Christian Civilization 122 (2nd Long Exam reviewer)

Scientific Revolution
Situation: Worldwide spread of the Protestant reformation
Current time period: 16th-17th century
Predominant religion: Largely Catholic in Europe
Laid the foundation of the Age of Enlightenment
- enthusiasm for, and faith in, scientific progress. Everything that did not fall
under scientific explanation was dismissed or regarded with disdain. Something that
cannot be proved could not be true.
Effects on the church: Rationalism took precedence over faith and many sought to
divorce their countries from any guidance from the church
Important Figures during the Scientific Revolution
Rene Descartes
- I think, therefore I am -In this manner, Descartes
proceeds to construct a
system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only
deduction as a method.
- Was a French philosopher
- Developed the mathematical Cartesian Plane
- In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge,
discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method.
Describes the world Mathematically
Francis Bacon
- English Philosopher
- Father of Empiricism
- Developed the Baconian Method (precursor to the scientific method)
- Empiricism
- Gathered knowledge through experience and observation as a way of understanding
how things worked
- For the use and benefit of men and for the relief of the human condition
Tycho Brahe
- Danish Nobleman
- Assisted by Johannes Kepler, who finished the 3 laws planetary of motion
Isaac Newton
- English Physicist and Mathematician
- Developed the Laws of Gravity and Laws of Motion

Nicolas Copernicus
- postulated the foundations of Heliocentric world view.
-Heliocentric

- the geocentric view mostly speakers to Christians since it is similar to what is said in
the Bible
-Sun in the center of the galaxy
- Descartes, Bacon and Kepler supported him
Galileo Galilei
- scientific method
- proved the validity of the Copernican model
- some Christians were okay with it, while some rejected it since they believed it went against
the teaching of the Bible
- Pope Paul V and Gregory X were amongst who supported him
- was condemned by ecclesiastical authorities
- Isaac Newton Protagonists of the Enlightenment and its Effects
Age of Enlightenment
- is a Secular view of the world
- Removes the place of God
Deism and Masonry
- rejected Divine revelation and supernatural religion
- philosophes believed that ask knowledge must be based on demonstration by human reason
- Deism is a rationalist philosophy that accepted the principle of a first cause(creator) but
denied divine intervention or providence in the world
- these deists saw God as a great watchmaker who created the universe with laws and
principles that were wound up and then left to man's discovery and domination
- only reason is enough and necessary to guide humans
- Freemasonry is a secret fraternal organization formed by Deists
- they see God as a grand architect of the universe and bases its practices, rules, and
organization in Enlightenment philosophy and reason
- they have also secretly attempted to destroy the Church
- ridiculed the church
Denis Diderot
- French philosopher
- Co-created the Encyclopedia
- Prominent figure during the Enlightenment
Voltaire
- French Enlightenment writer.
- Attacked the Catholic Church
- Advocated for the Freedom of Religion and Expression. Also argued for the
Separation of the Church and State
Enlightened despotism
is a form of government in the 18th century in which absolute monarchs
pursued legal, social, and educational reforms inspired by the Enlightenment.

Frederick the Great

- Also known as, Frederick the II.
- was an Enlightened Despot
- Successfully reformed Prussia
French Revolution
- causes

- Economic ruin due to King Louie XVs incompetent leadership

and extravagant spending of the Monarchs.
- Horrible harvest (Famine)
- Poor representation of the 3rd Estate
- Revival of the Estates General
- Enlightenment ideals spread among the common people
Effects
- Removal of monarchy and nobility.
- Church is outlawed; Cult of reason is founded.
- Development of Nationalistic Ideals
- French bourgeois and Landowning masses hold majority of the
power.
- Reign of terror (1793-1794)
- The directory (???)(1795-1799) - Its the French
government during the revolution. It was soon overthrown by Napoleon.
- Napoleon Bonaparte (1799)

Louie XV
- King of France
- was incompetent, even as a child
- Married Marie Antoinette
- Failed to stop the French revolution
- Attempted to escape to Austria with his family but was caught by revolution
guards
- Was beheaded by the guillotine
The assembly
- AKA, The convention
- Became the French republic
- Infamous for the usage of the Guillotine
- Inspired all able-bodied men to the war -> led to fear of a breakdown in
overflowing prison->Massacre in the prisons due to tension - Robespierre
executes Louie after a trial.
Maximilien Robespierre
- Was disrespected by the king at a young age
- Became the Voice of the People
- Led the French revolution politically
- Threatened the assembly by postponing the submission of a list of enemies
- Lost the ability to speak after a botched suicide attempt
- Sentenced to death; His death ends the terror.

Jean-Paul Marat
- Was the Voice of the Revolution
- Killed by Charlotte Corday in his lovely dovely bathtub
- Became a Martyr
Reign of Terror
- Suspended the constitution
- Executes enemies of the revolution
- created the Committee of Public Safety
- Aimed for Dechristianization
- Spawned multiple Rebellions.
3rd Estate
- locked out of the Estate General
- Formed the National assembly
- Made the Rights of man
- Disliked the church; Believe all the problems originated from the church.
- Created the Civil constitution of the Clergy; This regulated the clergy.
Monarchs abroad
- Supported the french monarchy to stop the spread of revolutionary ideals.

Secular humanism
- A mechanical understanding of the human person; away from God & religion.
- Implies that people are capable of morals without God
- Based on Enlightenment teachings
- A non-religious ideology.
- More antagonistic towards the church and its beliefs

Charles Darwin
-

Natural Selection
- Evolving to adapt to the current environment.
- Survival of the fittest
- Weeds out the weak.
- The Rich survives because they have the needed resources to
sustain life, unlike those who are poor.
- Believed that the human person evolved from apes
- Developed his theory by observations of various animals
- Was a British Naturalist and Geologist
Karl Marx (from Alsace)

Born in a Capitalist dominant society

Wanted to remove social classes, by giving the working class

Believed change can only happen through Revolution

was a German writer
Believed that the human person is easily placated by spiritual

the power

motives
-

Communism
- Absolute equality in society and the government
provided what is needed by the people.
- The proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie,
making everyone equal. Since there will be no more social classes that
will divide the people.

Sigmund Freud
- German psychologist
- Believed the human person was a glorified animal incapable of
pursuing spiritual motives
- Psychoanalysis
- A systematic understanding
- Ego (Conscious mind) - What is present in the mind
- Superego (Preconscious) - What can be
remembered
- Id (Subconscious) - Thoughts and memories that
are unavailable to the conscious mind
- The ID supplies the desires, while
the Ego searches for it, and the Superego will store the
experience gained.

Industrial Revolution
a large-scale production of goods that led to political and economical changes.
- 18th-19th century
- Transition from an agricultural economy
Why was it in 18th century Britain?
- Center of the scientific revolution
- The people were working toward the pursuit of practical knowledge.
- Wealthy businessmen were investing
- A large amount of natural resources

Effects
-

Made it easier to produce clothes, due to the impact in the textile industry
Transportation became easier for the common people
Innovation was extremely encouraged for efficiency
Child labor became prominent leading to poor healthcare and education
- This was due to the coal shafts being child sized and machines
being easy to use
Pollution was common due to smog
Increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
Laissez-faire
-

Adam Smith
The market is separated from the government.

Says that workers dont need anymore than what they need to

Thomas Malthus
survive.

Rerum Novarum (Written by Pope Leo XIII)

- Motivated the people to work so that they can own private
property
- Gave an idealistic view on the economy
- Labor, capital and Marxism
- of new things
- Social justice of the church
- what it promoted:
- Right to property
- Just wage
- Labor rights