Chapter 3

HEAT FLOW IN WELDING

Theoretical considerations
Thick plates
Traditionally analytic solutions to the problem of heat flow in welding
have been obtained by considering heat flow from an ideal moving point heat
source. Although solutions to this problem have been available for many years
they are usually associated with the work of Rosenthal. Consider the case of
an ideal point source moving on the surface of a semi-infinite block as shown
in Fig. 3.1. The heat flow equation to be solved is

Figure 3.1
Ideal point heat source
moving on the surface
of a semi-infi

where it is assumed the material constants are independent of temperature.

For a moving source this can be solved by transforming to a set of coordinates
moving with the source. Let the moving coordinate in the direction of travel
be such that
= xvt

The heat flow equation then transforms to

31

If the source is well away from the edge of the plate a steady state is reached
where the temperature relative to the moving coordinates does not change with
time. Thus,
0T
v L c T = -2 X v-g^

The solution to this equation is

T-T= - - - exp [-Xv(r+ 1)] where
2irk r

f + y*+ z*
(3.1)

which gives the temperature distribution around the moving source.

This equation may be differentiated to find the cooling rate. For example on
the weld centreline y = 0 and equation 3.1 becomes
Q 1
T-To =
Z'jTk I
(3.2)
IDEAL LINE HEAT SOURCE
MOVING IN X DIRECTION
WITH VELOCITY V

Figure 3.3
Heat flow in plate of intermediate
thickness.

differentiating
Zirkv
dt

(T-T)'

(3.3)

The term C l/v is often written H being the conventional heat input to the weld.
Equation 3.3 is recognized as the familiar equation for cooling rate on the weld
centreline for 3D flow in thick plates.
Thin plates
For thin plates consider a line heat source through the thickness of the plate
moving with velocity v as shown in Fig. 3.2.

32

Using the same approach as before the temperature distribution relative

to a set of moving coordinates is
e x p ( - X v i ) Ko (\v r)

(3.4)
where Ko is a modified Bessel function of the second kind and zero order. If
the argument of the modified Bessel function is large, i.e. if \vr> 10 (valid for
most conditions of welding except close to the arc or for very slow welding
speeds) the function may be approximate by
Ko ( \ v r ) ~ e x p (Xvr)
Thus 3.4 becomes

(3.5)
The cooling rate on the weld centreline (i.e. y=0) can be found by differentiat
ing this equation giving
8 T _ 2ffkpCgV .
3

at

0^
(3.6)

which is recognized as the equation for cooling rate for 2D heat flow.
For many practical purposes it is possible to consider plates as either thick
or thin and use the appropriate equation (3.3 or 3.6) for cooling rate. More accu
rate equations for heat flow in intermediate plates (sometimes termed 2-5D
heat flow) can be found by using the method of images.

X I Images

spaced a t 2g

reol so&rce

p late of interm edite

thiekneee

Images spaced a t 2g

Figure 3.4 Position of images for

determining heat flow in a plate of
intermediate thickness.

33

Intermediate plates

Consider the point heat source on the surface of a plate of intermediate

thickness as shown in Fig. 3.3. The bottom surface of the plate can be considered
to reflect heat back into the plate. This will have the same effect as if the surface
were absent and an imaginary heat source were placed an equal distance away
from the surface. Thus boundary surfaces may be taken into account by placing
imaginary heat sources at appropriate positions. The temperature at any point
may now be found by adding the temperature contributed by all the sources
where the sources now are considered to exist in an infinite medium.
For the bead-on-plate case the images will be placed as shown in
Fig. 3.4.
The temperature at any point is therefore given by
When the plate becomes thin, large numbers of terms have to be taken and
the summing of terms is facilitated by a computer. The equation may also be
differentiated to obtain the cooling rate and a typical result is shown in Fig.
3.5 where cooling rate is plotted against thickness. For heat sources moving with
high velocity the results approach those obtained by Adams who assumed that
the weld could be approximated by an instantaneous line heat source depo
sited along the weld line. It can be seen that the maximum error incurred by
neglecting the 2 5D mode and using either 2D or 3D equations is about 20%.

<0
V.

o
0^
30

3D Solution

O
in
<
lij

<
oc
o

z
o
oo

10

THICKNESS

Figure 3.5

SQUARED

10

II

(cm?)

Cooling rate as a function of thickness for a

bead-on-plate. The energy input was assumed
to be 4000 cals/cm and velocity 0.1 cm/sec.

34

12

Surface transfer

The foregoing approach has assumed that heat is lost by conduction only.
This is a good approximation for thick plates and low heat input. For high heat
inputs and thin plates, however, considerable losses of heat may occur from
the surface by radiation, convection, and conduction to the air. Solutions may
be obtained for the heat flow equation by assuming that surface losses are pro
portional to temperature. For thin plate (2D conduction) the temperature dis
tribution is given by

(3.7)

Figure 3.6 Influence of surface transfer

on the cooling rate (after Adams).

H e a t input

(K J/ln )

Figure 3.7 Effect of surface trans

fer on cooling rate at 5 4 0 C [h
taken as 0.0004 cals/sec/cm ^/C).

where h is the coefficient of surface transfer. The cooling rate is then obtained
by differentiation. Adams has presented these results in the form shown in Fig.
3.6. From this diagram it is seen that surface losses can be neglected when

35

Values for h my be easily obtained experimentally by heating plates uni

formly, allowing them to cool and measuring the temperature as a function of
time. It is found that h is not independent of temperature as assumed above
but decreases slightly with decreasing temperature. Some typical results for
steel and for aluminum are given in Table 3.1. The effect of surface transfer
on the cooling rate at 540C is shown in Fig. 3.7 for a range of plate thicknesses.
The value of h has been taken as 4X l(r cal/sec/cmVC for steel cooling in
still air.
Tabl 3.1 Values of coefficient of surface transfer
Temperature C

100

Steel
Aluminium

2.7
1.4

200

300

4.7
2.3
Values in cals/sec/cmV C xio-"
3.7
1.8

Note: The values are for overall surface transfer. Since the value increases with
temperature it is necessary to take a value appropriate for an average tem
perature of the cooling weld. For calculating cooling rates at 540 C a value
of h at about 200 to 250C is ap prop riate. This is about 4 X 1 0 -'
cals/sec/cmVC for steel in still air.

PLATE OF FINITE WIDTH

Figure 3.8

Heat flow in a plate of finite width can be deter

mined using the method of images.

Finite size plates

The foregoing theory of heat flow in welding has assumed that the plates
are infinitely large in the x and y directions. For a finite width plate with a mov
ing source along the centre of the plate the method of images can again be used

to obtain a solution. To take account of the two edges of the plate image heat
sources are placed on either side of the real source with distance from the edge
as shown in Fig. 3.8. The temperature at any point is now given by the sum of
the contributions from all the sources. Thus at a point on the weld line the tem
perature is

where r is the distance of the n" source from the point.

This basic method may be used to determine heat flow in more complex
structures.
Effect of joint geometry

Simple cases of differing joint geometry may be considered by simply

dividing the heat input according to the available heat sinks. For example the
cooling rate in a flllet weld between plates of equal thickness made with energy
H may be expected to be the same as that of a bead-on-plate weld made with
energy %H.
Similarly a weld at the bottom of a deep groove in thick plate would be
expected to cool twice as fast as the same weld on the surface of a thick plate.

Figure 3.9

Division of heat input between plates in fillet

welds.

37

Fillet welds
The case of fillet welds can be generalized to cover the condition of welds
between plates of differing thickness by using the method of images. Firstly,
the two plates are considered as essentially separate and the heat input from
the weld is divided between the plates. The division of heat H is assumed to
be such that equal temperatures would be created at the position of the weld
in the two plates. Clearly in the case of plates of equal thickness this is done
by allowing %H to enter the bottom plate and
enter the top. Using the equa
tions presented for temperature distributions would lead to the same tempera
ture in the bottom plate as in the top at the weld.
If the plates are of unequal thickness the division of heat must be found
by iteration, i.e. assume a given division of heat, calculate the temperatures
in the top and bottom plates and adjust the division of heat until these are equal.
To calculate the temperature on the top and bottom plates for any given thick
ness the method of images can be used. Calculations have been made in this
manner and are discussed more fully in a later section.

SPACED w

Figure 3.11 Distribution of images for calculating heat flow

in a twin fillet weld.

38

Twin fillet welds

The method for calculating heat flow in fillet welds may be extended by
the method of images to the case of two fillet welds deposited simultaneously
on either side of a plate. This is a common procedure in practice and is often
used, for example, when welding a stiffener into a girder.
The temperature history in one of the welds may be found by adding the
contributions from both the real sources plus the contribution from appropriate
images placed to take account of the surfaces. The distribution of images is
shown in Fig. 3.11.

Cooling rates using this method have been calculated for a range of plate
thicknesses. The effective thermal properties derived from measured cooling
rates for bead-on-plate tests were used in the equations and will be discussed
later. It is of interest to express the results in terms of the ratio of the cooling
rate (at 540C) to the cooling rate of a single fillet weld made with twice the
individual energy, i.e.
______cooling rate in twin fillet weld each weld energy H ____
cooling rate in single fillet of energy 2H (same plate thickness)
Results are shown in Fig. 3.12 and give the value of K plotted against the
top plate thickness for two energy inputs. The ratio changes from 1 to 0.5 as
the thickness increases. This means that when the plate is thin the two heat
inputs add to each other and the joint cools like a weld with twice the individ
ual heat. When the plate is very thick the two welds are independent and each
. cools as if it were deposited separately.

These results suggest that for thin top plates it is possible to simply add
the two heat inputs together to calculate the cooling rate and this offers impor
tant practical opportunities for controlling the cooling rate without the need
to resdrt to the use of preheat.

flange

1/4 INCH

WEB THICKNESS (In.)

Figure 3.12 Ratio of cooling rate in twin fillet weld to that

in single fillet weld with twice the energy input
plotted against thickness of 'web' member.

39

Corner welds

The treatm ent of twin fillet welds also provides the solution for corner
welds since the twin fillet case is symmetrical about a plane through the middle
of the upper plate and one side of this exactly represents the corner weld (Fig.

Figure 3.13 Treatment of corner welds.

Effect of plate thickness

A popular way of taking in account the effect of thickness and joint geome
try is by using the concept of combined plate thickness. This is the sum of the
thicknesses of the heat paths frm the joint - there being three heat paths from

COMBINED THICKNESS

( tn ij

Figure 3.14 Cooling rate plotted against combined plate

thickness. For thin sections the cooling rate is
uniquely determined by the combined plate
thickness.

a fillet weld and two from a butt weld. The previous results of cooling rates
in fillet welds between plates of differing thickness have been plotted against
combined plate thickness in Fig. 3.14. Up to a combined plate thickness of about
in. the cooling rate is uniquely given but beyond that the cooling rate depends
on the individual plate thicknesses. Combined plate thickness is therefore a
useful concept for thin material (in fact where heat flow is 2D) but may give
misleading results for thick material where the plates are of greatly differing
thickness.

TEMPERATURE C

Figure 3.15 Variation of thermal conductivity with tempera

ture in steels.

Limitations to the theory

There are several, limitations to the point heat source theory. First it is
assumed that the thermal properties of the material are independent of temper
ature. This is not the case and the wide variation in properties over the tempera
ture range involved in welding is seen from the figures. A further complication
is that heat is evolved or absorbed during phase changes. In steel a number of
phase changes occur (liquid to solid, ferrite to austenite, etc.) which will affect
the heat flow in a weld. A major assumption in the theory is that the weld can
be represented by a point source. This is a useful approximation when consider
ing points well away from the weld or at long times after welding. It leads to
considerable errors, however, at points close to the weld and does not lead to
41

an accurate description of the behaviour at high temperatures. Many of these

effects can be included by using numerical methods to obtain solutions. Modern
computer techniques have been used to include the effects of changing material
properties, phase changes and distributed heat sources.

Figure 3.1 6 Variation of specific heat with temperature in steel.

To apply heat flow solutions it is necessary to know the heat input. Nor
mally this is done by assuming it to be a fixed percentage of the energy input,
i.e. the electrical energy consumed per unit length of weld. This arc efficiency
is assumed to be constant for a given process. Many attempts have been made
to measure the efficiency and some typical results are shown in Fig. 3.17. They
show a wide variation between processes but some processes such as sub
merged arc show a high efficiency presumably because the heat used to melt
the flux is conducted into the weld because of the close contact between the
flux and the weld and the insulating effect of the loose flux above.
Measured values of cooling rate

Many experiments have been carried out to determine the cooling rate in |
welds. The results have generally been presented either as empirical equations
or have been compared with the theoretical solutions previously discussed.
Some of the more recent results are given below.
Bead-on-plate
Dorschu studied cooling rates in beads made with the argon shielded metal
arc process on a 50 mm (2 in.) plate. His results are essentially applicable to
thick plate. He found that the cooling rate could be expressed as
dT _ 3.77X10-niOOO-To)^

dt

42

1000F

kVA
I

10

20

40

ARC ENERGY (E I/4*I8), Cal/sec.

Figure 3.17 Typical values for arc efficiency of various pro
cesses (after Christensen).

The results showed good agreement with the theoretical form of the equations.
In a comprehensive study Signes measured cooling rates in plates of
various thicknesses using various initial plate temperatures (preheats) and sev
eral different processes. The results were plotted in parameters suggested by
the dimensionless parameters used by Adams. The cooling rate relative to that
in a thick plate was plotted against a function of the thickness. For plates where
surface transfer became important the cooling rate relative to that where no

43

surface losses occurred is also plotted as a function of the thickness and energy
input. These data enabled the cooling rate for argon gas metal arc welding to
be expressed in the form
dT = 3.02X10- <th (1300-To)^
d tl3 0 0

<t>2

where <jh, ^ are determined from the graphs of the empirical data. The mode
of heat transfer is determined from Fig. 3.18. Values of 4>i and <>2 are shown in
Figs. 3.19 and 3.20 and enable the cooling rate to be determined for a range of
plate thicknesses and welding conditions.

Figure 3.18 Graph for selecting mode of heat transfer (after

Signes).

ACTUAL COOLING RATE

3-D COOLING RATE

Figure 3.19 Correction factor <>, for 2-D heat transfer (after
Signes).

= p2 ( | 3 0 0 - T o) / E v^

Figure 3.20 Correction factor ^ when surface transfer is sig

nificant (after Signes).

45

Gravine measured cooling rates at various temperatures for a range of plate

thicknesses and energy inputs using the submerged arc process. He found good
agreement with the theoretical form of the equation when written
dT_

(T-ToV

and

for thick plate

dt

D zd

(T -T o f

for thin plate

dT

dt

at 700C is shown in Fig. 3.21 and

l/E

(kJ/in)"'

at 200C is shown in

X 10-2

Figure 3.21 Value of A 3 0 at 700C against a function of

energy input (log plot) (after Graville).

Fig. 3.22. The values of Bao and Bzd were found to be temperature dependent
and changed abruptly during the transformation of the weld metal from aus
tenite to a ferritic structure. This is shown in Figs. 3.23 and 3.24, and can be inter
preted as an increase in the effective thermal conductivity during transforma
tion. In this work the change between 3D cooling and 2D cooling was fairly
abrupt and all data could be treated as either 3D or 2D.
46

MC.
C-2
ot 2 0 0 ' C
2D

g^/

I n ^ . kJ

X 10 ^

Figure 3.22 Value of .42o at 200C against a function of E and g (after Graville).

800

600
400
TEMPERATURE C

200

Figure 3.23 Value of Bzo as a function of

temperature (after Graville).

Figure 3.24 Value of 8 2 0 as a function of

temperature (after Graville).

47

Fillet welds
Cottrell, Bradstreet and co-workers made measurements of the cooling rate
in controlled thermal severity (CTS) tests. These tests are described in detail
in Chapter 6 but in simple terms consist of a fillet weld about 80 mm long
between two plates. The thickness of the plates controls the thermal severity
of the joint. An empirical equation for cooling rate at 300C was determined
from the results and applied to manual covered electrodes.
Bailey has made measurements of cooling rates in CTS tests and his results
agree well with Cottrells formula. The results were also compared with cooling
rates measured in longer welds in joint sim ulation tests (see Chapter 6).
Although the weld in the CTS test was only 80 mm in length good agreement
was found between the two sets of measurements. It thus appeared valid to
apply the CTS cooling rate formula to real structures containing longer welds.
From the previous theoretical discussions, it would be expected that a fillet
weld would cool 1.5 times as fast as a bead-on-plate weld for thick material.
For thin material a factor of 2.25 would be expected since the cooling rate is
proportional to 1/E^ Inagaki et al presented data showing a factor of 1.4 which
is close to the theoretical but their data indicates a value of 1.4 even for thin
material which is not in agreement with the theory. Results of tests by Ried fit
ted the theoretical values quite well supporting the idea that a fillet weld
between plates of equal thickness can be treated by taking % of the heat input
and regarding it as a bead-on-plate weld.
Cooling rates for fillet welds between plates of differing thickness have
been calculated using the method of images. In the theoretical equations for
temperature distributions the thermal properties of the material were replaced
by effective values taken from the data shown in Figs. 3.23 and 3.24. It was
assumed that the effective values remained constant down to a temperature
of 500C. Cooling rates determined in this manner for fillet welds between
plates of equal thickness are presented in Figs. 3.25 and 3.26, and compared
with the experimental results of McParlan. Good agreement exists and suggests
that the method of calculation is valid for fillet welds. Cooling rates for various
combinations of plate thicknesses determined by this method are given in Figs.
3.28 and 3.29.
Cooling rate charts
The equations described above can be conveniently presented in graphical
form involving the arc energy input, and thickness and the initial plate tempera
ture. The graphs presented are those based on the experimental results with
submerged arc welding. These are likely to be more reliable than other results
because of the more consistent arc efficiency. Cooling rates for other welding
processes can be determined by assuming a certain arc efficiency. The cooling
rates quoted are at 540C and the reason for this will become apparent in
Chapter 5. The corresponding cooling time between 800-500C is also given
approximately by

217

800-500

for 3D heat flow

R 540

and
Saooj

for 2D heat flow

I5 4 0

These relations assume the initial plate temperature is 20C and should be
regarded only as approximations.
Charts are given for the cases of bead-on-plate, fillet welds, and twin fillet
welds. The foregoing discussions enable approximate extension to other cases
such as groove welds.
For completeness the initial plate temperature is included in the graphs
for bead-on-plate welds. For moderate levels of initial plate temperature this
may be interpreted as equivalent to the preheat level. Since the cooling rates
are at 540C they will also be accurate enough for practical purposes even if
the preheat is a local one limited to the immediate weld zone. The lines for pre
heat are only valid for thick plate.

Figure 3.25 Cooling rates in fillet welds for thick plates of

equal thickness (after McParlan).

49

Figure 3.26 Cooling rates in fillet welds in thin plates of equal

thickness (after McParlan).

Cooling rates in groove welds

Despite the practical importance of groove welds very few results of cool
ing rates in such welds have been published. Details of available data in the
literature will not be given but in general the results show that the cooling rate
in the bottom of a single V is approximately the same as for a bead-on-plate.
For the later passes of groove welds it also appears that the cooling rate is not
much different from that in a bead-on-plate.
For double Vee or Y grooves the root pass cooling rate may be higher than
a bead-on-plate. One report shows the double Vee to b.e similar to the bead-onplate. Comparison of HAZ hardness in a Y groove with that in a bead-on-plate
in the same steel indicated that the cooling rate in the root run of a Y groove
was about 1.6 times that of a bead-on-plate. The theoretical considerations pre
viously discussed suggest that in a very deep sharp groove the cooling rate could
be as high as 2 times the bead-on-plate rate.
The effect of thickness is likely to be more complex in a groove weld than
a bead-on-plate. If the root run is in the centre of the plate, the thickness seen
by the weld is half the plate thickness. If cooling rates are to be calculated for
groove welds by dividing the energy by a fixed factor (say 1.6) and then using
bead-on-plate equations, the thickness term should therefore be half the real
plate thickness. For very thin plates or cooling rates at very low temperatures
the weld can be treated as a simple bead-on-plate.
50

40

150

50

100

50

(K J/in J

150

200

Cooling R ote o t 540 C

40
30
20

60 70 80 90100

70

Energy Input For Sub o re

30

200

Cooling R a te a t

9 8 7 6 5 4

C*C/Sec)
10 9 8 7

2
540C

(C/Sec)

Figure 3.27 Graph to determine cooling rate in bead-on-plate

for submerged arc process.

51

COOLING

RATE

AT

540C

{ C / * e 4

Co)
S in g it FliU t W tldt
Wtb and Plonge o f equol
thlcknese

Figure 3.28 Graphs to determine cooling rates in fillet welds, (a-f)

COOLING

RATE

AT

S40C

(C /tA C .)

(t>)

Single Fillet Welds

Flange 1/4 in.
For vorious web thicknesses

52

COOLING

RATE

AT

540*C

( C /m c J

(0
SIngiG F illet Welds
Flange 1/2 In.
For various web thicknesses

S 4 S S 7 S S I 0

COOLING

RATE

20

AT

3 0 4 0 9 0

940*C

iOO

200

(* C /t c J

(d)
Single Fillet Welds
Flange I In.
For various web thicknesses

COOLINO

ATE

AT

540*C

( C /tM O

SIngli FIIU1 WI<1

Flong 2 In.
For vorloui wob thlchftiAtot

COOLINO

RATE

AT

540C

( C /n e .)

Single F IlU t W eldi

Flongo 4 In.
For vorlou wob thlcknooooo

54

^ Cooling rate at the end of a weld

The previous theoretical considerations and the majority of reported val

ues for cooling rates have been applicable to the middle of very long welds.
Under these conditions steady state conitions exist with respect to co-ordi
nates moving with the source. At the edges of plates or at the beginning or ends
of welds non-steady state conditions exist and the cooling rates will be dif
ferent. The cooling rate at the end of a weld away from the edge of a plate will
be twice that at the middle of the weld.
Cooling in the low temperature range

The cooling rate in the lower temperature range (typically 300-100C) is

of great importance because of its relation to cracking and the effect of preheat.
Heat flow theory for determining cooling rates or times in this range will differ
from that presented above in one main respect in that the initial plate tempera
ture (i.e. the preheat) is generally not uniform (i.e. the preheat is local). There
is, therefore, continuous loss of heat from the plate by conduction in the plates
and surface transfer until the plate eventually reaches the same temperature
as the environment, i.e. room temperature. For the majority of cases the problem
can be considered 2D, particularly for thin plate. Thick plate, preheated from
one side bcomes a 3D problem.

55

ENER6Y
INPUT
Kl/ln.

COOLING

RATE

AT

940*C

( * C /t e .)

(C )

Twin F illet Welds

Plonge 1/2 In.
For vorloue web th ick n esses

ENERGY
INPUT
R J /l n .

COOLING

RATE

AT

940*C

( C /l c )

(d )

Twin Fillet Welds

Flange

I in.

For vorious web thicknesses

57

Uniform preheat

If the plate has a uniform preheat a weld deposited on the plate will cool
until it reaches the preheat level. It is assumed that the preheat itself does not
decrease. This case can be treated using the equations developed earlier for
3D and 2D where surface heat losses are included. The effective values of the
physical properties of steel at the lower temperatures can be obtained from
Figs. 3.23 and 3.24. For example, using the equation for cooling time between
two temperatures in the 2D case and taking a value of h = 0.0004 the cooling
time between 300C and 100C is shown in Fig. 3.30 a) and b) for an initial plate
temperature of 20C and 50C. The equations would be invalid for higher pre
heat temperatures.
For preheats higher than 100G the cooling time obviously becomes infi
nite.

59

Figure 3.30 Cooling time in uniformly preheated plates, a)

60

Cooling of preheated plates

If the plates are heated uniformly and the heat from welding is neglected
(i.e. long after the weld is made so that the heat from welding has spread well
away from the joint) the preheat will decrease because of loss of heat by surface
transfer, and conduction in the plates will not play a part. The time to cool
between 300C and 100C is therefore simply given by
. 200 Cpg
180 h
For example the time to cool from 300-100C for a 300C preheat is shown as
a function of thickness in Fig. 3.31.

Figure 3.31 Cooling of preheated plates in still air. Preheat

of 300C.

61

Locally preheated plates

For the case of locally preheated plates the thermal cycle can be found by
determining the temperature due to the preheat and that due to the weld separa
tely as a function of time. These can then be added to give the total temperature
as a function of time. Consider the case where an infinitely large plate is pre
heated along a line and a weld deposited on this line. The preheat and the weld
both cool by conduction into the plate and by surface transfer to the surround
ings. An approximate expression for the temperature due to the weld (thin plate
equation) is

The temperature due to the preheat cooling is

h t

-----------------

T=e

^oc

^ = 1

(yu)^
i -----f(u)e 4't

where f(y) is the initial temperature distribution due to the preheat. Attention
is restricted to the weld line where y=0 and the initial distribution is assumed
to be gaussian;
_yz
f(y) = T p e

where Tp is the preheat temperature and a is the characteristic width of preheat

ing. The temperature is then simply given by
ht
T = T Akg
(2a't-Ho^)
The total temperature is then the sum of that due to the weld and that due to
the preheat. These equations have been used to determine the effect of preheat
on cooling time and are shown in Fig. 3.32. A width of preheated region of
2a = 30 cm has been used.

COOLING

-----1

1 ~~i

3 0 0 - lO O 'C

1 1 1

Ml

(secs.)

1000

---- 1 Ir i~i I I

2000

LOCAL

PREHEAT "C

TIME

100

COOLING

TIME

TO

lO O 'C

Figure 3.32 Relation between preheat temp, and cooling time

for locally preheated plates of various thickness
for various heat inputs, (a-e)

63

COOLING
I

I-------- r

TIME

3 0 0 - IOO*C

(00

I t

( s t c s .)

......f...... .......... , nn

(000

,,---- 1 r 1 1

2000
I

LOCAL

PREHEA T *C

I'

COOLING

TIM E

3 0 0 - l0 0 * C

100

1000

LOCAL

64

COOLING

2000

1------------- 1---------1------- ! I I I I ----------------~ T

PR E H E A T *C

I 'I

(c)

( s e c s .)

TIM E

TO

lO O 'C

CO OLIN G

TIM E

3 0 0 - IOO C

( s e c s .)

100

1000

I-----------1------- 1------ 1 I r Tn -------------------------------1

2000

II

LOCAL

PR E H E A T *C

COOLING

TIM E

COOLING

TO

I0 0 C

TIM E

3 0 0 - IO O C

( s e c s .)

100
T -I r - T r - T - i-------------------------1

1000
1

1------- 1

I I

T -r i

2000
11

(d )

65

References for Chapter 3

Carsiaw, H.S., and Jaegar, J.C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed.. Oxford
Press, London, U.K. (1959).
Rosenthal, D., ASME Trans., pp 849-866 (November 1946).
Myers, P.S., Uyehara, O.A., and Borman, G.L., "Fundamentals of Heat Flow in
Welding WRC Bulletin No. 123 Quly 1967).
Jhaveri, P., Moffat, W.G., and Adams, Jr. CM., Welding Journal 41 (1) Res. Suppl,
pp 12-s to 16-s (January 1962).
Wells, A.A., Welding Journal 31 (5) Res. Suppl, pp 263-s to 267-s (May 1952).
Christensen, N., Davies, V., and Gjermundsen, K., Brit. Weld. Jnl. 12 (2) pp 54-75
(February 1965).
Dorschu, K.E., Welding Journal 47 (2) Res. Suppl, pp 49-s to 62-s (February 1968).
Signes, E., Welding Journal 51 (10) Res. Suppl, pp 473-s to 484-s (October 1972).
Graville, B.A., Welding Journal 52 (9) Res. Suppl, pp 377-s to 385-s (September
1973).
Cottrell, C.L.M., and Bradstreet, B.J., Brit. Weld. Jnl. 1 (7) pp 322-326 (July 1954).
McParlan, M., Dominion Bridge Report 280C/6/72.