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Japaneserockgarden
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

TheJapaneserockgarden(karesansui)or"dry
landscape"garden,oftencalledazengarden,createsa
miniaturestylizedlandscapethroughcarefullycomposed
arrangementsofrocks,waterfeatures,moss,prunedtrees
andbushes,andusesgravelorsandthatisrakedtorepresent
ripplesinwater.[1]Azengardenisusuallyrelativelysmall,
surroundedbyawall,andisusuallymeanttobeseenwhile
seatedfromasingleviewpointoutsidethegarden,suchas
theporchofthehojo,theresidenceofthechiefmonkofthe
templeormonastery.Classicalzengardenswerecreatedat
templesofZenBuddhisminKyoto,Japanduringthe
MuromachiPeriod.Theywereintendedtoimitatethe
intimateessenceofnature,notitsactualappearance,andto
serveanaidtomeditationaboutthetruemeaningoflife.[2]

Ryanji(late15thcentury)inKyoto,
Japan,afamousexampleofazengarden

Contents
1History
1.1EarlyJapaneserockgardens
1.2ZenBuddhismandtheMuromachiPeriod
(13361573)
1.3Laterrockgardens
2Selectionandarrangementofrocks
3Sandandgravel
4Symbolism
5LandscapepaintingandtheZengardencritique
6Seealso
7List
8References
9Bibliography
9.1Note
10Externallinks

Amountain,waterfall,andgravel"river"
atDaisenin(15091513)

History
EarlyJapaneserockgardens
RockgardensexistedinJapanatleastsincetheHeianPeriod(7841185).Theseearlygardenswere
describedinthefirstmanualofJapanesegardens,Sakuteiki(RecordsofGardenKeeping),writtenatthe
endofthe11thcenturybyTachibananoToshitsuna(10281094).Theywerelargelycopiedfromthe
ChinesegardensoftheSongDynasty(9601279),wheregroupsofrockssymbolizedMountPenglai,the
legendarymountainislandhomeoftheEightImmortalsinChinesemythology,knowninJapaneseas
Horai.[3]TheSakuteikidescribedexactlyhowrocksshouldbeplaced.Inonepassage,hewrote:"Ina
placewherethereisneitheralakeorastream,onecanputinplacewhatiscalledakaresansui,ordry
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landscape..."Thiskindofgardenfeaturedeitherrocksplaceduprightlikemountains,orlaidoutina
miniaturelandscapeofhillsandravines,withfewplants.Hedescribedseveralotherstylesofrock
garden,whichusuallyincludedastreamorpond,includingthegreatriverstyle,themountainriverstyle,
andthemarshstyle.Theoceanstylefeaturedrocksthatappearedtohavebeenerodedbywaves,
surroundedbyabankofwhitesand,likeabeach.[4]
WhitesandandgravelhadlongbeenafeatureofJapanesegardens.IntheShintoreligion,itwasusedto
symbolizepurity,andwasusedaroundshrines,temples,andpalaces.Inzengardens,itrepresentswater,
or,likethewhitespaceinJapanesepaintings,emptinessanddistance.Theyareplacesofmeditation.

ZenBuddhismandtheMuromachiPeriod(13361573)
TheMuromachiPeriodinJapan,whichtookplaceatroughlythesametimeastheRenaissancein
Europe,wascharacterizedbypoliticalrivalrieswhichfrequentlyledtowars,butalsobyan
extraordinaryflourishingofJapaneseculture.ItsawthebeginningofNohtheater,theJapanesetea
ceremony,theshoinstyleofJapanesearchitecture,andthezengarden.[5]
ZenBuddhismwasintroducedintoJapanattheendofthe12thcentury,andquicklyachievedawide
following,particularlyamongtheSamuraiclassandwarlords,whoadmireditsdoctrineofself
discipline.ThegardensoftheearlyzentemplesinJapanresembledChinesegardensofthetime,with
lakesandislands.ButinKyotointhe14thand15thcentury,anewkindofgardenappearedatthe
importantzentemples.Thesezengardensweredesignedtostimulatemeditation."Nature,ifyoumadeit
expressivebyreducingittoitsabstractforms,couldtransmitthemostprofoundthoughtsbyitssimple
presence",MichelBaridonwrote."Thecompositionsofstone,alreadycommonChina,becameinJapan,
veritablepetrifiedlandscapes,whichseemedsuspendedintime,asinacertainmomentsofNohtheater,
whichdatestothesameperiod."[6]
ThefirstgardentobeginthetransitiontothenewstyleisconsideredbymanyexpertstobeSaihji,
"TheTempleofthePerfumesoftheWest,"popularlyknownasKokedera,theMossGarden,inthe
westernpartofKyoto.TheBuddhistmonkandzenmasterMusKokushitransformedaBuddhist
templeintoazenmonasteryin1334,andbuiltthegardens.ThelowergardenofSaihjiisinthe
traditionalHeianPeriodstyleapondwithseveralrockcompositionsrepresentingislands.Theupper
gardenisadryrockgardenwhichfeaturesthreerock"islands."Thefirst,calledKameshima,theisland
oftheturtle,resemblesaturtleswimmingina"lake"ofmoss.Thesecond,Zazenseki,isaflat
"meditationrock,"whichisbelievedtoradiatecalmandsilenceandthethirdisthekaretaki,adry
"waterfall"composedofastairwayofflatgraniterocks.Themosswhichnowsurroundstherocksand
representswater,wasnotpartoftheoriginalgardenplanitgrewseveralcenturieslaterwhenthegarden
wasleftuntended,butnowisthemostfamousfeatureofthegarden.[7]
MusoKokushibuiltanothertemplegardenatTenryji,the"TempleoftheCelestialDragon".This
gardenappearstohavebeenstronglyinfluencedbyChineselandscapepaintingoftheSongDynasty
whichfeaturemountainsrisinginthemist,andasuggestionofgreatdepthandheight.Thegardenat
TenryjihasarealpondwithwaterandadrywaterfallofrockslookinglikeaChineselandscape.
SaihjiandTenryjishowthetransitionfromtheHeianstylegardentowardamoreabstractand
stylizedviewofnature.[7]
ThegardensofGinkakuji,alsoknownastheSilverPavilion,arealsoattributedtoMusoKokushi.This
templegardenincludedatraditionalpondgarden,butithadanewfeatureforaJapanesegardenanarea
ofrakedwhitegravelwithaperfectlyshapedmountainofwhitegravel,resemblingMountFuji,inthe

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center.Thescenewascalledginshanada,literally"sandofsilverandopensea".Thisgardenfeature
becameknownaskogetsudai,orsmallmountainfacingthemoon,"andsimilarsmallMountFujismade
ofsandorearthcoveredwithgrassappearedinJapanesegardensforcenturiesafterwards.[8]
ThemostfamousofallzengardensinKyotoisRyanji,builtinthelate15thcenturywhereforthefirst
timethezengardenbecamepurelyabstract.Thegardenisarectangleof340squaremeters.[9]Placed
withinitarefifteenstonesofdifferentsizes,carefullycomposedinfivegroupsonegroupoffivestones,
twogroupsofthree,andtwogroupsoftwostones.Thestonesaresurroundedbywhitegravel,whichis
carefullyrakedeachdaybythemonks.Theonlyvegetationinthegardenissomemossaroundthe
stones.Thegardenismeanttobeviewedfromaseatedpositionontheverandaofthehj,the
residenceoftheabbotofthemonastery.[10]
ThegardenatDaisenin(15091513)tookamoreliteraryapproachthanRyanji.Therea"river"of
whitegravelrepresentsametaphoricaljourneythroughlifebeginningwithadrywaterfallinthe
mountains,passingthroughrapidsandrocks,andendinginatranquilseaofwhitegravel,withtwo
gravelmountains.
TheinventionofthezengardenwascloselyconnectedwithdevelopmentsinJapaneseinklandscape
paintings.JapanesepainterssuchasSesshTy(14201506)andSoami(died1525)greatlysimplified
theirviewsofnature,showingonlythemostessentialaspectsofnature,leavinggreatareasofwhite
aroundtheblackandgraydrawings.Soamiissaidtohavebeenpersonallyinvolvedinthedesignoftwo
ofthemostfamouszengardensinKyoto,RyanjiandDaisenin,thoughhisinvolvementhasnever
beendocumentedwithcertainty.
MichelBaridonwrote,"ThefamouszengardensoftheMuromachiPeriodshowedthatJapanhad
carriedtheartofgardenstothehighestdegreeofintellectualrefinementthatitwaspossibletoattain."
[11]

Saihji,ortheMoss
Garden,anearlyzen
gardenfromthemid
14thcentury.Themoss
arrivedmuchlater,
whenthegardenwas
nottended.

Thegardenof
Ginkakujifeaturesa
replicaofMountFuji
madeofgravel,ina
gravelsea.itwasthe
modelforsimilar
miniaturemountainsin
Japanesegardensfor
centuries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden

Partofthegardenat
Ryanji(late15th
century),themost
abstractofallJapanese
zengardens

Classictriadrock
compositionatRyan
ji.

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Inthegardenof
Daisenin,ariverof
graveltakesvisitorson
ametaphoricaljourney
throughlife

Thewhitegravel
"ocean"ofthegarden
ofDaisenji,towhich
thegravelriverflows.

TheGardenofthe
BlissfulMountainat
Zuihoin,asubtemple
ofDaitokuji.

InZuihoingarden,
someoftherocksare
saidtoformacross.
Thegardenwasbuilt
bythedaimyotomo
Srin,whowasa
converttoChristianity.

Laterrockgardens
DuringtheEdoperiod,thelargepromenadegardenbecamethedominantstyleofJapanesegarden,but
zengardenscontinuedtoexistatzentemples.Afewsmallnewrockgardenswerebuilt,usuallyaspart
ofagardenwherearealstreamorpondwasnotpractical.
In1880,thebuildingsofTfukujitempleinKyoto,oneoftheoldesttemplesinthecity,weredestroyed
byafire.In1940,thetemplecommissionedthelandscapehistorianandarchitectShigemoriMireito
recreatethegardens.Hecreatedfourdifferentgardens,oneforeachfaceofthemaintemplebuilding.
Hemadeonegardenwithfiveartificialhillscoveredwithgrass,symbolizingthefivegreatancient
templesofKyotoamodernrockgarden,withverticalrocks,symbolizingMountHoraialarge"sea"of
whitegravelrakedinacheckboardpatternandanintimategardenwithswirlingsandpatterns.[12]
Inthelastcentury,zengardenshaveappearedinmanycountriesoutsideofJapan.

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ThegardenofTfuku
ji(1940).Thefivehills
symbolizethefive
greatzentemplesof
Kyoto.

Themodernzen
gardenatTfukuji
(1940).

partofthemodernzen
gardenatTfukuji
(1940).The"islands"
oftheimmortals.

Azengardenina
checkboardpattern,at
Tfukuji(1940).

Partofthemodernzen
gardenatTfukuji
(1940).

Sandandstonegarden
locatedinthePortland
JapaneseGardens.

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Acourtyardzen
gardenatTfukuji
(1940).

ShitennjiHonb
garden

An'yinGardenof
TaisanjiinKobe,
Hyogo,Japan.

Asmallgardeninthe
JapaneseTeaGarden
ofGoldenGatePark,
inSanFrancisco

Rosanjigarden

ShitennjiinOsaka

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AdachiMuseumofArt Taizin,Myshinji,
inKyoto

Groundplanofthe
Aminiaturedry
Tsuboenkaresansuior landscapegarden
Zengarden,Lelystad,
Netherlands

Kmyzenji

Jissin,inKyoto
(Iwakura)

JapaneseGardenat
HamiltonGardens,
Waikato,NewZealand

Selectionandarrangementofrocks
TheselectionandplacementofrocksisthemostimportantpartofmakingaJapaneserockgarden.In
thefirstknownmanualofJapanesegardening,theSakuteiki,'"Creatingagarden"isexpressedas
"settingstones",ishiwotaterukotoliterally,the"actofsettingstonesupright."Itlaidoutveryspecific
rulesforchoiceandtheplacementofstones,andwarnedthatiftheruleswerenotfollowedtheownerof
thegardenwouldsuffermisfortune.[13]InJapanesegardening,rocksareclassifiedaseithertallvertical,
lowvertical,arching,reclining,orflat.[14]
Forcreating"mountains",usuallyigneousvolcanicrocks,ruggedmountainrockswithsharpedges,are
used.Smooth,roundedsedimentaryrocksareusedforthebordersofgravel"rivers"or"seashores."[14]
InChinesegardensoftheSongdynasty,individualrockswhichlookedlikeanimalsorhadother
unusualfeatureswereoftenthestarattractionofthegarden.InJapanesegardens,individualrocksrarely
playthestarringroletheemphasisisupontheharmonyofthecomposition.[14]Forarrangingrocks,
therearemanyrulesintheSakuteiki.Forexample:
"Makesurethatallthestones,rightdowntothefrontofthearrangement,areplacedwith
theirbestsidesshowing.Ifastonehasanuglylookingtopyoushouldplaceitsoastogive
prominencetoitsside.Evenifthismeansithastoleanataconsiderableangle,noonewill
notice.Thereshouldalwaysbemorehorizontalthanverticalstones.Ifthereare"running
away"stonestheremustbe"chasing"stones.Ifthereare"leaning"stones,theremustbe
"supporting"stones."
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Rocksarerarelyifeverplacedinstraightlinesorinsymmetricalpatterns.Themostcommon
arrangementisoneormoregroupsofthreerocks.Onecommontriadarrangementhasatallverticalrock
flankedbytwosmallerrocks,representingBuddhaandhistwoattendants.Otherbasiccombinationsare
atallverticalrockwitharecliningrockashortverticalrockandaflatrockandatriadofatallvertical
rock,arecliningrockandaflatrock.Otherimportantprinciplesaretochooserockswhichvaryincolor,
shapeandsize,toavoidrockswithbrightcolorswhichmightdistracttheviewer,andmakecertainthat
thegrainsofrocksruninthesamedirection.
AttheendoftheEdoperiod,anewprinciplewasinventedtheuseofsuteishi,"discarded"or
"nameless"rocks,placedinseeminglyrandomplacestoaddspontaneitytothegarden.[14]Other
importantprinciplesofrockarrangementincludebalancingthenumberofverticalandhorizontalrocks.

Sandandgravel
Gravelisusuallyusedinzengardens,ratherthansand,becauseitislessdisturbedbyrainandwind.The
actofrakingthegravelintoapatternrecallingwavesorripplingwater,knownassamon()[15]or
hkime(),hasanaestheticfunction.Zenpriestspracticethisrakingalsotohelptheirconcentration.
Achievingperfectionoflinesisnoteasy.Rakesareaccordingtothepatternsofridgesasdesiredand
limitedtosomeofthestoneobjectssituatedwithinthegravelarea.Nonethelessoftenthepatternsare
notstatic.Developingvariationsinpatternsisacreativeandinspiringchallenge.
Stonearrangementsandotherminiatureelementsareusedtorepresentmountainsandnaturalwater
elementsandscenes,islands,riversandwaterfalls.Stoneandshapedshrubs(karikomi,hakozukuri
topiary)areusedinterchangeably.Inmostgardensmossisusedasagroundcovertocreate"land"
coveredbyforest.

Symbolism
IntheJapaneserockgarden,rockssometimessymbolizemountains,(particularlyHorai,thelegendary
homeoftheEightImmortalsinBuddhistmythology)ortheycanbeboatsoralivingcreature(usuallya
turtle,oracarp).Inagroup,theymightbeawaterfalloracraneinflight.
IntheearliestrockgardensoftheHeianperiod,therocksinagardensometimeshadapoliticalmessage.
AstheSakuteikiwrote:
"Sometimes,whenmountainsareweak,theyarewithoutfaildestroyedbywater.Itis,in
otherwords,asifsubjectshadattackedtheiremperor.Amountainisweakifitdoesnot
havestonesforsupport.Anemperorisweakifhedoesnothavecounselors.Thatiswhyit
issaidthatitisbecauseofstonesthatamountainissure,andthankstohissubjectsthatan
emperorissecure.Itisforthisreasonthat,whenyouconstructalandscape,youmustatall
costplacerocksaroundthemountain."[16]
Someclassicalzengardens,likeDaisenin,havesymbolismthatcanbeeasilyreaditisametaphorical
journeyontheriveroflife.Others,likeRyanji,resisteasyinterpretation.Manydifferenttheorieshave
beenputforwardaboutwhatthegardenissupposedtorepresent,fromislandsinastreamtoswimming
babytigerstothepeaksofmountainsrisingabovethecloudstotheoriesaboutsecretsofgeometryorof
therulesofequilibriumofoddnumbers.GardenhistorianGunterNitschkewrote:"Thegardenat
Ryanjidoesnotsymbolizeanything,ormoreprecisely,toavoidanymisunderstanding,thegardenof
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Ryanjidoesnotsymbolize,nordoesithavethevalueofreproducinganaturalbeautythatonecanfind
intherealormythicalworld.Iconsiderittobeanabstractcompositionof"natural"objectsinspace,a
compositionwhosefunctionistoincitemeditation.".[17]
Arecentsuggestion,byGertvanTonderofKyotoUniversityandMichaelLyonsofRitsumeikan
University,isthattherocksofRyanjiformthesubliminalimageofatree.Theresearchersclaimthe
subconsciousmindissensitivetoasubtleassociationbetweentherocks.Theysuggestthismaybe
responsibleforthecalmingeffectofthegarden.[18]

LandscapepaintingandtheZengardencritique
ChineselandscapepaintingwasoneofthemanyChineseartsthatcametoJapanwithZenBuddhismin
thefourteenthcentury.ThattheBuddhismofZeninfluencedgardendesignwasfirstsuggestednotin
Japan,butintheWestbyaHawaiangardenjournalistLoraineKuckinthe1930sanddisputedassuch
byascholarofJapanesegardenhistory,WybeKuitertin1988.[19]Thiswaswellbeforescholarsjumped
onthebandwagoninthe1990stodeconstructthepromotionandreceptionofZen.[20]Thecritique
comesdowntothefactthatBuddhistpriestswerenottryingtoexpressZeningardens.Areviewofthe
quotesofBuddhistprieststhataretakento"prove"Zenforthegardenareactuallyphrasescopiedfrom
Chinesetreatisesonlandscapepainting.SecondarywritersontheJapanesegardenlikeKeaneand
Nitschke,whowereassociatingwithKuitertwhenhewasworkingonhisresearchattheKyoto
UniversityjoinedtheZengardencritique,likeKendallH.Brown,whotookasimilardistancefromthe
Zengarden.InJapanthecritiquewastakenoverbyYamadaShoujiwhotookacriticalstancetothe
understandingofallJapaneseculture,includinggardens,underthenominatorofZen.[21]Christian
TagsoldsummarizedthediscussionbyplacingperceptionsoftheJapanesegardeninthecontextofan
interdisciplinarycomparisonofculturesofJapanandtheWest.[22]
ZenpriestsquotefromChinesetreatisesonlandscapepaintingindicatingthattheJapaneserockgarden,
anditskaresansuigardenscenerywasandstillisinspiredbyorbasedonfirstChineseandlateralso
Japaneselandscapepainting.[23]Landscapepaintingandlandscapegardeningwerecloselyrelatedand
practicedbyintellectuals,theliteratiinspiredbyChineseculture.Aprimarydesignprinciplewasthe
creationofalandscapebasedon,oratleastgreatlyinfluencedby,thethreedimensionalmonochrome
ink(sumi)landscapepainting,sumieorsuibokuga.InJapanthegardenhasthesamestatusasawork
ofart.Thougheachgardenisdifferentinitscomposition,theymostlyuserockgroupingsandshrubsto
representaclassicsceneofmountains,valleysandwaterfallstakenfromChineselandscapepainting.In
somecasesitmightbeasabstractasjustafewislandsinasea.AnyJapanesegardenmayalso
incorporatesexistingsceneryoutsideitsconfinement,e.g.thehillsbehind,as"borrowedscenery"(using
atechniquecalledShakkei).

Seealso
Gardenspa
HigashiyamaBunkainMuromachiperiod
Japanesegarden
Wabisabi

List
Shrinesandtempleswithrockgardens:
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InKyoto:
Daitokuji
Daisenin
Jishoji
Jissoin
Myoshinji
Rozanji
Ryoanji
Tofukuji
OutsideKyoto:
An'yin(Kobe)
BingoAnkokuji(Fukuyama)
HarimaAnkokuji(Kato,Hyogo)
Jmyji(Kamakura)
KinbyzanZuisenji(Kamakura)
Komyozenji(Fukuoka)
Shitennoji(Osaka)

References
1. OnoKenkichiandWalterEdwards:"Bilingual(EnglishandJapanese)DictionaryofJapaneseGardenTerms
(Karesansui.p.20)fromKansaiPrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pageocess,Nara2001TheKaresansui
definitionwasextractedwithpermissionfromTheonline"living"guidetorealizeaZengarden
(http://www.zengarden.org/)byP.M.Patings.
2. GunterNitschke,LeJardinjaponais,pg.65.
3. MichelBaridon,LesJardinsPaysagistes,Jardinieres,Poetes,pg.485487.
4. MichelBaridon,LesJardins,pg.488
5. Nitschke,lejardinjaponais,pg.67.
6. Baridon,LesJardinspg.472.
7. Nitschke,lejardinjaponais,pg.6873.
8. Nitschke,Lejardinjaponais,pg.86.
9. Nitschke,LeJardinJaponais.YoungandYoungputthesizeattwentyfivemetersbytenmeters.
10. Nitschke,LeJardinJaponais,pg.90.
11. MichelBaridon,:LesJardins,pg.474.TranslationofthisexcerptfromFrenchbyD.R.Siefkin.
12. Nitschke,LejardinJaponais,pg.217218
13. MichelBaridon,LesJardins,pg.485490.
14. YoungandYoung,TheArtoftheJapaneseGarden.pg.22.
15. JAANUS,"samon(http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/s/samon.htm)"
16. Baridon,LesJardins,pg.492.
17. Nitschke,LejardinJaponais,"pg.92.TranslationofthiscitationfromFrenchbyD.R.Siefkin.
18. vanTonder,GertLyons,MichaelJ.(September2005)."VisualPerceptioninJapaneseRockGardenDesign"
(http://www.kasrl.org/axiomathes.pdf)(PDF).Axiomathes(Springer)15(3):353371(19).
doi:10.1007/s1051600454488(https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1051600454488).Retrieved20070108.
19. WybeKuitert,Themes,Scenes,andTasteintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt,p.150160,Japonica
NeerlandicaVolume3,GiebenPublishers,AmsterdamISBN9050630219http://edepot.wur.nl/206169
20. ReviewElizabethtenGrotenhuis,JournalofJapaneseStudies,Vol.29,No.2(Summer,2003),pp.429432
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064424
21. YamadaShoji,(EarlHartmantransl.)ShotsintheDark,Japan,Zen,andtheWest,TheUniversityofChicago
Press,2009
22. ChristianTagsoldSpacesofTranslation:JapaneseGardensintheWest,Habilitationsschrift,HHU
Dusseldorf
23. Kuitert,Wybe(March2013)."CompositionofSceneryinJapanesePreModernGardensandtheThree
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DistancesofGuoXi".StudiesintheHistoryofGardens&DesignedLandscapes(TaylorandFrancis)33(1):
115.doi:10.1080/02666286.2012.753189(https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F02666286.2012.753189).

Bibliography
WybeKuitert(1988).Themes,Scenes,andTasteintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt.Gieben
Amsterdam.ISBN9050630219.
WybeKuitert(2002).ThemesintheHistoryofJapaneseGardenArt.HawaiiUniversityPress.
ISBN0824823125.
DavidYoungMichikoYoung(July2005).TheArtoftheJapaneseGarden.TuttlePub.
ISBN9780804835985.
GnterNitschke(2007).Lejardinjaponais:Angledroitetformenaturelle.ISBN97838228
30345.
Baridon,Michel(1998).LesJardinsPaysagistes,Jardiniers,Poetes.,ditionsRobertLafont,
Paris,(ISBN222106707X)
MiyekoMurase(1996).LArtDuJapon.LGF/LeLivredePoche.ISBN9782253130543.
DanielleElisseeff(20100923).Jardinsjaponais.ISBN9782359880298.
VirginieKlecka(20110415).JardinsJaponais.ISBN9782815300520.

Note
*TheSakuteikiisagardenbookwithnotesongardenmakingthatdatesbacktothelateseventeenthcentury.Itsoldesttitle
isSenzaiHish,"SecretExtractsonGardens",andwaswrittennearly1000yearsago,makingittheoldestworkonJapanese
gardening.Itisassumedthatthiswaswritteninthe11thcenturybyanoblemannamedTachibananoTichitsuna.Inthis
textliesthefirstmentionofthekaresansuiinliterature.OnlyrecentlywesawanEnglishmoderntranslationofthis
gardeningclassic.

Externallinks
ZenGardens:imagesandmeaning
WikimediaCommonshas
(http://www.aboutzen.info/perceive/zengarden.htm)
mediarelatedtoJapanese
PhotoGalleryofJapaneseZenGardens
rockgarden.
(http://www.phototravels.net/kyoto/zengardens
index.html)
VirtualtouroftheZenGardensinandaroundKyoto(http://learn.bowdoin.edu/japanesegardens/)
GeometricalconceptsofJapaneserockgarden
(http://www.phantomgallery.64g.ru/sad/sad1en.htm)
StanfordUniversityarticleonthehistoryandmeaningofsomeJapanesegardens
(http://www.stanford.edu/group/sjeaa/journal42/japan2.pdf)PDF(180KB)
Tsuboen(http://www.zengarden.org/)AvirtualtourofthekaresansuigardeninThe
Netherlands
StudyintothekaresansuigardensoftheEdoera(http://www.zen
garden.org/html/page_samurai.htm)karesansuigardensofTraditionalSamuraiResidences
NeuroscienceunlockssecretsofZengarden(http://www.nature.com/nsu/020923/0209238.html)
(Requiressubscription)
NeuroscienceunlockssecretsofZengarden(http://www.lauralee.com/news/zensecrets.htm)
(Mirror)
Criticismsoftheterm"ZenGarden"(http://www.rothteien.com/superbait/zenviewpoints.htm)in
JapaneseGardenJournal
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Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japanese_rock_garden&oldid=665090059"
Categories: Japanesestyleofgardening Zenartandculture Horticultureandgardening
RockartinAsia Rockgardens ZenBuddhistterminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden

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