried from McMurray about 4 o'clock. Brought back 11 marten, 5 mink. Jean traded 8
martin while I was away.
50
30-Nov-01
Cold and clear. Nothing doing. Went across and got Julian s fur. 18 marten
Across the river
50
1-Dec-01
Cold and snowing a little. Lousie Boucher setted off for Poplar Point this morning.
Poplar Point
50d
2-Dec-01
Cloudy and cold. Busy at accounts.
50d
3-Dec-01
50d
4-Dec-01
Clear & cold. Daniel & Alex came back from down the river. Jose cutting wood. Working at acounts to have
ready to send out by first chance. Expect Jean back tomorrow. Jean & Magueenus arrived after supper.
Brought 16 martin, 97 mink. Jose & family have 76 marten, yet but would not give them to Jean.
Cold & cloudy. Jean off to Adams camp with some grub. Hadn't got across the river when met Adams pitching
home. Have 42 martens altogether. Lousie Boucher returned last night from Poplar Point.
51
5-Dec-01
51
6-Dec-01
5 June 2014
Cloudy & misty. Nothing going.

Cloudy but not cold. Isdore Boucher arrived about 1 o'clock from Moose Lake. Brought 9 martin, 1 mink.
Paul Cree
Cummon
Baker
Ft Chipewyan
Louis Boucher
Robillard
Magueenus
down river
Poplar Point.
Louis Boucher
Moose Lake
Isadore Boucher
362
363
Cloudy and cold. Callis & Alex arrived last night with 10 marten. Jose jauling fish & cutting wood. Jean
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7-Dec-01
working around. Went across to Chrysostum and Charlot's [camps]. Louis leaves for below on Tuesday.
Across River
51d
8-Dec-01
No entry [at Moose Lake]
Moose Lake
51d
9-Dec-01
51d
10-Dec-01
52
11-Dec-01
Cloudy but not cold. Arrived from Moose Lake. 34 marten, 7 mink, 1 lynx, 1 x fox.
52
12-Dec-01
Clear & cold. Nothing doing. Tooldoaf arrived last night. All Indians off looking at traps.
52
13-Dec-01
Clear & cold. The coldest day we have had yet. Nothing doing. Charlot came over with a marten. Jose putting
fish away and Jean cutting wood.
52
14-Dec-01
Cloudy and cold. Men working around hauling fish, wood, &c. No fur coming in.
52d
15-Dec-01
No entries or pages. [Away at McMurray]
52d
16-Dec-01
52d
17-Dec-01
53
18-Dec-01
53
19-Dec-01
53
20-Dec-01
53
21-Dec-01
53
22-Dec-01
53d
23-Dec-01
53d
24-Dec-01
Cold. I arrived from McMurray. 15 marten, 6 beaver, 8 mink.
25-Dec-01
Cloudy but not cold. John McDonald & Gordon, his trader arrived from above. Got 1 Blk bear from Mauria.
Very quiet. Getting ready to send out to Moose Lake.
53d
5 June 2014
Callis
Alex
Chrysostum
Charlot
Moose lake
Tooldof
Charlot
Robillard
John McDonald
Gordon
Moose Lake
363
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26-Dec-01
Cold. John McDonald & Gordon camped here. Started Jean off to Moose Lake. MacDonald left after supper
for McMurray.
364
Moose Lake
McMurray
27-Dec-01
Cold. Gordon waiting for his men from Poplar Point. Daniel came back with a load of meat from Adam
Poplar Point
54
28-Dec-01
Cold. Got Francois's fur. 7 marten,8 mink. Gordon's man arrived from Poplar Point, also our [man] from
McMurray. Magueenus sent in his fur. 5 martin, 4 minks.
Poplar Point
54
29-Dec-01
Cloudy & thawing. Gordon still here.
54d
30-Dec-01
Cold. Jose rrived from Chipweyan. About 6 sleds came up. Chrysostum & Julian came back from the Portage
last night
54d
31-Dec-01
19d
5-Jan-03
Packet arrived from below.
19d
6-Jan-03
Packet men spelling dogs & baking
19d
7-Jan-03
Packet men started
54
Adam
Francois
Gordon
Francois
Gordon
Magueenus
Chrysostum
Julian
Snowing and blowing. Busy fixing up for New Years. Indians are gont to have a good time dancing, &c.
The packet arrived from below [Note journal does not
start at page 1 because all of the front material in this
commercial journal. There are major gaps in this journal. It
also runs Mon-Sat. No Sunday entries
29
26-Feb-02
Packet arrived from LLB. Capt. Mills also arived enroute to

Ft. Simpson
29
27-Feb-02
Blank
29
28-Feb-02
Blank
29d
2-Mar-02
Blank
29d
3-Mar-02
Blank
29d
4-Mar-02
Blank
5 June 2014
Ft. Chipewyan
the Portage
John McDonald
Gordon
Robillard
Lac la Biche
Ft Simpson
Mills, Captn
364

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5-Mar-02
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30
6-Mar-02
30
7-Mar-02
Blank
Clear & cold. Arrived from Chipewyan. 2 Sleds arrived also
on road to Edmonton.
30
8-Mar-02
365
Edmonton
Cold Loutit Bros spelling their dogs. Jean Benoit got back
from Indian Camp with fur. Getting ready to start for
McMurray tomorrow.
30d
9-Mar-02
30d
10-Mar-02
Fine and woarm
30d
11-Mar-02
Blank [Away at McMurray]
31
12-Mar-02
31
13-Mar-02
31
14-Mar-02
Fine and warm. Arrived from McMurray. Nothing doing.
Benoit, Jean
Loutit Brothers
15-Mar-02
31d
16-Mar-02
31d
17-Mar-02
31d
18-Mar-02
Fine and warm but not thawing. Expect Govt mail soon.
Fine and warm. Working at Boks. Corp Field arrived on
his way to Chipewyan having taken out a prisoner.
Fine warm and south wind. Govt mail arrived this morning
and left after diner for below. Corp Field also left.
32
19-Mar-02
Warm & snowing a little. Elzear [Greenwood] off for meat.
32
20-Mar-02
Warm & thawing. Gordon & man from above. J Nohoki & 2 Indians in from Mountain. Brought furs. [Birch
Mountains or Thickwood Hills. Likely former. Context suggests that
Nohoki was not Indian.]
32
21-Mar-02
Warm and thowing. Nothing doing.
Chipewyan
Field, Corporal
Field, Corporal
Greenwood, Elzear
Mountain
[Birch
Mountains]
Indians
Gordon's men
Nohoki, J.
22-Mar-02
5 June 2014
365
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32d
23-Mar-02
Cold wind from North and snowing. Elzear back with load
of meat. Jean back with meat & fur.
Greenwood, Elzear
32d
24-Mar-02
Fine but cold. Elzear going back for meat again.
Greenwood, Elzear
32d
25-Mar-02
No pages for these days.
26-Mar-02
27-Mar-02
28-Mar-02
29-Mar-02
33d
30-Mar-02
Blank
33d
31-Mar-02
Blank
33d
1-Apr-02
Warm thawing
34
2-Apr-02
Warm & thawing
34
3-Apr-02
Warm & thawing
34
4-Apr-02
Warm & thawing. Arrived from above [was at McMurray?]
5-Apr-02
Warm & thawing. Water on the river. Indians pitching back. Alex's wife died here to day. Getting ready to send
up to Willow Lake 2 sleds before river gets too bad.
Willow Lake
Alex's wife
Indians
McMurray
McDonald, W.
34d
6-Apr-02
34d
7-Apr-02
34d
8-Apr-02
Warm. Nothing doing.

Warm - snowing last night. W McDonald arrived from
McMurry in afternoon. Left for above tonight.
35
9-Apr-02
Warm
35
10-Apr-02
Snowing hard but warm
35
11-Apr-02
Still snowing.
12-Apr-02
35d
13-Apr-02
Arrived from McMurray at dinner time.
35d
14-Apr-02
Warm. Nothing doing.
5 June 2014
McMurray
366

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367
35d
15-Apr-02
Warm
36
16-Apr-02
Warm - Callis & Michel brought their fur over pretty [/?]
$200 worth.
Callis
Michael
36
17-Apr-02
Callis wife died. Warm
Callis' wife
36
18-Apr-02
Warm. Ice getting bad. Water all along shore. Toldnot & Jean Berget pitchet back. Indians getting la Grippe.
Toldnot
Berget, Jean
19-Apr-02
36d
20-Apr-02
36d
21-Apr-02
36d
22-Apr-02
37
23-Apr-02
Warm
37
24-Apr-02
Cloudy and looks like snow.

Cold & snowy. Jose & Adam came in from their camp for
their horses. Jose has over $300 worth of fur all for here.
Probably Jose Mercredi]
Jose
Adam
Jose
Adam
37
25-Apr-02
26-Apr-02
37d
27-Apr-02
Fine but cold about a foot of snow fell yesterday. Ice is

here for a while yet unless river rises. Jose & Adam back
to their Camp this morning.
37d
28-Apr-02
Fine but cold. Nothing doing.
37d
29-Apr-02
Fine but cold..
38
30-Apr-02
38
1-May-02
38
2-May-02
Fine and warm. Ice still fast.

Clear but wind from north. Set a net but no fish. Ice still
fast.
Fine but north wind. Warm, nothing doing. Ice moved
but stopped gain. Still Solid above Red River.
their camp'
Red River
3-May-02
38d
4-May-02
5 June 2014
[odd page numbering here] Blank
367
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368
38d
5-May-02
Fine but blowing. The Grahame should have turned up

today. Swygart trader at Slave Lake arrived in morning.
38d
6-May-02
No pages for period 6 May - 24 June
46
25-Jun-02
Blank
46
26-Jun-02
46
27-Jun-02
Blank
Fine and Warm. Elzear making oars for Skiff. Went up the
river and caught some fish win troll. On the lookout for canoes from the portage every day. They should hgave
been here 2 weeks ago.
Greenwood, Elzear
Robillard
Slave Lake
Swygart
28-Jun-02
46d
29-Jun-02
Fine and warm. Showers of rain toward evening. Robillard

working around. All Indians pitched off not a soul around.
46d
30-Jun-02
Warm Thunderstorm in afternoon.
46d
1-Jul-02
Warm with showers. Robbiard working at house.
47
2-Jul-02
47
3-Jul-02
Warm rain in afternoon. Nothing doing.

Warm. Rain in morning and towards evening. Robillard
working at house. Went trolling and killed 8 jackfish.
Robillard
54d
24-Aug-02
No pages 4 July to 23 August

Fine warm. Elzaer working at carpentry. St. Pierre at nets
&c.
54d
25-Aug-02
fine warm. Robillard working at skiff.
54d
26-Aug-02
Fine. Baptiste Plaeok & J McKray arrived from Chipewyan

with McKenzie River Packet which was forgotten. Camped
here. Hired another man to go with them to [Athabasca] Landing.
55
27-Aug-02
blank
55
28-Aug-02
55
29-Aug-02
Cloudyt for last 2 days. Work as usual.

Fine & warm. Wind from south. Robillard at skiff. Myself
at books.
Robillard
Cloudy but warm. Swygan who arrived from below on

Saturday pulled out this morning. Elzear working at skiff.
Greenwood, Elzear
Robillard
Chipewyan
Athabasca
Landing
Plaeok, Baptiste
McKray, J
30-Aug-02
55d
31-Aug-02
5 June 2014
368

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369
1-Sep-02
55d
2-Sep-02
56
3-Sep-02
Cloudy rained most of day. Went down river with Louis

for tar. Jose [probably Jose Mercredi] & [?] and Piere Croize left for Chipewyan.
Cloudy raw. Finishing skiff. St. Pierre fishing nothing doing.
No word of Gordon.
56
4-Sep-02
Mild & warm. Same work.
56
5-Sep-02
Finished skiff and [?]. Nothing doing.
Chipewyan
Crozie, Pierre
Mercredi, Jose
Louis
Gordon
6-Sep-02
56d
7-Sep-02
Raining all night & all day. Elzear making some locks Nothing doing. Killed 1 fish.
56d
8-Sep-02
Raining all day. Nothing doing.
56d
9-Sep-02
not legible
Greenwood, Elzear
57
10-Sep-02
Cloudy with rain & sleet. Geese & wavys flying south. Rob
at lumber plaining, &c. Putting up Outfit for McMurray.
Julian Cardinal is going to trade there this winter and will
be doing ... from [Athabasca] Landing. Adam & Callis came back this afternoon.
57
11-Sep-02
Cloludy & raw. Robillard at work plaining lumber. St. Pierre fishing.
Cardinal, Julian
Callis
Adam
Robillard
St. Pierre
57
12-Sep-02
Cloudy & raw. St. Pierre is at carpentry.
St. Pierre
Athabasca
Landing
13-Sep-02
57d
14-Sep-02
Cludy but not cold. River high. C. Fraser with four boats
arrived this morning. Reid arrived with one boat ...Fond du
Lac to trade. [?] has arrived at McMurray.
57d
15-Sep-02
Not legible
57d
16-Sep-02
Not legible
5 June 2014
Fond du Lac
McMurray
Fraser, Colin
Reid
369
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58
17-Sep-02
Fine and warm. Peter Lome & Ben Hurshell passed this
morning with 5 boats. Babtiste Dlacote [likely Delacote] also passed on his way back from A. Landing. Finished
flooring in Kitchen. Robillard going up riverto-day for birch.
58
18-Sep-02
BLANK [at McMurray]
McMurray
58
19-Sep-02
BLANK [at McMurray]
McMurray
Athabasca
Landing
Hurshell, ben
Lome, Peter
Robillard
McMurray
20-Sep-02
58D
21-Sep-02
BLANK [at Mcmurray]
McMurray
58D
22-Sep-02
BLANK [at Mcmurray]
McMurray
58D
23-Sep-02
Arrived from McMurray in the Evening.
McMurray
59
24-Sep-02
Raining. Nothing doing.
59
25-Sep-02
McMurray
59
26-Sep-02
Cloudy rains. Fixing up outfit to take to McMurray.

Cloudy [? Un readible sentence] Start off after diner [for
McMurray]
arrived at McMurray in morning.
McMurray
Julian arrived at Forks yesterday morning. Elzear started

off from there in the afternoon with scow for Chipewyan.
the Forks
Ft. Chipewyan
McMurray
27-Sep-02
59d
28-Sep-02
29-Sep-02
30-Sep-02
1-Oct-02
2-Oct-02
3-Oct-02
4-Oct-02
60d
5-Oct-02
5 June 2014
Greenwood, Elzear
370

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60d
6-Oct-02
Blank
60d
7-Oct-02
61
8-Oct-02
Blank
Left McMurray on way home Joe Bird came along with me
to work at house. [Indicates Bird hired at least for season
as a labourer]
61
9-Oct-02
Fine. Joe started to work right away this morning.
Bird, Joe
61
10-Oct-02
Snowing a little. Joe working in house.
Bird, Joe
McMurray
Bird, Joe
11-Oct-02
61d
12-Oct-02
Cloludy & raw. Joe working in house planery
Bird, Joe
61d
13-Oct-02
Fine but chilly. Indians getting ready to pitchoff.
Indians
61d
14-Oct-02
Fine clear but raw. Some of the Indians off.
62
15-Oct-02
Cloudy and raining. Most of the Indians pitched off to-day.

Joe working as usual.
Indians
Bird, Joe
Indians
62
16-Oct-02
Cloudy & chilly. Froze land last night. Joe as usual.
Bird, Joe
62
17-Oct-02
Blank
18-Oct-02
Blank
62d
19-Oct-02
Blank
62d
20-Oct-02
Blank
62d
21-Oct-02
Blank
63
22-Oct-02
FINE WARM
63
23-Oct-02
FINE WARM
63
24-Oct-02
BLANK
9-Nov-02
Journal jumps to November 9

River floating with Ice. Dusy turning sleds & putting up
stores. Lost a dog last night.
5 June 2014
371
River full of ice. J...ea below. I think water is rising. Isadore

came back yesterday. Brought 3 beaver, 1 marten, 1 lynx.
[Note: the way he writes his 'a' and 'e' it is hard to be sure
which is which. They look very similar.]
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372
Isadore [Isedore]
Journal jumps to 2nd week in Decemberl

7-Dec-02
blank
8-Dec-02
blank
Elzear back from Lake. Brought 1 silvElzear fox and a lot of othElzear
fur.
Moose Lake
Poplar Point
Moose Lake
69d
9-Dec-02
70
10-Dec-02
70
11-Dec-02
nothing doing - no snow

Elzear off with load of goods to Poplar Point. Narcisse JElzearome
arrived from above.
12-Dec-02
John Nokols & Francois came in from the lake. Will start
for McMurray on Monday. [This context indicates that 'lake' is not a reference to 'Willow Lake,' or modern
Gregoire Lake.
70
Nokols, John
Francois
4-Feb-04
Rest of Journal is Blank

Note: Ezear Greenwood is now in charge. As in previous years, first
few pages filled with commercial information as journal is an
off the shelf diary rather than one made for HBC. Begins 4 Feb 04. Again no Sunday entries as there are not
pages for sundays.
Philip Ortmonson arrived with government mail. 2 sleds. His dogs
are about done up. Will rest them here two days.
5-Feb-04
Clear cold. Nothing doing. Hauling wood.
6-Feb-04
Elzear [probably Robillard] off up to McMurray with fish. 3 sleds. Cold.
McMurray
Elzear
7-Feb-04
McMurray
Benoit, Jean
Elzear
Moose Lake
Elzear
nd
9d
8-Feb-04
Sunday
Clear & cold. Elzear came back from McMurray this afternoon.
Jean Benoit gave in his silver fox to-day along with 9 lynx.
9d
9-Feb-04
Clear & cold. Nothing doing.
9d
10-Feb-04
10
11-Feb-04
5 June 2014
Clear & cold. Quiet

Clear & cold. ER [Elzear Robillard] started to Moose Lake with
three sleds for fish. Nothing doing.
Greenwood, E.
Ortmonson,
Philip
372

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12-Feb-04
Nothing doing. Indians off hunting Moose.
10
13-Feb-04
Adam & others came and killed 3 moose. Cold
14-Feb-04
10d
15-Feb-04
Sunday
Elzear came back from Lake [Moose] with fish. Not killing any fur.
Reports lots of Moose tracks along the trail.
10d
16-Feb-04
Clear & cold. Cutting wood, etc.
10d
17-Feb-04
Clear & cold. Cutting wood, etc.
11
18-Feb-04
Page missing
11
19-Feb-04
Page missing
11
20-Feb-04
Page missing
11
21-Feb-04
Page missing
11d
22-Feb-04
No Entry
11d
23-Feb-04
11d
24-Feb-04
12
25-Feb-04
No entry
Packet arrived from Lac la biche. Cold. Gordon, trader, arrived from
McMurray.
Cold North Wind. Cutting wood, &c. Nothing doing.
Indians waiting for warm weather to pitch off.
12
26-Feb-04
Cold north wind & snowy.
12
27-Feb-04
Cold wind from north with little snow.
28-Feb-04
Sunday
12d
29-Feb-04
Cleart & cold. Colin Fraser & P. Loutit Sr. arrived from Chipewyan
last night with sleds.
12d
1-Mar-04
No entry
12d
2-Mar-04
No entry
3-Mar-04
pages missing [probably away at Moose Lake - see entry for 19 March]
4-Mar-04
5-Mar-04
5 June 2014
373
Adam
Moose Lake
Elzear
McMurray
Gordon
Chipewyan
Fraser, Colin
Loutit, Paul Sr.
Moose Lake
373

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6-Mar-04
7-Mar-04
8-Mar-04
9-Mar-04
10-Mar-04
11-Mar-04
12-Mar-04
13-Mar-04
14-Mar-04
15-Mar-04
16-Mar-04
15
17-Mar-04
No entry [probably away at Moose Lake - see entry for 19 March]
15
18-Mar-04
No entry [probably away at Moose Lake - see entry for 19 March]
15
19-Mar-04
Arrived from the lake with fish.
Moose Lake
20-Mar-04
Fort Simpson
Anderson, Mr
Flett, Rob.
McMurray
Anderson, Mr.
15d
21-Mar-04
15d
22-Mar-04
Sunday
Cold & stormy. Mr Anderson [ J. W. Anderson?] from Fort Simpson arrived yesterday on his route to Winnipeg.
Rob Flett arrived from Lac la Bich.
Mr. Anderson started for McMurray this morning early. Myself went
up too. [another gap in the record follows]
15d
23-Mar-04
No entry
24-Mar-04
pages missing. Was away at McMurray
McMurray
25-Mar-04
McMurray
26-Mar-04
McMurray
27-Mar-04
McMurray
28-Mar-04
McMurray
29-Mar-04
McMurray
5 June 2014
374

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30-Mar-04
McMurray
31-Mar-04
McMurray
1-Apr-04
McMurray
2-Apr-04
McMurray
3-Apr-04
McMurray
17d
4-Apr-04

Warm. Arrived from McMurray last night. No sign of Govt. mail.
Hunting nearly over.
17d
5-Apr-04
nothing doing. Warm.
17d
6-Apr-04
Warm
18
7-Apr-04
18
8-Apr-04
Warm
Warm. Lots of water everywhere. Snow is almost gone. Toldad arrived
last night from camp. A little fur.
9-Apr-04
no page
10-Apr-04
SUNDAY
18d
11-Apr-04
Clear & fine. Toldad went home this morning. Adam, Callis & Michel
pitched home to day. River covered with water. Elzear ought to be at
McMurray to night.
18d
12-Apr-04
Warm. Northing doing. River getting bad.
18d
13-Apr-04
Warm
19
14-Apr-04
19
15-Apr-04
19
16-Apr-04
Same
Same. Philip Atkinson with 3 sleds arriver this morning. He is taking
the post mail down to Chipewyan. Julian arrived also as well.
Same. Philip started but turned back. One of his men went through the
ice and was almost drowned. All mail is wet. He is going back from here.
17-Apr-04
19D
375
18-Apr-04
5 June 2014
SUNDAY
WARM. Elzear turned up this evening having been 16 days on road
from Lac la Biche. Ice looking bad. St. Pierre arrived from McMurray
with his family.
McMurray
Toldad
McMurray
Adam
Callis
Elzear
Toldad
Chipewyan
Julian
McMurray
Elzear
375

Isodore
Maguennes
22-Apr-04
Warm. Ice started last night but stopped. Ice about is broken. Maguennes
& Isodore came in from their camp.
Warm. River started but jammed. Water high. Getting ready to make
packs. Getting flour up the hill in case of a repetition of high water.
Warm. River started at noon. Water high. Ice piling up over the banks.
Water up the [?] banks. Am glad I got my flour all up. Maguennes
started back in morning. Will all pitch back in 10 or 12 days.
Ice running still. Nothing much. [?] us around the place. Made 3 packs,
2 lynx & 1 beaver.
23-Apr-04
Cloudy & chilly. River still full of Ice. John McD[onald] [he does not indicate Junior or Senior] & Julian arrived
from McMurray in Evening. ]
Julian
McDonald, John
24-Apr-04
SUNDAY
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19-Apr-04
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20-Apr-04
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21-Apr-04
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Fine & warm. Elzear started off yesterday for Poplar Point. Lapine also
?..] taking some mail with him. Julian started to day but turned back from across Red River as they told him
the creeks were all high. So he will wait for his boy who is off with Robillard.
Warm. Ice floating on river yet. Julian waiting here till men get back
from Poplar point. Cutting cordwood. Maurice and Toldaal arrived
from across Red River in the afternoon. Ver few ducks & geese flying.
Maguennes
McMurray
Poplar Point
Red River
20D
25-Apr-04
20D
26-Apr-04
20D
27-Apr-04
21
28-Apr-04
Warm. Set a net and got a trout & 50 fish.

Warm Nothing doing. A vew wavies passing. After supper started
thundering, lighting, raining.
21
29-Apr-04
Cloudy, heavy rain in morning.
21
30-Apr-04
Left for McMurray for potatoes & lime. No fish.
1-May-04
SUNDAY
21d
2-May-04
McMurray
21d
3-May-04
McMurray
21d
4-May-04
McMurray
22
5-May-04
Arrived from McMurray. Cloudy and cold wint from north.

Cold. Busy preparing mortar for the house. Paul Cree turned up from
McMurray with 14 bear skins & some dry meat & pemmican.
22
6-May-04
blank
5 June 2014
Poplar Point
Red River
Elzear
Julian
Lapine [Lapine?]
Julian
Maurice
Toldaal
McMurray
McMurray
Cree, Paul
376

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23d
23d
23d
24
24
24
7-May-04
blank
8-May-04
page missing
9-May-04
10-May04
11-May04
12-May04
13-May04
14-May04
15-May04
16-May04
17-May04
18-May04
19-May04
page missing
20-May04
21-May04
22-May04
23-May04
24-May04
25-May04
26-May04
27-May04
28-May04
29-May04
5 June 2014
377
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
Sunday
blank
blank
blank
blank
Warm Robillard & 3 men across the river cutting cord wood. Nearly all
packs made. Busy at statement &c. Expect SSG men soon. Mssrs.
Kelly & Gullion of the SSGraham arrived with 2 scows & camped
here.
Gullion, [Messr.]
Kelly, Messr.
Robillard [E.]
Warm. SSG men left at 5 o'clock. Robillard & men at cord wood.
Robillard [E.]
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
page missing
377

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30-May04
31-May04
25d
1-Jun-04
26
2-Jun-04
Robillard and [?] as yesterday and he was up today as he will not

be re-engaging. Paul Janvier arrived toward evening from above.
Warm. Nothing doing. Hank finished inventory and the accounts as far
as I can go as the transfers are not all here. Expect the Grahame here
tomorrow.
26
3-Jun-04
Warm with some breeze. Nothing doing.
26
4-Jun-04
Warm. Towards noon slight rain with heavy wind but cleared up soon.
26d
5-Jun-04
Page missing
6-Jun-04
Page missing
7-Jun-04
Page missing
8-Jun-04
Page missing
9-Jun-04
Page missing
10-Jun-04
Page missing
11-Jun-04
Page missing
12-Jun-04
Page missing
13-Jun-04
Page missing
14-Jun-04
Page missing
15-Jun-04
Page missing
16-Jun-04
Page missing
17-Jun-04
Page missing
18-Jun-04
Page missing
19-Jun-04
Page missing
28d
20-Jun-04
28d
21-Jun-04
Blank
Not legible
25d
5 June 2014
378
blank
blank
Janvier, Paul
Robillard, [E.]
378
379
3
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28d
22-Jun-04
Cloudy west wind. Nothing doing. Mac working around the place.
29
23-Jun-04
raining all day
29
24-Jun-04
very fine day
29
25-Jun-04
Fine morning. Pack arrive in the afternoon
26-Jun-04
SUNDAY
29D
27-Jun-04
BLANK
29D
28-Jun-04
BLANK
29D
29-Jun-04
BLANK
30
30-Jun-04
BLANK
30
1-Jul-04
BLANK
30
2-Jul-04
BLANK
30
3-Jul-04
Page missing
30
4-Jul-04
Page missing
31
5-Jul-04
Page missing
31
6-Jul-04
Page missing
31
7-Jul-04
Page missing
31
8-Jul-04
Page missing
31
9-Jul-04
Page missing
31
10-Jul-04
31D
11-Jul-04
Page missing
Rained all day. Thundering & lightening in the afternoon. No one here
yet. The Graham past here in the afternoon about 4 PM on her way to
Ft. Chipewyan.
31D
12-Jul-04
Fine & warm. Some Indians arrived from below. W. Conors came with
Shot's boat from Smiths [Landing] & camped here. Thunder & rain about midnight.
31D
13-Jul-04
Cloudy nothing doing
5 June 2014
MacDonald
Chipewyan
Smiths Landing
Indians
Conors, W.
Shot
379
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32
14-Jul-04
32
15-Jul-04
Warm. Three men from above came down for some tobacco &c.
Caulking and tarring a skiff in afternoon.
Cloudy but warm fair wind up the river. Indians pitched off up
the river to-day. Alex McDonald and others that came down last night
went back to-day.
32
16-Jul-04
Fine and calm. Not a soul in the place. Very quiet.
17-Jul-04
No pages or entries 16 July to 19 September
41d
19-Sep-04
Left Chipewyan for McKay with mission steamer 3 pm
41d
20-Sep-04
Blank
41d
21-Sep-04
Blank
42
22-Sep-04
42
23-Sep-04
Blank
Fine day. Arrived from Chipewyan with John James Loutit who is here
for the winter for this post. Mr Kelly & party on SS Graham also
arrived on their way to Edmonton. Everything ok.
42
24-Sep-04
Fine
42d
25-Sep-04
42d
26-Sep-04
Sunday
Fine with little rain. St. Pierre started off up to the fishery. All the
Indians are also off today [context indicates St. Pierre is not Indian]
42d
27-Sep-04
Fine Busy making floats and setting nets. Very few fish.
43
28-Sep-04
Fair. Same as usual. No fish.
43
29-Sep-04
Fine with breeze from the south. John James backing nets. John
McDonald came down from McMurray for a few supplies [must be
operating HBC post there]. Started right back.
43
30-Sep-04
Fine weather. Same work as usual.
1-Oct-04
Fine. Started for McMurray...
2-Oct-04
SUNDAY
43d
3-Oct-04
43d
4-Oct-04
Blank
Fine & warm. Arrived from McMurray. No fish being killed so am
oblighed to send a man out to the Lake [Moose?].
5 June 2014
380
McDonald, Alex
Chipewyan
Chipewyan
Edmonton
Kelly, Mr
Loutit, John
James
St. Pierre
McMurray
James, John
McDonald, John
McMurray
McMurray
Moose Lake
380

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5-Oct-04
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6-Oct-04
44
7-Oct-04
Fine. Started making making mortar for plastering the house.

Fine. Getting man ready for the lake. Maurice killed a moose close [to]
here.
Fine. St. Pierre started for the Lake with a lot of others for fishery.
Busy in store and plastering. Cold nights.
44
8-Oct-04
Fine. Heavy frost. Same work as usual, finished outside plastering.
9-Oct-04
SUNDAY
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10-Oct-04
Fine. River rising a little. J.J. whitewashing. Cleaning up the store.
44d
11-Oct-04
Fine & warm frost last night. Cleaning up in store.
44d
12-Oct-04
Blank
381
Moose Lake
Maurice
Moose Lake
St. Pierre
Loutit, JJ
Page missing
45
45d
17-Oct-04
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55
5568
5568
25-Dec-04
Blank until 23 December

Sunday X mas. Very fine day. Prayers in the morning and evening at
Churches [last day entry] Over all a poor journal. There are some
accounting data at back.
25-Dec-04
There is a cash account at the end.
25-Dec-04
This included cash accoutns for St. Pierre, Paul
St. Pierre
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5568
5568
5568
5568
5568
5568
5568
5568
25-Dec-04
Paul Fontaine, Philip George Mercredi (from Ft. Chip): Charles (Old Man),
Mercredi, Philip
George
25-Dec-04
Maurice, Michel St. Arnaud, Majoinins, Jospeh Robillard [the Robillard
Charles, Old Man
25-Dec-04
of the journals], Apales, Cheschim, A. Beautin, Louison Janvier, Paul
Maurice
25-Dec-04
Janvier's wife, Jane Cheecham, John Cheecham, Alex McDonald,
St. Arnaud, Michel
25-Dec-04
Brennon Black, Cebkouni
Robillard, Joseph
25-Dec-04
Apales
25-Dec-04
Cheschim
25-Dec-04
Beautin, A.
25-Dec-04
Janvier, Louison
5 June 2014
381

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5568
25-Dec-04
Janvier, Paul (wife)
25-Dec-04
Cheecham, Jane
25-Dec-04
Cheecham, John
25-Dec-04
McDonald, Alex
25-Dec-04
Black, Brennon
25-Dec-04
Cebkouni
25-Dec-04
Fontain, Paul
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1-Jan-06
The book opens with a notation from 1905 regarding rations for
Peter Howe for trip to Moose Lake. It shold be noted that this journal varies
from faint [too little] ink to too much. Not easy to read.
Dull warm day. South wind. All the inhabitants of the place had
dinner at the Fort. A little snow fell. Everyone, fortunately,
contented and pleased. Got two silver foxes from Louis Boucher
and his son at $200 and $115.80 and collected on them $274 of
debt old and new.
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Fine day. Most of the Indians off hunting. Lamarque busy round
the place and getting some supplies ready for Island Lake [Calling Lake].
nd
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4-Jan-06
5-Jan-06
Louis Boucher and Michel [&?] Jose left early for Island Lake [Calling Lake].
Lamarque over to Old Charlots for some Lynz and foxes.
Francois Boucher brought in a young silver or very superior
x fox.
Have not bought Francoi's fox yet. Do not think it can pase as a silver fox.
Lamarque busy at accounts and account currents.
Jean Benoit killed another silver fox. Fine day. Cold. Lamarque busy at
accounts.
6-Jan-06
Fine Day. Lamarque busy at odd jobs.
6d
7-Jan-06
Sunday. Philip Mercredi arrived from Chipewyan.
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382
5 June 2014
Moose Lake
Howe, Peter.
Boucher, Louis
Boucher, L. (son)
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Lamarque
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Boucher, Louis
Old Charlot
Michel
Jose
Boucher, Francois
Lamarque
Benoit, Jean
Chipewyan
Mercredi, Philip
382
383
6d
8-Jan-06
Fine day. Nothing much doing. Louis [Boucher] not in yet from the lake
[Island Lake [Calling Lake]]
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Boucher, Louis
6d
9-Jan-06
Lamarque left for McMurray
Ft Mcmurray
Lamarque
6d
10-Jan-06
Very quiet around.
11-Jan-06
All quiet
12-Jan-06
All quiet. Lamarque not back yet.
13-Jan-06
Lamarque got back from Ft Mcmurray. Brought a little deer meat.
Ft Mcmurray
Lamarque
7d
14-Jan-06
Sergant Field & men arrived from Chipewyan
Ft Chipewyan
Field, Sergant
7d
15-Jan-06
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16-Jan-06
Sergant Field and party resting themselves and dogs. Fine weather
Fine day not too cold. Gordon got back from Poplar Point. Sergant Field
and party resting here.
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17-Jan-06
Sergant Field and party left for Edmonton. Lamarque to Lac la Biche
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E. Greenwood arrived with the packet. Young Peter Loutit along with him.
E. Greenwood resting himself and dogs. Colder N wind. Gordon left to
Ft Mcmurray.
Ft Mcmurray
Gordon
20-Jan-06
Greenwood left Early for Lac la Biche with the Packet. Philip Mercredi
hauling sugar and tallow to McMurray.
Lac la Biche
Ft Mcmurray
Greenwood, E.
Mercredi, Philip
21-Jan-06
SUNDAY
8d
22-Jan-06
Very cold weather. Philip left for the Lake [Island Lake] [Was this the same
'the lake' of earlier journals?] with Louis Boucher.
8d
23-Jan-06
Cold, but not quite so much so.
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24-Jan-06
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Maurice Lamarque & Sergant Field party arrived at Lac La Biche

much warmer
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5 June 2014
Lamarque
Field, Sergant
Lac la Biche
Field, Sergant
Field, Sergant
Lamarque
Greenwood, E.
Loutit, Peter
Mercredi, Philip
Boucher, Louis
Lac la Biche
Lamarque, Maurice
Field, Sergant
383
384
4
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26-Jan-06
Philip [Mercredi] returned from the Lake [ il ]. Did not get very much fur.
27-Jan-06
Very Warm. Light winds. A little fur coming all the time.
9d
28-Jan-06
9d
29-Jan-06
Still warm but colder. Very quiet wind.
9d
30-Jan-06
Colder. Putting in some fur all the time.
9d
31-Jan-06
very mild.
10
1-Feb-06
Snowing all day. Louis Boucher returns from Fire Bag River. Thooldool off
hunting moose. Louis Boucher off to Tar Island moose hunting.
10
2-Feb-06
entry not legible
10
3-Feb-06
entry not legible
10d
4-Feb-06
Very quiet. Thooldool got back. He killed 2 moose.
10d
5-Feb-06
Cold day. Thooldool of again. Jonas off to visit his traps. M [?] Benoit came in having killed one moose.
10d
6-Feb-06
10d
7-Feb-06
Cold day. Old Michel off to his traps. Nothing doing

Snow early but turned out fine later. Roulead [?] returns the Lake at
7:30 p.m.
the Lake'
8-Feb-06
Snowing. P. Mercredi sawing wood. Lamarque arrived from Lac la Biche

- 4:30 pm. Paul Cree deposited 1 female moose for the HBC at Ft Mcmurray.
Lac la Biche
Ft Mcmurray
11
Fire Bag River

Tar Island
Boucher, Louis
Thooldool
Thoodool
Thooldool
Benoit, M
Michel
Mercredi, Paul
Cree, Paul
Echo, Beuwell
Lamarque
Philip
Lamarque
Jose (Old)
Rowland, Sam
Heault, Jean
9-Feb-06
11
10-Feb-06
11d
11-Feb-06
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12-Feb-06
Sunday
Fine, clear, very cold day. Too cold for the Indians to pitch. Old Jose
reported very sick. Nothing much doing. Philip back from Ft Mcmurray
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13-Feb-06
E. Lamarque off to the Boiler with Harrey. Fine day. Chief came in. Killed
one moose. Jean Heualt & Sam Rowland off for meat.
5 June 2014
Mercredi, Philip
Beuwell Echo pitched off. Lamarque ?.. Fish on hand in 850 lb. Flour
50 sacs = 5000 lbs.
Philip [Mercredi] 7 a.m. Snowing a little. Lamarque busy at accounts
and attending to wants of Indians who are about to pitch.
11
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384
385
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14-Feb-06
Sunday
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12
15-Feb-06
Fine Day. Nothing doing. [?] & [?] Benoit got back. Maurice
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12
16-Feb-06
[most of the entry is not legible] Peter Loutit & James Dunevar arrived from
Chipewyan.
12
17-Feb-06
Fine day. Louis pitched off. Peter & James spelled here. They are leaving
to-morrow.
Loutit, Peter
Dunevar, James
12d
18-Feb-06
12d
19-Feb-06
Francois, Chief
12d
20-Feb-06
North wind. Chief Francois & the off to hunt moose.

Cold day. Looks like snow. The 2nd government winter Packet arrives at
McMurray post at 2 pm. Isidore Mercredi in charge.
12d
21-Feb-06
Packet leaves at 8 a.m. & arrived at Fort McKay at 5 pm. Warm Day
22-Feb-06
Packet men -- Isidore Mercredi, M. Lamarque & another man resting here.
Fred Fraser here also en route to Chipewyan. Dull dirty snowy day. North
wind wind & colder.
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13
23-Feb-06
13
24-Feb-06
The packet men & Fraser leave at 5:30 am for Chipewyan. Philip Mercredi
also leaves; probably will not return. Fine clear cold day. Ababi & Maurice
Boucher have killed Elevan animals; 8 deer & 3 moose.
Fine, clear, cold day. All the fish left in the fish house amount to 470.
Lamarque busy at accounts.
Benoit
Maurice
Ft Chipewyan
Loutit, Paul
Dunevar, James
Ft Mcmurray
Mercredi, Isidore
Ft Chipewyan
Mercredi, Isidore
Lamarque, M.
Fraser, Fred
Ft Chipewyan
Mercredi, Philip
Boucher, Ababi
Boucher, Maurice
Lamarque
25-Feb-06
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26-Feb-06
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27-Feb-06
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28-Feb-06
5 June 2014
Fine day. Clear. Lamarque off to [Pichet] Chysostum's for potatoes. Brought back one sack. Then busy at
accounts. Traded 2 marten.
Snowing all day. Louis Toraeau's baby dead. Lamarque working up
accounts & hauling wood.
Fish on hand 433 in fish house. Harry Macoleu cooking & choring as usual.
Fine day warmer. Lamarque at accounts.
Lamarque
Toraeau
Lamarque
Malcoleu
Lamarque
385
386
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1-Mar-06
400 fish in fish house. Fine bright day. The Crees & Louis Torangeau, the
latter trading for Fraser, left Early for Island Lake [Calling Lake]. Lamarque winding up months account &
getting ready to trip to Island Lake [Calling Lake] tomorrow. [Clear that Louis is not an Indian.]
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2-Mar-06
Lamarque left for the Lake at 7:30 a.m.Fine, warm day.
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Lamarque
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
crees camp
Crees
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3-Mar-06
Fine warm day. Very strong southerly wind. Lamarque reached the Cree's
camp at 2 p.m.& traded 2 beavers, 1 marten, 1 red fox, 1 lynx.
14d
4-Mar-06
Sunday
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5-Mar-06
14d
6-Mar-06
E. Lamarque arrived from Island Lake [Calling Lake] at sunset. Everything alright. Very
warm day.
Warm. Thawing fast. Lamarque & Malcoleu counted furs on hand. A storm
of rain & sleet in the afternoon.
14d
7-Mar-06
Colder. Lamarque hauling firewood. Traded two coyotes.
15
8-Mar-06
15
9-Mar-06
Colder. No. wind. Colin Fraser with 5 sleds arrived from Chipewyan.
Colder. N. wind. Very Quiet. Fraser bought Francois Boucher's black fox for
$300 - $175 cash & 175 trade. Jonas Toraugeau won't sell his. [Interesting
entry. Indicates locals were taking advantage of local competition. HBC not
in to cash buying.]
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10-Mar-06
Cold day. Very cold early, N. Wind. Fraser & four selds returned to
Chipewyan & Fred Fraces with two men & one sled off to Edmonton.
Sent letter to john McDonald, John James Loutitt & Harris. Beautiful
bright weather.
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Torangeau
Lamarque
Crees
Island Lake
[Calling Lake]
Lamarque
Lamarque
Malcoleu
Lamarque
Ft Chipewyan
Fraser, Colin
Fraser, Colin
Torageau, Jonas
Ft Chipewyan
Edmonton
Fraser, Colin
Fraces, Fred
McDonald, John
Loutit, John James
Harris
11-Mar-06
15d
12-Mar-06
[Pichet] Chysostum came in yesterday, Sunday, & gave in 5 lynx, & 2 red foxes.
Got a buck moose ? From [Pichet] Chysostum. Cold N wind fine. Malcoleu &
Lamarque cutting wood.
15d
13-Mar-06
Fine, bright day. Cold wind. Lamarque hauled 3 loads of wood. All quiet.
5 June 2014
[Pichet] Chysostum
Malcoleu
Lamarque
Lamarque
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15d
14-Mar-06
Fine, bright day. Still cold. Lamarque hauled 3 loads of wood. All quiet.
16
15-Mar-06
16
16-Mar-06
16
17-Mar-06
Nothing doing. Milder.

Very quiet & dull round the place. E. Robbiard in from Tar Island. Report
plenty of meat at McMurray. Stove pipes cleaned.
Robillard left. Says he has my fur pieced completed. Dull & quiet day. A
little snow fell during the night. Very quiet. Lamarque & Makoleu cleaning
stove pipes yesterday.
387
Lamarque
Tar Island
Robillard, E.
Lamarque
Malcoleu
18-Mar-06
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19-Mar-06
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20-Mar-06
Johnny McDonald got in from Ft Mcmurray last night. Came for some supplies. Lamarque & McDonald got in
from Ft Mcmurray last night. Came for some supplies.
M. Lauemau left for Lac La Biche at 6 am. At 7 am Sergant Field left for
Chipewyan. A little now fell early.
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21-Mar-06
Bapt. Elho & Beuwell left. The latter traded 4 minks. Pay on account $10.00. Fine day but very little thaw.
McDonald, Johnny
Field, Sergant
Lauemau
Elho, Baptiste
Beuwell
Thos Anderson, C. T. [Chief Trader] in charge of McKenzie River District

arrived at 8 am. Philip & Isadore Mercredi & a Chipewyan along. At 10 am
Alec Linklater, George & Alec Loutitt arrived enroute to A. Landing. They
all spent the day here.
Anderson, thomas
Isadore Mercredi
Mercredi, Philip
Linklater, Alec
Loutitt, George
Loutitt, Alec
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22-Mar-06
5 June 2014
Ft Mcmurray
Ft Chipewyan
Athabasca Landing
387
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23-Mar-06
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25-Mar-06
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27-Mar-06
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At 6 am Philip & Isidore Mercredi & the Chipewyan left for Athabasca &
T Anderson with Lamarque, Geoerge & Alec Loutitt & Alec Linklater for
McMurray. Fine warm day.
Athabasca Landing
Ft Mcmurray
Anderson, thomas
Isadore Mercredi
Mercredi, Philip
Linklater, Alec
Loutitt, George
Loutitt, Alec
Lamarque
Cool N.wind. Dull cloudy. Lamarque ata McMurray. John McDonald left
for Lac la biche with F Audercoe.
Lamarque returnd from McMurray at 5:30 pm & found all well. Very warm
day. Isidore Boucher got in.
Ft Mcmurray
Lac la Biche
Lamarque
McDonald, John
Very warm. Snow going fast. Adam Boucher & Francois left for Chipewyan. Robillard came in with fur
pieces.
Lamarque & Robillard put up the new fur pieces & to test it, made a couple
of Lynx picks. It marked very well. Traded 4 Lynx & 1 Mink.
29-Mar-06
18
30-Mar-06
18
31-Mar-06
18d
1-Apr-06
Traded 3 martins. Indians killing very little fur. The trading outlook is poor & debts many to be collected.
Warm as usual. Snow practically all gone. Lamarque go to Chrycoctums
for meat.
18d
2-Apr-06
Fine day. Nothing doing.
18d
3-Apr-06
Lamarque 7 Malcolm cleaning up round place.
4-Apr-06
Sunday
5-Apr-06
Piere Croc arrived. Lamarque busy as usual at odd jobs round the place.
5 June 2014
Chipewyan
Sunday
Lamarque hauling supplioes from lower depot up the bank to store. Harry
helping pile same. Very warm.
Lamarque finished hauling supplies. Marry Makoleu painting new fur
pieces. Louis Boucher & co pitched in.
18
19
388
Boucher, Adam
Francois
Lamarque
Robillard
Lamarque
Harry
[Pichet]
Chysostum's
Lamarque
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
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6-Apr-06
19
7-Apr-06
Fine warm day.

Fine day. E. Robilard arrived from Tar Island. Reports river bad above Stony
Island.
19d
9-Apr-06
19d
10-Apr-06
Sunday
Dull, dirty day. High south easterly wind. A little rain at night. Ice
beginning to look black & [?]. Lamarque & Malcolm cutting cord wood.
2 ducks seen today. Fine, warm day. River slowly rising. Lamarque &
Malcolm hauling up company's skiffs.
19d
11-Apr-06
Sunday
20
12-Apr-06
River rising slowly. Fine day. Nothing much doing. 2 geeze in N & W Early.
20
13-Apr-06
Holiday [good Friday] Chrysoctum came over easter.
20
14-Apr-06
A Creee family in from Moose Lake. Fine day. Water rising slowly.
20d
15-Apr-06
20d
16-Apr-06
Easter Sunday
Dull warm day. The ice broke here in the night leaving all open space of
some 300 yds. [Pichet] Chysostum crossed early but the Chief was prevented by another mose of the ice.
However another move again in the afternoon left a channel opposite the Litte Red River of which he took
advantage. The ice has now blocked from Red River to lowerpoint.
20d
17-Apr-06
Ice blocked all day/ Louis Isidore & accout of hunters.[?]
8-Apr-06
20d
18-Apr-06
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19-Apr-06
Ice moved at noon & is moving freely. Boat is al right.

Ice running freely & heavily towards ?. Lamarque & Malcolm cutting
wood.
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20-Apr-06
Lamarque & Malcolm put a net down from the rock in the Eddy.
21
21-Apr-06
Lamarque & Malcolm cutting some wood. Fine & warm. Jean Benoit put
a net down for the N. B. C. at the little river [Little Red River].
22-Apr-06
Sunday
21d
23-Apr-06
Fine day. Lamarque & Harry preparing to go to McMurray. Malcolm got

11 fish last night. Dogs getting fat. Lamarque & Malcolm left for McMurray.
21d
24-Apr-06
Fine day. Jean [?] looking after place & dogs.
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389
Tar Island
Stony Island
Robillard, E.
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Little Red River
[Pichet] Chysostum
the chief
Little Red River
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Benoit, Jean
McMurray
Harry
Lamarque
Malcolm
Fine
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. [most not readible] Malcolm & E. Robillard arrived.
22
26-Apr-06
Strong n westery wind. Fine day.
22
27-Apr-06
Mostly not readible. E. Robillard [mentioned]
22
28-Apr-06
Robbilard, E.
22d
29-Apr-06
Malcolm from McMurray arrived at . [mostly unreadible]

Fine day. Louis [there were Louis Cardinal and Louis Bouche in area] shot a beaver this morning comming up
the river. Putting up a little stuff for McM. Indians all in from trading & made a very poor hunt. and collect
debts.
Cheaugel
Louis
Beumwell
22d
1-May-06
Dull day. Rain at times Cheauge shot to geese.
22d
2-May-06
Dull & rainy. Colder N wind. Louis paid up. Beumwell came in.
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3-May-06
23
4-May-06
Adam & Louis Bouche left for Chipewyan. Strong northerly winds, sleet,
snow & rain at times. River very low.
Strong Nwest wind Fred Fraser arrived from Chipewyan. Cold. Getting in
but little of the debts.
23
5-May-06
Fine day. Still cool. Traded some fur & made a pack of Lynx.
6-May-06
Sunday
Lamarque left for McMurray early with Fraser & Co. Fine day but an
occasion squals or two from the north.
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Robillard, E.
21d
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7-May-06
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8-May-06
22-May06
23-May06
24-May06
25-May06
26-May06
27-May06
23d
28-May06
5 June 2014
Louis
Boucher, Adam
Boucher, Louis
Chipewyan
Fraser, Fred
McMurray
Fraser, Fred
McKenzie River
McMurray
Lamarque
Blank to 21 May
Fraser boats - three- arrived early & left again same day.
Blank
Gordon arrived with scow
blank
Fine weather
Sunday
Lamarque got back from McMurray last in in a scow owned by four
white trappers bound for the Mckenzie. Fine weater. Warm strong
southerly winds.
390
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Lamarque & Malcolm make 3 packs of lynx & one of marten & other
furs.
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E. Robbilard, Malcolm & Lamarque completed fur packing. 11 pieces in

all & one [smudged words].
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31-May06
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1-Jun-06
27
2-Jun-06
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4-Jun-06
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5-Jun-06
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6-Jun-06
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7-Jun-06
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8-Jun-06
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9-Jun-06
10-Jun-06
5 June 2014
Lamarque & Malcolm took inventory. Robillard lending a hand in the

afternoon.
Lamarque & Malcolm completed inventory. At 9 pm F. Kelly & four boats
arrived from the landing with about 5000 lbs for A 9. Us Official Mail down
[?]
F [or T] Kelly & boat unloaded A9 Cargo & left at 9 am. Lamarque busy
at accounts. Malcolm cleaning up round place
Sunday
Very warm weather. R.C.M. [Catholic] steamer St. Joseph passed down at
7:30am towing Ruigard's outfit of 6 boats. Water falling. Lamarque busy at
accounts. Indians all pitched off.
Lamarque busy at accounts. Water falling. Fine weather. Warm. N. Jos
accidentally shot his brother-in-law Cbeaquh; mistook him for a moose.
:a,araqie busy at accounts. Malcolm sewing on marks on packs. Very
warm. Water falling fast.
Heavy smoke hanging over Country. Lamarque completed '05' accounts as
as far as possible with datya on hand. Malcolm finshed making packs.
Water still falling
Strong westerly wind. Lamarque & Malcolm cleaning up round the place.
Water still falling. Very quiet around.
Warm Southerly wind spang up at noon & heavy thunder shower in the
afternoon. Jos Boucher traded a fair black bear & moose skin. Cooler
toward evening. Lamarque and Malcom got the bacon & butter up from
the lower depot. Malcolm hung up 400 lbs bacon. Very quiet around.
Mosquitoes very bad.
Sunday
391
Lamarque
Malcolm
Robillard, E
Malcolm
Lamarque
Robillard, E
Malcolm
Lamarque
Athabasca
Landing
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Ruigard
Lamarque
Lamarque
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
Bouche, Jos
Lamarque
Malcolm
Lamarque
Malcolm
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28d
12-Jun-06
28d
13-Jun-06
29
14-Jun-06
Fine, bright day. Strong westerly wind. No sign of SSG. No one around.
Heavy rain most of the day. Dull overcast & cold. Not too cold for
mosquitoes, however. N.W. wind. No sign of S.S. Grahame.
29
15-Jun-06
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29
16-Jun-06
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17-Jun-06
17 June to 26 august no pages
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27-Aug-06
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28-Aug-06
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29-Aug-06
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30-Aug-06
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31-Aug-06
blank
[?] C. T. Christie and 2 men - J. J. Loutit [unreadible] enroute to
McMurray camped and camped at forks [of McKay-Athabasca] & visit.
1-Sep-06
2-Sep-06
3-Sep-06
4-Sep-06
5-Sep-06
6-Sep-06
5 June 2014
Robiallard, E
Benoit, Jean
[Pichet] Chrycostum,
Roche
Ababis
Luispcou
Fine day. Rain in the evening. Sultry. E. Robillard & Jean Benoit pitched off.
[Pichet] Chysostum, Roche, Ababis, & Luispcou [names hard to read] paid a visit
bought some grub & left immediately. Beginning to look out for S.S.
Graham.
Fine day. Strong westerly wind. Heavy rain later with thunder, continuing
most of the night. No sign of SS Graham.
28d
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Sunday
Cloudy & Raining on Sunday. Camped at Sled Island. Fine morning, rain
in evening arrived at Ft. McKay.
Dull morning, fine afternoon. Started for McMurray engaged 3 men to bring
down freight.
Arrived at McMurray about 4 pm. Disagreeable day.
Fine day. Stayed at McMurray preparing scow for freight. Rained hard
toward night.
Christie, C. T.
Loutit, J.J.
Sled Island
McMurray
McMurray
McMurray
392
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McMurray
Athabasca
Landing
41
7-Sep-06
Mostly not readible. Christie & Aruyt with 2 men started for Athabasca
Landing. H & Val pulled out. J.J. Loutit & men loading freight.
41
8-Sep-06
J Loutit arrived at [?] am with freight.. [rest is not readible]
McMurray [at]
9-Sep-06
Sunday
McMurray [at]
Christie, C. T.
Loutit, J.J.
41d
10-Sep-06
Cloudy with Rain. Packing up Freight & setting a net.
McMurray [at]
41d
11-Sep-06
Dirty weather. Louis Torrongeau [Taurangeau] making oars for skiff
McMurray [at]
Torrongeau [Taurangeau], L
41d
12-Sep-06
Dirty weather. Loutit working in Store
McMurray [at]
Loutit, J.J.
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13-Sep-06
Dull with Rain. Fine afternoon. J.J. Loutit & Louis Torrongeau [Taurangeau] mending
nets. River rose about 3 ft during the night.
McMurray [at]
Loutit, J.J.
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14-Sep-06
McMurray [at]
Loutit, J.J.
42
15-Sep-06
Same as yesterday
Cloudy. Colin [?] . En route to Chipewyan with his [returns?]. [barely
legible]
16-Sep-06
Sunday
McMurray [at]
17-Sep-06
Fine warm day busy making floats for nets. Louis & Maurice Boucher came
in yesterday from moose hunt. They killed 6 moose.
McMurray [at]
Boucher, Louis
Boucher, Maurice
McMurray [at]
Loutit, J.J.
Manuel
Michel
Chrysostum
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18-Sep-06
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19-Sep-06
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20-Sep-06
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21-Sep-06
5 June 2014
Fine morning. Afternoon same. Manuel, Michel & Chrysostum in from hunt
with 4 moose & a bear. Louis Torrongeau [Taurangeau] & J.J. Loutit making net floats.
Beggs, Malcolm & manuel arrived from McMurray [he is back at McKay?]
Weather as yesterday. Louis Taurangeau [same as Torrongeau [Taurangeau]?] started for
fishery. [likely headed for Moose Lake]
Cloudy & raining [balance not readible]
McMurray [at]
McMurray [at]
McMurray [at]
McMurray [at]
393
394
4
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43
22-Sep-06
Fine day. J.J. Loutit started to McMurray to meet G Loutit [balance not
readible.]
43d
24-Sep-06
Fine day. J.J. Loutit arrived at McMurray yesterday.
McMurray [at]
43d
25-Sep-06
Fine day no boats
McMurray [at]
43d
26-Sep-06
Fine day. The boats arrived at McMurray. Also J Bird & some of C. Frasers boats also got in.
McMurray [at]
44
27-Sep-06
Rain morning. Left McMurray at 1 pm. Camped at Poplar Island
McMurray [at]
44
28-Sep-06
Fine day arrived at McKay 5pm
McKay
44
29-Sep-06
Misty. G [George] Loutit & c Frasers men started at 12 am for Chipewyan
Chipewyan
30-Sep-06
Sunday
1-Oct-06
Cloudy. Rain in afternoon. J.J. Loutit working in store.
44d
2-Oct-06
Cloudy, blowing hard from North. Geese & wavies going south.
44d
3-Oct-06
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4-Oct-06
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5-Oct-06
45
6-Oct-06
Cloudy & calm. J Loutit working nets.

Cloudy calm. Louis Tarageau back from Fishery with 400 fish - catch very
poor.
Cloudy, rain & snow towards evening. J.J. Loutit & Taurangeau setting nets.
Wavies going south.
Cloudy cold snowing. [?] and McDonald arrived from McMurray arrived
back this evening.
7-Oct-06
Sunday
45d
8-Oct-06
Cloudy & dull. Brought 380 Fish from St. Pierre McKay. Luis Taurangeau
attending to nets
45d
9-Oct-06
Fine calm day. Very quiet
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11-Oct-06
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Loutit, J.J.
Loutit, G.
McMurray [at]
23-Sep-06
44d
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Fine day. Loutit plastering house. Pierre attending nets [St. Pierre]
Fine day. Loutit whitewashing house.
Loutit, J.J.
Bird, J
Fraser, C
Loutit, G
Fraser, c
Loutit, J.J.
Tarageau [Torrongeau
[Taurangeau]]
Loutit, J.J.
Taurangeau
McMurray
MacDonald
McKay, St Pierre
Taurangeau, Louis
Loutit, J.J.
McKay, St. Pierre
Loutit, J.J.
394
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12-Oct-06
Fine morning. Loutit Busy in store. Crees in from Moose Lake.
Loutit, J.J.
46
13-Oct-06
Fine day. Lutit busy putting up stove in the house.
Loutit, J.J.
14-Oct-06
Sunday
46d
15-Oct-06
Fine morning. Dirty afternoon
46d
16-Oct-06
Fine day. E. Robbilard arrived this afternoon about 2 pm.
Robillard, E.
46d
17-Oct-06
Cloudy & cold wind north. Loutit making wheelbarrow.
Loutit, J.J.
47
18-Oct-06
Fine day. Pierre Mustash & Maxim Villebrau arrived this forenoon in
route Chipewyan. Started this afternoon.
47
19-Oct-06
Cloudy calm
47
20-Oct-06
Fine day. Very quiet.
21-Oct-06
Sunday
47d
22-Oct-06
Very fine day. Loutit busy at odd jobs
47d
23-Oct-06
Fine day. Loutit building a sleigh (dog). Taurangeau breaking up model boat.
47d
24-Oct-06
Busy in store Indians pitching off.
48
25-Oct-06
Same as yesterday
48
26-Oct-06
Cloudy. Louis Taurangeau off up River for fish. Geese going south.
48
27-Oct-06
Very fine day. Louis back with a load of fish.
28-Oct-06
Sunday
48d
29-Oct-06
48d
30-Oct-06
Dull, dirty & raining.

Cloudy, Louis Boucher in from Moose Lake. Reports snow on Mouintain
[Birch Mountain?].
48d
31-Oct-06
Fine day. Loutit & Louis in bush cutting fire wood.
49
1-Nov-06
Cloudy north wind. In bush cutting wood
5 June 2014
Chipewyan
Mustash, Pierre
Villebrau, Maxim
Loutit
Loutit, J.J.
Taurangeau
up river
Taurangeau, Louis
Taurangeau, Louis
Mountain
Boucher, Louis
Boucher, Louis
Loutit, J.J.
395

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49
2-Nov-06
49
3-Nov-06
Clear & cold. Ice floating in the river.

Cloudy snowing & thawing. Louis Boucher & family pitched off [so he
had come with his family]
4-Nov-06
Sunday
49d
5-Nov-06
Cloudy & snowing
49d
6-Nov-06
Dull & Cloudy but mild
49d
7-Nov-06
Same as yesterday
50
8-Nov-06
Cloudy but mild. Jos Boucher in from Moose Lake
50
9-Nov-06
Fine day. River set fast last night.
50
10-Nov-06
Fine day. Getting ready for Moose Lake
11-Nov-06
Sunday
50d
12-Nov-06
Cloudy with a little snow started for Moose Lake
Moose Lake
50d
13-Nov-06
Blank [at Moose Lake]
Moose Lake
50d
14-Nov-06
Moose Lake
51
15-Nov-06
Moose Lake
51
16-Nov-06
Cloudy & cold. Got back from Moose Lake
51
17-Nov-06
Fine day Clear. Jonas killed 2 red fox, 1 marten & 2 mink.
18-Nov-06
McMurray
Boucher, Joe
McKenzie
McMurray
Loutit
McMurray
Loutit
51d
19-Nov-06
Sunday
Cloudy putting lashing on dogsleigh. Joe Boucher & McKenzie started back
for McMurray
51d
20-Nov-06
Fine day. Loutit off to McMurray
51d
21-Nov-06
blank
52
22-Nov-06
Fine day. Loutit back from MM
52
23-Nov-06
Fine day. Thawing. Loutit hauling wood.
52
24-Nov-06
Same yesterday
25-Nov-06
Sunday
5 June 2014
Boucher, Louis
Moose Lake
Boucher, Jos
Moose Lake
Jonas
Loutit
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305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
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305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
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305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
397
52d
26-Nov-06
Beautiful weather. S. Rowland & L Taurangeau back from Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
Rowland, S.
Taurangeau, L.
52d
27-Nov-06
Fine day. [JJ] Loutit preparing to go to Moose Lake.
Moose lake
Loutit
52d
28-Nov-06
Cloudy & cold
53
29-Nov-06
Blank
53
30-Nov-06
53
1-Dec-06
Blank
Cloudy & snowing. Loutit back from Moose Lake. [E] Robillard started for
Chipewyan
Moose Lake
Chipewyan
Loutit
Robillard, E.
53d
2-Dec-06
Very cold & clear.
53d
3-Dec-06
Cold with snow toward evening
53d
4-Dec-06
Cold. [JJ] Loutit hauling fire wood.
5-Dec-06
Sunday
54
6-Dec-06
Cold. [JJ] Loutit started on trading trip to Poplar Point [tripping]
54
7-Dec-06
Blank
54
8-Dec-06
Blank
9-Dec-06
Sunday
Loutit
Poplar Point
Loutit
Poplar Point
Loutit
the Chief
54d
10-Dec-06
cold. [JJ] Loutit back from Poplar Point yesterday. Chief pitched in.
54d
11-Dec-06
Cloudy. L Boucher pitched in.
Boucher, Louis
54d
12-Dec-06
Cloudy snowing. Maurice [Boucher] pitched in.
Boucher, Maurice
53
13-Dec-06
Fine day John Nokoho came in Moose Lake
Moose Lake
Nokoho, John
53
14-Dec-06
Fine day. E. Robillard back from Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
Robbilard, E.
53
15-Dec-06
Fine cold day. E. Robbilard started for Tar Island.
Tar Island
Robbilard, E.
16-Dec-06
Sunday
53d
17-Dec-06
Cloudy snowing. Fine towards evening.
53d
18-Dec-06
Cold & cloudy wind north. Packet arrived also Armit [R.]
5 June 2014
Armit [R.]
397

305-a4
53d
19-Dec-06
Fine day. Packet men Laying for day.
305-a4
54
20-Dec-06
54
21-Dec-06
Cold. Packet [men] started for Chipewyan. Armit [R.] for McMurray.
Cold. Armit [R.] met Bishop Bryant road to mcMurray turned back today. The Bishop started for [the] Chief
evening. Manuel Echo found dead in bush
probably heart seizure.
54
22-Dec-06
Fine morning, busy in store all day.
23-Dec-06
Sunday
54d
24-Dec-06
Cold. Lots of Indians in Paul Cree, Louision Xavier, Cheechum & sons
from McMurray also a few La Loche men.
54d
25-Dec-06
Fine day, but cold, fairly quiet.
54d
26-Dec-06
Fine day. Armit [R.] off to McMurray
55
27-Dec-06
Blank
55
28-Dec-06
Armit [R.] back from McMurray
55
29-Dec-06
55d
30-Dec-06
Sunday
55d
31-Dec-06
Cold & dismal. Every body bothering& very little furs. JOURANAL ENDS
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a4
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
21d
1-Jan-07
BEGINNING PAGES 59D CASH ACCOUNTS KEPT BY R. Armit [R.]

Great excitement New Years day. A big dance tonight & feasting all over
the place.
21d
2-Jan-07
Cold. Another dance tonight. Not much doing.
21d
3-Jan-07
Another dance certinly celebrating New Year Old style.
22
4-Jan-07
22
5-Jan-07
Still dancing & scraping.

Cold cold not much to do except cut wood and fire up as to many people
to do any book work.
22
6-Jan-07
Armit buying over Sunday
59d
5 June 2014
398
Chipewyan
McMurray
Armit [R.]
McMurray
Armit [R.]
the Bishop
McMurray
La Loche
Cree, Paul
Xavier, Louision
Cheechum & sone
McMurray
Armit [R.]
McMurray
Armit [R.]
Armit
398
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
399
Chipwyan
7-Jan-07
Armit at books. J.J. Loutit back from Chipwyan
22d
8-Jan-07
Armit at books
Armit
22d
9-Jan-07
Armit at books
Armit
23
10-Jan-07
Armit at accounts.
Armit
23
11-Jan-07
Armit at accounts off and on.
Armit
23
12-Jan-07
Armit at accounts off and on.
Armit
23d
13-Jan-07
Cold very
23d
14-Jan-07
Very cold. Armit at accounts. JJ Loutit off to Moose Lake for fish.
23d
15-Jan-07
Armit at accounts.
Armit
24
16-Jan-07
Armit at accounts.
Armit
24
17-Jan-07
Armit at accounts. Very cold.

Armit at accounts. Very Cold. J.J. Loutit back from Moose Lake with
fish. 1400 lbs. This indicates that it was an overland round trip of about
4 days duration.
Armit
Moose Lake
Armit
JJ Loutit
Lac La Biche
Armit
Lapine, B
Jonas
McMurray
Moose Lake
Chipewyan
Lapine, B
McDonald J
Lapine, B
Loutit, JJ
24
18-Jan-07
24d
19-Jan-07
305-a5
24d
20-Jan-07
305-a5
24d
21-Jan-07
25
22-Jan-07
Armit at accounts. Traded a few skins.

B. Lapine up from Chipewyan with packet last night. Started Jonas to
Lac La Biche with packet.
B Lapine laying over. Very Cold J McDonald down from McMurray.
[Unclear which of three McDonalds this is. John senior, John Junior, or
Johanny. Also the latter possibly referes to one of the former.]
B Lapine Started back to Chipewyan. JJ Loutit of to Moose Lake on
trading trip.
25
23-Jan-07
Very cold. Armit at accounts.
25
24-Jan-07
25d
25-Jan-07
Loutit back from Moose Lake. Very cold.

Ver cold quiet. Michel Lameman back from Chipewyan with return
packet. Packet down from Lac la Biche. Extra great surpirse.
Moose Lake
Chipewyan
Lac la Biche
25d
26-Jan-07
Packet started for Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
25d
27-Jan-07
26
28-Jan-07
Very cold.
Very cold. Horse dying.
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a-
5 June 2014
JJ Loutit
Moose Lake
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
Armit
JJ Loutit
22d
Armit
Loutit, JJ
Lameman,
Michel
399
400
5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
26
29-Jan-07
Very cold. Very little doing.
26
30-Jan-07
Very cold.
26d
31-Jan-07
Very bold. Armit off to mcMurray
26d
1-Feb-07
Colin Fraser arrived tonight.
26d
2-Feb-07
27
3-Feb-07
Armit back from McMurray

RNWMP McMurray & left with
Fraser.
27
4-Feb-07
Armit at accounts. Loutit hauling wood.
27
5-Feb-07
Very cold. Nothing doing.
27d
6-Feb-07
As yesterday
27d
7-Feb-07
nothing doing
27d
8-Feb-07
Very quiet cold
28
9-Feb-07
Quiet very cold
28
10-Feb-07
Very cold. Not much doing. Indians scared to pitch off [too cold?].
28
11-Feb-07
As yesterday.
28d
12-Feb-07
As yesterday.
28d
13-Feb-07
As yesterday.
28d
14-Feb-07
Very bold & quiet.
29
15-Feb-07
Very cold. Not much doing.
29
16-Feb-07
E. Robillard pitched off up River. Louis Boucher up Red River.
29
17-Feb-07
Very cold & quiet.
29d
18-Feb-07
Very cold
29d
19-Feb-07
Very cold
29d
20-Feb-07
Very cold
5 June 2014
McMurray
Armit
Fraser, Colin
McMurray
Armit
McMurray
Fraser, C
Armit
Loutit, JJ
Red River
Robillard, E
Boucher, L
400

305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
401
30
21-Feb-07
Very cold
30
22-Feb-07
Very cold
30
23-Feb-07
Very cold
30d
24-Feb-07
Very cold. No packet
30d
25-Feb-07
Very cold. Still no packet.
30d
26-Feb-07
Very cold no packet
31
27-Feb-07
Warmer, packet arrived this pm.
31
28-Feb-07
Packet laying over.
31
1-Mar-07
Loutit started to Chipewyan with packet.
Chipewyan
Loutit, JJ
31d
2-Mar-07
Armit off to mcMurray
mcMurray
Armit
31d
3-Mar-07
Crees came in.
31d
4-Mar-07
Armit back from McMurray
McMurray
Armit
32
5-Mar-07
Armit laid up with La Grippe or some such thing.
Armit
32
6-Mar-07
Armit still sick doing nothing.
Armit
32
7-Mar-07
Armit still doing nothing..
Armit
32d
8-Mar-07
Indians bothering and as sick as a dog.
32d
9-Mar-07
Very cold again
32d
10-Mar-07
blank
33
11-Mar-07
very cold
33
12-Mar-07
very cold
33
13-Mar-07
Very cold
33d
14-Mar-07
Some Crees came in from Moose Lake with nothing.
33d
15-Mar-07
Fine day.
5 June 2014
Moose Lake
Crees
401
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
402
Chipewyan
Athabasca
Landing
Feld [Field?] J
Loutit, A
Loutit, P
McMurray
Field
Armit
McMurray
Armit
McMurray
Armit
Loutit
McMurray
Bird, J
33d
16-Mar-07
Sgt Feld JJ & A Loutit from Chipewyan. Feld taking out Idoit from here.
Linklater A & P Loutit for [Athabasca] Landing.
34
17-Mar-07
Travellers laying over.
34
18-Mar-07
34
19-Mar-07
Snowing & dirty. Sgt Feld left. Armit off to McMurray.

Armit bhack from McMurray. Balances of Travellers started this
morning. Fine & warm.
34d
20-Mar-07
Cold
34d
21-Mar-07
Very cold
34d
22-Mar-07
very cold
35
23-Mar-07
very cold
35
24-Mar-07
veery very very cold
35
25-Mar-07
Very cold not much doing
35d
26-Mar-07
Armit & Loutit off to McMurray
35d
27-Mar-07
Blank
35d
28-Mar-07
Back from mcMurray, warm day
36
29-Mar-07
Warmer
36
30-Mar-07
J Bird with family down from McMurray
36
31-Mar-07
Colder visitors laying over
36d
1-Apr-07
Cold
36d
2-Apr-07
cold
36d
3-Apr-07
Cold.
37
4-Apr-07
cold
37
5-Apr-07
Cold. E. Robillard came down today [from McMurray?]
Robillard, E
37
6-Apr-07
Cold. E Robillard laying over.
Robillard, E
5 June 2014
402
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
403
Robillard, E
Armit
Loutit
37d
7-Apr-07
Fine day. Robillard, Armit, & Loutit started up river [toward mcMurray]
37d
8-Apr-07
Blank [gone to McMurray]
37d
9-Apr-07
38
10-Apr-07
38
11-Apr-07
38
12-Apr-07

Got back from McMurray. Big snow storm Tuesday & Wednesday. Noroad camped at Robillards [cam[] below
Tar Island
38d
13-Apr-07
Fine day
38d
14-Apr-07
Fine Day
38d
15-Apr-07
Cold
39
16-Apr-07
Cold
39
17-Apr-07
Fine thawing.
39
18-Apr-07
Fine thawing. Loutit hauling wood.
Loutit
39d
19-Apr-07
Warm Loutit hauling wood.
Loutit
39d
20-Apr-07
Thawing. Loutit hauling wood.
Loutit
39d
21-Apr-07
Colder. Saw three crows today.
40
22-Apr-07
Warmer
40
23-Apr-07
Thawing. Geese seen up the River by Robillard.
40
24-Apr-07
40d
25-Apr-07
A few geese passed.

Cold again spring seems a long way off and a whole lot of starving
Crees about place.
40d
26-Apr-07
Cold
40d
27-Apr-07
Warm. Hauling out flag mast.
41
28-Apr-07
Blank
41
29-Apr-07
Loutit squaring Flag mast.
5 June 2014
Noroad
Robillard
Robillard
Loutit
403

305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
41
30-Apr-07
Warmer but still north wind.
41d
1-May-07
Loutit planeing Flag Mast. Armit ruling Inventory book.
41d
2-May-07
305-a5
41d
3-May-07
305-a5
42
4-May-07
305-a5
42
5-May-07
305-a5
42
6-May-07
305-a5
42d
7-May-07
305-a5
42d
8-May-07
Employed as Yesterday. Geese & wavies going south.

Chilly Ice still solid water Rising every day a very little. Geese and
Wavies flying through night.
Fine day but blowing hard & north wind. Cleaning up about place. A
little but everthing is still froze.
Cold as blazes. Snowed last night. North wind. Had a long visit from
the priest, five hours talking theology.
South Wind from [not readible] ft this morning. Crees starving had to
give rations to them. River rose 2 ft this afternoon making 4 ft today.
Geese wavies & cranes passing but high. Loutit painting flag mast.
Cold cloudy wind North. Loutit & self clearing hill in front of place.
Wavies passing. Water fell a little. Ice very solid.
Clear but cold wind North. Water up a little. LLoutit & self clearing hill.
Aleree killed a swan this evening at mouth of Red River.
42d
43
9-May-07
10-May07
11-May07
12-May07
305-a5
43d
13-May07
305-a5
43d
14-May07
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
43
43
44
15-May07
16-May07
305-a5
44
17-May07
305-a5
44
18-May07
305-a5
44d
19-May07
43d
5 June 2014
404
Loutit
Red River
Fine day wind South East. Loutit & Armit cleaning up about place.
Aleree
Loutit
armit
Cold snowing ground white. Loutit killed a wavy.
Loutit
Cold. Ground white.

Fine but still cold.
Fine & warm & Touchwood cleaning about [the] place & digging hole
for Flag mast. Ice moved a little today.
Fine. Ice moved again & jambed. Putting flag mast but blowing to hard
to do any thing to it.
Fine. Blowing hard west wind. Ice move twice but jambed each time.
Loutit and Touchwood cleaning up place.
Cold, inclined to snow, wind North. Finished Flag Staff.
Fine day but wind North. Loutit & Touchwood cleaning up about
place. Ice moved out today.
Fine day Wind North. Cleaning up summer kitchen & will move in today.
River clean except along shore. Indians killing a few fish & ducks.
Fine warm day wind South. Colin Frawer arrived with four Boats enroute
for Chipewyan.
Touchwood
Loutit
Touchwood
Loutit
Touchwood
Chipewyan
Fraser, Colin
404
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a-
45
20-May07
21-May07
22-May07
45
23-May07
45
24-May07
44d
44d
405
Fine Day war. C. Fraser left about noon. Armit, Loutit & Touchwood left
for McMurray.
McMurray
Fine day. Arrived at McMurray. Took inventory & tied up furs.
McMurray
Fine. Got back from mcMurray.
McMurray
Armit
Loutit
Touchwood
Nagle, E
Kelly, T
Loutit
Fine. Finished packing Furs. E. Nagle [trader] arrived with 2 boats.

T. Kelly with five. Settled up with Loutit [suggests on seasonal contract].
Fine. T. Kelly unloaded about 40,000lbs Frt [freight] for A9 and
started down.
Kelly, T
Pages and entries missing 25 October 3 november

72d
3-Nov-07
Blank
72d
4-Nov-07
Fine day. J Cardinal getting birch for sleigh Bars.
Cardinal, J
72d
5-Nov-07
Fine day. Joseph Cardinal breaking scow.
Cardinal, J
73
6-Nov-07
Cardinal, J
73
7-Nov-07
Fine mild day. J Cardinal breaking scow.

Fine morning. Ice floating in River. Commenced to snow at 3:30 pm.
Storming to beat the band.
73
8-Nov-07
Fine
73d
9-Nov-07
Fine. Peter Hose in from Moose Lake. Hired him to fish.
73d
10-Nov-07
fine
73d
11-Nov-07
Stormy
74
12-Nov-07
Fine. River set fast last night. J Cardinal & S Rowland crossed on Ice.
74
13-Nov-07
fine
74
14-Nov-07
fine
74d
15-Nov-07
Fine
74d
16-Nov-07
Snowing. Hammerstein and outfit prepairing to pull out.
74d
17-Nov-07
75
18-Nov-07
Hammerstein pulled out. Armit started with them for McMurray.

Fine
5 June 2014
Moose Lake
Hose, P
Cardinal, J
Rowland, S
McMurray
Hammerstein
Hammerstein
Armit
405
406
5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
75
19-Nov-07
Fine
75
20-Nov-07
Armit back turned back from Steep Bank River.
Steep Bank
River
Armit
75d
21-Nov-07
Fine. J. Cardinal off to Moose Lake
Moose Lake
Cardinal, J
75d
22-Nov-07
Fine
75d
23-Nov-07
76
24-Nov-07
Fine. Louis bouchier & Jean back. No fur.
Boucher, L
Jean
76
25-Nov-07
J Cardinal back from Mose Lake. 1otter, 5 ermin, 1 mink, 4 rats
Cardinal, J
76
26-Nov-07
fine
76d
27-Nov-07
fine
76d
28-Nov-07
fine
76d
29-Nov-07
J.J. Loutit down from MM. Reports no fur in that quarter. McKenzie &
Stocking came down.
77
30-Nov-07
Fine Chressostum pitched in.
77
1-Dec-07
fine
77
2-Dec-07
fine
77d
3-Dec-07
JJ Loutit, Armit & Cardinal off to MM.
77d
4-Dec-07
blank
77d
5-Dec-07
78
6-Dec-07
Stormy. Camped at McKenzies.

Armit & Cardinal reached home today. Ada, [Adam?], Michel & outfit
pitched in.
78
7-Dec-07
snowing
78
8-Dec-07
snowing
78d
9-Dec-07
Snowing. J Cardinal off .. Moose hunt got nothing.
5 June 2014
Loutit, JJ
McKenzie
Stocking
Loutit, JJ
Armit
Cardinal, J
McKenzies
Camp
McKenzie
Armit
Cardinal, J
Cardinal J
406
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
305-a5
407
78d
10-Dec-07
Fine. Cardinal off again - nothing. Peter Hose in from Moose Lake has
2000 fish gthere making in all 6000, which will do for winter.
78d
11-Dec-07
Fine. Cardinal off again. Same result.
Cardianl, J
79
12-Dec-07
Snowing. Cardinal back same as before.
Cardinal, J
79
13-Dec-07
Snowing again. Anxiously looking out for packet.
79
14-Dec-07
Snowing. Still no packet. Michel Robillard pitched in.
79d
15-Dec-07
Snowing a little very mild.
79d
16-Dec-07
Poplar Point
79d
17-Dec-07
Fine warm. Sent Jos Cardinal down to Poplar Point. Packet arrived 11 am. Report lots of water on the ice.
Fine cold. Packet started for Chipewyan today [seems to be coming in
from Edmonton.]
80
18-Dec-07
Fire Bag River
80
19-Dec-07
Fine cold. S. Rowland back from Fire Bag River.

Jos Cardinal back with 3 Bear, 6 marten, 1 lynx, 3 skunk. Met packet
at Point Brule.
80
20-Dec-07
Fine. Father Crois arrived from Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
80d
21-Dec-07
Fine. Some Indians up from Poplar Point.
Poplar Point
80d
22-Dec-07
Fine quiet
80d
23-Dec-07
Fine JJ Loutit down from M Murry.
81
24-Dec-07
JJ Loutit & S Rowland off to Chipewyan. McKenzie, Stocking down

for Xmas.
81
25-Dec-07
81
26-Dec-07
Xmas day very quiet. Packet arrived from Chipewyan.

Packet started for Lac La Biche. Sent out by packet: 52 marten,
10 skunk, 9 lynx, 152 ermine, 1 silver fox, 2 cross [fox], 1 red [fox],
10 otter.
81d
27-Dec-07
Fine day. Nearly every body off but very cold.
81d
28-Dec-07
Fine cold. Jos Cardinal hauling fish.
81d
29-Dec-07
Fine mild. Some trappers in haven't heard what hunts so far.
82
30-Dec-07
blank
5 June 2014
Moose Lake
Cardinal J
Hose, P
Robillard, M
Cardinal J
Chipewyan
Rowland, S
Cardinal, J
McMurray
Crois
Loutit, JJ
Loutit, JJ
Rowland, S
McKenzie
Stocking
Chipewyan
Cardinal, J
407

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82
31-Dec-07
82
1-Jan-08
408
blank
New years Day 1908
84 and after cash account. [nothing of significance]
84
13d
1-Jan-08
Awake at 7:30 AM by usual regales of fire arms. Give out rations. Guests of honor
Mac Mckenzie & Stocking. Dance in evening.
13d
2-Jan-08
Fine day burt cold. Another dance tonight.
13d
3-Jan-08
Things are quiet as usual after the excitement of New Year.
14
4-Jan-08
Fine. Loutit, J. J. & S Rowland back from Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
14
5-Jan-08
14
6-Jan-08
14d
7-Jan-08
14d
8-Jan-08
14d
9-Jan-08
15
10-Jan-08
15
11-Jan-08
15
12-Jan-08
15d
13-Jan-08
15d
14-Jan-08
15d
15-Jan-08
16
16-Jan-08
16
17-Jan-08
16
18-Jan-08
16d
19-Jan-08
Fort Resolution
16d
20-Jan-08
Packet arrived from Resolution at 7 am. Laying over for a day.

Packet started for MacMurray this morning. Armit also went up. One of the dogs dropped
dead at MacMurray.
5 June 2014
Mckenzie, Mac
Stocking
Loutit, J. J.
Rowland, S.
McMurray
408

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409
16d
21-Jan-08
Returned from MacMurray today.
McMurray
17
22-Jan-08
17
23-Jan-08
Busy at accounts.
Very fine day. Packet arrive from Lac La Biche. Loutit, J. J. & Emile Shot arrived this
evening at 8 oclock
Lac la Biche
17
24-Jan-08
Cloudy & mild. The Packet & R. Armit left this morning at 7 for Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
17d
25-Jan-08
Fine Day. Mild. Loutit, J. J. & Emile Shot left for McMurray this morning.
McMurray
17d
26-Jan-08
17d
27-Jan-08
18
28-Jan-08
18
29-Jan-08
Loutit, J. J.
Shot, Emile
Armit, R.
Loutit, J. J.
Shot, Emile
Christie, Charles Thomas

Lapine, B.
Loutit, J. J.
Young, W.
Christie,
Charles Thomas
305-a6
18
30-Jan-08
Fine Day. Cold. C T. Christie & W. Young & B Lapine arrived at 4 oclock enroute to
Lac la Biche. Loutit, J. J. arrived from McMurray. [Christie was an HBC clerk at Ft.
Simpson 1893-1914]
305-a6
18d
31-Jan-08
Very fine day. C. T. Christie and party spelling their Dogs.
18d
1-Feb-08
Cloudy with a little snow. C. T. Christie and party and Loutit, J. J. started this morning at
7 oclock to McMurray.
McMurray
Christie, Charles Thomas

Loutit, J. J.
18d
2-Feb-08
R. Armit arrived from Chipewyan today, also packet.
Chipewyan
Armit, R.
19
3-Feb-08
Packetmen laying over -- forerunner laid up with sore leg.
19
4-Feb-08
Packet started for Lac la Biche.
19
5-Feb-08
R. Armit off to Moose Lake for fish.
Moose Lake
305-a6
19d
6-Feb-08
305-a-
19d
7-Feb-08
Very fine day. Little Cold. R Armit & S. Rowland off to Moose Lake.
Cloudy and Mild with little snow all day. Loutit, J. J. arrived from McMurray.
Moose Lake
McMurray
Armit, R.
Armit, R.
Rowland, S.
Loutit, J. J.
305-a6
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5 June 2014
409
410
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19d
8-Feb-08
20
9-Feb-08
20
10-Feb-08
20
11-Feb-08
20d
12-Feb-08
20d
13-Feb-08
20d
14-Feb-08
21
15-Feb-08
21
16-Feb-08
Armit back from Moose Lake.
Moose Lake
Armit, R.
Loutit, J. J.
Routledge, Superintendant
21
17-Feb-08
Start Loutit back to MacMurray. Supr Routledge [RNWMP] arrived unexpectably this
evening at 6:30.
21d
18-Feb-08
Supr Routledge left for Chipewyan
Routledge, Super-
21d
19-Feb-08
21d
20-Feb-08
Still no Packet. J Cardinal went off on a Moose hunt succeded in starting one.
intendant
Cardinal, Jose
(Joseph)
21d
21-Feb-08
22
22-Feb-08
Packet arrived from both North & South today.
22
23-Feb-08
Fine. Started packet to Lac la Biche. Packet started for Chipewyan this afternoon.
22
24-Feb-08
Loutit, J. J. started for Chipewyan. Armit for MacMurray.
Chipewyan
McMurray
Armit, R.
Loutit, J. J.
22d
25-Feb-08
Armit back from MacMurray
McMurray
Armit, R.
22d
26-Feb-08
22d
27-Feb-08
Nothing doing. Lac la Biche men up from Chipewyan.
Lac la biche
23
28-Feb-08
Travellers left for Lac la Biche
Lac la biche
23
29-Feb-08
5 June 2014
410
411
6
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23
1-Mar-08
23d
2-Mar-08
23d
3-Mar-08
23d
4-Mar-08
24
5-Mar-08
24
6-Mar-08
24d
7-Mar-08
The same. Nothing of note. Jose Cardinal back from Lac la Biche
24d
8-Mar-08
Colin Fraser arrived from Chipewyan. Started for MacMurray.
24d
9-Mar-08
25
10-Mar-08
25
11-Mar-08
25
12-Mar-08
25d
13-Mar-08
25d
14-Mar-08
25d
15-Mar-08
26
16-Mar-08
26
17-Mar-08
26
18-Mar-08
26d
19-Mar-08
26d
20-Mar-08
5 June 2014
Lac la biche
Cardinal, Jose
(Joseph)
Fraser, Colin
411
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412
Packet arrived from Resolution. Peter, Geo. [George], Katie & Mrs Loutit & Alex Linklater in route for
Edmonton. Jos Cardinal off to Moose Lake for fish.
Fort Resolution
Edmonton
Moose Lake
Cardinal, Jose
(Joseph)
Loutit, Peter
Loutit, George
Loutit, Katie
Loutit, Mrs.
Linklater, Alex
Travellers started at 3 pm.

Cardinal back from Moose Lake, reports 280 fish out there.
[This lake is 3-4 day return away]
Moose Lake
Cardinal, Jose
(Joseph)
26d
21-Mar-08
27
22-Mar-08
27
23-Mar-08
27
24-Mar-08
27d
25-Mar-08
Armit & Wilson off to McMurray
McMurray
Armit, R
Wilson
27d
26-Mar-08
Back from McMurray. Rowland & Isadore Villebram back from the [Athabasca] Landing.
Athabasca
Landing
Rowland, S.
Villebram, Isadore
27d
27-Mar-08
Nothing doing. Chief pitched in.
28
28-Mar-08
28
29-Mar-08
28
30-Mar-08
28d
31-Mar-08
28d
1-Apr-08
28d
2-Apr-08
29
3-Apr-08
29
4-Apr-08
29
5-Apr-08
29d
6-Apr-08
29d
7-Apr-08
5 June 2014
Spooleykag pitched in from Island Lake [note: scratched out Moose Lake]. [Island Lake
southwest of Calling Lake & near Athabasca Landing]
Moose Lake
Island Lake
412
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305-a-
413
Armit back from Chipewyan had a hard trip up, lots of snow below Point Brul. Raining
all day very Little snow here. GrandChamh pitched in today. Indians very hard up I
am afraid. Some of these beggers are going to starve again.
Chipewyan
Point Brul
29d
8-Apr-08
30
9-Apr-08
30
10-Apr-08
Fine Day. R Armit & Loutit, J. J. went up to McMurray.
McMurray
30
11-Apr-08
Fine day. Cloudy. Rain in the afternoon. Went up to Point Cree.
Point Cree
30d
12-Apr-08
Very fine day, mild. Camped at Steep Bank River.
30d
13-Apr-08
Blowing hard. N. Wind with snow all day. Got to McKay at 6 pm with a load of flour.
30d
14-Apr-08
31
15-Apr-08
Blowing hard. South wind. R. Armit & Jospeh Cardinal off to McMurray for a load of
flour. A band of geese passed in the night.
McMurray
31
16-Apr-08
Cloudy Mild. R. Armit & Jospeh Cardinal got Back from McMurray. A couple of geese
killed by Jean Benoit & Adam. Rainy toward evening.
McMurray
31
17-Apr-08
31d
18-Apr-08
31d
19-Apr-08
Cardinal, Jose
(also Joseph)
Adam
Benoit, Jean
Cardinal, Jose
(also Joseph)
Easter Sunday. Fine day warm. Water rising little every day.
31d
20-Apr-08
Fine day. Loutit & Cardinal tearing down old houses.
32
21-Apr-08
Fine day. Squared foundation for new store house & laid
32
22-Apr-08
Building new stone house
32
23-Apr-08
Raining all day. Warm nothing doing. Lots of wavies passing north.
32d
24-Apr-08
32d
25-Apr-08
Cloudy day. Misty. Ice moved today at 10 am. River running fairly clear towards evening.
Cloudy with a little snow all day. River jambed down below. River full of ice again
water rising to beat hell. [he underlined the expression.]
32d
26-Apr-08
33
27-Apr-08
33
28-Apr-08
5 June 2014
Loutit, J. J.
Fine day. Loutit, J. J. building store.
Cardinal, Jose
(also Joseph)
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
413
414
6
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33
29-Apr-08
33d
30-Apr-08
Fine day. Building warehouse.
33d
1-May-08
Fine. Men employed as yesterday.
33d
2-May-08
Armit & Loutit finished gable end of store house & cut out soon. [?]
34
3-May-08
Robillard down from above jamb at Stoney Island.
34
4-May-08
Armit, Loutit, & Cardinal started from McMurray.
McMurray
34
5-May-08
Reached McMurray. Ice in the Athabasca only broke last Friday.
McMurray
34d
6-May-08
Fine day took inventory at McMurray.
McMurray
34d
7-May-08
Chopped out survey line at McMurray. Started back. Killed a moose at Fur Island.
McMurray
34d
8-May-08
Back today [from McMurray]
McMurray
35
9-May-08
10-May08
11-May08
12-May08
13-May08
Chopped out survey lline at McKay
35
35
35d
35d
35d
36
36
36
36d
36d
36d
14-May08
15-May08
16-May08
17-May08
18-May08
19-May08
20-May08
5 June 2014
Colin Fraser arrived with two boats. Priest off down to Chipewyan.
Armit, R.
Loutit, J. J.
Chipewyan
Geo Bremeur down with 3 scows for SSG [steamer Graham].
Robillard
Cardinal, Jose
(Joseph)
Fraser, Colin
Bremeur, Geo
Bremuer started today.

Getting to be very quiet.
Started Benoit & Nokoho to McMurray for flour. Digging garden & plastering warehouse.
McMurray
Benoit, Jean
Nokoho
Fine day. Employed as yesterday. Benoit back from McMurray.

Mr. Bouchard arrived in charge of Nagles boats [Hislip & Nagle?]. [Possibly Jean Baptiste
Bouchard born in ca. 1831as son of Olivier Bouchard who had served in at Ft. Chipewyan
at the time?]
McMurray
Benoit, Jean
Chipewyan
Bouchard
Nagle
Fine. Boats gone on at dawn. Hired a few men here [indicates a settlement].
Bremeur arrived.
Bremeur, Geo
Bremeur started.
Bremeur, Geo
414

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305-a-
36d
37
21-May08
22-May08
Mr. Bouchard arrived in charge of Nagle's boats.
Bouchard
Nagle
Mr Bouchard started
Bouchard
38
23-May08
24-May08
25-May08
26-May08
27-May08
28-May08
29-May08
30-May08
38d
31-May08
38d
1-Jun-08
38d
2-Jun-08
39
3-Jun-08
39
4-Jun-08
SS Grahame showed up about 5 pm.
39d
5-Jun-08
arrived at McMurray 12 am
39d
6-Jun-08
SSG started
39d
7-Jun-08
Fine day. Indians arrived -- troublesome.
40
8-Jun-08
40
9-Jun-08
40
10-Jun-08
40d
11-Jun-08
37
37
37d
37d
37d
38
38
415
1-Sep-08
2-Sep-08
5 June 2014
Started for McMurray
Got back from McMurray. Missed the transport by about an hour. Disappointed at not
meeting Mr. Brabant [inspector of HBC] as expected.
Fine day. Lonesome as the day everybody off to Chipewyan except Peter Juan and J
Hathaway. These will be going tomorrow.
W Loutit down from G. Rapids in search of a scow which broke loose on them. 1 broken
scow passed about 2 hours after. Loutit hauled it ashore. Nothing in it.
started down from McMurray with scow. [First entry from 12 June]
Arrived at McKay this am unloaded and stored the freight. Mice very plentiful. [Indcates
McMurray
McMurray
Brabant
Chipewyan
Hathaway, J.
McMurray
Grand Rapids
Loutit, W.
McMurray
415

post likely shuttered for the summer.
6
305-a6
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305-a-
416
3-Sep-08
Raining all day. Paul Cree started home today.
Cree, Paul
4-Sep-08
5-Sep-08
68
6-Sep-08
Fine day. Everybody off picking berries.
7-Sep-08
Fine day. Pulling down chimneys & putting on Big Pipes.
8-Sep-08
Finished the Pipe business today. [No pages or entries again until 24 November]
24-Nov-08
Started for McMurray en route to Paul Crees.
McMurray
25-Nov-08
arrived at Paul Cree. Got 2 marten, 1 mink, and a few Rats and Ermine.
26-Nov-08
Started for Willow Lake. All the Indians away from the lake. Got 1 red fox.
Willow Lake
27-Nov-08
Back to McMurray. Traded 1 mink, 1 lynx
McMurray
Cree, Paul
Cree, Paul
28-Nov-08
29-Nov-08
30-Nov-08
Very cold. Reached home today. Some Crees in while away as usual. Very little of a hunt.
Crees
Abapis
Maurice
1-Dec-08
69d
2-Dec-08
Very cold. Maurice pitched home today with 110 Rats; Abapis 120 rats, 1 marten.
69d
3-Dec-08
Still very cold. Fixing sled. Indians up from Poplar Point after Priest started down today.
69d
4-Dec-08
Still cold. Nothing doing. Traded Abapie fur today. [last journal entry]
Poplar Point
1909
17-Sep-09
Packet arrived on 15th and left today.

Cold & clear. Wilson back from Chipewyan.
Chipewyan
10-Jan-09
Started for McMurray
McMurray
10
17-Jan-09
Back from McMurray
McMurray
10d
18-Jan-09
70
14-Sep-09
Packet back from down below. Journal jumps to p. 70 13 Sept 09]

George Bremmer & party arrived at 4:30pm from Chipewyan enroute to
Chipewyan
8-Jan-09
5 June 2014
Wilson, W
Bremmer,
416

7
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70d
15-Sep-09
70d
16-Sep-09
71
17-Sep-09
71
18-Sep-09
417
Athabasca Landing. ...

George Bremmer & party started off this morning at 7:30 am. Busy with
Indians going out -- a little debt on account of fish.
Very Fine Day with a little Breeze from the north. Elzear Robillard arrived
this afternoon from Chipewyan. Went up 10 miles up the river with the
little tug Ethel.
George
Bremmer,
George
Chipewyan
Robillard,
Elzear
19-Sep-09
20-Sep-09
72
21-Sep-09
72
22-Sep-09
78d
17-Oct-09
78d
18-Oct-09
79
19-Oct-09
79
20-Oct-09
80
22-Oct-09
81d
29-Oct-09
81d
30-Oct-09
82
31-Oct-09
Fine Day North Wind. G Loutit got here in the evening with 3 boats.
Started unloaded after supper.
Very fine day. Started down to Chipewyan with the Tug Ethel and
George Loutit with two scows.
Chipewyan
Arrived here at 3 oclock in the afternoon from Chipewyan.

Cloudy snowing till noon. With North Wind in the afternoon. Lots of
geese & waview passing south. Opening up Dry goods in store.
Chipewyan
Snjowing & blowing till noon. Started up to McMurray about one oclock
with Jonas Bouche & Joseph Robillard camped at Tar island.
McMurray
Tar Island
Got back from McMurray at 5:30pm. Bought 1400 Fish at McMurray.

Fine warm day. John McDonald Jr in from McMurray. Reports his father
killed a cross fox.
McMurray
Robillard,
Joseph
Boucher, Jonas
McMurray
McDonald,
John [Jr.]
MrMurray
Boucher, J.
Isador
McDonald, John
Chipewyan
Chief, Adam
We Le Koo, Alec
Fine Lovely day. White Washing the House.

Little cold this morning with a little ice floating on the river. But mild and
cloudy in the afternoon.
82
1-Nov-09
82d
2-Nov-09
Very fine day. J Bouch & Isadore Pitched off this morning down the river.
John McDonald went up to McMurray.
Fine & warm Day. Adam Chief & Chipewyan with families went up the
river. Alec We Le koo arrived from the Lake this morning. Bought 80 Rats.
Banking up the House. [sounds chinese]
82d
3-Nov-09
Very fine Day. Jonas Taurangeau arrived from up the river Killed 1 mink and
5 June 2014
Loutit, George
Taurangeau, Jonas
417
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
83
4-Nov-09
83
5-Nov-09
83d
6-Nov-09
83d
7-Nov-09
84
8-Nov-09
305-a7
84
9-Nov-09
305-a7
84d
10-Nov-09
84d
11-Nov-09
85
13-Nov-09
85d
14-Nov-09
85d
15-Nov-09
305-a7
86
16-Nov-09
305-a7
86
17-Nov-09
305-a7
86d
18-Nov-09
305-a7
86d
19-Nov-09
305-a7
87
20-Nov-09
305-a7
87
21-Nov-09
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
305-a7
87d
22-Nov-09
305-a-
87d
23-Nov-09
5 June 2014
418
few rats. Fixing up stove putting up shelves.

Fine Day Cold in the morning. Lots of ice Floating in the river. Same work
as yesterday.
Fine & clear, cold. Cloudy towards evening. Same old job.
Cloudy & snowing a little all day. Antoines Boys came from the Lake
this morning. Traded 24 Rats and $3.00 cash.
Cloudy and mild. Adam Chief and Apapise came down the river. They said
they killed a lot of Rats.
the Lake'
Chief, Adam
Cloudy and Mild. Cleaning Stove pipes and Polishing Store.

cloudy with a little snow all day. Cold towards evening. Getting the House
scrubbed
Cloudy and cold with a little snow all day. Ice set fast last night. Cutting
wood in the bush and hauling Seine.
Very cold. Jonas Taurangeau got back from his traps. Reports that there is
no fur tracks of any kind. Papering the Houses.
Taurangeau, Jonas
Very Cold. Having Wood and Fixing sled.

Fine Day, but cold. Adam Chief & Apapise got in from up the river.Reports
there is no fur except Rats.
Apapise
Chief, Adam
Very Fine Day. Chief and Apapise started off at noon. Working in store.
Cold and Misty. Elzear Robillard and Mataway arrived from the lake at
noon. Reports no Furs, Except Rats Increase of population. By Mrs Mauria Baptiste cutting wood in the Bush.
Fine Day. Brule arrived from the Lake this evening. Went for Fish down
the river above five miles. Traded 50 rats and a Xfox to-day.
Dull Day with a little snow all day. Maurice & Jonas Bouche off hunting.
Doing a little odd jobs around the place.
Dull day cloudy. Maurice and Jonas came Back killed a young moose.
Brule back this morning. Cooking & cutting wood.
Very cold. Jonas Taurangeau came back from his [camp], killed [sic] 2 Xfoxes, 1 Red, and 60 Rats. Getting
ready for a trip up to McMurray.
Very cold day. Nothing doing. George Loutit & McDonald arrived here
enroute to Lac la Biche.
Very Cold Day. George Loutit & party resting their Dogs. Louis [Bouche] and his sosn arrived this evening from
their hunt. Wilson & Jonas went to Moose Lake. [Moose Lake likely not 'the lake'].
Fine Day Cloudy. J.J. Loutit & George Loutit & party started this morning
the Lake'
Chief, Adam
Apapise
Robillard, Elzear
the lake'
Brule
Bouche, Jonas
Bouche, Maurice
Brule
Bouche, Jonas
Bouche, Maurice
McMurray
Taurangeau, Jonas
Loutit, George
McDonald
Lac la Biche
Moose Lake
Bouche, Louis & sons

Loutit, George
Wilson, W
Loutit, J. J.
418

for McMurray. Got there about 4 in the afternoon.
7
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419
88
24-Nov-09
88
25-Nov-09
Cold. Started down from McMurray. Camped at the Saline.

Cloudy with a little snow. Got at Mckay 10 am. Jonas and Wilson arrived
from Moose Lake this evening. Also Joseph Bouche and Isadore pitched in
reports there is no furs except Rats. Louis Piche got in from Poplar Point
with two otters.
Fine Bright Sunny Day. Chyastum & Apapise pitched in. Apapise killed
a Marten. Nothing doing. Cutting wood at the ...
Loutit, Georgerge
the Saline
McMurray
Poplar Point
Boucher,
Joseph
Isadore
Jonas
Piche, Louis
88d
26-Nov-09
88d
27-Nov-09
89
28-Nov-09
89
29-Nov-09
89d
30-Nov-09
89d
1-Dec-09
Cold Day. J.J. Loutit started on a trading trip to Moose Lake.
Moose Lake
Loutit, J.J.
90
2-Dec-09
Very cold day. J.J. Loutit got to Moose Lake at 4:30pm. [2.5-3 days]
Moose Lake
Loutit, J.J.
90
3-Dec-09
90d
4-Dec-09
90d
5-Dec-09
Buffalo Lake
Loutit, J.J.
Robillard,
Joseph
91
6-Dec-09
Fine day not very cold. J.J. Loutit got here at 11 am.
Cold blowing north wind. Snowing in the afternoon. Joseph Robillard
arrived from Buffalo Lake.
Blowing hard north wind cold. Got in 500 fish from Jonas Taurangeau.
Cutting up Bacon in lbs.
91
7-Dec-09
Cloudy, not cold. Hauling wood. Chyastum brought a Xfox.
Chyastum
91d
8-Dec-09
91d
9-Dec-09
Very cold cloudy. Pierre Mercredi & party arrived here at 6 pm.
Mercredi, Pierre
92
10-Dec-09
Snowing & blowing hard all day. P. Mercredi & party Spelling their dogs.
Mercredi, Pierre
92
11-Dec-09
Mercredi, Pierre
92d
12-Dec-09
Fine day. P. Mercredi & party started this morning at 7 am.

Cloudy fine day. Started up to McMurray at 6 am. Got at McMurray
at 2 in the afternoon.
92d
13-Dec-09
Lots of snow this morning. Louis Bouche and his two sons went off this
morning visiting their traps. Fixing up the old sled for Hauling wood.
Boucher, Louis
Taurangeau, Jonas
McMurray
14-Dec-09
5 June 2014
419
420
7
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15-Dec-09
93d
16-Dec-09
93d
17-Dec-09
At McMurray. Cloudy & cold. Waiting for the packet.

Very fine day mild. Started this morning with the packet from McMurray
arrived here at 6 pm.
94
18-Dec-09
Very fine day mild. The packet left here this afternoon about 3 pm.
94
19-Dec-09
94d
20-Dec-09
94d
21-Dec-09
95
22-Dec-09
95
23-Dec-09
95d
25-Dec-09
96
26-Dec-09
Fine Lovely Day. E [Elzear] Robillard & party started back to the Lake this morning.
96
27-Dec-09
Cloudy with little snow. Mail arrived at 6 pm.
28-Dec-09
The Mail left here at 8:30 am. Also J.J. Loutit with W Wilson & Jonas
Taurangeau down to Chipewyan
1-Jan-10
1-Jan-10
1-Jan-10
7d
17-Jan-10
5 June 2014
Chipwyan
Robillard,
Elzear
Weleko, Aleck
Fine day. Elzear Robillard & Aleck Weleko arrived from the Lake.
Francois arrived from McMurray this evening. Busy in Store.
24-Dec-09
96d
McMurray
Abraham
McDonald,
Tommie
Bouche, Louis
Chief, Adam
Very fine day. Baking bread

Very fine day. Went for fish down the river about 6 miles. Brought in
360 fish.
95d
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Very find day mild. Tommie McDonald & Abraham started back this
morning to McMurray. Nothing doing.
Fine day warm. Adam Chief & Louis Bouche started down to Chipewyan
this morning. Getting the House Scrubbed
McMurray
the Lake'
Robillard,
Elzar
Chipewyan
Loutit, J.J.
Taurangeau, Jonas
Wilson, W.
Once a gain there are significant gaps in this journal.

Journal opens with 'Lending' Memorandum from 1909. It
indicated the following:
Traps lent to Natoway and Adam Chief
Moose skins to Mrs Suttenoo, Mrs Maurice, Adam Jr.,
Louis Bouche and Louise.
Chief, Adam
Maurice, Mrs.
Suttenoo, Mrs
Cash payments to: Mrs Louise Bouche, Mrs Callis & Manuel
[Note: This is first entry for year] The northern mail with
J. J. Loutit & W.D. Lyall & B. Lepine arrived from Chipewyan
Bouche, Louis, Mrs.

Loutit, J. J.
Lepine, B.
420
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7d
18-Jan-10
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7d
19-Jan-10
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20-Jan-10
at 1 pm.
Fine Lovely Day Mild. The mail started at 1 pm. W. D. Lyall
& B Lapeuine [ previously Lepine in journals] spelling
their dogs.
Fine warm day. W. D. Lyall & B. Lapeuine [Lepoine] started off this morning at 7 am. J. J. Loutit went up to
McMurray with Mr
Faulkner.
Fine day. Waiting for the mail.The mail arrived at McMurray
at 10 pm Isadore Huppie & Sasew.
21-Jan-10
Clloudy with a little snow. J. J.

Loutit started with the mail this afternoon at 1 pm with
Mr. Faulkner to Fort McKay. Arrived at Tar Island. Isadore
Huppie & Sasew started at 1 pm enroute to Lac la biche.
305-a8
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23-Jan-10
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8d
24-Jan-10
8d
25-Jan-10
8d
26-Jan-10
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Fine day cold. J. J. Loutit with Mr Faulkner arrived at 1 pm

with the mail. Jonas Taurageau [Tarangeau] arrived from Chipewyan.
J Benoit started with the mail this morning to Chipewyan.
Note: printed journal has no place for Sundays - but
journalist in pencilling them in.]
Fine warm day cloudy. Maurice Bouche & St. Peter pitched
off this morning. [suggests a trading visit]
Fine day cloudy. Louis Bouche pitched off this morning.
W. Wilson off to Moose Lake
Fine Day. Joseph Bouche pitched off. Jean Benoit arrived

this evening about nine oclock from Chipewyan. Got the
house scrubbed. Elezar Robillard arrived from Moose Lake.
Fine & warm day. Adam Chief and few others pitched off today. [he does not alwyas mention when folks come
in or who is living there.] Went for fish down the river. Brought in 300.
27-Jan-10
28-Jan-10
29-Jan-10
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30-Jan-10
[Sunday] Fine & warm. Colin Fraser & party arrived at noon
from Chipewyan enroute to Lac la Biche.
305-a8
9d
31-Jan-10
Fine lovely day. Colin Fraser & party left here this afternoon
at 1 pm. Also Mr. Faulkner & J. J. Loutit went up to McMurray.
305-a-
9d
1-Feb-10
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5 June 2014
421
Lyall, W. D.
Lepine, B.
Lyall, W. D.
Lepine, B.
Loutit, J. J.
Lyall, W. D.
Huppie, Isadore
Sasew
Faulkner, Mr.
Huppie, Isadore
Loutit, J. J.
Sasew
Tarangeau, Jonas
Faulkner
Loutit, J. J.
Tarangeau, Jonas
Benoit, Jean
Bouche, Maurice
Saint Peter
Bouche, Louis
Wilson, W.
Benoit, Jean
Bouche, Joseph
Robillard, Elzear
Chief, Adam
Fraser, Colin
Faulkner
Fraser, Colin
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
421
422
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Fine & warm. Baptiste Lapeunie [Lepine] & Leon Mercredi came up from Chipewyan for some more supplies.
Also, Alec Linklater from Chipewyan enroute to Lac la Biche.
9d
2-Feb-10
10
3-Feb-10
10
4-Feb-10
10
5-Feb-10
Fine Weather. J. J. Loutit got back from McMurray.
10
6-Feb-10
Sunday B. Lepine [he has changed his spelling of this name]

and Leon Mercredi left here at noon for Chipewyan. L. Bouche arrived here this afternoon.
Loutit, J. J.
Bouche, Louis
Lepine, B.
Merdcredi, Leon
10d
7-Feb-10
10d
8-Feb-10
Wilson, W.
10d
9-Feb-10
11
10-Feb-10
Fine day in the morning- stormy in the afternoon. Went for

fish up the river.
Very fine day. W. Wilson went to Moose Lake. Working at
books.
11
11-Feb-10
[same work as yesterday]
11
12-Feb-10
11
13-Feb-10
Fine day. Isadore Bouche & St. Peter arrived here this afternoon.
Sunday W. Wilson arrived from Moose Lake this mornng,
Appaise [name is smudged] arrived this afternoon.
11d
14-Feb-10
very cold. Hauling wood.
11d
15-Feb-10
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11d
16-Feb-10
very very cold. Same work as yesterday.

Fine day but very cold (Colin's men) [Colin Fraser] John Sanderson & Joe Taylor arrived this evening from Lac
la Biche enroute to Chipewyan.
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12
17-Feb-10
12
18-Feb-10
12
19-Feb-10
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12
20-Feb-10
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12d
21-Feb-10
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Lepine, Baptiste
Linklater, Alec
Merdcredi, Leon
5 June 2014
Bouche, isadore
Saint Peter
Wilson, W.
Very cold. Sanderson & Joe Taylor spelling their dogs.

Very Cold Day. Sanderson & Taylor started off this morning
at 7:30 for Chipewyan. W. Wilson off to Moose Lake.
[latter is shuttling back and forth]
Sanderson, John
Taylor, Joe
Sanderson, John
Taylor, Joe
Sanderson, John
Taylor, Joe
Wilson, W.
very cold day

Sunday. Very very cold. W. Wilson arrived from Moose Lake
at 7 pm. [makes roundtrip winter travel in 3 days.]
Very cold day. A Brabant & W D Lyall with the mail arrived
Wilson, W.
Brabant, Angus
422

8
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here at noon Enroute to Lac la Biche. Packet # 3 arrived here at

6 pm with Mr. Johnson enroute to Chipewyan.
Johnson, Mr.
Lyall, W. D.
Brabant, Angus
Loutit, J. J.
Wilson, W.
12d
23-Feb-10
Very cold day. A Brebant & party spelling their dogs.

Very cold day. Mail left this morning at 7 am for Chipewyan.
Also A. Brabant & party for Lac la Biche. W. Wilson & J. J.
Loutit with the mail to Chipewyan.
13
24-Feb-10
blank
13
25-Feb-10
blank
13
26-Feb-10
blank
13
27-Feb-10
blank [Sunday]
28-Feb-10
No pages
1-Mar-10
No pages
2-Mar-10
No pages
3-Mar-10
No pages
4-Mar-10
No pages
5-Mar-10
No pages
6-Mar-10
No pages
7-Mar-10
No pages
8-Mar-10
No pages
9-Mar-10
No pages
12d
22-Feb-10
10-Mar-10
15
11-Mar-10
15
12-Mar-10
13-Mar-10
15d
14-Mar-10
5 June 2014
423
No pages
Fine warm day. W. Wilson & J. J. Loutit arrived here from
Chipewyan.
Very nice day, thawing. Chyastum killed 3 moose at Steep
Bank River.
Sunday
Very fine day, thawing. Started Jonas Tarangeau for a trip for
furs to Maurice Camp. Elezear Robillard arrived this morning
from Buffalo Lake
Loutit, J. J.
Wilson, W.
Chyastum
Bouche, Maurice
Robillard, Elzear
Tarangeau, Jonas
423
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15d
15-Mar-10
Fine Lovely Day. Went up the river for fish. W.D. Lyall & B
Lepine arrived this afternoon from Lac la Biche with a load of
dry goods. Louis Bouche & Jean Benoit & Poley got in this
evening.
424
Benoit, Jean
Bouche, Louis
Lepine, B.
Lyall, W. D.
Poley
Benoit, Jean
Bouche, Louis
Lepine, B.
Lyall, W. D.
Lyall, W. D.
Lepine, B.
Loutit, J. J.
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15d
16-Mar-10
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16
17-Mar-10
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16
18-Mar-10
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16
19-Mar-10
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16d
20-Mar-10
Fine and warm Day thawing W.D. Layall & Lepine Spelling
their dogs. J Benoit & Louis Bouche started back today at
1 pm.
Fine & warm, day thawing. W.D. Lyall & B Lepine started off
this morning at 2 am for Chipewyan. J. J. Loutit working at
Books.
Fine Day. Cloudy with a little snow in the evening. Adam Chief
and party arrived this afternoon. Same job as yesterday.
Fine & warm day. Jonas Tarangeau arrived here last nightbrought in 5 martens, 8 beaver & $ 600 cash.
(Palm Sunday) Very fine day. Thawing. Dull times. Alec Wetigo and Michael Bouche arrived here this morning
with a few beaver skins.
16d
21-Mar-10
Fine Warm Day. Nataway & Poskoleslaw got here this morning
with a few furs. Went up the river for fish with W. Wilson.
16d
22-Mar-10
17
23-Mar-10
17
24-Mar-10
17
25-Mar-10
Snowing in the morning. Fine in the afternoon -- mild.

Fine & warm day. Northern mail arrived at noon. Also George
& Tommy Loutit & 2 white men enroute to Lac la Biche.
Fine day. Mail left this morning at 5:30 am. W. Wilson &
J. J. Loutit went up to McMurray. (Got at McMurray at 5 in the
evening). J Benoit & son-in-law started down to Chipewyan with a bag of flour.
Loutit, George
Loutit, Tommy
Benoit, Jean
Benoit, Jean son-inlaw
Loutit, J. J.
Wilson, W.
Cree, Paul
Cree, Paul (wife)
Loutit, J. J.
Wilson, W.
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Fine Day. C. Fraser arrived here at noon from Edmonton enroute to Chipewyan. No snow in the bush.
Cloudy little cold. Blowing N. Wind. C Fraser started off this
morning at 6:30 am. Cleaning up around the place.
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17
26-Mar-10
17d
27-Mar-10
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17d
28-Mar-10
Sunday
(At McMurray) Fine & warm Day. Paul Cree (his wife & Child) got drowned last Friday in the Clear Water
River. Raining in the evening.
305-a8
17d
29-Mar-10
Cloudy & blowing N Wind. J. J. Loutit & W. Wilson started down from McMurray to McKay t 6am, got here at
2 in the afternoon. Big snow storm in the evenin.
5 June 2014
Chief, Adam
Tarangeau, Jonas
Bouche, Michael
Nataway
Poskoleslaw
Wilson, W.
Fraser, Colin
Fraser, Colin
424
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17d
30-Mar-10
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18
31-Mar-10
18
1-Apr-10
Fine Day. Blowing hard W. Wind. River rising a little. Working

at the books.
Fine Day Blowing hard in the afternoon. Cloudy with a little
shower of rain. Thundering. River Rising. (Same job as
yesterday.
Fine in the morning. Blowing & cloudy in the afternoon SE
Wind. River rising a little every day. Same job.
18
2-Apr-10
Blowing hard E Wind, with a little snow in the evening
18
3-Apr-10
18d
4-Apr-10
(Sunday) Very fine day. The river rose about 3 feet last night.
Fine Day. The water went down about 2 feet. Same job,
working at books.
305-a8
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18d
5-Apr-10
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18d
6-Apr-10
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19
7-Apr-10
19
8-Apr-10
19
9-Apr-10
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19
10-Apr-10
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11-Apr-10
19d
12-Apr-10
19d
13-Apr-10
20
14-Apr-10
20
15-Apr-10
20
16-Apr-10
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5 June 2014
First geese seen today. Blowing hard west wind. Jean Benoit &
son-in-law arrived here this afternoon from Chipewyan.
Weather fine & warm. 4 geese passed this morning [?] North.
Cleaning round the place and doing odd jobs.
Fine weather with stiff Breeze from the South. The ice moved
for a hundred yards and then Jambed again (Just above)
Weather cloudy and cold blowing N wind. Apapise Bouche
came across on ice for a little grub [suggests camped across
Athabsca River]. Report he's got 4 beaver and a mink and a few Rats.
Weather ... Blowing & snowing all day.
Sunday Elezear Robillard & four other Cree arrived from
Island Lake for some supplies. Weather Cloudy [This entry
would indicate that E. Robillard was an 'Indian'?]
Weather cloudy. Snowed about 6 inches last night.Traded
about $100 worth of fur today. No sign of the ice moving.
Weather Blowing N.E. Wind. The ice moved for a hundred
yardsa and stopped again. Elezear & party started back at noon.
Snowing
Weather Blowing W Wind with showers of Rain. Maurice
Bouche & party arrived at noon. Killed about 40 beavers &
3 martens (Simpson killed 2 ducks this morning).
425
Benoit, Jean
Benoit, Jean (son-inlaw)
Bouche, Apapise
Crees (4)
Robillard, Elzear
Robillard, Elzear
Cree (4)
Bouche, Maurice
Simpson
Blowing hard
Cloudy & Blowing S wind. Few wavies passed to-day. Fine
towards evening. River running freely. Doodly arrived this
425
426
evening.
305-a8
20
17-Apr-10
20d
18-Apr-10
Sunday Fine lovely day.

Louis Bouche & party arrived this evening. Very few furs.
Maurice Bouche killed a wavie. Lots of Wavies passing north.
Fine & warm day. Calm. Blowing toard evening.
20d
19-Apr-10
Weather fine day. Started down to Pt. Brule at noon.
20d
20-Apr-10
No Entry
21
21-Apr-10
No Entry
21
22-Apr-10
No Entry
21
23-Apr-10
No Entry
21
24-Apr-10
No Entry
21d
25-Apr-10
305-a8
21d
26-Apr-10
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21d
27-Apr-10
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22
28-Apr-10
22
29-Apr-10
No Entry
Weather Blowing Hard SE Wind. Arrived from Down below
this morning at ten with 462 Rats, 10 Martens, 3 otter, 1 mink,
38 Beaver, 17 lbs Castorum.
Weather Cloudy snowong & thundering in the morning Fine
& mild in the Afternoon. Busy with Indians in the store.
Chyastuim Piche his daughter died this morning at 6:15 am.
Getting the house scrubbed. Weather fine & warm in the
forenoon. Blowing hard W. Wind in the afternoon.
Funeral this morning at ten oclock. Cloudy with rain & snow at
noon Blowing hard North Wind in the evening.
22
30-Apr-10
Water, Cold
22
1-May-10
22d
2-May-10
Sunday Fine day clear.

Weather fine & warm. Adam Chief went off hunting up the
river.
Chief, Adam
22d
3-May-10
22d
4-May-10
Weather fine. Blowing hard S Wind. Busy at Books.

Fine Lovely Day Calm. J Hudgson arrived here at 10 am with
one scow (and one Peterborogh a white man). Adam Chief arrived also killed 2 moose and 49 rats.
Chief, Adam
Hudgson, J.
23
5-May-10
23
6-May-10
Fine Day Cloudy & smoky. Work same as usual.

Blowing hard w wind. 1 scow passed down the River. Miners
also E Nagle & one of Colin Boats passed this morning at
Nagle, E.
Fraser, Colin
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5 June 2014
Bouche, Maurice
Bouche, Louis
Point Brule
Indians
Piche, Chyastum
426
427
3 am. Work same as usual.

305-a8
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23
7-May-10
Blowing very hard WW.
23
8-May-10
Sunday
23d
9-May-10
10-May10
11-May10
Fine day
23d
23d
24
24
24
24
24d
24d
24d
25
12-May10
13-May10
14-May10
15-May10
16-May10
17-May10
18-May10
19-May10
25
20-May10
21-May10
25d
22-May10
25
25d
25d
25d
26
23-May10
24-May10
25-May10
26-May10
5 June 2014
Fine & warm day. Joseph Shot arrived from below. Indians
pitched in this afternoon around 2 pm. Getting Lorig
Tarangeau putting down potatoes. Raining and blowing in the
evening.
Shot, Joseph
Tarangeau, Lorig
Fine & warm day cloudy. Busy with Indians in store.

Antoine Lacano & party pitched in this afternoon. Made one
pack in the forenoon and busy with Indians in the afternoon.
Lacano, Antoine
Sunday
Weather cloudy blowing with showers of rain in the afternoon.
Busy packing furs.
Fine & warm day. Same job as yesterday.
Weather fair cloudy & calm. Started up to Murray. Met the HB
boats at Stoney Island so I had to turn back from there.
Got to McKay at 2 oclock.
Fine day. G. Bremeur & party started this morning at 6 am.
Weather Blowing hard N West with showers of rain all day.
Started up to McMurray.
Bremeur, G.
Fine lovely day. Got to McMurray at noon.

Fine day. Cloudy with a little breeze from the east. Started
down from McMurray. Got at McKay at 6 pm.
Fine Lovely day, warm. Warmest day we had all spring. Packing up furs.
Blowing hard S wind.
Blowing hard N wind.
blowing hard NE wind
427

305-a8
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26
26
27-May10
28-May10
29-May10
snowing cold
Weather fine in the forenoon with showers of rain in the afternoon. Taken Inventory.
305-a8
42d
19-Sep-10
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42d
20-Sep-10
305-a8
42d
21-Sep-10
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43
22-Sep-10
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43
23-Sep-10
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43
24-Sep-10
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43
25-Sep-10
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43d
26-Sep-10
43d
27-Sep-10
NO RECORD UNTIL 19 SEPTEMBER

Arrived here from Chipewyan at 10 am with SS Primrose.
Supplied Louis Bouche with Rations & nets who is going to
fish for the HB company. P. Percredi arrived from Edmonton at
5 pm enroute to Chipewyan.
Fine & calm in the forenoon. Blowing hard in the afternoon.
Pierre Mercredi started off this morning 6:30. Indians pitching
off up the rivcer and came down (fishing). Busy in store with
Indians giving out debt for fish. SSP Gang laying ways &
capstains.
Blowing hard NW. Geese Flying South. Busy in Store cleaning
up. S.S. Primrose hauled up about 10 feet from water.
Fine Day Calm. Digging up Potatoes. Got about 20 bushels.
S.S. Primrose hauling up on the Bank for the season. P.
Loutit Sr the fire Guardian who has been to McMurray
he one his way back to Chipewyan.
Blowing hard NE Wind. S.S. Primrose Gang blocking &
cleaning her up for the winter.
Fine day with a little breeze from the south. Alec Linklater &
R. J. McLean went down the river.
(Sunday) G. Loutit arrived with 3 boats going down to
Chipewyan S.S. Ethel arrived here at noon.
Fine day. Cloudy calm. Mr Raetcham with party started off
this morning at 8 am enroute to Athabasca Landing. W. Johnson and party with G Loutit with 3 boats started off
this morningat 8:30 am. SS Rey arrived here this evening at 8 pm going to McMurray for some supplies. Also, T.
Lolutit who is going forsome supplies for his winter [?]
Weather fine Blowing hard in the afternoon. S.S. Rey left here
this morning at 7 am. J. J. Loutit went up to McMurray. Camped
at 3 miles below McMurray.
43d
28-Sep-10
Blank
Blank
Weather cloudy with showers of Rain in the afternoon. Got at
Mckay from McMurray at 7 pm with S.S. Rey.
Weather fine calm. S.S.m Rey left here to day at 10 am for
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29-Sep-10
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30-Sep-10
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44
1-Oct-10
5 June 2014
428
Bouche, Louis
Merdcredi, Pierre
Loutit, P.
Linklater, Alec
Loutit, G.
Loutit, G.
Loutit, J. J.
428

Smith Landing. Busy in store cleaning up and bought 300 fish.
8
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44
2-Oct-10
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3-Oct-10
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4-Oct-10
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5-Oct-10
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6-Oct-10
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7-Oct-10
45
8-Oct-10
45
9-Oct-10
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10-Oct-10
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11-Oct-10
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12-Oct-10
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13-Oct-10
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14-Oct-10
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15-Oct-10
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16-Oct-10
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17-Oct-10
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18-Oct-10
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429
5 June 2014
Sunday
Weather cloudy & calm. Heavy fog till noon. Putting bag
potatoes for the winter.
Fine & calm. Planning oak boards for sleighs. W. Wilson
arrived from Chipewyan this evening.
Fine lovely day. Finish plaining. Getting steambox ready for
turning sleighs.
Fine Day calm. Emele Shot 1 scow arrived here today at noon.
Going down to Pt. Brule to trade there for the winter. Lampson
& J. J. Loutit turning sleighs to. T Loutit arrived here this
evening from McMurray going to Chipewyan.
Weather raining till noon. 1 scow of white men arrived here to
day from Athabasca Landing. Simpson & J. J. Loutit turned the
balance of sleighs.
Weather: cloudy with a little rain now & then. J. J. Loutit working in the store. Simpson went for some birch
bars for sleighs. Tommy Loutit left this morning for Chipewyan.
(Sunday) Fine day. Northing doing.
Weather: cloudy & Misty. A party of six white people with W.
Wilson went up to McMurray. Lots of Wavies & geese flying
south today. J. J. Loutit plastering Simpson white washing.
Weather fine with a little breeze from the south. Same job
as yesterday.
Weather cloudy. Warm not cold Making a new platform in
front of house.
Weather fine with a light breeze from the south. W. Wilson
not back from McMurray. Finished the platform.
Weather raining this morning. Fine at noon with a heavy
breeze from the west. Most of the Indians got back from their
fishery.
Weather Cloudy with a little rain all day doing odd jobs in the
store.
Sunday Fine lovely day. Nothing doing. Captain Mills &
G. Loutit & party arrived here at 5 pm enroute to Edmonton.
Weather fine & clear. Lots of wavies passing south. Captain
Mills & G. Smith started off at noon. Working in the store.
Fine Day. Calm. Getting stuffy ready for McMurray. Adam
Chief & Louis Bouche started off this morning for a mose hunt.
Wilson, W.
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
Wilson, W.
Wilson, W.
Loutit, G.
Loutit, G.
Chief, Adam
Bouche, Louis
429

Weather Very fine with a Breeze from the south. Started up
this morning for McMurray. Taking up some dry goods for
winter trade. Camped at Tar Island.
Weather fine. Blowing hard W Wind. Got at McMurray at 1 am.
Mr Osborne Brown & party arrived here this evening.
Fine & calm. Warm. Balebise Daniel & James Flett went off
from here at noon for Chipewyan, who came up with Mr.
Osborne Brown. J. J. Loutit got here at 6:15 from McMurray.
Very fine day. Mr. Brown started up this morning for McMurray
with Louis Tourangeau.
(Sunday) Fine Day Calm. Charles t Anderson arrived here this
evening 7 7 with one HB Co boat, who is going down to Chipewyan.
Fine day Calm. Little cold in the evening. Charles T. Anderson
started off this morning with Jonas Tourangeau & his son.
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19-Oct-10
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20-Oct-10
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21-Oct-10
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22-Oct-10
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23-Oct-10
47d
24-Oct-10
47d
25-Oct-10
47d
26-Oct-10
48
27-Oct-10
48
28-Oct-10
48
29-Oct-10
48
30-Oct-10
48d
31-Oct-10
(Sunday) Fine day. Clear & cold. Nothing doing.

Fine day ... Lots of ice floating in the river. J. J. Loutit working
at wood slegh.
48d
1-Nov-10
fine day. Cold at night. Same job as yesterday.
48d
2-Nov-10
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49
3-Nov-10
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49
4-Nov-10
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49
5-Nov-10
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49
6-Nov-10
Fine day Finished wood sleigh.

Cloudy with a little snow this morning. N Wind. Baptiste
Grahame & party arrived from Moose lake with a few Rats.
Busy papering the house.
Cloudy all day misty. The river set fast this afternoon. River
rising fast. Same job as yesterday.
Cloudy all day with heavy snow through night. Same job as
yesterday.
Sunday Snowing a little in the morning. Very cold in the after
noon.
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5 June 2014
fine day. Busy in store.

Cloudy with light snow in the morning. Indians pitching off
today. Elezear Robillard arrived from down below. Same job.
Fine day. Cloudy. Same job as yesterday.
Fine day. Elezear Robillard went up to McMurray. Squarring
wood for sleigh.
Blowing & raining turn to snow. Busy making sleigh for hauling
wood.
430
Loutit, J. J.
Tourangeau, Louis
Tarangeau, Jonas
Robillard, Elzear
Robillard, Elzear
Loutit, J. J.
430
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49d
7-Nov-10
Very cold. Chysastum Piche arrived here this morning Killed

two moose & 1 bear.
49d
8-Nov-10
Cloudy with snow little all day. Same job as yesterday.
49d
9-Nov-10
Cloudy weather with light snow now & again. Barring sled.
50
10-Nov-10
Cloudy, not cold. Hauling wood.
50
11-Nov-10
Cloudy not cold with snow now & again. Hauling cord wood.
50
12-Nov-10
50
13-Nov-10
50d
14-Nov-10
Cloudy. Barring sled. [?]

(Sunday) Fine day. L. Bouche & son got in this morning. Killed
3 moose, but no furs.
Weather cloudy with snow all day. Elezear Robillard & L
Taurangeau arrived from up the river. Working at books.
50d
15-Nov-10
50d
16-Nov-10
51
17-Nov-10
51
18-Nov-10
Fine day. Not cold. Doing odd jobs.

Cloudy, little cold. Elezear Robillard started down this morning
to Poplar Point. Barred sled today. Jonas Taurangeau got back
from Chipewyan late this evening.
51
19-Nov-10
Fine Day, not cold. Went up the river to set some traps.
51
20-Nov-10
(Sunday) fine day. Nothing doing.
51d
21-Nov-10
Fine day, warm. Haul 2 cords of wood to-day.
51d
22-Nov-10
51d
23-Nov-10
Fine & warm day. Barring sleighs.

Fine day. Little cold. Charles Sanderson arrived from Chipewyan
this morning. Started up to McMurray.
52
24-Nov-10
blank
52
25-Nov-10
52
26-Nov-10
blank
Cloudy & warm with light snow now & then. Got back from
McMurray. Lots of water in the river.
52
27-Nov-10
Sunday Cloudy weather.
52d
28-Nov-10
Fair weather. Cleaning up the store.
5 June 2014
431
Robillard, Elzear
Fine day. Not cold. Hauled 2 loads of wood.

Fine day. Eclipse of the moon from 6 to 7:30 pm. Working at
books.
Robillard, Elzear
Tarangeau, Jonas
431
52d
29-Nov-10
Fine weather. J. J. Loutit working at books. Chyastum Piche

pitched in.
52d
30-Nov-10
Fine weather. Mild. Cutting wood in the bush.
53
1-Dec-10
53
2-Dec-10
Fine day. Jauling wood.

Fine weather. Chyastum Piche brought in 3 lynx 1 bear, 1 marten,
2 mink, 4 ermine.
53
3-Dec-10
Fine weather mild. J. J. Loutit went for a trip of fish down the river.
53
4-Dec-10
53d
5-Dec-10
53d
6-Dec-10
(Sunday) fine day. Nothing doing.

Fine weather. Little cold. J. J. Loutit went for meat on Chyastum
Piche road. Isidore & Joseph Robillard got here at noon.
Simpson got a silver fox.
Fine weather. W. Wilson & Louis Tourangeau started off to
Moose Lake. Also Simpson went off this morning for the HB Co.
Loutit cutting wood.
53d
7-Dec-10
54
8-Dec-10
54
9-Dec-10
54
10-Dec-10
54
11-Dec-10
54d
12-Dec-10
54d
13-Dec-10
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54d
14-Dec-10
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55
15-Dec-10
55
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432
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
Robillard, Joseph
Tourangeau, Louis
Wilson, W.
Fine weather. Not cold. J. J. Loutit hauling wood.

Cloudy weather. With a little snow towards evening. Working
in the store.
Cold weather. W. Wilson arrived from the Moose Lake. Also
Simpson brought in 108 rats, 1 mink, 9 ermines. Same job as
yesterday.
Loutit, J. J.
Cold day. Clear. J. J. [Loutit] mending dog harneses.

(Sunday) fine weather. J Buche & party pitched inthis afternoon
from up the river. J. Benoit & Simpson started up to McMurray.
Fine in the morning snowing in the afternoon. Hauling up flour
from down the hill. Getting ready to go McMurray.
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
16-Dec-10
Fine day. J. J. Loutit went up to McMurray. Started at 9 am.

Weather fair, little cold. Packet arrived here at 4 pm, 3 sleds.
Also J. J. Loutit got back from McMurray.
Weather misty. Packet men resting their dogs. Getting Jonas
Taurangeau ready for a small trading outfit for Point Brule.
Weather fair and mild. Packet men started off this morning at
7 am. J. J. Loutit went for fish.
55
17-Dec-10
Fine day Thawing. Working in the store trading with Indians.
55
18-Dec-10
(Sunday) Fine day. Adam Chief & party pitched in today.
5 June 2014
Wilson, W.
Benoit, Jean
Loutit, J. J.
Tarangeau, Jonas
Loutit, J. J.
Loutit, J. J.
432

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55d
19-Dec-10
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55d
20-Dec-10
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55d
21-Dec-10
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56
22-Dec-10
56
23-Dec-10
Fair weather. J. J. Loutit working in the store.

Weather fair & mild. Alec McDonald & Brule came down from
McMurray. They came for the [?] on account of Mrs
McDonald, being very sick.
Weather snowing heavy till noon, fair in the afternoon.
Michael St. Arnand & Adam Bouche Jr. Went down to Chipewyan.
Clloudy weather little cold. Alex McDonald went back home
this morning. Father Laffont arrived from Chipewyan at 6 pm.
Also E. Robillard from Poplar Point.
Fine day, little cold. E. Robillard started up to McMurray. J. J.
working at books.
56
24-Dec-10
Fine day. Same job as yesterday.
56
25-Dec-10
56d
26-Dec-10
Sunday
Weather: very cold day. Mail arrived this evening at 6:30 pm
from down blow.
Very cold. Leon Mercredi & party resting their dogs. J. J. Loutit
getting ready to go to Chipewyan. W. Wilson & Father Laport
started this morning at 10am, for Chipewyan
Very cold. Mail started off this morning at 6 am. Also J. J. Loutit
& Simpson down to Chipwyan.
END OF JOURNAL
Very cold day. JJ Loutit arrived from Chipewyan at
7:30 pm. Also Tommie Loutit who is going up to McMurray.
Very, very cold. Tommie Loutit resting his dogs. W. Wilson
arrived from Chipwyan. JJ Loutit busy in store.
Very cold day. Tommy Loutit started off this morning for
McMurray. Nothing much doing.
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56d
27-Dec-10
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56d
28-Dec-10
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8d
8-Jan-11
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8d
9-Jan-11
10-Jan-11
11-Jan-11
9d
12-Jan-11
9d
13-Jan-11
10
14-Jan-11
10
15-Jan-11
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5 June 2014
Very cold day. JJ Loutit working at ?

Very cold weather. Same as yesterday. Dance on tonight. Five
Indians turned up this evening from Perin House.
Not as cold as yesterday with a breeze from SW. Same as
yesterday.
fair weather. Same as yesterday
fair day, little cold. No. 1 packet arrived from down river at
1 pm. Also R.J. Mclennan & Mr Bates who are going out to
Edmonton and Inspector W. D. Lyall, who has come up from
433
Loutit, J. J.
Bouche, Adam
Robillard, Elzear
Robillard, Elzear
Loutit, J. J.
Merdcredi, Leon
Wilson, W.
Chipewyan
Loutit, J. J.
W. F. Wilson
W. F. Wilson
JJ Loutit
Tommie Loutit
McMurray
Tommie Loutit
Chipewyan
McMurray
JJ Loutit
Perin House
Chipewyan
Edmonton
Mr Bates
433
434
Chipewyan to inspect the fort.
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10d
16-Jan-11
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10d
17-Jan-11
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11
18-Jan-11
fair day with ligh snow towards evening. G Loutit & party
resting tgheir dogs. W.D. Lyall working at Books. JJ Loutit
working in store.
Cloudy & snowing all Day. The packet left here at 7:30 am.
Also JJ Loutit went up to McMurray. Got at McMurray at
6 pm.
fair day. JJ Loutit got back from McMurray. W D Lyall
working at accounts current.
11
19-Jan-11
fair day. JJ Loutit & W D Lyall working at books.
11d
20-Jan-11
fair day. Same job as yesterday.

fair day. Same job as yesterday. No sign of the mail.
Fair lovely day. The packet (No 2) arrived here at 12:30. Snowing towards evening. Blowing hard. East wind.
Very cold with a breeze from the east. L[eon]. Mercredi & party
[packet crew] resting their dogs. Very cold towards evening.
Very cold. Leon Mercredi & party left here this morning at 7am
nothing doing
Very cold. La Grippe. Bad cold going around the settlement.
[this is the first mention of a settlement at the post.]
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11d
21-Jan-11
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12
22-Jan-11
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12
23-Jan-11
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12d
24-Jan-11
12d
25-Jan-11
13
26-Jan-11
13
27-Jan-11
13d
28-Jan-11
13d
29-Jan-11
14
30-Jan-11
14
31-Jan-11
14d
1-Feb-11
14d
2-Feb-11
15
3-Feb-11
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5 June 2014
Weather cold
Very cold in the morning. Fine at noon. Isedore & Joseph
Bouche went up to McMurray.
Weather cold in the morning. Fair at noon. JJ Loutit not feeling
well.
W. D. Lyall
R.J. Mclennan
JJ Loutit
W. D. Lyall
McMurray
McMurray
JJ Loutit
JJ Loutit
W. D. Lyall
JJ Loutit
W. D. Lyall
Leon Mercredi
Leon Mercredi
McMurray
Isdore Bouche
Joseph Bouche
JJ Loutit
Fine day, not doing very well. Nothing doing.

Blowing very Hard E wind, cold. Nothing doing. Apapaise
& Bouche killed 1 moose.
Apapais Bouche
Fine day, cold. Nothing much doing.

Cloudy & cold with a little snow all day. Adam Chief &
Simpson went off hunting up the river. Joseph [Bouche] arrived from McMurray.
McMurray
Adam Chief
Fine day till noon. Snowing toward evening.

Fine day, With wind from the north. Emile Shot got here from
McMurray he is going down as far as Jack Fish Cree to
McMurray
JJ Bouche
Emile Shot
434
305-a9
inspect his posts [so he is an independent trader]. JJ Loutit

cleaning stove pipes.
Very cold in the morning, fine in the afternoon. Cloudy towards
evening. Adam Chief & Simpson return from their hunt.
Simpson killed 1 moose. Chief none. Getting the House
scrubbed.
Cloudy & snowing all day. Emile Shot started off this morning
to Poplar Point.
15
4-Feb-11
15d
5-Feb-11
15d
6-Feb-11
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16
7-Feb-11
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16
8-Feb-11
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9-Feb-11
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16d
10-Feb-11
17
11-Feb-11
Fine lovely day.

Fine day, not cold. Most of the Indians off hunting Moose,
some up the river and some down. Louis Tourangeau &
Apapaise went up to McMurray. [Likely not Indian considering
context here]
Fome in the morning, cloudy in the afternoon with light snow.
Michael Luttunes killed 1 buck moose. JJ Loutit & Joseph
Robillard sawing fire wood.
Fine & warm, cloudy. Chysatum Piche killed 2 moose. Little
snow in the afternoon. Adam Trippe de Roche arrived from
Point Brule, also Emile Shot.
Cloudy with snow all day, light. Emile Shot is off this morning
for McMurray. Adam L Bouche killed 2 Moose.
Fine lovely day, warm. Adam Trippe de Roche started back
this morning.
17
12-Feb-11
Cloudy with snow in the morning. Nothing doing.
17d
13-Feb-11
Fine Warm Day. JJ Loutit went up to McMurray. Colin Fraser

arrived from Chipewyan enroute to Edmonton.
17d
14-Feb-11
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18
15-Feb-11
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18
16-Feb-11
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17-Feb-11
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18-Feb-11
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5 June 2014
Fine day. Fraser & party spelling their dogs.

Little cold. Cloudy blowing north wind. JJ Loutit arrived
from McMurray. Simpson killed 3 Moose. Colin Fraser &
party left here this morning for Edmonton.
Fine day, cold in the morning, fine at noon. JJ Loutit busy in
store.
Adam Chief and few others piched off this morning. JJ Loutit
busy in store today.
Fair lovely day. Maurce & Joseph pitched off today & a few
others. Send sleigh up the river for fish.
435
Adam Chief
Poplar Point
Emile Shot
Point Brule
Apaaise Bouche
Louis Tourangau
JJ Loutit
Michael Luttunes
Joseph Robillard
Chyastum Piche
Adam Trippe de Roche
Emile Shot
McMurray
Adam Bouche
McMurray
Adam Trippe de Roche

Chipewyan
Edmonton
McMurray
Colin Fraser
JJ Loutit
Edmonton
McMurray
Colin Fraser
JJ Loutit
JJ Loutit
Adam Chief
JJ Loutit
435
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19
19-Feb-11
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19
20-Feb-11
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19d
21-Feb-11
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19d
22-Feb-11
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20
23-Feb-11
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20
24-Feb-11
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20d
25-Feb-11
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26-Feb-11
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21
27-Feb-11
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21
28-Feb-11
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21d
1-Mar-11
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2-Mar-11
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Fine lovely day. Simpson got back with one moose. [means he
likely was with Chief's or Bouche's party] Nothing doing.
Fine lovely day. Mild. Michael & Adam Boucher pitched off
today. [Means there were at least 4 Bouche's in settlement:
Adam, Maurice, Michael and Jospeh]
Fine Weather. Packet No 3. George Loutit arrived here at 6:30
pm leaving others behind.
Very fine day, thawing. A. Brabant & Baptiste Lapine with
packet no 2 arrived here at noon .
Fine day, warm, thawing. George Loutit Packet No 3 left here
this morning at 8:30 am. R.J. McLennan & Redward Wylie &
Rackham arrived here at noon. A Brabant & party spelling
their dogs.
Fine Day, warm. A Brabant & Packet No. 2 left here this
morning a 7 am Enroute to Lac la Biche. R. J. Mclennan &
party spelling their dogs.
Fine in the morning, snowing in the afternoon with a strong
Breeze from the north. R.J. McLennan & party left here this
morning.
Fine day, cold in the morning. W C Rackham & JJ Loutit
working the Books.
Fine Day. Same job as yesterday. Adam Chief & party arrived
here at noon. Reports killed 8 moose.
Fine & warm day. Michael Suttuns & party arrived at noon.
Reports killed 18 Beaver & 3 moose. Same job as yesterday.
Cloudy & warm. Mr. Rackham pull[ed] off from here this
morning at 7:30 am with Loues Taurangeau for Chipewyan.
Roderick Fraser & Isedore & Villibram arrived here at 3 pm.
22
3-Mar-11
22
4-Mar-11
Cloudy, warm. Elezear Robillard & Cowie arrived here at

1:30 pm from down below.
Blowing north wind, little cold. Roderick, Fraser & Isedore
started off this morning down to Chipewyan. Lenori off up to
McMurray. Aleck, Wetegoo & Michael, Jose Bouche arrived
from the Lake. Very few skins [likely a reference to Moose
Lake].
Fine Day. Elzear Robillard started down to Poplar Point
this morning.
22d
5-Mar-11
Fine & warm, cloudy. Nothing doing.
5 June 2014
436
Adam Bouche
Michael Bouche
George Loutit
Baptiste Lapine
George Loutit
R.J. Mclennan
W C Rackham
Lac la Biche
R.J. Mclennan
R.J. Mclennan
JJ Loutit
W C Rackham
Adam Chief
Michael Suttuns
Chipewyan
Fraser, Roderick
Loues Taurangeau
Cowie
Colin Fraser
Elezear Robillard
Chipewyan
McMurray
Aleck Loutit
Michael Bouche
Jose Bouche
Poplar Point
Elezear Robillard
436

Cloudy & blowing withsnow a little all day. Jean Benoit went
off to visit Maurice Camp.
Cloudy. Little cold. Send Suipson off to Maurice camp with
a few trading supplies.
Fine. Cloudy in the afternoon. Suispon got back from Maurice
camp with 4 Martens & 4 Ermine.
Cloudy & snowing in the morning, fine in the afternoon. Big
snow storm through the night.
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22d
6-Mar-11
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23
7-Mar-11
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23
8-Mar-11
23d
9-Mar-11
23d
10-Mar-11
Snowing in the morning. Blowing hard in the afternoon.
24
11-Mar-11
Fine day. Not very cold
24
12-Mar-11
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24d
13-Mar-11
Fine weather. Blowing hard, s. wind. Nothing doing.

Blowing & snowing.Hard north wind. JJ Loutit & Suipson
went up to McMurray.
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24d
14-Mar-11
25
15-Mar-11
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25
16-Mar-11
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25d
17-Mar-11
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25d
18-Mar-11
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26
19-Mar-11
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26
20-Mar-11
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26d
21-Mar-11
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26d
22-Mar-11
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27
23-Mar-11
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27
24-Mar-11
5 June 2014
437
Jean Benoit
McMurray
Very cold day. Alick & Lenny Loutit started off this afternoon.
Fine day warm. Apapaise Bouche arrived here at 3 pm. Reports
he has 3 martens.
Fine day. JJ Loutit & Suipson got back from McMurray.
Fine warm day. Bugo Lapine & family started off this morning
for Athabasca Landing.
Fine & warm day. Tommey Loutit arrived here at noon from
McMurray. Packet No 4 & Captain Mills arrived here at 7 pm.
Sent Jonas Taurangeau off to Long Lake for furs.
Fine Day with strong wind from SW. Packet men & captain
Mills resting themselves & dogs.
Fine & warm Day. Packet No 4 & Capt Mills started off this
morning at 6 am. Also Tommey Loutit.
Weather little cold, blowing with little snow. Packet no 3 got
here at noon from down below. Also Elezear Robillard from
down below Poplar Point.
Fine Day Cold. George Loutit startedoff this afternoon at 2
oclock. William Gordon arrived here from McMurray, two
trains.
Weather fine, thawing in the afternoon. William Gordon started
up to McMurray. Also Elezear Robillard.
Fine day. St Peter Mckay and Jospeh Robillard arrived here at
noon from their camp. Reports no furs. Brought us some
JJ Loutit
Alick Loutit
Lennty Loutit
Apapais Bouche
McMurray
Athabasca
Landing
JJ Loutit
Long Lake
McMurray
Tommey Loutit
Jonas Taurangeau
Bugo Lapine
Tommey Loutit
Poplar Point
McMurray
McMurray
Elezear Robillard
William Gordon
George Loutit
William Gordon
Elezear Robillard
St Peter Mckay
Joseph Robillard
437
27d
25-Mar-11
Dry Meat.
Very cold morning. St Peter & Joseph Robillard started back
at noon. Elezear Robillard got back from McMurray.
27d
26-Mar-11
Very cold. Elezear Robillard started down to Popular Point.
28
27-Mar-11
Fine & Warm Day. Working at books.
28
28-Mar-11
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28d
29-Mar-11
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28d
30-Mar-11
29
31-Mar-11
Weather fine. Same job as yesterday.

Fine lovely day. Thawing. W C Rackham & Baptiste Lapine
arrived here at 3 pm. Also 2 sleds for Chipewyan. Bte Forcue
& Harry Laferty taking some supples from here.
Weather Blowing N wind, cold towards evening. W.C.
Rackham & party resting their dogs. Loaded 2 sleds up. bought
1 silver fix frin Jonas, paid $210.00
Blowing N Wind, cold. The party left this morning at 5 am for
Chipewyan.
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29
1-Apr-11
Weather cold. Working at books.
29d
2-Apr-11
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29d
3-Apr-11
30
4-Apr-11
Weather cold. Nothing doing. Snowing a little in the evening.

Weather cold. Send up Tourangeau to McMurray for some
candels & W. Rubbers.
Weather fine but not any to warm. Louis Tourangeau arrived
here at 6 pm from McMurray. Working at monthly statements
and transfers.
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30
5-Apr-11
Weather fine day, warm. Same job as yesterday.
30d
6-Apr-11
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30d
7-Apr-11
weather cold. Busy cleaning up the store.

Fine day, warm. Alick Linklater & R J McLennan arrived here
at 3 pm.
31
8-Apr-11
Weather cloudy. Chyastum Piche & St Peter McKay pitched in

today. Cowie arrived here this evening from McMurray who is
going down to Chip to trade for Emile Shot. [trading right in
face of HBC]
Fine day. Blowing Hard S wind. Nothing doing.
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31
9-Apr-11
31d
10-Apr-11
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31d
11-Apr-11
5 June 2014
Weather cloudy with snow this morning. Busy at odd jobs.

Blowing & cloudy, snowing in the afternoon. Brought my
potatoes in from J Benoit.
438
McMurray
Joseph Robillard
Elezear Robillard
Chipewyan
W C Rackham
Baptiste Lapine
Jonas Taurangeau
Chipewyan
McMurray
Jonas Taurangeau
McMurray
McMurray
Alick Linklater
R J McLennan
Cowie
Colin Fraser
St Peter Mckay
Chyastum Piche
Emile Shot
J Benoit
438
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32
12-Apr-11
32
13-Apr-11
Fine day. Cold. Apapaise Bouche brought in 2 beavers & 2

lynx.
Fine day not very warm. Blowing hard in the afternoon W.
Wind. Apapaise Bouche brought in the rest of his furs, 4
martine, 4 mink.
32d
14-Apr-11
Fair day. Warm. JJ Loutit working at odd jobs.
32d
15-Apr-11
Fine Day. Very quiet around the place.
33
16-Apr-11
33
17-Apr-11
33d
18-Apr-11
weather warm. Blowing hard in the afternoon.

Fine & warm. Aleck McDonald & Isdore Bouche arrived here
this afternoon from McMurray. Also a prospector, Mr Kelsy
by name, staking claims around the place. JJ Loutit cleaning
up around the place.
Fair day. Cloudy in the afternoon. The party started back this
morning for McMurray.
33d
19-Apr-11
Weather fine & lovely
34
20-Apr-11
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34
21-Apr-11
Weather fair day, warm.

Weather, fine day blowing hard, S wind. A band of geese
passed down north this morning. River rising a little bit.
Michael & Adam L Bouche arrived here late this evening.
Reports lots of furs.
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34d
22-Apr-11
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34d
23-Apr-11
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35
24-Apr-11
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35
25-Apr-11
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35d
26-Apr-11
35d
27-Apr-11
36
28-Apr-11
36
29-Apr-11
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305-a-
5 June 2014
Fair warm day. Maurice Bouche & J Bouche & Joseph Robillard
arrived here at noon. Water rising in the river.
Fair day. Water is rising, Red River [Mckay River] is burst at the
mouth.
Weather cloudy, but warm lots of wavies passing north. The ice
moved this evening at 6 oclock & jambed again. Aleck Loutit later & R J McLennan went to day to stay.
Weather cloudy with rain towards evening. Ice floating on the
river. JJ Loutit made two packs of fur today.
Cloudy & cold. Not much ice floating in the river jambed above
some where. JJ Loutit working at books. [this type of activity
points to his not being Indian.]
Cold with little snow in the morning. River full of ice floating all
day, not so thick in the evening. Same job as yesterday.
439
Apapaise Bouche
Apapaise Bouche
JJ Loutit
McMurray
Isdore Bouche
JJ Loutit
McDonald, Aleck
McMurray
Michael Bouche
Adam Bouche
Maurice Bouche
J. Bouche
Joseph Robillard
Red River
Aleck Loutit
R J McLennan
JJ Loutit
JJ Loutit
Weather fine
Blank
439
440
9
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36d
30-Apr-11
Blank
36d
1-May-11
Blank
37
2-May-11
Blank
37
3-May-11
Blank
37d
4-May-11
37d
5-May-11
Fine & warm. JJ Loutit arrived from down below this afternoon at 4 oclock. SS Primrose went up to McMurray.
Maurice & Joseph Bouche pitched in this afternoon.
Weather fair. Colin Fraser with 3 scows arrived this afternoon at
5 oclock.
38
6-May-11
Weather fair & warm. C. Fraser with 3 scows left here this morning. Cloudy & thundering in the afternoon.
38
7-May-11
Weather, raining & blowing, north wind.
38d
8-May-11
Weather cold E wind
38d
Fair day. Warm, waiting for HB Company boats.
39d
9-May-11
10-May11
11-May11
12-May11
39d
13-May11
39
39
40
40
40d
14-May11
15-May11
16-May11
41
17-May11
18-May11
41
19-May11
40d
5 June 2014
McMurray
Maurice Bouche
Joseph Bouche
JJ Loutit
Colin Fraser
Colin Fraser
Fine day warm. Nothing doing.

Fair day, warm.
Fine day, nothing doing.
Fine day. SS Primrose with 8 HB boats arrived here in the evening
at 7 pm unloaded some of a 9 [9 is in a square. Athabasca brand?]
stuff. Also Thomas Kerr, who is to be in charge of this post arrived
today.
Very fine day. SS Primrose started off this morning with 8 boats at
10:30 am and a few boats passed here this morning 8 Nagle &
mission boats.
Fair warm day. Nothing much doing. Waiting for Indians to pitch in.
weather fair.
Fair day, cloudy towards evening. JJ Loutit working at books.
Thomas Kerr putting down potatoes.
JJ Loutit
Blowing hard north wind with rain & little snow all day.
Fair day. Coudy towards eveing, raining at night. Started taking
inventory. LAST ENTRY UNTIL 11 SEPTEMBER
440

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BLANK
69d
9-Sep-11
69d
10-Sep-11
305-a9
70
11-Sep-11
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70
12-Sep-11
70d
13-Sep-11
BLANK
Started off from Chipewyan at 1 pm with SS Primrose for McKay.
A little rain in the afternoon. Camped at Big Eddy.
Fine Day, started off at 5 am. SS Kewatin with Fraser Boats passed us this evening at Power Shack at 5 pm.
Camped at Sand Island Bank.
Fine lovely day. Camped at Poplar Point. Raining & blowing hard.
N Wind camped at the old fort.
70d
14-Sep-11
Fine Day. Got at McKay at 5 pm.
305-a9
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71
15-Sep-11
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71
16-Sep-11
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71d
17-Sep-11
71d
18-Sep-11
Raining in the morning. Busy with Indians in the store.

Fine day. Nothing doing. SS Primrose went across on the other
side to be hauled up.
Cloudy with a little rain in the afternoon. Busy with Indians in the
store. W. Rackham at books [replaced Loutit?]
Fine day, very cold in the evening. Same job as yesterday. R J
McLennan & Baptiste Lapine went up to McMurray to bring down SS Rey. Adam Chief pitched off today [one
of Indians he was busy with yesterday?]
72
19-Sep-11
Raining in the morning turn to heavy snow. Fine in the afternoon.
72
20-Sep-11
305-a9
72d
21-Sep-11
305-a9
72d
22-Sep-11
305-a9
73
23-Sep-11
305-a9
73
24-Sep-11
73d
25-Sep-11
Raining in the morning turn to heavy snow .. In the afternoon.

Cloudy & cold. R.J. McLennan & Baptiste Lapine with SS Rey
arrived at 4 pm.
Fine lively day. Packet arrived here this morning at 5:30. Also SSRey started off from here at 3 pm for Smith
Landing. Digging up potatoes. This afternoon Cheausay & Adam arrived reports killed 6 moose.
Fine Day cold towards evening. Got up the rest of the Potatoes
today. Mail left this morning 5:20.
Blowing hard S Wind. A party of surveyors arrived here this morn=
ing. Also Carnil Feue [or Feun] & party started up the river just at noon.
Fine in the morning, cloudy in the afternoon, with rain in the evening. Started up to McMurray with Leodont Boy. Camped Tar
Island.
73d
26-Sep-11
305-a9
74
27-Sep-11
305-a9
74
28-Sep-11
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5 June 2014
441
Fine day with few showers of rain. Got at McMurray at 2 pm.

Cloudy weather with rain now & then. Gordon with two scows
arrived at McMurray this evening.
Fine day with heavy showers of Rain in the afternoon. Got at
McKay at 6:30 pm.
Chipewyan
Colin Fraser
Poplar Point
McMurray
W C Rackham
Adam Chief
Baptiste Lapine
R J McLennan
Baptiste Lapine
R.J. Mclennan
McMurray
McMurray
McMurray
William Gordon
441
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74d
29-Sep-11
Fine day. McLennan (Fire guardian) got here this afternoon from
the Saline with a few ducks.
74d
30-Sep-11
Cloudy with heavy rain this morning.
305-a9
75
1-Oct-11
305-a9
75
2-Oct-11
75d
3-Oct-11
Cloudy weather. Maurice Bouche & St. Peter McKay got here
from up the river. McLennan started up to McMurray this morning.
Cloudy & cold weather withwith rain all day. A Violette men
started off this morning for Edmonton.
Calm & cloudy. Tommie Loutit with seven arrived here at 3 pm
from Chipewyan he going up to McMurray for his trading
supplies [sounds like he is a 'free treder']
75d
4-Oct-11
Fine lovely day. Breeze from South. Doing odd jobs around place.
76
5-Oct-11
Fine lovely day. Doctor Bell [Canadian geological survey?] &

Captain Mills arrived here at noon from down below. Started off in the afternoon Enroute to Athabasca Landing.
Gordon came down with one scow trading supplies. Jean Benoit in charge. [Benoit for Gordon]
76
6-Oct-11
76d
7-Oct-11
76d
8-Oct-11
77
9-Oct-11
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McMurray
St Peter Mckay
Maurice Boucher
McLennan
Edmonton
A. Violette
Chipewyan
McMurray
Tommie Loutit
Athabasca
Landing
Bell
Jean Benoit
William Gordon
Mills [captain]
Poplar Point
Emile Shot
Fine lovely day. Nothing doing.

Fine lovely dayl James Fraser arrived here at 9:30 am from
chipewyan, also George Loutit with the mail. Got here at 6 pm.
Plainning sleds.
Chipewyan
Fraser, James
George Loutit
77
10-Oct-11
Fine Lovely day, warm. Bending sleds.
77d
11-Oct-11
305-a9
77d
12-Oct-11
78
13-Oct-11
Fine day. George Loutit started off this morning at 6:30 am.
Cloudy. Tommy Loutit with 1 scow arrived here at noon. He is
going down to Chipewyan trading for Gordon. Also 4 scows
(Reindeer) arrived here this evening at 6:30 pm. Philip Ackinson
in charge.
Cloudy & misty calm. Philip Atkinson pulled off this morning at 8
am. Also Surveyor - 1 scow pulled off this morning at 9 for
Chipewyan.
78
14-Oct-11
Cloudy & misty not cold. Apapaise Bouche came down with a load of fish, 2,400.
78d
15-Oct-11
Fine day, breeze from south. Nothing doing.
5 June 2014
McLennan
Fine day. Busy plastering with Louis Taurangeau.

Fine day, calm. Busy white washing. Emile Shot came down with 1 scow, he going to Poplar Point to trade his
Winter. [A likely candidate would be Indian reserve below confluence with the Fire Bag River.
305-a9
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442
Louis Taurangeau
George Loutit
Chipewyan
William Gordon
Tommie Loutit
Apapaise Bouche
442
78d
16-Oct-11
Fine day with a breeze from west. Went up to McMurray. Meet

Hudson's Bay boats at Steep Bank River.
79
17-Oct-11
Cloudy with rain in the afternoon. Boats arrived here at noon.
79
18-Oct-11
blowing hard north wind. W. J. Harris started off this morning.
79d
19-Oct-11
Fine cold
79d
20-Oct-11
blank
80
21-Oct-11
Cloudy with rain in the evening. Mail arrived at 8n pm.
305-a9
80
22-Oct-11
305-a9
80d
23-Oct-11
305-a9
80d
24-Oct-11
81
25-Oct-11
Fine day. Started up to McMurray. Camped at Tar Island. Little snow at night.
Blowing Hard North Wind. Lots of Wavies passing north. Got at
McMurray at 4:30 pm. Cold in the evening.
Fine Day, cold in the evening. Bought 600 fish at McMurray. [Note
that this year there is only one reference to Moose Lake]
Fine cold morning. Ice starting to Float in the River. Got at McKay
at 6 pm.
81
26-Oct-11
Fine Day. Hunting Rabitts this afternoon.
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McMurray
Tar Island
McMurray
McMurray
Chipewyan
McMurray
William Gordon
Jonas Taurangeau
W.C. Wilson
McMurray
Jonas Taurangeau
McMurray
Poplar Point
Elezear Robillard
Emile Shot
Jonas Taurangeau
82
29-Oct-11
82
30-Oct-11
Fine day, cold. Doing odd jobs around the place.
82d
31-Oct-11
82d
1-Nov-11
Fine day. Lots of Ice in the River. Cutting wood in the bush.
Fine day, calm, warm. Working in store. St. Peter McKay arrived
from above.
St Peter Mckay
83
2-Nov-11
Fine Day, not cold. JJ Loutit cutting wood.
JJ Loutit
83
3-Nov-11
Fine Day, warm. Same job as yesterday.
83d
4-Nov-11
Cloudy with snow all day, mild.
81d
27-Oct-11
305-a9
81d
28-Oct-11
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
McMurray
Fine day. Jonas Taurangeau & W. F [C]. Wilson arrived here at 5 pm

from Chipewyan. The latter who he hired for Gordon at McMurray. [Was Gordon HBC Man at McMurray?]
Cold, Cloudy. W. F. Wilson & Jonas Taurangeau started off this
morning for McMurray.
Cloudy & Cold. 2 degrees below zero this morning. Elezear
Robillard arrived here this evening from McMurray who is
going down to Poplar Point to trade for Emile Shot. Jonas
Torarangeau got back from McMurray late in the evening.
305-a9
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443
5 June 2014
443

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5-Nov-11
84
6-Nov-11
84
7-Nov-11
84d
8-Nov-11
84d
9-Nov-11
85
10-Nov-11
Cold. 8 below zero. Hauling wood.

Fine Day. Cold, 18 below zero this morning. The River Froze up
last night. Busy making a cupboard.
85
11-Nov-11
Fine & cold day - 12 below.
85d
12-Nov-11
Fine day. Not cold, 10 below. Training dogs.
85d
13-Nov-11
Weather cold. 23 below. Finish the cupboard.
86
14-Nov-11
Fine day. Doing odd jobs around the place.
86
15-Nov-11
Fine day. Hauling wood.
86d
16-Nov-11
Fine day, mild. Setting rabbits snares.
86d
17-Nov-11
Weather faire. George Loutit arrived from Chipewyan at 3 pm.
Chipewyan
George Loutit
87
18-Nov-11
Weather: snowing, heavy all day. Doing odd jobs around the place.
Fair day. George Loutit started off this morning at 8:30am. Also,
Rackhaman arrived with 2 trainers of dogs from Chipewyan at noon enroute to Lac la Biche.
Chipewyan
Lac la Biche
George Loutit
W C Rackham
87
19-Nov-11
87d
20-Nov-11
305-a9
87d
21-Nov-11
88
22-Nov-11
88
23-Nov-11
88d
24-Nov-11
305-a9
305-a9
Cloudy with snow all day, mild, not cold.

Cloudy with now all day, light blowing north wind. Papering the
house.
83d
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
444
88d
25-Nov-11
305-a9
89
26-Nov-11
305-a-
89
27-Nov-11
5 June 2014
Cloudy. Same job as yesterday.

Weather cloudy. Louis Bouche & Isedore got here this evening.
Reports no furs.
Isedore Bouche
Louis Bouche
Cloudy & mild Lots of water in the river.

Fair mild W. C. Rackham & party started off this morning at 7:30
am. Busy with Indians.
Fine day. Adam Chief with 2 others got in this morning. Hauling
fish.
Fine lovely day, warm.
Fine day warm with Rain this morning. Adam Chief & party started off to their hunting grounds this morning.
John McDonald Sr arrived from McMurray at 10 am. Went back this afternoon.
Fine day mild. Barring sled.
Cloudy. J.W. Harris arrived here at noon from Chipewyan. Also
surveyors 5 trains of dog teams who are going out.
Fine day mild.
W C Rackham
Adam Chief
McMurray
Adam Chief
Chipewyan
J.W. Harris
444
445
9
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Fine Lovely day. Started up to McMurray this morning with the

surveyor. Got at McMurray at 4 pm.
McMurray
Fine day, mild, thawing. Got here at 8pm from McMurray.

Fine day. Albert Mercredi & David Evans arrived here at noon with
the McKenzie River Mail going to Edmonton.
McMurray
Edmonton
McKenzie R.
1-Dec-11
Fine day. J.W. Harris & Peter Loutit Sr started at 6 am this morning to Chipewyan. Albert Mercredi & David
Evans started off at noon.
Chipewyan
90d
2-Dec-11
Fine day. Sawing wood and doing odd jobs around the place.
90d
3-Dec-11
Fine, lovely day, mild.
91
4-Dec-11
Fine lovely weather.
91
5-Dec-11
find day. Same job.
91d
6-Dec-11
91d
7-Dec-11
92
8-Dec-11
Weather fine. Baptiste Lapine & Leon Mercredi arrived here from Lac la biche this morning at 8am.
Fine day mild. Baptiste Lapine & Leon Mercredi left here this
morning at 8 am.
Fine mild. Jonas Tourangeau with mr. J.A. Dunn arrive here at 3
pm from Chipewyan enroute to Edmonton.
Weather fine, mild. Maurice Bouche killed 2 moose.
89d
28-Nov-11
89d
29-Nov-11
90
30-Nov-11
90
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
92
9-Dec-11
92d
10-Dec-11
Fine day. Packet arrived here at 1 pm.
305-a9
92d
11-Dec-11
93
12-Dec-11
Fine day. Jonas Tourangeau & J A Dunn went off this morning for Lac la biche.
Snowed 2 inches last night. Packet left here this morning 7 am.
Francois Bouche & Joseph Robillard pitched in from down the
river.
305-a9
305-a9
93
13-Dec-11
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93d
14-Dec-11
305-a9
93d
15-Dec-11
305-a9
94
16-Dec-11
305-a-
94
17-Dec-11
5 June 2014
Blank
Fine & warm. Alick Wetegov & party from Moose Lake got here
this evening with a few skins of furs.
Fine lovely Day, warm. Roderick Fraser with 3 teams of dogs
sleigh arrived here from Lac La biche at 2 pm. Elezear Robillard
went up to McMurray.
Fine lovely, day warm. Roderick Fraser with 3 teams of dog sleigh arrived here from Lac La biche at 2 pm.
Elezear went up to McMurray.
Little cold. Roderick Fraser went off this morning at 5am for Chipewyan. Elezear back from McMurray.
Lac la Biche
Chipewyan
Edmonton
Albert Mercredi
J.W. Harris
Peter Loutit
Albert Mercredi
Leon Mercredi
Baptiste Lapine
Leon Mercredi
J A Dunn
Jonas Tourageau
Maurice Bouche
Lac la Biche
J A Dunn
Jonas Tourageau
Francois Bouche
Joseph Robillard
Moose Lake
Alick Wetegov
Lac la Biche
McMurray
Lac la Biche
McMurray
McMurray
Fraser, Roderick
Elezear Robillard
Elezear Robillard
Fraser, Roderick
445
446
9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
94d
18-Dec-11
94d
19-Dec-11
(Weather fine) Louis Bouche & Chyastum Piche went down to

Poplar Point for the priest.
Fine day, little cold. Elezear Robillard started off this morning to
Poplar Point.
95
20-Dec-11
Weather cloudy & snowing last night and part of the day till noon.
Little cold. Louis Bouche & Chyastum Piche with the father Croise
arrived at 2:30pm.
305-a9
95
21-Dec-11
305-a9
95d
22-Dec-11
305-a9
95d
23-Dec-11
96
24-Dec-11
Snow last night about 2 in. Adam Chief & party pitched in today
at noon. Gordon and W.C [or F]. Wilson came down from McMurray.
Blowing & snowing all day. Adam Chief & party arrived here at
noon.
Cloudy with a little snow all day, cold. Jonas Taurangeau got there this morning from Lac la Biche. [repeating
here the above entry]
96
25-Dec-11
Cloudy cold. Nothing doing.
96d
26-Dec-11
fine day cold, 22 below. Went for fish down the river.
27-Dec-11
Cold Weather. 45 below. Father Croise went up to Murray. Also

W. Gordon & W. C. Wilson sgtarted up this morning.
28-Dec-11
Very cold, 50 below. Hauling wood.
29-Dec-11
end
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
305-a9
96d
5 June 2014
Poplar Point
Louis Bouche
Chyastum Piche
Poplar Point
Elezear Robillard
Lac la Biche
McMurray
Father Croise
Chyastum Piche
Louis Bouche
Adam Chief
William Gordon
W. F. Wilson
Adam Chief
Lac la Biche
Jonas Taurangeau
Father Croise
William Gordon
W. F. Wilson
446
447
APPENDIX 7: PLACES MENTIONED IN THE FT MCKAY JOURNALS, 1901-1911

MCMURRAY PLACE FREQUENCY
Fort Chipewyan
Portage la Loche
Lake, 'the' [Gregoire Lake]
Little Red River [Little Red River McKay River]
Lac la Biche
Island, 'the' [Rocke Island]
Swan Lake (a.k.a. Gordon Lake)
Cree Lake
Fish Lake
Clearwater River
Waskahegan River (House River)
House River (see Waskahegan River)
Jackfish Lake (somewhere in vicinity of McMurray)
Whitefish Lake
Pembina River
Red Island
5 June 2014
Significance

important
winter fishery
Chipewyan moose hunting
and trapping area
Pierre Cree & family from
there & hunt near McMurray
also
Post maintained a lime kiln
there, pig byre,
Important fishery
Camp trading
fishery (winter)
Duck hunting spot & fishery

This
was a Cree hunting/
trapping area

important
fishery
Jaquot & family to; La Prize
From
on McMurray-Chipewyan
route
No of Refs
183
124
109
94
46
33
30
26
24
22
21
18
17
17
13
12
447

Edmonton
Old Fort Creek
Ferre Blanche

Beaver
trapping area
Fish Cache
Fishing site; Ft McMurray
men & families did spring
Clear River (near fort) [alternative for Clearwater R.) hunts there.
First Creek

Lac de Brochet

Isle a la Crosse
HBC
post
Big Prairie (see Big Plain)

Portage, 'the'

Little Prairie

Grand Rapids
navigation
obstruction
Old Fort

Indian
camping place,
Big Hay Plain (near fort)
souce of hay
Willow Point [on Fish Lake]
fishery best fall fishery]
Little River (near the fort)
source of firewood
Fort Vermilion
HBC men headed for
Driftwood River

Stoney Island [Rocky Island] (near fort)
Martell's
Camp (1879)
Waskahegan [House]
winter hunting place
Stoney Mountain

Shanty Point (near fort)
Part
of winter track
Riverine de Maison [House River] (a.k.a. Waskahigan River)
Potatoe Island (near fort)

Little Prairie Creek

Hay River
Source
of hay for McMurray
Chripstone's Camp (Chipewyan)

Big River (Athabasca River?) (near fort)
Source
of wood 'across'
5 June 2014
448
12
11
6
5
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
448

Niemest Point (near fort)
Grand Rapid, Ft
Big Plains (Big Prairie)
Tar Island
Mountain Rapid
Horse Tail Creek
Hay Prairies
5 June 2014

Cree
summer camp 1879

camping
place for brigades
fish weir at outlet

449
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
449
450
APPENDIX 8: INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED IN THE FT MCKAY JOURNALS

NAME
Apapis(e) (Ababis (Abapis)
REF
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-6
305-a-5
305-a-8
305-a-4
305-a-4
305-a-6
YR
1902
1904
1908
1907
1910
1906
1906
1908
Armit, R.
Atkinson, Philip
Balelise, Daniel
Bates, Mr.
Beautin, A.
Bellaur [Belleur]
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-6
305-a-1
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-3
305-a-1
1906
1907
1908
1901
1910
1911
1904
1901
Adam (no surname)

Aleree (no surname)
Anderson, Charles T.
Anderson, Thomas
5 June 2014
ACTIVITIES OR CAPACITIES
Possibly but not likely Adam Shot. More likely Adam Chief. He came with Jose
[Mercredi?] to trade furs at Ft. McKay in 1902 and killed Moose in vicinity of McKay in
1904. Goose hunting near McKay in 1908. Later reference almost certainly to Adam Chief
Duck hunting at outlet of Red River in spring of 1907.
He was travelling in company with Jona Tarrangeau and his son.
He was HBC chief trader in charge of the Athabasca District.
Hunter/trapper who visited McKay in 1906 and in 1908 to trade his furs. Probably
Apapis[e] Bouche
Kept or audited books (cash accounts) at McKay in 1096. He signed these accounts in
1906
and is often mentioned as being 'at books' in 1907. Went to Moose Lake in 1908 to get
fish and did trips to McMurray.
Passed by post enroute to Ft. Providence.
Passed by in autumn of 1910 with James Flett on way to Chipewyan.
Passed McKay on his way to Edmonton.
Listed in accounts of Ft. McKay on 1904.
In 1901 he worked for trader Gordon.
450

In 1901 he was an HBC employee (seasonal?) at Ft. McKay. Made visits to Moose Lake
and Ft. McMurray. [First name not given in 1901]. In 1902 he did some camp
trading. He did so again in 1904. In 1906 he trapped near Ft. McKay and fished in
Little Red River [McKay River]. In 1908 he did some duck hunting near McKay and
made
trips to McMurray for HBC. In 1910 he visited McKay from McMurray. In 1910 he
passeed
en route to Ft. Chipwyan with his son-in-law to get flour. In 1910 seems stationed at HBC
post of McMurray. In 1911 he is at McKay and made one trading visit to 'Maurice's
Camp'.
Visited post. Reason not stated. Came with Toldnot. Likely came to trade furs.
In 1901 he was an HBC employee (seasonal?) at Ft. McMurray. He was hired again
for outfit 1902-3
Listed in Ft McKay accounts, 1904.
Hunter/trapper who had a camp near Ft. McKay in 1901.
Worked for rival trader Nagle. Mentioned in reference to boat brigade work.
Passed in transit to Chipewyan in 1906. [Likely same person as Adam L Bouche.]
He came from Chipewyan and was moose hunter in vicinity of Ft. Mckay in 1901 and
again in 1911.
Received Moose skin at McKay in 1910.
Hunter/trapper from across the river in 1909. In 1911 he killed moose near post and
brought in furs several time.
Bouche (Boucher), Adam L.

Bouche (boucher), Adam, Jr.
Bouche (Boucher), Apapise
(also Apapaise)
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-4
305-a-6
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-2
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-1
305-a-6
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-9
305-a-8
305-a-8
305-a-9
1901
1902
1904
1906
1908
1910
1911
1902
1901
1902
1904
1901
1908
1906
1901
1911
1910
1910
1911
Bouche (Boucher), Francoise
305-a-9
1911 Came in from 'down the river.'
Bouche (Boucher), Isadore
305-a-9
1911 In 1911 he was travelling to/from McMurray with Joseph Bouche.
Bouche (Boucher), Joe
305-a-4
Bouche (Boucher), Jonas
305-a-7
1906 Possibly same man as Joseph Bouche. Travelled to post from McMurray.
Did some hunting in vicinity of Mckay in 1909 with Maurice Bouche. Also undertook at
1909 least one trip to McKay for HBC in 1909.
Benoit, Jean
Berget, Jean
Bird, Joe
Black, Brennon
Black, Frans
Bouchard (no given name)
Bouche (Boucher), Adam
5 June 2014
451
451
Bouche (Boucher), Jos
305-a-4
1906 Trapping Moose Lake area and trading at McKay in 1906.
Bouche (Boucher), Joseph
305-a-1
305-a-8
305-a-9
In 1901 he was a servant (seasonal/permanent?) at Ft. McKay. Travelled back and forth
1901 from Fort McMurray. In mid-winter 1910 he visited McKay (apparently) to trade. In
1910 1911 travels to/from McKay in company with Isadore Bouche. He a trapping camp and
1911 did seasonal work at Mckay (chopping cord wood).
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-7
Bouche (Boucher), Louis
305-a-8
Bouche (Boucher), Louis' Son 305-a-4
Bouche (Boucher), Old Jose

Bouche, Louise (Mrs)
305-a-1
305-a-4
305-a-7
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-9
305-a-1
305-a-4
305-a-7
305-a-8
Brabant [Angus]
305-a-6
305-a-8
Bouche (Boucher), Maurice

Bouche (Boucher), Michael
5 June 2014
1901
1902
1906
1909
1910
1906
452
He travelled back/forth between Ft. McKay and Moose Lake with goods and furs in 1901.
Also trapped. [Employed by HBC, but unclear whether he was seasonal or permanet
employee.] Travelled with Isedore. In 1906 he and his son were trapping at Island Lake
[Calling Lake] and trading at Ft. Mckay. Also, moose hunting. In 1907 he was 'up Red
River.' In 1909 accompanied Adam Chief to Chipewyan. In 1909 he and his sons also had
a hunting/trapping camp in vicinity of McKay. In 1910 he seemed to have been stationed
at McMurray and made visits to Mckay. In spring of 1910 he arrived with a party to trade
furs. In the autumn of 1910 he was contracted and outfitted at McKay to fish. He also
hunted moose in the autumn of 1910 with Adam Chief.
In 1906 he trapped/traded with his father in 1906 at island Lake [Calling Lake].
In 1901 he was a trader for Gordon of Ft McMurray. Traded near Ft McKay in opposition
to HBC. In 1906 he was moose hunting and trapping near Mckay. Did some hunting in
vicinity of Mckay in 1909 with Jonas Bouche. In 1910 he made trading visits to McKay
with St. Peter and operated a trapping camp 5 days [round trip] from McKay. He had a
moose hunting and trapping camp (Mourice's camp) nearby.
Camped at lake in 1911 and often with other Bouches.
1901
1906
1909
1911
1911
1901
1906 In 1901 he was a hunter/trapper from across the Athabasca River. [Across the Athabasca
1909 River apparently is in reference to the Ahabasca River.] Also Hunted/trapped in vicinity of
1910 She received a cash payment at McKay in 1910
Passed by McKay in 1908. He was appointed manager of Mackenzie District in 1908.
1908 he held that post until 1920, when he became the company's Fur Trade Commissioner. In
1910 1910 he passed by en route to Lac la Biche.
452
Callis
Callis' wife
305-a-6
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-8
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-2
Cardinal, David
305-a-1
Bremeur [Bremmer], George

Bremmer (or Bremeur), G.
Brown, Osborne
Brule
Bryant, Bishop
Calhoun
1908
1909
1910
1910
1909
1910
1906
1901
1901
1902
1902
He was a scow man with scows for SSG. Likely reference to HBC's steamer Grahame.
The latter was launched in 1881 and travelled between Chipewyan and McMurray.
Passed by McKay in spring of 1910.
In autumn of 1910 he passed McKay en route to McMurray.
Worked at McKay at least seasonally. In 1910 he made a visit form McMurray.
In 1901 he was a passenger on Scow passing by.

Hunter/trapper/fisherman. He had a fish cache near Ft McKay in 1901. Traded
furs in 1902. Came with Michael in latter year.
She died 17 april 1902
HBC man [seasonal/permanent?] from Ft McMurray. [In 1820-21 the Cardinals lived near
1901 Whitefish Lake.]
In November of 1907 he was getting birch to make sleighs. Did other work around post.
In early winter (1907) went on a camp trade for HBC to Moose Lake and also to Poplar
Point. In 1908 he did some moose hunting near Mckay, visited McMurray for flour, went
for fish at Moose Lake and made a trip to Lac la Biche. He worked for HBC but his
position is not clear. Likely seasonal or permenent labourer.
In 1901 he operated as trapper with Jospeh Robillard, a moose hunter, and an HBC
contract fisherman with St. Pierre. In 1902 he traded at McMurray. Unclear whether
for or against HBC.
Cardinal, Joseph (Jose)
305-a-5
305-a-6
1907
1908
Cardinal, Louis
305-a-1
305-a-2
1901
1902
Cebkouni
305-a-3
1904 Listed in accounts of Ft. McKay, 1904
Charles, Old Man
305-a-3
Charlot (Old)
Cheecham, Jane
Cheecham, John
Cheuabush
305-a-1
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a-1
1904 Listed in accounts of McKay for 1904

She was a Native women, who lived near Ft. McKay and traded her furs there
1901 (camped near or with Chysostum) in 1901.
1901 In 1901 he was somewhere near 'Jackfish Lake'.
5 June 2014
453
453

In 1909 and 1910 he operated a hunting (moose)/trapping camp up river with Apapise and
on one visit was in company with Chipewyan and families. Made one visit to Chipewyan.
Traded at Mckay in 1909. In 1910 he hunted moose up river; he hunted with Louis
Bouche;
and he received traps on loan from HBC post of McKay. In 1911 he and party hunted
moose in vicinity up river. Frequent visitor to post.
He was originally recruited by HBC from Edmonton district. 1893-1914 he was a clerk
at Fort Simpson. Passed by enroute to McMurray and Athabasca landing in 1906.
Accompanied by two men. In 1908 he passed by enroute to Lac la Biche.
Chief, Adam
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-9
1909
1910
1911
Christie, C. T.
305-a-4
305-a-6
1906
1908
305-a-1
305-a-4
Likely these references are to Chysastum Piche. He was a native hunter/trapper from
1901 across the Athabasca River (camped near or with Old Charlot). Also planted potatoes. See
1906 Piche
1907 below.
Chrycostum (variously
Chyastum , Chrysostium
Cherpostuim, Crisostium) [no
surname]
Clarke, Mr.
Connors, W.H.
305-a-1
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
Cowie
305-a-9
1901 An HBC emplloyee who retired to Prince Albert in 1901.

1901
1902
1904 He operated scows on the Athabasca River. In 1904 was hauling goods for A. Shot.
Travels in company with Elezear Robillard in 1911. In 1911 he also went to Chipewyan in
1911 order to trade for [Emile] Shot.
Cree, Baptiste
Cree, Paul
305-a-1
305-a-3
305-a-6
305-a-8
1901
1904
1908
1910
Cree, Paul (wife)
305-a-8
Crees, the
305-a-4
305-a-8
5 June 2014
454
In 1901 he was attached to Ft McMurray. Permanent or seasonal employe of HBC who

transported goods & furs for the company.
Hunter trapper from the McMurray area in 1904. In 1908 he had a trapping camp
somewhere beyond McMurray from McKay. In 1910 he visited McKay with his wife and
child. In late winter 1910 whole family drowned in Clearwater River.
She visited Mckay in 1910 with her husband and child. In late winter 1910 whole family
1910 drowned in Clearwater River
One key camping place in 1906 was at Island Lake [Calling Lake]. In 1910 a party was
camped at Island Lake. Elezear Robillard was at this camp in 1910 and journal entry
1906 suggests that he was Cree.
454

Croize, Pierre
de Roche, Adam Trippe
Dunn, J. A.
Echo, Manuel
Everson, S.
Faulkner, Mr.
305-a-2
305-a-9
305-a-9
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-8
305-a-2
302-a-4
305-a-5
1902
1911
1911
1906
1901
1910
1902
1906
1907
Travelled from McKay to Chipwyan.

Made a visit from Point Brule in 1911
En route from Chipewyan to Edmonton via Lac la biche.
Likely also the 'Manuel,' who appears in the record. Died of an apparent heart seizure.
In 1901 he passed by from Chipewyan on his way to Edmonton.
In 1910 he ran witner packet with J. J. Bouche
In 1901 this RNWMP officer was travelling to Chipewyan to bring out a prisoner. In
1906 he again passed by headed for Chipewyan. In 1907 he came from Chipewyan to
remove 'an idiot' from McKay. Field had been promoted to Sargent by then.
305-a-1
305-a-3
305-a-5
305-a-6
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-1
1901
1904
1907
1908
1910
1911
1906
1901
1902
1901
In 1901 he was a trader in the area, who was on his way to Edmonton. He received scows
of goods, etc. and he had men trading for him. In 1904 arrived at McKay with
sleds of goods, possibly for HBC. He arrived at McKay in 1907, but his capacity was not
specified. In 1908 he was handling HBC boats on the river. Still running a boating
business
in 1910 and 1911.
Passed by enroute between Chipewyan and McMurray.
Gordon's men
Grahame, Baptiste
305-a-1
302-a-2
302-a-3
305-a-9
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-8
1901
1902
1904
1911
1901
1902
1910
Greene [Old Man]
305-a-1
Field, Corporal
Fraser, Colin
Fraser, Fred
Genet, Jean
Geyn
Gordon
5 June 2014
455
In 1901and 1902 he was a HBC permanent labourer attached to Ft McKay.

In 1901 Served as a guide for HBC at Ft. McKay
In 1901 and 1902 he was a trader with post at Poplar Point below Ft. McKay &
at Ft. McMurray. He was active in 1911 also including at Chipewyan, where Tommy
Loutit traded for him.
They worked for trader Gordon.

Trapped at Moose Lake in 1910 and came to McKay to trade.
He visited Ft McKay from below. Apparently not Indian as same entry mentioning his
arrival says 'Indians arrived also.' So, he was distinguished from the latter. He took a boat
1901 to Fort Chipewyan on one occasion & "Visited from below' on another.
455
Greenwood, Elzear
Gullion, Messer.
Hammerstein
Hanbury, D.J.
Harry
Hathaway, J.
Hose, Peter
Hudgson, J.
Huppie, Isadore
Hurshell, Ben
Ibbotson, W.
Indians from Moose Lake
Isadore (also Isedore &
Isodore)
James, John
Janvier, Louison
Janvier, Paul
Janvier, Paul's wife
Jimas
Jonas (first name only)
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-4
305-a-3
305-a-5
305-a-1
305-a-1
305-a-6
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-8
305-a-8
305-a-2
305-a-1
305-a-1
305-a-1
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a3
305-a-1
1901
1902
1904
1904
1097
1901
1906
1908
1905
1907
1910
1910
1902
1901
1901
1901
1904
1904
1904
1904
1901
Jos
305-a-5
305-a-2
305a-4
1907
1902
1906
Joseph
305-a-1
1901
5 June 2014
456
In 1901 and 1902 trading years (outfits) he was a Clerk at Ft McKay. In 1904 he was in
charge of the post.
Involved in HBC transport on Athabasca River.
Taking out the outfit.
In 1901 he Passed by en route to Hudson Bay
Travelled with Lamarque from McKay to McMurray for HBC
He was at Mckay in 1908 [length of time unknown] and left for Chipewyan.
Had made a trip from HBC to Moose Lake in 1905. In 1907 he came in from Moose Lake
in November and post master contracted him to fish at Moose Lake.
A scowman who passed the post in spring of 1910.
Passed en route to Lac la Biche
Boatman on the Athabasca River
In 1901 he was a passenger on a passing Scow.
Fishers/hunter/trappers. They had frequent contact with Ft. Mckay in 1901.
Hunter/trapper at Moose Lake. Often travelled with Louis Boucher and Joseph
Boucher. In 1094 he camped and hunted with Manuennes.
Employed at McKay for outfit 1904 in fishing related activities.
Listed in accounts of Ft. McKay, 1905
Visited the post 'from above.'.
Listed in accounts of Ft. McKay, 1904
He was a local trader for Colin Fraser beside Ft. McKay in 1901.
1907 carried winter packet to Lac la Biche. [This person could be either Jonas Torrangeau
or Jonas Bouche.]
Came to post to trade furs in company with Adam. Had a camp nearby. Possibly this was
Jose Mercredi. He was brother-in-law of Cbeaquh, who he shot by accident in 1906.
He was hired locally to help with camp trading. Possibly itis a reference to Joseph
Robillard. [Note: Indians not as commonly hired as camp traders as were Metis.]
456
Kelly, T.
Lacano, Antoine
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a-5
305-a-8
Lamarque
Lame man, Michael
Laport, Father
Lauemau
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-8
305-a-4
In 1904 was involved transporting goods up and down Athabasca River. Probably doing
1904 transport work for HBC.
1904
1907 Involved in HBC transport on Athabasca River. In 1907 brought up 40,000 lbs of freight.
1910 In spring of 1910 he was a boatman who brought a scow and Peterborough Canoe.
HBC employee [clerk?] who did accounts in 1906 at Mckay & McMurray.
1906 He also served as an HBC packet man and camp trader at Island Lake [Calling Lake]
1907 Carried the winter packet two/from Chipewyan winter of 1907
1910 Passed by in 1910 on his way to Chipewyan.
1906 From lac la biche area.
Lepine (Lapine?), B.
[Baptiste]
Lepine (Lapine), Bugo
305-a-3
305-a-5
305-a-6
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-9
1904
1907
1908
1910
1911
1911
Linklater, Alec (Aleck)
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-8
305-a-9
Livock, Mr.
Lorme, Peter
305-a-1
305-a-2
Louis (first name only)
305-a-4
Loutit Brothers
305-a-2
Loutit, (surname only)
305-a-1
1906
1907 In 1906 he accompanied Alec and George Loutit to Athabasca Landing. Did the same in
1910 1907. In 1910 he passed by en route between Chipewyan and Lac la Biche. In 1911 he
1911 made one visit.
He was a Government auditor, probably from Indian Affairs. Checked HBC
1901 relief claims for Indians.
1902 Boatman on the Athabasca River.
Mentioned several times in journals of 1906. In one instance shot a beaver. There
were several men named Louis, most notably Louis Cardinal, Louis Bouche
1906 and Louis Torrongeau (Tarrangeau). Most like a reference to latter, who worked at post.]
In this collective reference to the brothers they were passing by as operators of
1902 dog teams.
It is not clear who this Loutit was. In this instance he operated as a contract freighter
1901 hauling goods for the government. Possiby George?
Julian
5 June 2014
457
Accompanied Elzear Robillard to Poplar Point in 1904. Carrying winter packet in 1907.
In 1908 he accopmanied Christie to Lac la Biche. In 1910 he came on HBC business from
Chipewyan and passed by running dog team to/from Chipewyan. In 1911 he was involved
with HBC transport business from Lac la Biche to chipewyan.
He and his family left for Athabasca Landing in 1911.
457
Loutit, Alec (Aleck)
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-9
1906 In 1906 accopmanying George Loutit to Athabasca Landing. In 1907 he passed by going
1907 to the same place with one of the P Loutits. In 1911 he had a trapping/fisihing camp at 'the
1911 lake'. Likely this was a reference to Moose Lake.
Loutit, George
305-a-1
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-9
1901
1906
1907
1909
1910
1911
Loutit, John James

Loutit, Lenny
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-4
304-a-6
305-a-7
307-a-8
305-a-9
1901
1902
1904
1906
1908
1909
1910
1911
Loutit, P[eter] (Senior)
305-a-8
305-a-1
305-a-5
305-a-1
305-a-5
1910
1901
1907
1901
1907
Loutit, Peter
305-a-1
1901
Loutit, Tommy
305-a-8
305-a-9
1910
1911
Loutit, P.
Loutit, P[eter] (Junior)
5 June 2014
458
He brings goods from Athabasca landing for HBC Ft. McKay. Journal is not
clear whether he did so as an employee or as a transport contractor. In 1906
he passed by heading for Athabasca Landing. In 1909 he passed by runing dog teams to
Lac laBiche. He was doing the same in 1910. In 1911 he was running mail for HBC.
He served at McKay as a labourer. He arrived from Chipewyan. Usually mentioned
simply as JJ Loutit. Built & fixed dog sleds, cut firewood, fished, worked 'around the
place,'
and made trips back and forth to/from McMurray. In 1906 and 1907 also visited Moose
Lake for fish and camp traded at Poplar Point [and likely at Moose Lake too]. In 1908
he built new store at McKay. In 1909 he undertook at least one camp trade at Moose Lake.
In 1910 he mostly was doing brigade and winter packet work for the HBC.
Makes a visit with Aleck Loutit.
He passes by McKay from McMurray to Chipewyan. Said to be the 'fire wrden.' Not sure
which of the Peter Loutits this is.
He passed by from Chipewyan en route to Edmonton. One of these P. Loutits passed by
enroute to Athabasca Landing in 1907
He passed by from Chipewyan en route to Edmonton. In 1904 arrived at McKay with
sleds of goods.
He operated as a competing trader, who received at least one scow-load of goods.
Probably
Peter Loutit Senior.
Passed by McKay in 1910 en route between Fort Chipewyan and Lac la Biche. In winter
1911 he passed running dogs to from Chipewyan to McMurray. Traded for Gordon at
Chipewyan.
458

Loutit, W.
Luispcou
305-a-6
305-a-4
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-1
305-a-3
1908
1906
1910
1911
1901
1904
McDonald, Alex (Alec)
305-a-4
305-a-4
305-a-8
305-a-3
305-a-6
305-a-8
305-a-7
305-a-3
305-a-8
1906
1906
1910
1904
1908
1910
1909
1904
1910
McDonald, John (Junior)
305-a-1
305-a-5
1901
1907
305-a-1
305-a-5
305-a-1
305-a-5
305-a-7
305-a-1
305-a-2
1901
1907
1901
1907
1909
1901
1902
305-a-9
305-a-6
305-a-8
1911
1908
1910
Lyall, W. D., Inspector

Maguenees
Malcolm
Manuel
Maurice
Maurice, Mrs.
McDonald, Abraham
McDonald, John (Senior)

McDonald, Johnny
McDonald, Tommie
McDonald, William
McKay, St. Peter
McKenzie, Mac
McLean, R. J.
5 June 2014
459
Was working as a scow man.

Hunted/trapped near McKay in 1906.
Passed by in 1910 and 1911.
He lived in vicinity of Ft McKay and in 1901 contracted to chop wood for HBC Steamer
Grahame. In 1904 he hunted and camped with Isedore.
Seasonal worker at HBC Mckay. Worked and travelled with Lamarque.
Also fished around McKay in 1906.
In 1906 did some moose hunting in vicinity of McKay with Michel & Chrysostum. Likely
this is Manuel Echo. Manuel received cash payment from McKay.
Hunted moose in vicinity of Mckay in 1904. Possibly Maurcie Boucher but not
likely. In 1908 brought furs in to trade.
Received moose skins at McKay in 1910
In 1909 made visits from McMcrurray.
Visits from Ft. McMurray in in 1904. Paid a brief visit to McKay in 1910. Not a trading
visit.
He visited Ft. McKay in 1901. Either J McDonald Jr, sr, or Johnny McDonald was
attached
to McMurray in 1907 and often visited McKay.
He visited Ft. McKay in 1901. Either J McDonald Jr, sr, or Johnny McDonald was
attached
to McMurray in 1907 and often visited McKay.
In 1901 he passed en route to Ft McMurray. Either J McDonald Jr, sr, or Johnny
McDonald was attached to McMurray in 1907 and often visited McKay
In 1909 he apparently was based at McMurray. Visited McKay from there.
In 1901 he hauled goods for HBC between Ft McMurray & Ft McKay. Unclear whether
he was permanent orseasonal employee of former post.
Camped upriver together with Joseph Robillard and visited McKay in 1911. Also
associated with Chysastum Piche.
Guest of honor for New Years 1908.
In 1910 travels down river from McKay.
459
McLelland
305-a-1
305-a-9
305-a-9
1901
1910
1911
305-a-1
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-3
305-a-4
1901
1906
1901
1902
1910
1911
1904
1906
1909
1902
1906
Mills, Captain
Milton
305-a-7
305-a-2
305-a-4
305-a-2
305-a-8
305-a-1
Nagle, E.
305-a-1
305-a-5
305-a-6
305-a-8
1901
1907
1908
1910
Napasis
Nataway
305-a-1
305-a-8
McLennan, R. J.
Mercredi
Mercredi, Isadore
Mercredi, Jose
Mercredi, Leon
Mercredi, Philip George
Mercredi, Pierre
Michael
Michel
5 June 2014
1902
1901
460
In 1901 he passed by running a dog team in company with Colin Fraser. May have
worked for latter.
He passed by McKay en route to Edmonton in 1910. In 1911 he was employed, at least
seasonally, at McKay.
He passed by as a contract freighter hauling goods for the government. Not clear
which Mercredi he was.
In 1906 he was on his way to Athabasca.
He was an HBC labourer (permanent) at Ft McKay in 1901 and 1902.
Passed by in 1910 and 1911 during winter running dogs to/from Chipewyan and Lac la
Biche
Listed in accounts of McKay in 1904, no further information.
He was on his way to Athabasca in 1906
In 1909 he passed by driving dog teams. Passed by in autumn 1910 on his way to
Edmonton.
Came to post with Callis to trade furs.
Mentioned frequently. Hunter/trapper in the region. May be Michel Saint Arnaud.
In 1902 he passed by enroute to Ft. Simpson ]RNWMP?]
Passes by again in 1910.
He was a hunter/trapper who had a camp near Ft McKay in 1901.
He was a trader who operated in the area. 1907 he arrived with 5 boats in the spring.
Probably associated later with Hislop and Nagle, who were bought out by Lamson &
Hubbard in 1913 [Ray 1990: 104]. Bouchard handled his boats in area in 1908. Passed by
McKay in 1910.
In 1901 he had been contracted by the McDonalds to haul loads between McKay &
1901 McMurray.
1910 In 1910 came in with Poskoleslaw to trade furs and went 'up river' fish.
460
Nokoho, J. [Possibly Nohoki]

Ortmonson, Philip
Patton, William
Peacock, J.
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-4
305-a-3
305-a-1
305-a-1
19011902
1906
1910
1904
1901
1901
Piche, Chyastum (Chysastum

and Cheschim)
Piche, Louis
Poskoleslaw
305-a-1
305-a-4
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-7
305-a-8
1901
1906
1910
1911
1909
1910
Rackham, W. C.
305-a-8
1911
In 1901 he was contracted as a fisherman for Ft. McKay, who fished at Moose Lake.
In 1902 he trapped in 'Mountain' ['Birch Mountains'] west of McKay. Likely not an
'Indian.'
In 1906 he came from Moose Lake. Traded at McKay. Also, contracted for short terms
there.
Government mail carrier.
He was headed for Lac la biche 1901. His purpose for going there is unclear.
In 1901 ee was a passenger on a passing Scow.
A native hunter/trapper from across the Athabasca River (camped near or with old
Charlot). Often referred to only by the first name. In 1906 he was camped 'across the
river.' In 1910 he was hunting and trapping in the vicinity of McKay and came in to trade.
His daughter died in 1910. He did some moose hunting near McKay in 1911 and made
trips to Poplar
Point for 'the priest.' Latter was Father Croiser.
In 1909 he arrived from camp at Poplar Point with furs.
In 1910 came in with Nataway to trade furs and went 'up river' fish.
In 1911 he came from Chipewyan to work on accounts [audit?] for McKay. Also running
and training dogs.
Robillard, Elezear [likely

'Cree'
post Treaty 8]
305-a-1
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-7
305-a-8
308-a-9
1901
1902
1904
1906
1907
1909
1910
1911
Labourer at McKay. Likely seasonal hire. Much the same work profile as JJ Loutit. In
1907
'he pitched up river.' Journal suggests he was stationed at McMurray in 1907. In 1909
he made trips for the company to 'the lake' for furs. Elezear Robillard was at Cree camp at
Island Lake in 1910 and journal entry for 10 April suggests that he was Cree. In 1911 he
was a trader for Emile Shot at Poplar Point.
5 June 2014
461
461

He was a trapper who operated with Louis Cardinal in 1901. Apparently he was not same
as Robillard who worked around Ft McKay. Latter is never associated with a first name.
Latter
likely was Elezear Robillard. Arrive on one occasion in 1909 from Buffalo Lake and
makes
at least one trip to McMurray with HBC men. In 1910 he made a visit to McKay with
Isadore Robillard. in 1911 had a camp down river and also did some seasonal work at
McKay.
The family had a winter camp 'below Tar Island.' Not clear which of the Robillards was
there. Person named 'NoRoads' also camped with them.
Visits the post in 1906 in company of a party Indians [apparently].
She probably was an Indian. She brought furs in to trade.
NWMP inspector who was headed for Chipewyan in 1908.
Travelled to/from Chipewyan in 1906 with L. Torangeau. In early winter of 1907-8 he
was
present at McKay and crossed over river on ice shortly after the latter had set. He was
sent to Fire Bag River in December of 1907. In 1908 he travelled to/from Chipewyan,
Moose Lake and Athabasca Landing. Was seasonally or permanently employed by HBC.
Was a local trader with an out fit of 6 boats.
Listed in McKay accounts of 1904. Perhaps the individual often mentioned only as
'Michel'.
Travelled back and forth from Chipewyan to/from Lac la Biche. In company with Colin
Fraser and Joe Taylor
In 1910 he passed en route to Lac La Biche with Isadore Huppie.
In 1901 he was a scow operator on the Athabasca River. It is not clear if this is
Emile Shot who is mentioned in 1908.
Robillard, Joseph
305-a-1
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-9
1901
1909
1910
1911
Robillards
Roche
Roulie (Bouelie): Susan
305-a-5
305-a-4
305-a-1
305-a-6
1907
1906
1901
1908
Rowland, S.
Ruigard
305-a-4
305-a-5
305-a-6
305-a-4
1906
1907
1908
1906
Saint Arnaud, Michel
305-a-3
1904
Sanderson, Charles
Sasew
305-a-8
305-a-8
305-a-1
305-a-3
1910
1910
1901
1904
305-a-6
305-a-9
305-a-8
Travels back and forth from McMurray. At least on contract to transport goods for HBC.
Likely was from that area or employed at the post there. He operated as a trader in 1911
1908 with at least one scow load of merchandise. Operations in 1911 at Chipewyan, Jackfish
1911 River, Point Brule and Poplar Point.
1910 In 1910 he arrived from below.
Shot (surname only)
Shot, Emile
Shot, Joseph
5 June 2014
462
462
St. Pierre (also St. Peter

Sutherland, John
Suttenoo, Mrs
Suttens, Michael
Swygart
305-a-2
305-a-3
305-a-8
305-a-1
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-2
1902
1904
1910
1901
1910
1911
1902
Tarangeau (Torrangeau
and Taurageau), Louis
305-a-4
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-9
1906
1909
1910
1911
Tarangeau, Jonas
Tarangeau, Lorig
305-a-8
305-a-9
305-a-8
1910
1911
1910
Taylor, Joe
Taylor, Joe
Toldad
Toldivl
Toldnot [Toldivl?]
Touchwood
We le koo (also Wetigo),
Aleck
Wiken
305-a-8
305-a-8
305-a-3
305-a-3
305-a-2
305-a-5
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-1
1910
1910
1904
1904
1902
1907
1909
1910
1901
Wilson, Jean
305-a-1
1901
5 June 2014
463
Seasonal employee at McKay in 1901. Fished and did carpentry. In 1910 he visits the post
with Isadore and Maurice Bouche.
He passed by on scow with his wife in 1901. Their direction of travel was not specified
She received moose skins at McKay in 1910.
Part of a trapping party who arrived in winter to trade furs.
A trader who was operationg at Slave Lake. He visited McKay.
Operated as a camp trader for Colin Fraser in 1906 at Island Lake [Calling Lake]. Also
visited Chipewyan. In 1909 he had a hunting, fishing, and trapping camp 'up river' from
Mckay. Also contracted for at least one trip for HBC to Chipewyan. In 1911 he was
travelling to and from McMurray for HBC.
Employed at McKay in 1910. Did some camp trading for the post that year at Point Brule
and to 'Maurice Camp.' He also made at least one trip to Chipewyan for the HBC. In 1911
he passed by en route from Chipewyan to Edmonton via Lac la Biche.
He was employed in spring of 1901 planting potatoes.
Travelled back and forth from Chipewyan to/from Lac la Biche. In company with Colin
Fraser and Charles Sanderson.
Running dog trains in winter of 1910.
Arrvies from his camp to trade furs.
Camped across the [Athabasca] river.
Came to post with Jean Berget. Reason not stated, but likely to trade furs.
Doing unskilled manual labour around McKay in spring of 1907.
Arrived 'from the lake' twice in 1909 bringing furs. In 1910 he was trapping and bringing
in furs with Michael Bouche.
He was working 'around' the post in 1901.
He worked at the post. Likely he was seasonal worker as he was not listed as being
permanent in 1901. Usually referred to as 'Wilson.'
463
Wilson, W. F.
Young
5 June 2014
305-a-7
305-a-8
305-a-6
464
Travelled to/from Chhipewyan and Moose Lake. In autumn 1910 he passes by going to
1909 McMurray with 'six white people.' Also was employed at McKay in 1910 and was sent
1910 on a trading trip to Moose Lake and also travelled for the HBC to Chipewyan.
1908 He was travelling with Christie's party to Lac la Biche in 1908.
464
465
APPENDIX 9: INDIVIDUALS MENTIONED IN THE FT MCKAY, FT MCMURRAY, AND LESSER SLAVE LAKE POST JOURNALS
ASSIGNED
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
NAME
Abel, Mr [f]
Adam (Chipewyan hunter and cache maker) [c][e][h]
Adam (no surname)
Alani (Allani), Antoine
Alani, Lowisa. See also Lowisa below
Alani, Michel. See also Michel below
Aleree (no surname)
Alexis (Cree; fort hunter) [a][b][c][e][f][g][h]
Alexiss family [c][d]
Allan, Simon (Iroquois)
Amlin (Freeman) [Hamelin?]
Anderson, Baptiste (from PLL) [g]
Anderson, Charles T.
Anderson, Thomas
Andre [e]
Angelique (or Angelic), widow (hired to fish at lake in summer 1882; cook from 16 February 1885) [e][h]
Angus (see McLeod)
Annal, James (cart builder/cattle keeper) [c][d]
Apapis(e) (Ababis (Abapis)
Apaquachis
Apaquate
Apistinapeshis (Bastard band)
Armit, R.
Asperim [?]
Athabasca men [h]
Atkinson, Philip
Auger
Augers wife
Azie, Antoine [e]
5 June 2014
465

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
466
Babush (Cree wife) [g]

Balelise, Daniel
Ballantyne, James
Bameaur (from Portage la Loche) [b]
Banaki, Joseph the
Baptiste (Cree, Pierres son) [b][c][d][e][f][g]
Baptiste (Old Crees son) [g][h]
Baptiste [a][b]
Baptistes brother [b]
Baptistes daughter [b]
Baptistes family [a]
Baptistes mother [b]
Baptistes sister [b]
Baptistes wife [b]
Bark
Barks son
Bastard (chief)
Bastard Band (or Big Bastard Band)
Bates, Mr.
Bauchi, Charles
Bausquet
Bear (Indian hunter)
Bears wife
Beauliur, Mr Jo (Joseph, Jose) (from Fort Chipewyan) [c][d][e][f]
Beautin, A.
Beerre (or Birre; son of Baptiste, Cree) [f][g]
Beerres son [g]
Behawlketh (Behalka), Francois (Chipewyan) [a][b][c]
Bell, Professor (assistant director of the Geological Survey) [e]
Bellaur [Belleur]
Belleau, Baptiste
Bellecourt
Benoit, Jean
Berget, Jean
Bidon
Bird, Joe
Bird, Mr James (governor)
Black, Brennon
5 June 2014
466

68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
467
Black, Francois [f][g][h]

Black, Frans
Blackcock, Francois (from Fort Chipewyan) [e][f][g]
Blackson, Francois [g]
Bleir Jacewt [a]
Blend Jacquot (same as Bleir Jacewt?) [b]
Blend Jacquots family [b]
Boner, LL [f]
Boss, La (from Portage La Loche) [f]
Bouchard (no given name)
Bouche (Boucher), Adam
Bouche (Boucher), Adam L.
Bouche (boucher), Adam, Jr.
Bouche (Boucher), Apapise
(also Apapaise)
Bouche (Boucher), Francoise
Bouche (Boucher), Isadore
Bouche (Boucher), Joe
Bouche (Boucher), Jonas
Bouche (Boucher), Jos
Bouche (Boucher), Joseph
Bouche (Boucher), Louis
Bouche (Boucher), Louis' Son
Bouche (Boucher), Maurice
Bouche (Boucher), Michael
Bouche (Boucher), Old Jose
Bouche (or Boucher), Louis (same as Lowis?) [g]
Bouche (or Boucher), Lowis (Halfbreed Chipewyan as temporary worker) [e][f][g]
Bouche (or Boucher), Maurice (alias Maurice Grand Jose) [c][d][e][f][g]
Bouche (or Boucher), Michel (at Red River) [h]
Bouche (or Boucher), widow [e]
Bouche, Jr., Adam [h]
Bouche, Louise (Mrs)
Bouche, Lowison (or Louison; same as Lowis?) [e][f][g]
Bouche, Michels wife [h]
Boucher, Adam [f][g][h]
Boucher, Jose [f][g]
Boucher, Lowis [f]
5 June 2014
467

105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
468
Bouchez, John [a]

Brabant [Angus]
Bremeur [Bremmer], George
Bremmer (or Bremeur), G.
Brereton, Mr [h]
Brick, Mr [e]
Brothers (from Lac La Biche) [g]
Brown [h]
Brown, Osborne
Brule
Brunelle
Bruno (from Fort Chipewyan) [e]
Bryant, Bishop
Buott, John (from Portage la Loche) [c]
Caguine, Old Baptiste Le
Calfer [b]
Calhoun
Callis
Callis' wife
Cameron, Joe [h]
Cameron, Mr J.P.
Camier (Carmier)
Camsell, Mr (Chief Factor; from PLL) [d][e][f][g][h]
Canham, Mr [e]
Capat Runge
Caplette (Caplet: Canadian/ freeman)
Cardinal, Antoine
Cardinal, David
Cardinal, Jacques
Cardinal, James
Cardinal, Joseph (Jose)
Cardinal, Louis
Cartier
Castor, F. [e]
Cebkouni
Cendrin [d]
Ceriam [d]
Cewpawau [a]
5 June 2014
468

143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Champagne, Charles
Champer
Chaplet
Charle (Chipewyan) [c]
Charles (Iroquois)
Charles, Old Man
Charlo Piches son [e]
Charlos boy [f]
Charlois
Charlot (Old)
Charlot (or Christot, Chorrlot, Charlo) Picke (or Piche, Peche) (Chipewyan, fort hunter) [a][b][d][e][f][g]
Chartier
Cheecham, Jane
Cheecham, John
Cheuabush
Cheyahar (Chiyahar)
Cheyahars nephew
Chiatre (Indian hunter)
Chief, Adam
Chinayansay (Chipewyan associated with the McKay river area) [g]
Chinayansays boy [g]
Chinayansays wife [g]
Chipewyan (tribe) [a][b][c][d][e][f][g][h]
Chirla, Louisian [h]
Chripestone (Chipewyan) [a][b][c]
Christie, C. T.
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
Chrycostum (variously Chyastum , Chrysostium Cherpostuim, Crisostium) [no

surname]
Chrysistone (or Chrysostoin) [a][c][d]
Chrysostom Piches nephew (from McKay River) [h]
Chrysostow (Chrysostom) Piche (Chipewyan) [a][c][d][e][f][g][h]
Churchem (or Churchim; Cree) [c][d][e][f][g]
Churchims family [g]
Churchims sister [e]
Churchims wife [g]
Clark, Mr
Clarke, Mr.
5 June 2014
469
469

179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
470
Coltman, Colonel
Conetepatte
Connolly, William
Connors, W.H.
Coromin
Corrigal, James (from Manitoba) [h]
Corrigal, Mr [a]
Corrigals wife (worked as cook until February 1885) [h]
Cowie
Cowie, Mr Isaac (clerk in charge of McMurray; from Shetland) [b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]
Cowie, Mrs [h]
Cree [a][b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]
Cree boys (at the fort) [g]
Cree Chief [g][h]
Cree Chiefs family [g]
Cree children (baptized 16 May 1880) [c]
Cree women [f]
Cree, Baptiste
Cree, Paul
Cree, Paul (wife)
Crees, the
Croize, Pierre
Cuire
Cyprecain (Chipewyan) [b][c]
Cyprecains brother [c]
Cypriau (or Cyprian) [g][h]
Cyprun [e]
Cypruns brother [e]
Daniel, James (from Ferre Blanche) [c][h]
Daniels family [c]
Daniels wife [c]
David, Joe (Chipewyan) [e][f][g]
de Roche, Adam Trippe
Dean, P.W.
Dears, Mr
Dechamp (guide: Deschamp), Francois
Desheneau (Disheneaux)
Desjarlais, Antoine
5 June 2014
470

217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
700
251
252
253
471
Desjarlais, Baptiste
Desjarlais, Joseph
Desjarlais, Marseil
Desjarlais, Martial
Desjarlais, Mother
Dollar, Joe [h]
Dominique
Dourtoreilles
Dowtepatte [?]
Drandel, John [f]
Drumond [e]
Drunken Baptiste
Ducharm, Antoine (a trader from Lac La Biche) [g]
Dun, Mr
Dunn, J. A.
Echo, Manuel
Edmonton men [h]
Emerson, Mr [h]
Endipis
Eneas (interpreter)
Eneass wife
Escamagur
Evans, Aliek (or Alick, Alec, Aleck, Alex) [e][f][h]
Evans, David [e][f][h]
Evanss child [h]
Evanss wife [h]
Everson, S.
Faille
Faulkner, Mr.
Favel (or Favell, Favil), Captain (from Edmonton; steamboat captain) [g][h]
Ferrand, Bishop [c][d]
Field, Corporal
Finlayson, Mr
Fistamitch (NWC halfbreed)
Flett, William
Flett, William (from Fort Chipewyan) [g][h]
Fontaine, Paul (from Portage La Loche; engaged at McMurray on 28 July 1882 as carpenter) [b][c][d][e][f][g]
Fontaines family [e]
5 June 2014
471

254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
472
Fontaines wife [f]

Fort Chipewyan Indians [h]
Fort Chipewyan men [h]
France [h]
Franceau
Francois Piche (Chipewyan hunter and cache maker) [c][f][g]
Francois, Baptiste [c]
Francois, Black [d]
Frank, D. [g]
Fraser, Colin
Fraser, Fred
Fraser, Mr Paul
Fraser, Mr Simon? (NWC)
Fugitive Indians [h]
G. Piche [g]
Galleauxs family [h]
Gallore (Galleux, Galleaux), David (retired and lived in the woods after 22 December 1884 with his family) [c][e][f][g][h]
Gardipi
Gardner, J.C.T. (from Fort Chipewyan) [e]
Gautet, Mr [f]
Genet, Jean
Geyn
Gireaux
Gladur, Francois
Glandin, Antoine
Glandin, Francois
Gordon
Gordon's men
Goun
Grahame, Baptiste
Grand Jos (Grand Jose is his alias; 60-year old former good hunter to be retired around the Fort in winter 1881-2; died on 17 January 1882) [b][e]
Grand Jose (Maurice) wife [e]
Grand Jose (or Bouche), Maurice [c][d][e][f][g]
Grand Jose, Adam (little or young) [d][g]
Grand Jos, Jos (Chipewyan) [b][c][d] [e][g]
Grand Jose, Louis [c][d][e]
Grand Jose, Lowson [d]
Grand Joses grand daughter [e]
5 June 2014
472

292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
473
Green hands [f]

Greene [Old Man]
Greenwood, Elzear
Gullion, Messer.
Hamelin, Old
Hamelin, Old Mother
Hamelins son
Hammerstein
Hanbury, D.J.
Harper, James (from McKay River) [h]
Harpers wife [h]
Harry
Hathaway, J.
Henderson, Henry (from Portage) [a]
Henderson, Richard [a]
Henry, Mr (former NWC clerk)
Herman, Sam (from PLL) [g]
Hose, Peter
Hudgson, J.
Huppie, Isadore
Hurshell, Ben
Ibbotson, W.
Imayette
Indian boy (Swan Lake) [d]
Indian boys (at Fort McMurray) [g]
Indian wives [g]
Indian women (in charge of potatoes) [a]
Indians [a][b][d][g][h]
Indians from Moose Lake
Intevatum (from White Fish Lake) [c]
Intevatums family [c]
Iroquois, Louis
Isaac [a]
Isadore (also Isedore & Isodore)
Jack [c]
Jacquot (from Jackfish Lake; worked in Dec. 1883 and Jan. 1884 for cutting wood) [d][e][g]
Jacquots son [g]
Jacquots wife [d]
5 June 2014
473

330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
474
James (from Ferre Blanche) [h] see James Daniel

James, John
Janvier, Alexander (with packet from PLL) [g][h]
Janvier, J (from Portage la Loche) [c]
Janvier, Joachim (from Portage La Loche) [g]
Janvier, Louison
Janvier, Mercredi (Pascal Janviers son?) [a][b][c]
Janvier, Pascal (from Portage La Loche) [a][c]
Janvier, Paul
Janvier, Paul's wife
Jaqueau (Iroquois)
Jerbointh (Chipewyan) [b]
Jerome [g]
Jimas
Johnson, John [f]
Jolebois (or Jollebois; Chipewyan at Portage La Loche; Lacquots brother) [b][d][e]
Jonas (first name only)
Jos
Jose [a][g]
Joses old wife [g]
Joseph
Joseph [g]
Julian
Kampa (or Kampo; same as Kohnipah?), Baptiste [d][f]
Kelly, T.
Kennedy, Mr
King, Mr. [d][e][h]
Kinsymirs
Kippling, W. (from Fort Chipewyan) [d][e][f]
Knolt, John [c]
Kohnipah, Baptiste [d]
Kohnipahs family [d]
Koregen, Baptiste [g]
LHarmdelle
LHarmdelles son
La Boss [e]
La Prise (or La Prize; old Laprise; Chipewyan from Swan Lake) [a][b][c][d]
La Prizes son [b]
5 June 2014
474

368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
475
LaBatte
Lacano, Antoine
Lacquot (Joleboiss brother) [b][c]
Lacquots family [b][c]
Ladonaur (at House River) [g]
Ladouceur (trader from Lac La Biche) [h]
Lads [c]
LaFerue
Laflour, J. (from Fort Chipewyan) [h]
Lafrenum (Indian; La Frenum)
Lagraur, Charles
Lajewness
Lajigaay
Laliberte, Antoine [e]
Laliberte, Mr Baptiste [a][b]
Lamarque
Lambert, John [c]
Lamberts family [c]
Lame man, Michael
Laponim
Laport, Father
Laracque [h]
Laroque, Mr
Lauemau
Lavallee, Louis (or Lowis) [e][f]
Lavard
Lavialitte, Baptiste [a]
Lawque (trader; engaged as steersman in the summer of 1885) [h]
Lawrents
Layer, Lewis
Lazar
Le Maigre, Michael [g]
Le Tendre (Old Tendre)
Le Tendres two sons
Learke, Joe [e]
Leash, Jose (or Joseph) [h]
Leisk (or Leask), Joe (interpreter) [g][h]
Lemaigre, Michel (freeman from PLL) [g][h]
5 June 2014
475

406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
476
Lemaigre, Raphael [h]

Lemim (Old Lemim)
Lepine (Lapine?), B. [Baptiste]
Lepine (Lapine), Bugo
Lewis, I.L.
Lewis, John
Lewis, Jose [f]
Lewis, Mr
Lezawrd (Indian accompanied the rev. Thompson) [c]
Linklater, Alec (Aleck)
Linklater, Archie (from PLL) [h]
Little Adam (or Adam Grand Jose) [d]
Little Baptiste [a]
Littlebury, Mr (engineer from PLL) [h]
Livock, Mr.
LLB men (Lac La Biche) [f]
Lorme, Peter
Louis
Louis (first name only)
Louisian, Charla Francois [h]
Loutit Brothers
Loutit, (surname only)
Loutit, Alec (Aleck)
Loutit, George
Loutit, John James
Loutit, Lenny
Loutit, P.
Loutit, P[eter] (Junior)
Loutit, P[eter] (Senior)
Loutit, Peter
Loutit, Tommy
Loutit, W.
Lowisa (Louisa) Alani
Lowsin [a]
Lowson Mongrain [c]
Luispcou
Lusk, Joe (from Lac La Biche) [h]
Luwrin
5 June 2014
476

444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
477
Lyall, W. D., Inspector

MacFarland, Rod (C.C. from Fort Chipewyan) [c]
Maguenees
Malcolm
Mangarin, Jose [h]
Mangrain, Lowson (in charge of bateaux from PLL) [e]
Manina
Manuel
Martell [a][b]
Martin, George (in charge of building an outpost at House River, May 1883) [e][f]
Martin, Laronce [c]
Maurau
Maurice
Maurice, Mrs.
McAulay, Mr [c]
McAulay, Mrs (delivered a boy on 30 November 1879)
McAulay, Roderick (net fisherman) [a][b][c][d][e][f][g]
McDonald, Abraham
McDonald, Alex (Alec)
McDonald, Joe [h]
McDonald, John (at the Lake fishery; left McMurray for Ft. Chipeywan for good in April 1880; spoke Chipewyan language and worked often as interpreter; wintered at Red Riv
[a][b][c][e][f][g][h]
McDonald, John (Junior)
McDonald, John (Senior)
McDonald, Johnny
McDonald, Tommie
McDonald, William
McDonalds daughter (died and buried at McKay River on 27 May 1885) [h]
McDonalds family (John) [a][b][f]
McDonalds father-in-law [f][g]
McDonalds son (born on 24 February 1884) [g]
McDonalds wife [e][f][g]
McFarlane, Mr C.F. (Chief Factor at Fort Chipewyan) [b][d][e][f][g]
McGillivray, Mr
McIntosh, Mr (William?)
McKay, Doctor [d][e]
McKay, St. Peter
McKenzie, Donald, Mr (McKenzie, Jr.?)
5 June 2014
477

481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
478
McKenzie, Mac
McLean, R. J.
McLelland
McLennan, R. J.
McLeod, Angus (cook) [a][b][c][d][e][f]
McRea, Adam [h]
McTavish, John George (former NWC partner, HBC Chief Factor)
Mecrea (Macrae, MacRae), Jose [d][e][f]
Mercredi
Mercredi, Isadore
Mercredi, Jose
Mercredi, Jose [f]
Mercredi, Leon
Mercredi, Mr [f]
Mercredi, Mr P. (from Ile a la Crosse) [c][d]
Mercredi, Philip George
Mercredi, Pierre
Michael
Michel
Michel, Old (Grand Michel)
Michels [c]
Militaire, Gregoire (engaged as middleman in the summer of 1885) [f][g][h]
Militaires wife [g]
Mills, Captain
Milton
Misteomeg
Misteomegs wife
Moberly, Mr (Chief Trader of Fort McMurray) [a][c]
Moise (see Moise Sylvester) [f]
Monguin, Lazare [b]
Moraid [?]
Morin
Morrin [h]
Morrin, Mr [d]
Morwois
Moses (worked at the Lake fishery) [f]
Moustaticks family [g]
5 June 2014
478

518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
479
Moustlick (or Moustalic, Moustatick, Moustatio, Mustatio), Joseph [g]

Munroe, Mr (HBC clerk at Edmonton District)
Myst
Nabeau [a]
Nagle, E.
Napasis
Nataway
Nataway (or Natoway), Francois (from Portage la Loche) [b][c][e][f]
Nataways family [b]
Natoways son [e][f]
Nelson, Mr (at Cumberland House)
Neperinger, Baptiste Le
Nicolson, William [a][e][f][g]
Nishecoas
Nokoho, J. [Possibly Nohoki]
Norbert [g]
North Pace [f]
OBrian, A. [g]
Obichon
Ochers [c][d]
Ogilvie (D.L.S.) (exploring the Athabasca River) [g]
Old Baptiste [g]
Old Cree (or Old Man; Pierres brother; chief in 1884) [b][e][f][g][h]
Old Crees children (got seed potatoes from fort) [f]
Old Crees family [g]
Old Crees girls (as fish carriers) [g]
Old Crees son [e][f][g][h]
Old Lacquash (Jacquot) [b][d]
Old Sylvester [c]
Old Sylvesters sons (more than 3) [c]
Old woman [b]
Oncanaise, Thomas [h]
Oncanaises wife [h]
Ortmonson, Philip
Osborne, A.D. (prospecting on oil sands from Edmonton) [f]
Ouchickauge (Indian guide)
Pacquet
Pagain (at lake; died on 31 July 1885) [h]
5 June 2014
479

556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
480
Paku (Pahu)
Patneau
Patrie
Patton, William
Paul, Louis (Cree, Fort hunter, after November 1878) [a][b][c][d][e][f][g][h]
Pauls boys (snared rabbits for the fort) [e][g][h]
Pauls children (two) [e]
Pauls family [a]
Pauls old wife [e]
Pauls son(s) (one of them died on 10 July 1885) [d][g][h]
Peacock, J.
Pechygen (or Pichegan, Pechekan, Peychegan, Peschegun, Peychean) [b][c][e][g][h]
Pembrook (Pimbrook)
Pendrix
Petit Gris
Petit Griss son
Peycheans brother [g]
Piche, Chyastum (Chysastum
and Cheschim)
Piche, Louis
Pidgeon
Pierre (Baptistes brother; died on 1 June 1878) [b]
Pierre (Cree; Pauls brother) [c][e][f][g]
Pierre, Jack (Fort hunter; Baptistes father) [a][b]
Pierres family [g]
Pierres son-in-law [h]
Pierres two sons [e][g][h]
Pierres wife and children [b]
Pierres young wife [b]
Portage (or PLL) men [a][d][f][h]
Portage Indian [b]
Poskoleslaw
Prevort
Priests (from Lac La Biche) [g]
Pripenzans [b]
Promeau (Primeaux: NWC interpreter)
Racette
Rackham, W. C.
5 June 2014
480

593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
481
Ray, Mr
Rebel Indians [h]
Rehatract, J. (Chipeywan) [c]
Restice Jamrer (or Jamrier) [c]
Revee, B.D. [h]
Richard [a]
Rield, Louis [h]
Robbeland
Robertson, Mr C.
Robillard, Elezear [likely 'Cree'
post Treaty 8]
Robillard, Joseph
Robillards
Roche
Rochleau
Rod, Joseph (from Ile-a-la-Crosse) [h]
Roderick (see McAulay)
Rognen, Old
Ronche, M (fort hunter) [e]
Ronche, S [e]
Roslan, William [d]
Roulie (Bouelie): Susan
Rowand, Mr
Rowland, S.
Roy, Joseph [h]
Ruigard
Runnie, Old
Ryeshis (Bastard band)
Sabawrin
Sabiston, J. [h][i]
Saboss (with packet from PLL) [g]
Saint Arnaud, Michel
Sanderson, Charles
Sandeson, James (great fisherman at the Lake/dog driver; originally from Ile a la Crosse) [d]
Sasew
Sateaux, Old
Saul [g]
5 June 2014
481

630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
482
Sauls son [g]

Savard
Sayer, G. [h]
Scette, William (from Ile-a-la-crosse) [h]
Scott, Mr Sam [e]
SeapatahawaRinu [a]
Seapohewckunnun [c]
SeapotahevaKennum (Seapotawokenum) [a][d]
Seapotahwakinums family [d]
SeapotawahKinnunce, Old (or Seapotahwakinum, Seapotawakinum) (canoe maker) [a][c][d]
Selkirk, Earl
Shellefau, Jas.
Shot (surname only)
Shot, Emile
Shot, Joseph
Sicard
Sim, Mr Reverend [c]
Simmonet (freeman)
Simone, Old (Grand Simon)
Simpson, Mr
Simpson, Mr Colt (wintered at McKay River 1884-5) [f][g][h]
Simpson, Mrs [h]
Sinclair (Sinklar), Peter (as cattleman from Orkney, Scotland) [d][e]
Sinclair, William
Sinclairs 3 infant daughters [e]
Sinclairs family [d][e]
Sinclairs wife (cook) [e]
Sisters (from Lac La Biche) [g]
Smith, Captain [h]
Smith, Mr
Smith, William [f]
Soldat
Sooscus (Indian hunter)
Soulteaux, Thomas [h]
Spencer, Mr [a]
Squaws [d]
St. Paul
St. Pierre (also St. Peter
5 June 2014
482

668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
701
702
703
704
483
Stewart (Stuart), Mr (NWC)

Stewart, Alex
Stick-in-the-Mud [e][g][h]
Stick-in-the-Mud son [h]
Surprenant
Sursrenent [?]
Susan [e][f]
Susett [f]
Sutherland, Jas (from PLL) [h]
Sutherland, John
Sutherland, Mr James (Chief Factor at Edmonton Dist.: 1821-2)
Suttenoo, Mrs
Suttens, Michael
Swygart
Sylvester (Alex) nephew [g]
Sylvester, Alex (Alexis, Alexander) (from Portage la Loche) [c][e][f]
Sylvester, J. [h]
Sylvester, Moise (Alexs brother) (from Portage la Loche) [e][f][g][h]
Sylvester, R. [h]
Sylvester, T. [f]
Tarangeau (Torrangeau
and Taurageau), Louis
Tarangeau, Jonas
Tarangeau, Lorig
Taylor, Joe
Taylor, Joe
Taylor, Mr
Tenand, Bishop [c]
Tete (or Tet, Ted?) de Bull [f][h]
Tetedebeed [f]
Thomas (Iroquois)
Thompson, Robert (mission servant from Fort Chipewyan) [c]
Tiber (old Beaver Indian chief)
Toldad
Toldivl
Toldnot [Toldivl?]
Tommy [g]
5 June 2014
483

705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
484
Tonnen
Touchwood
Tourbellion (Tubellion)
Trader [g][h]
Trangeau, Jonas (from Ile-a-la-Crosse) [h]
Trendell, Mr John (from Fort Chipewyan) [g]
Trendell, T. [f][h]
Trindell, John M. (at Forks) [h][i]
Trumblay, Duncan [e]
Truslyoms, Lezaurel (from Portage la Loche) [c]
Tuckayear (young Indian)
Tulibii (old chief)
Turpin (Tarpen)
Turpins brother in law
Twaytam (Cree) [b][c]
Twaytams family [c]
Victorine Henriette Marie (David Galleauxs child; baptized by Lac la Biche priest on 28 July 1884) [g]
Vincan (or Vincent), Mr John [h]
Wanepin, Baptiste [g]
Wapistan (or Wapistane, from Fort Chipewyan) [e][g][h]
We le koo (also Wetigo), Aleck
Wiken
Williams, Mr William (HBC governor)
Wilson, Jean
Wilson, Mr (from PLL) [h]
Wilson, W. F.
Wolverine [f]
Wolverines family [f]
Women [c][f][g]
Woods, Mr (clerk; clerk for Fort Chipewyan for the winter of 1884-1885) [g][h]
Yeole, Baptiste
Yerke, Thomas (from Fort Chipewyan) [a]
Young
Young Adam [d]
5 June 2014
484
485
APPENDIX 10
Mtis Names at McKay in Post Journals (1901-11),

Censuses, and Northwest Scrip
[a] 305/a/1 (1901-1902)
[b] 305/a/2 (1902-1903)
[c] 305/a/3 (1903-1904)
[d] 305/a/4
[e] 305/a/5
[f] 305/a/6
[g] 305/a/7
[h] 305/a/8
[i] 305/a/9
[S] Census 1881
[T] Census 1891
[U] Census 1901
[W-record year] Northwest Scip
Bird, Joe [a][b]
Joseph Bird (1871-) [W-1900] Fort McMurray
Joseph Bird (1870-) [W-1899] Fort Chipewyan
Cardinal, Joseph (1897?-) [e][f][T] Fort McMurray
Fraser, Colin (1849?-) [a][c][e][h][i][U] Fort Chipewyan
Fraser, Fred Robert (1884?-) [d][U] Fort Chipewyan
5 June 2014
485
486
Linkler, Alix (1865-) [U] Fort Chipewyan

Loutit, John James (1879?-) [a][b][c][d][f][g][h][U] Fort Chipewyan
Loutit, Peter (1846?-) [a][e][U] Fort Chipewyan
Loutit, Jr., Peter (1871-) [a][e] [W-1899] Chipewyan
Loutit, Peter (1871?-) [a][e][U] Fort Chipewyan
Loutit, Thomas (Tommy?) (1874?-) [h][i][U] Fort Chipeywan
Loutit, William (1877?-) [f][U]
Maurice [c][f]
Norbert Maurice (?) [S] Protage La Loche
William Maurice (1888) [T] Fort Chipeywan
Maurice, Genevieve (1880-) [T] Fort Chipeywa
Maurice, Josaphine (?) [S] Portage La Loche
Maurice, Marie (1848-) [T] Fort Chipewyan
Mercredi, Ishidore (1884-) [d][T][U] Fort Chipewyan
Mercredi, Jose [a][b]
Joseph Mercredi (1860-) [W-1899] Fort Chipeywan
Joseph Mercredi (1867-) [S][T] Fort Chipewyan
Mercredi, Leon (1890-) [h][i][T]
Mercredi, Philippe George (1887-) [c][d][U][W-1899] Fort Chipewyan
Mercredi, Pierre (1863-) [g][T][U] Fort Chipewyan
Piche, Chrysostom (1848?-) [a][d][h][i][S] Fort McMurray
Piche, Louis (1870-) [g][T] Fort Chipewyan
Robillard, Elezear [a][b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i]
Elzear Robillard (1871-) [W-1900] Fort Chipewyan
Elziar Robillard (1870) [T] Fort Chipewyan
Tarangeau, Jonas [h][i]
Jonas Tourangeau (1864?-) [S] Fort Chipewyan
Jonas Tourangeau (1865?-) [U] Fort Chipewyan
Jonas Tourangeau (1867-) [T] Fort Chipewyan
Tarangeau, Louis [d][g][h][i]
5 June 2014
486
487

Mtis Last Names mentioned in Fort McMurray Journals
(Oct 1877-Jan 1886) and also mentioned in Censuses or

Northwest Scrip
Fort McMurray Journals
[a] Post journal, October 1877-September 1878
[b] post journal, October 1878-September 1879
[c] post journal, October 1879-September1880
[d] Post journal, October 1880-September 1881
[e] Post journal, October 1881-September 1882
[f] Post Journal, October 1882-September 1883
[g] Post Journal, October 1883-September 1884
[h] Post Journal, October 1884-September 1885
[i] Post Journal, October 1885-September 1886
[S] Census 1881
[T] Census 1891
[U] Census 1901
[W-record year] Northwest Scrip
Annal, James (1855?-) [c][d][S] Fort McMurray
Daniels, James (1858-) and family [c][h][i][S][W-1900] Fort Chipewyan
Corrigal, James (from Manitoba) [h][i] *many James Corrigals, see below
James Corrigal 1 (1860-) [T] Ile-a-la-Crosse
James Corrigal 2 (1828-) [U] St Andrews
5 June 2014
487
488
James Corrigal 3 (1856-) [Manitoba Affidavit 1875] St Andrews

James Corrigal 6 (1869-) [U] Springfield K3
James Corrigal 7 (1837-) [U]
Cowie, Isaac [b][c][d][e][f][g][h][i][S] Fort McMurray
Ducharm, Antoine (trader) [g][U] Lac La Biche
Evans, David [e][f][h]
David Evans 1 (1857-) [T] Fort Chipewyan
David Evans 2 (1869-) [W-1899] Fort Chipewyan
Evans, Mary (1893-) [W-1899]
Evans, Philip (1889-) [W-1899]
Flett, William [h][h][W-1900] Fort McMurray
Fontaine, Paul and family [b][c][d][e][f][g] Portage La Loche
Fontaine, Robert (1899-) [W-1900] Portage La Loche
Harper, James [h][i] Fort McKay
John James Harper (1846?-) [S] Fort Chipewyan
Harper, Mary (1858?-) [S] Fort Chipewyan
Herman, Andr [i] Portage La Loche
Andre Herman 1 (1842-) [T] Portage La Loche
Andre Herman 2 (1846-) [W-1906] Portage La Loche
Herman, Sam (Saml) (1837-) [g][T] Portage La Loche
Janvier, Alexander (1864-) [g][h][i][T] Portage La Loche
Janvier, Joseph [c][i] Portage La Loche
Joseph Janvier 1 (1846-) [W-1907] Portage La Loche
Joseph Janvier 2 (1852-) [T] Portage La Loche
Joseph Janvier 3 (1884-) [W-1906] Portage La Loche
Joseph Janvier 4 (1887-) [T] Portage La Loche
Joseph Janvier 5 (?) [S] Portage La Loche
Janvier, Joachim (1859-) [g][T] Portage La Loche
5 June 2014
488
489
Janvier, Pascal (1821-) [a][c][W-1906]

Jollebois [b][d][e] Portage La Loche
Laliberte, Baptiste (1858-) [a][b][W-1887] Portage La Loche

Landouceur [h][U] Fort McMurray
Laprise (La Prize) [a][b][c][d][T] Portage La Loche
Lavallee, Louis (1837-) [e][f][U] Lac La Biche
Lemaigre, Michel/Michael (1862-) [g][T]
Lemaigre, Raphael (1867-) [h][T]
Linklater, Archie (Archibald) [h][S]
McLeod, Angus (1857?-) [a][b][c][d][e][f][S] Fort McMurray
McLeod, Kate (1874-) [W-1900]
McDonald, John (1854?-) [a][b][c][d][e][f][h][i][U] Fort McMurray
McDonald, John (1898-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonald, Alexander (1877-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonald, Alice (1888-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonald, Edward (1893-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonald, Marie Anne (1881-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonad, Marie Caroline (1897-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
McDonald, Thomas (1890?-) [W-1899] Fort McMurray
Mercredi, Jose (Joseph) [f]
Joseph Mercredi 1 (1867-) [T]
Joseph Mercredi 2 (1867-) [S]
Joseph Mercredi 3 (1860-) [W-1899]
Joseph Mercredi 4 (1867-) [U]
Mongrain, Jose (Joseph) [h] Portage La Loche
Joseph Mongrain 1 (1848-) [T]
Joseph Mongrain 2 (1884) [T]
Mongrain, Lowison (Louison) [e][T]
Piche, Charlo [a][b][d][e][f][g][i][S] Fort McMurray
5 June 2014
489
490
Piche, Chrysostom [a][c][d][e][f][g][h][i][S] Fort McMurray

Sylvester, Alexander [c][e][f] Portage La Loche
Alexander Sylvester 1 (1883-) [T] Portage La Loche
Alexander Sylvester 2 (1852-) [T] Portage La Loche
Sylvester, J. [h][i] Portage La Loche
Joseph Alexander 1 (1867-) [T] Portage La Loche
Joseph Alexander 2 (1890-) [T] Portage La Loche
5 June 2014
490

Mark of The Métis - Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Rights-Bearing Métis Community

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Mark of The Métis - Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Rights-Bearing Métis Community

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Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary

Rights-Bearing Mtis Community

Timothy David Clark, Dermot OConnor & Peter Fortna

Willow Springs Strategic Solutions

McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935)

Background Alberta Government Policy on Mtis Harvesting ......................... 3

The McMurray Mtis Community ........................................................................ 17

Origins of the McMurray Mtis ......................................................................... 17

3. Change, Adaptation, and Continuity: The Emergence of an Early Modern

The Presence of the State: Regulation and Development ...................................... 68

3.5 The Mtis Community of Fort McMurray .............................................................. 81

The McMurray Mtis in the Era of Oil ................................................................ 85

Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 105

Appendix I Archival Documents...114

List of Archival Sources

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

R. v. Powley SCC 43 (CanLII).

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Despite these challenges, Mtis community members continue to preserve their

McMurray Mtis (MNA Local 1935), About Us, http://www.fortmcmurrayMtis.org/aboutus.

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Determining who are Mtis harvesters

What comprises Mtis harvesting rights

Where those rights can be exercised

In its discussion of who qualifies as a Mtis harvester, the Alberta Government

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Mark of the Mtis Project Methodology and Data Sources

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Traditional Land Use Definitions and Data Sources

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Historical and Archival Sources

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

The existence of a historic Mtis community

The period in which integral cultural practices crystalized as Aboriginal rights

Linkages between the historic and contemporary Mtis community

Continuity of practices integral to the culture between the historic and

Is Fort McMurray a historic, rights-bearing Mtis community?

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

o Existence Prior to Effective Control

Is Fort McMurray a contemporary rights-bearing Mtis community with links to

Although the report is not structured mechanically so as to answer these questions in

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

moditional economy that combined subsistence hunting and gathering alongside

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

2. The McMurray Mtis Community

Origins of the McMurray Mtis

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

A Parkland-Grassland Cree-Mtis Community, organized in and around the North

A Chipewyan-Mtis Community in the vicinity of Fort Chipewyan

Spatial Extensiveness: The Athabasca-Clearwater Axis

As indicated by the failed negotiations to replace the Interim Mtis Harvesting

Fort McMurray: Historic and Contemporary Mtis Community

Figure 1. McMurray Mtis Identified Places in Northeastern Alberta

Scale when printed on 8.5 inches by 11 inches is 1:2,108,086

Mtis Identified Places

Map Produced by Vinay Rajdev (February, 2015)