Beacon Ora Perf Class 1

Oracle Performance Tuning
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www.oracleact.com
2007-12-25
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Table Types Normal (heap) table, Index Cluster, Hash Cluster, IOT, Partition,
Global Temporary Table, External Table
Table Access When to use Full Table Scan, NO ROT
Avoiding accidental table scans Queries involved NOT EQUAL,
Searching for NULL values, Using a function on the indexed column.
Functional Indexes
IOT Including clause, over flow
Using Concatenated Index
Index Merges Hint AND_EQUAL(tablename, index1, index2,)
Searching for Ranges Unbounded Range Scan ( < or >) ; Bounded Range Scans
( between 2 values) ; Range Look Up ( value between lowvalue_column and
highvolue_column)
Queries Involving OR Useful Hint USE_CONCAT.
INLIST Iterator
Fast Full Index Scan
Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess
Optimizing Full Table PCTFREE and PCTUSED
Update Statement
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Table Types
1.1 Relation Table Basic Structure to hold relational data
Heap Table
Index Cluster
Hash Cluster
Partition
Global Temporary Table
External Table
1.2 Object Table Uses Object Type for a column definition
INDEX CLUSTER
A cluster provides an optional method of storing table data.

A cluster is made up of a group of tables that share the same data blocks.
The tables are grouped together because they share common columns and
are often used together. Example, DEPTNO column in EMP and DEPT tables.
To find or store a row in an indexed table or cluster, a minimum of two
(there are usually more) I/Os must be performed:
One or more I/Os to find or store the key value in the index
Another I/O to read or write the row in the table or cluster
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CREATE CLUSTER EMP_DEPT (deptno NUMBER(3))

SIZE 7000
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE (INITIAL 200K
NEXT 300K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 20
PCTINCREASE 33);
Create an index on the cluster.
CREATE INDEX EMP_DEPT_INDEX
ON CLUSTER EMP_DEPT
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE (INITIAL 50K
NEXT 50K
MINEXTENTS 2
MAXEXTENTS 10
PCTINCREASE 33);
Without an index on the cluster, you cannot insert rows into EMP and DEPT
tables.
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Create tables on the cluster.
CREATE TABLE DEPT (

deptno NUMBER(3) PRIMARY KEY,
deptname varchar2(30) )
CLUSTER EMP_DEPT (deptno);
CREATE TABLE EMP (
empno NUMBER(5) PRIMARY KEY,
ename VARCHAR2(15) NOT NULL, salary number(6),
deptno NUMBER(3) REFERENCES dept)
CLUSTER EMP_DEPT (deptno);
Insert rows:
insert into dept values (10,'Sales');
insert into emp values (1001, 'Tamil',1000, 10);
insert into emp values (1002, 'Tandon',2000,10) ;
insert into dept values (20,'Marketing');
insert into emp values (1003,'Muthu',3000,20);
insert into emp values (1004,'Ravi',4000,20) ;
commit;
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SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) file#,

2
dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid) block#,
3
a.*
4* from dept a ;
FILE#
---------3
3
BLOCK#
---------3643
3644
DEPTNO DEPTNAME
---------- -----------------------------10
Sales
20
Marketing
SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) file#,

2
dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid) block#,
3
a.*
4* from emp a ;
FILE#
------ 3
3
3
3
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BLOCK#
--------3643
3643
3644
3644
EMPNO ENAME
---------- --------------1001 Tamil
1002 Tandon
1003 Muthu
1004 Ravi
g
Sharin s
SALARY DEPTNO of Block
------------------g2
n
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a
1000
10
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2000
10
3000
4000
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Common ROWIDs among the tables:

SQL> select rowid from emp
2 intersect
3 select rowid from dept ;
ROWID
-----------------AAAQrtAADAAAA47AAA
AAAQrtAADAAAA48AAA
1.
ROWID is not UNIQUE in the Database

but in the table only.
2.
You should not use clusters for tables

that are frequently accessed
individually.
3.
If all the rows for a given cluster key

value cannot fit in one block, the blocks
are chained together to speed access to
all the values with the given key. The
cluster index points to the beginning of
the chain of blocks, each of which
contains the cluster key value and
associated rows. If the cluster SIZE is
such that more than one key fits in a
block, blocks can belong to more than
one chain.
.
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HASH CLUSTER
Oracle document says

To use hashing, you create a hash cluster and load tables into it. The database
physically stores the rows of a table in a hash cluster and retrieves them
according to the results of a hash function.
Oracle Database uses a hash function to generate a distribution of numeric
values, called hash values, that are based on specific cluster key values. The
key of a hash cluster, like the key of an index cluster, can be a single column or
composite key (multiple column key). To find or store a row in a hash cluster, the
database applies the hash function to the cluster key value of the row. The
resulting hash value corresponds to a data block in the cluster, which the
database then reads or writes on behalf of the issued statement.
The database uses a hash function to locate a row in a hash cluster; no I/O is
required. As a result, a minimum of one I/O operation is necessary to read or
write a row in a hash cluster.
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HASH CLUSTER
CREATE CLUSTER call_detail_cluster (

telephone_number NUMBER,
call_timestamp NUMBER ,
call_duration NUMBER )
HASHKEYS 10000 HASH IS telephone_number
SIZE 256;
CREATE TABLE call_detail (
telephone_number NUMBER,
call_timestamp
NUMBER ,
call_duration
NUMBER ,
other_info
VARCHAR2(30) )
CLUSTER call_detail_cluster (
telephone_number, call_timestamp, call_duration );
When to HASH Cluster
1.
Predicate has equality condition
2.
Table is static.
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When To Use Full Table Scan

Many experts suggest to use full table scan when any or all of the following occur:
More than 15 % of rows from the table are selected
More than 25 % of Index blocks are accessed
When a column has low selectivity and it is being used in the WHERE
clause
It is really very hard to determine whether full table scan is appropriate or not.
There are many factors involved row length, number of rows in the table,
whether LOB is stored in-line or out-of-line, number of rows selected etc
If the table and indexes are analyzed, then CBO will decide whether a full table or
index lookup is appropriate based on the statistics available at that time
and predicates in the query.
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However, there are some situation, you may want to use full table
scan, then you just add a hint /*+ full(table_name) */ . Use
parallel hint, if the table is really very big, /*+ full(table_name)
parallel(table_name, degree_of_parallelism) */ .
Disabling Index Scan

Concatenating with the character column or adding 0 to number column will
disable index scan.
3
Avoiding accidental full table scan
3.1 Greater Than and NOT EQUAL

SQL> var b1 number ;
SQL> select * from ssn_region where reg_id > :b1 ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=3 Card=500 Bytes=13500)
1
0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'SSN_REGION' (Cost=3 Card=500 Bytes=13500)
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'SSN_REGION_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=90)
Note: When the value of bind variable is not known, Oracle assumes 5 % of the table rows
will be returned. (Card =500). The table has 10,000 rows.
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SQL>select * from ssn_region where reg_id <> :b1 ;

Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'SSN_REGION' (Cost=6 Card=9999 Bytes=269973)
Since Reg_id is unique in the table, Oracle assumes (all rows - 1 row) will be returned,
hence it opts for FULL table scan.
3.2
NULL Search
SQL> select * from ssn_region where low_ssn_num is null ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
Note: A null search stops index usage.

Use default value instead of NULL, if the
column is frequently checked for NULL value
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3.3
Function on Indexed Column
A function on a indexed will force the CBO to opt for full table scan.
SQL>select * from ssn_region where to_char(low_ssn_num) = :b1 ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
Note: Rewrite the query.
Example: to_char(low_ssn_num) = :b1 is same as
low_ssn_num = to_number(:b1)
4. FUNCTIONAL INDEXES
SQL> select email_status, count(*) from cust_order group by email_status;
EMAIL_STATUS
COUNT(*)
------------------------------ ---------Not Sent
299
Sent
23770
SQL> alter session set QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED=TRUE;
Session altered.
SQL> alter session set QUERY_REWRITE_INTEGRITY=TRUSTED;
Session altered.
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SQL> create index cust_order_idx on cust_order

(decode(email_status,'Not Sent',1,NULL)) ;
Index created.
SQL> analyze table cust_order compute statistics
2 for table
3 for all indexes
4 for all indexed columns ;
Table analyzed.
SQL> set autot on expla
SQL> select count(*) from cust_order where email_status = 'Not Sent' ;
COUNT(*)
---------299
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 SORT (AGGREGATE)
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'CUST_ORDER' (Cost=3 Card=241 Bytes=4097)
SQL> select count(*) from cust_order
where decode(email_status,'Not Sent',1,NULL) = 1 ;
COUNT(*)
---------299
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SQL> analyze index cust_order_idx validate structure;

Index analyzed.
SQL> select lf_rows from index_stats;
LF_ROWS
---------299
---------------------------------------------------------0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=2 Card=1 Bytes=17)
21
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=299 Bytes=5083)
SQL> select table_name, index_name, num_rows, last_analyzed

from user_indexes where table_name = 'CUST_ORDER' ;
TABLE_NAME INDEX_NAME
NUM_ROWS LAST_ANALYZED
-------------------------------------------------------------CUST_ORDER CUST_ORDER_IDX
299
18-FEB-2005 13:47:32
SQL> select email_status, count(*) from cust_order group by email_status;
EMAIL_STATUS
COUNT(*)
------------------------------ ---------Error
100
Not Sent
300
Sent
23770
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SQL> drop index cust_order_idx;

Index dropped.
SQL> create index cust_order_idx on cust_order
(decode(email_status,'Not Sent',1,'Error',2,NULL));
Index created.
SQL> analyze table cust_order compute statistics
2 for table
3 for all indexes
4 for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select table_name, index_name, num_rows, last_analyzed
2
from user_indexes where table_name = 'CUST_ORDER' ;
TABLE_NAME INDEX_NAME
---------------------------------CUST_ORDER CUST_ORDER_IDX
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NUM_ROWS LAST_ANALYZED
---------- -------------------400
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where decode(email_status,'Not Sent',1,'Error',2,NULL) = 2 ;
COUNT(*)
---------100
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
2
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=100 Bytes

where decode(email_status,'Not Sent',1,'Error',2,NULL) = 1 ;
COUNT(*)
---------300
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Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
2
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=300 Bytes
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5. IOT - Index Organized Table

Well suited for time interval data.
CREATE TABLE COUNTRIES
(
COUNTRY_ID
CHAR(2 BYTE) CONSTRAINT COUNTRY_ID_NN NOT NULL,
COUNTRY_NAME
VARCHAR2(40 BYTE),
CURRENCY_NAME
VARCHAR2(25 BYTE),
CURRENCY_SYMBOL VARCHAR2(3 BYTE),
REGION
VARCHAR2(15 BYTE),
CONSTRAINT COUNTRY_C_ID_PK PRIMARY KEY (COUNTRY_ID)
)
ORGANIZATION INDEX LOGGING
TABLESPACE TAMIL_LARGE_DATA
PCTFREE 10 INITRANS 2
MAXTRANS 255
STORAGE ( INITIAL
16K
NEXT
100M
MINEXTENTS
1
MAXEXTENTS
2147483645
PCTINCREASE
0
FREELISTS
1
FREELIST GROUPS 1
BUFFER_POOL
DEFAULT )
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PCTTHRESHOLD 2
INCLUDING COUNTRY_NAME
OVERFLOW
TABLESPACE USERS
PCTUSED 40 PCTFREE 10
INITRANS 1 MAXTRANS 255
STORAGE ( INITIAL
16K
NEXT
100M
MINEXTENTS 1
MAXEXTENTS
2147483645
PCTINCREASE 0
FREELISTS 1
FREELIST GROUPS 1 BUFFER_POOL DEFAULT )
LOGGING
NOPARALLEL;
Note: PCTTHRESHOLD integer specifies percentage of space reserved
in an IOT. Any portion of the row that exceeds the specified threshold
is stored in the overflow area. PCTTHRESHOLD must be a value from
1 to 50.
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There are many benefits having a fact table defined as IOT. They are:
1 The space used for PK is not required. Hence, multiple I/Os on Index and data are
not required.
2 Since most of the fact table has date (or time key) as the first column in the table
as well as first column in the index, that is always used in the WHERE clause, that
leads to speed of retrieving the data.
3 IOTs can be partitioned
Disadvantages are:
1 Physical ROWID is NOT maintained on IOT. The table is left with only logical
ROWID.
In case of block corruption, and you want to extract maximum number of rows
from the table, you have to use PK only, not the min or max of ROWID.
2 PK constraint can not be dropped
3 Unique constraints are not allowed
4 Distribution and replication are not allowed
Carefully evaluate the requirements, particularly ad hoc queries.
If the table requires bit-mapped indexes on columns such as Male/Female, Status
(Active/Inactive), YES/NO etc, then IOT is NOT a good choice.
Also, be careful when you use INCLUDE CLAUSE AND OVERFLOW.
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6. Using CONCATENATED INDEX

Create concatenated index on multiple columns if all the columns
(or some of the leading columns ) are used in the predicate.
Myth: Always use most selective column as the first column in a concatenated
index, so that Oracle will use the index in the query execution plan.
Create index cust_idx on customer(last_name, first_name) ;
7. Index Merges
SQL> select * from t1
where object_id between 1000 and 1020 and object_name like 'T%' ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1
2
0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=21 Card=1 Bytes=96)

1 INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=20)
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SQL> select /*+ AND_EQUAL(T1, T1_IDX_1, T1_IDX_2) */ *

from T1
where object_id between 1000 and 1020 and object_name like 'T%' ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=21 Card=1 Bytes=96)
2 1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)
3 2
BITMAP AND
4 3
BITMAP CONVERSION (FROM ROWIDS)
5 4
SORT (ORDER BY)
6 5
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=20)
7 3
8 7
SORT (ORDER BY)
9 8
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8 Searching for Ranges

SQL> desc ssn_region
Name
Null?
Type
-------------------------- ------------------------REG_ID
NUMBER(38)
REG_NAME
VARCHAR2(20)
LOW_SSN_NUM
NUMBER(38)
HIGH_SSN_NUM
NUMBER(38)
SQL> select min (low_ssn_num) , max(high_ssn_num), count(*) from ssn_region ;
MIN(LOW_SSN_NUM)
MAX(HIGH_SSN_NUM)
COUNT(*)
----------------------------------------101010001
101110000
10000
Query -1
select * from ssn_region
where 101010998 between low_ssn_num and high_ssn_num
Rows Row Source Operation
------- --------------------------------------------------1 TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID OBJ#(68289)
100 INDEX RANGE SCAN OBJ#(68293) (object id 68293) -- index used (SSN_REG_LOW)
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Query -2
where 701010998 between low_ssn_num and high_ssn_num ;
------- --------------------------------------------------0 TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID OBJ#(68289)
0 INDEX RANGE SCAN OBJ#(68294) (object id 68294) --- index used (SSN_REG_HIGH)
Query -3 Dropped Index SSN_REG_HIGH
where 701010998 between low_ssn_num and high_ssn_num
call
count
cpu elapsed
disk
query current
rows
------- ------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------Parse
1
0.01
0.00
0
0
0
0
Execute 1
0.00
0.00
0
0
0
0
Fetch
1
0.02
0.03
45
47
0
0
------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------total
3
0.03
0.04
45
47
0
0
------- --------------------------------------------------0 TABLE ACCESS FULL OBJ#(68289)
Note: When the input value is not in the range, then Oracle chooses FULL table scan.
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Queries Involving OR

where object_id = 800 or status = 'INVALID' or object_name = 'T1' ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1

0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T1' (Cost=33 Card=243 Bytes=23328))
SQL> select * from t1 where object_id = 800 or object_name = 'T1' ;

Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
3
6
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BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)

BITMAP OR
INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1)
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SQL> select /*+ USE_CONCAT */ *

from t1 where object_id = 800 or object_name = 'T1' ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 CONCATENATION
3 2
5 4
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10
Inlist Iterator
Query -1
where object_name IN ( 'T1', 'T1_IDX_1', 'T1_IDX_2' ) ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 INLIST ITERATOR
2
3
1
2
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TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=7 Card=6 Bytes=576)

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10
Inlist Iterator . Contd
Query 2
where object_name IN ( 'T1', 'T1_IDX_1', 'T1_IDX_2' ) or
object_id between 69000 and 70000 ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)

2
BITMAP OR
3
4
3
6
3
8
3
10
SORT (ORDER BY)
11
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11 FAST_FULL INDEX SCAN

Works best on the not null column if you want to count total number of rows.
SQL> select /*+ INDEX_FFS(t1 t1_idx_1) */ count(*) from t1;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=7 Card=1)
2 1 INDEX (FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=7
Card=23990)
Parallel Fast Full Index Scan
SQL> select /*+ INDEX_FFS(t1 t1_idx_1) parallel_index(t1 t1_idx_1 8) */
count(*) from t1 ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=7 Card=1)
2 1 SORT* (AGGREGATE)
3
INDEX* (FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=7 Card=23990)
2 PARALLEL_TO_SERIAL SELECT /*+ PIV_SSF */ SYS_OP_MSR(COUNT(*)) F

3 PARALLEL_COMBINED_WITH_PARENT
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13
Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess
SQL> create table t1 as select * from dba_objects ;

Table created.
SQL> desc t1
Name
Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ---------------------------OWNER
VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_NAME
VARCHAR2(128)
SUBOBJECT_NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_ID
NUMBER
DATA_OBJECT_ID
NUMBER
OBJECT_TYPE
VARCHAR2(18)
CREATED
DATE
LAST_DDL_TIME
DATE
TIMESTAMP
VARCHAR2(19)
STATUS
VARCHAR2(7)
TEMPORARY
VARCHAR2(1)
GENERATED
VARCHAR2(1)
SECONDARY
VARCHAR2(1)
SQL> var b1 varchar2(30);
where LAST_DDL_TIME > to_date(:b1, 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss') ;
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12
Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess . Contd..
SQL> var b1 varchar2(30);

Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T1
SQL> analyze table t1 compute statistics ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=33 Card=1200
Bytes=103200)
1 0 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T1' (Cost=33 Card=1200 Bytes=103200)
SQL> select count(*) from t1 ;
COUNT(*)
---------23992
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12
Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess . Contd..
SQL> select 23992*5/100 from dual;

23992*5/100
----------1199.6 ----- Approximately equal to 1200 reported in the Cardinality
Let us see when 2 bind variables are used
SQL> var b2 varchar2(30) ;
where LAST_DDL_TIME > to_date(:b1, 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss') and
LAST_DDL_TIME < to_date(:b2, 'dd-mon-yyyy hh24:mi:ss') ;
Execution Plan
---------------------------------------------------------0
1 0 FILTER
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T1' (Cost=33 Card=60 Bytes=5160)
SQL> select 5*1200/100 from dual;

5*1200/100
---------60 -- Same as reported in Card column
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13
PCTFREE and PCTUSED
PCTFREE 20 Minimum % of data block free and available for future update to the
existing rows already within each block
What it means that block allows row inserts until 80 ( = 100 -20) % is occupied.
PCTUSED 40 The data segment is considered unavailable for the insertion of new
rows until the amount of used space falls to 39 % or less (assuming that the
blocks used space reached PCTFREE 80%)
In short, PCTFREE parameter is for INSERT operation where as PCTUSED for
DELETE operation.
ROW CHAINING When data in a row is too large to fit into one data block, then
Oracle allocates 2 or more data blocks for that row. This is called Row Migration.
ROW MIGRATION A row that originally fit into one data block is updated so that the
overall row length increases, and the block's free space is already completely
filled. Oracle migrates the data for the entire row to a new data block, assuming
the entire row can fit in a new block. Oracle preserves the original row piece of a
migrated row to point to the new block containing the migrated row. The ROWID
of a migrated row does not change.
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PCTFREE and PCTUSED . Contd
Minimize Records Per Block

determines whether Oracle restricts the number of records (rows) that
can be stored in a block
In this way, we can restrict Oracle blocks to store fixed number of rows.
Need not worry about future updates, row length increases etc
SQL> create table my_table ( id number(7),
some_text varchar2(1500) ) ;
name varchar2(30),
SQL> analyze table my_table compute statistics ;

SQL> select object_id, data_object_id from dba_objects
where object_name = 'MY_TABLE';
OBJECT_ID
----------
68357
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DATA_OBJECT_ID
--------------
68357
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13 PCTFREE and PCTUSED . Contd

Before You change the table definition,
Login as sys account, run the below SQL
SQL> select dataobj#, obj#, spare1
2
from tab$
3
where obj# = 68357 ;
DATAOBJ#
---------68357
OBJ#
---------68357
SPARE1
---------736
Note down the value of SPARE1 column.
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SQL> insert into my_table values (1, 'Tamil', rpad('x', 1500) ) ;
SQL> insert into my_table values (2, 'Tandon', rpad('x', 1500) ) ;
SQL> insert into my_table values (3, 'Selvan', rpad('x', 1500) ) ;
SQL> insert into my_table values (4, 'Kannan', rpad('x', 1500) ) ;
SQL> insert into my_table values (5, 'Ram', rpad('x', 1500) ) ;
SQL> commit;
SQL> select length(id), length(name), length(some_text) from my_table ;
LENGTH(ID) LENGTH(NAME)
--------------------1
5
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
3
LENGTH(SOME_TEXT)
----------------1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
SQL> alter table MY_TABLE minimize records_per_block ;
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SQL> get x
1 select dataobj#, obj#, spare1 , spare2, spare3, spare4, spare5
2
from tab$
3* where obj# = 68357
4 /
DATAOBJ#
---------68357
OBJ#
---------68357
SPARE1
---------32771
SPARE2
----------
SPARE3 SPARE4 SPARE5

------------------- ----------
Spare1 column value has been increased to 32771 from 736.

SQL> truncate table my_table ;
Table truncated.
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38
2007-12-25

SQL> begin
2 for K in 1 .. 8 loop
3
insert into my_table values (K, 'name'||to_char(k), 'y') ;
4 end loop ;
5 end;
6 /
SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) filenum ,
2
dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid) blocknum,
3
id
4 from my_table ;
FILENUM
---------31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
BLOCKNUM
---------12810
12810
12810
12810
12811
12811
12811
12811
ID
--------1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R.
E
on
B
M
d
e
U
s
N
k ba
CK
c
O
o
L
l
eB
er b
h
p
t
t
s
ou
ow
r
h
c
4
t
Wa
ted
a
c
o
l
al
e
l
h.
c
t
a
g
r
n
O
w le
o
r
old
8 rows selected.
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39
2007-12-25

SQL> analyze table my_table compute statistics ;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select table_name, blocks, avg_row_len from user_tables
2 where table_name = 'MY_TABLE' ;
TABLE_NAME
BLOCKS
------------------------------ ---------MY_TABLE
2
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AVG_ROW_LEN
----------14
40
2007-12-25
Strategies To Speed Up Full Table Scan
Decrease PCTFREE until row chaining or migration is not happening

Increase PCTUSED so that deleted space will be reused immediately
with high cost of FREELIST management
Consider MINIMIZE RECORD PER BLOCK if you know the actual length
of the rows after update
Use Partitions Oracle will decide which partition to be used based on
the predicate
Use Parallel threads Oracle will determine the number of threads
based on the resource available
Store LONG / LOB columns in a separate TABLESPACE
Use IOT if the table is always accessed via Primary Key
Use CACHE option if the tables data are frequently accessed by many
queries
Use parallel degree on large tables in the create table statement
Use separate memory pool for the tables that undergo full table scan
operation
Use HASH Cluster if the table is static
Use FULL and PARALLEL Hints in the Query, if its appropriate
Increase DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT value
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41
2007-12-25
14
UPDATE Statement
Old Method
SQL> select * from emp2 ;

EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
101
1002
102
1003
103
SQL> select * from new_bonus;
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1003
502
1 update emp2 a
2 set bonus = (select bonus
3
from new_bonus b
4
where b.empid = a.empid)
5 where exists (select null
6
from new_bonus b
7*
where b.empid = a.empid)
SQL> /
2 rows updated.
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1002
102
1003
502
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2007-12-25
UPDATE Statement
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
101
1002
102
1003
103
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1003
502
New Method -1
SQL> update emp2 a set
2
a.bonus = coalesce (
3
(select b.bonus
4
from new_bonus b
5
where b.empid = a.empid),
6
a.bonus) ;
3 rows updated.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1002
102
1003
502
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43
2007-12-25
UPDATE Statement
New Method -2

EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
101
1002
102
1003
103
SQL> alter table emp2 add constraint emp2_uq unique

(empid) ;

EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1003
502
Table altered.
SQL> update (select a.bonus old_value ,

2
b.bonus new_value
3
from emp2 a , new_bonus b
4
where a.empid = b.empid)
5* set old_value = new_value
SQL> /
set old_value = new_value
*
ERROR at line 5:
ORA-01779: cannot modify a column which maps
to a non key-preserved table
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Table altered.
SQL> alter table new_bonus add constraint nb_uq
unique (empid) ;
SQL> update (select a.bonus old_value ,

2
b.bonus new_value
3
from emp2 a , new_bonus b
4
where a.empid = b.empid)
5* set old_value = new_value
SQL> /
2 rows updated.
SQL> select * from emp2;
EMPID
BONUS
---------- ---------1001
501
1002
102
1003
502
44
2007-12-25
Oracle Performance Tuning
Class - 1
I value your questions, comments and suggestions.

Please send your comment to tamil_s_g@oracleact.com.
Beacon Infotech Corporation.
Web: www.oracleact.com
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45
2007-12-25

Beacon Ora Perf Class 1

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Oracle Performance Tuning

Global Temporary Table

A cluster provides an optional method of storing table data.

CREATE CLUSTER EMP_DEPT (deptno NUMBER(3))

Create tables on the cluster.

CREATE TABLE DEPT (

SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) file#,

SQL> select dbms_rowid.rowid_relative_fno(rowid) file#,

Common ROWIDs among the tables:

ROWID is not UNIQUE in the Database

You should not use clusters for tables

If all the rows for a given cluster key

Oracle document says

CREATE CLUSTER call_detail_cluster (

When To Use Full Table Scan

More than 15 % of rows from the table are selected

More than 25 % of Index blocks are accessed

Disabling Index Scan

Avoiding accidental full table scan

3.1 Greater Than and NOT EQUAL

0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'SSN_REGION' (Cost=3 Card=500 Bytes=13500)

INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'SSN_REGION_PK' (UNIQUE) (Cost=2 Card=90)

SQL>select * from ssn_region where reg_id <> :b1 ;

Note: A null search stops index usage.

SQL> create index cust_order_idx on cust_order

SQL> analyze index cust_order_idx validate structure;

INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=299 Bytes=5083)

SQL> select table_name, index_name, num_rows, last_analyzed

SQL> drop index cust_order_idx;

SQL> select count(*) from cust_order

INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=100 Bytes

SQL> select count(*) from cust_order

INDEX (RANGE SCAN) OF 'CUST_ORDER_IDX' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=1 Card=300 Bytes

5. IOT - Index Organized Table

6. Using CONCATENATED INDEX

0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=21 Card=1 Bytes=96)

SQL> select /*+ AND_EQUAL(T1, T1_IDX_1, T1_IDX_2) */ *

8 Searching for Ranges

SQL> select * from t1

SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=CHOOSE (Cost=33 Card=243 Bytes=23328)

SQL> select * from t1 where object_id = 800 or object_name = 'T1' ;

0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=3 Card=3 Bytes=288)

BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)

SQL> select /*+ USE_CONCAT */ *

TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=7 Card=6 Bytes=576)

0 TABLE ACCESS (BY INDEX ROWID) OF 'T1' (Cost=8 Card=7 Bytes=672)

1 BITMAP CONVERSION (TO ROWIDS)

11 FAST_FULL INDEX SCAN

INDEX* (FAST FULL SCAN) OF 'T1_IDX_1' (NON-UNIQUE) (Cost=7 Card=23990)

2 PARALLEL_TO_SERIAL SELECT /*+ PIV_SSF */ SYS_OP_MSR(COUNT(*)) F

Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess

SQL> create table t1 as select * from dba_objects ;

Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess . Contd..

SQL> var b1 varchar2(30);

Bind Variable and 5 Percent Guess . Contd..

SQL> select 23992*5/100 from dual;

SQL> select 5*1200/100 from dual;

PCTFREE and PCTUSED

PCTFREE and PCTUSED . Contd

Minimize Records Per Block

SQL> analyze table my_table compute statistics ;

13 PCTFREE and PCTUSED . Contd

Note down the value of SPARE1 column.

13 PCTFREE and PCTUSED . Contd

SQL> select /+ AND_EQUAL(T1, T1_IDX_1, T1_IDX_2) / *

SQL> select /+ USE_CONCAT / *

2 PARALLEL_TO_SERIAL SELECT /+ PIV_SSF / SYS_OP_MSR(COUNT(*)) F