Microstrip Lines and Slotlines

Second Edition

K.C. Gupta
Ramesh Garg
Inder Bahl
Prakash Bhartia

Artech House
Boston London

Contents
Preface to the Second Edition

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Preface to the First Edition

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Chapter 1
1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

Microstrip Lines I:
Quasi-Static Analyses, Dispersion Models, and Measurements
Introduction
1.1.1
Planar Transmission Structures
1.1.2
Microstrip Field Configuration
1.1.3
Methods of Microstrip Analysis
Quasi-Static Analyses of a Microstrip
1.2.1
Modified Conformal Transformation Method
1.2.2
Finite Difference Method
1.2.3
Integral Equation Method
1.2.4 Variational Method in the Fourier Transform
Domain
1.2.5
Segmentation and Boundary Element Method
(SBEM)
Microstrip Dispersion Models
1.3.1
Coupled Mode and TM Mode Model
1.3.2 An Empirical Relation
1.3.3
Dielectric-Loaded Ridged Waveguide Model
1.3.4
Empirical Formulae for Broad Frequency Range
1.3.5
Planar Waveguide Model
1.3.6
Some Comments
Microstrip Transitions
1.4.1
Coaxial-to-Microstrip Transition
1.4.2
Waveguide-to-Microstrip Transition

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1.5

Microstrip Measurements
1.5.1
Substrate Dielectric Constant
1.5.2
Characteristic Impedance
1.5.3 Phase Velocity or Effective Dielectric Constant
1.5.4 Attenuation Constant
References
Microstrip Lines II:
Fullwave Analyses, Design Considerations, and Applications
2.1
Methods of Fullwave Analysis
2.2
Analysis of an Open Microstrip
2.2.1 Integral Equation Method in the Space Domain
2.2.2 Galerkin's Method in the Spectral Domain
2.2.3 Discussion of Results
2.3
Analysis of an Enclosed Microstrip
2.3.1 Integral Equation Methods
2.3.2 Finite Difference Method
2.3.3 Discussion of Results
2.4
Design Considerations
2.4.1 Microstrip Losses
2.4.2 Power Handling Capability
2.4.3 Effect of Tolerances
2.4.4 Effect of Dielectric Anisotropy
2.4.5 Design Equations
2.4.6 Frequency Range of Operation
2.5
Other Types of Microstrip Lines
2.5.1 Suspended and Inverted Microstrip Lines
2.5.2 Multilayered Dielectric Microstrip
2.5.3 Thin Film Microstrip (TFM)
2.5.4 Valley Microstrip Lines
2.6
Microstrip Applications
2.6.1 Lumped Elements
2.6.2 Passive Components
2.6.3 Active Components
2.6.4 Packages and Assemblies
2.6.5 Superconducting Microstrip Circuits
References

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Chapter 2

Microstrip Discontinuities I:
Quasi-Static Analysis and Characterization
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Discontinuity Capacitance Evaluation
3.2.1 Matrix Inversion Method
3.2.2 Variational Method

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Chapter 3

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3.2.3

3.3
3.4

3.5

Galerkin's Mediod in the Fourier Transform

Domain
3.2.4 Use of Line Sources With Charge Reversal
Discontinuity Inductance Evaluation
Characterization of Various Discontinuities
3.4.1 Open Ends
3.4.2 Gaps in a Microstrip
3.4.3 Steps in Width
3.4.4 Bends
3.4.5 T-junctions
3.4.6 Cross Junctions
3.4.7 Notch
Compensated Microstrip Discontinuities
3.5.1 Step in Width
3.5.2 Bends
3.5.3 T-junction

Chapter 4

Microstrip Discontinuities II:

Fullwave Analysis and Measurements
4.1
Planar Waveguide Analysis
4.1.1 Discontinuity Characterization
4.1.2 Compensation of Discontinuity Reactances
4.1.3 Radiation and Parasitic Coupling
4.2
Fullwave Analysis of Discontinuities
4.2.1 Galerkin's Method in die Spectral Domain
4.2.2 Integral Equation Solution in the Space Domain
4.2.3 Time Domain Methods for Microstrip
Discontinuity Characterization
4.3
Discontinuity Measurements
4.3.1 Linear Resonator Method
4.3.2 Ring Resonator Method
4.3.3 Scattering Parameters Measurement Method
References

Chapter 5 Slotlines
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Slotline Analysis
5.2.1 Approximate Analysis
5.2.2 Transverse Resonance Method
5.2.3 Galerkin's Method in the Spectral Domain
5.3
Design Considerations
5.3.1 Closed-Form Expressions
5.3.2 Effect of Metal Thickness

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5.3.3
Effect of Tolerances
5.3.4
Losses in Sloine
5.4
Slotline Discontinuities
5.4.1
Short E n d
5.4.2
O p e n End
5.5
O t h e r Slotline Configurations
5.5.1
C o u p l e d Microstrip-Slotline
5.5.2
Conductor-Backed Slotline
5.5.3
Conductor-Backed Slotline with a Superstrate
5.6
Slotline Transitions
5.6.1
Coaxial-to-Slotline Transition
5.6.2
Microstrip-to-Slotline Crossjunction Transition
5.7
Slotline Applications
5.7.1
Circuits Using T-junctions
5.7.2
Circuits Using W i d e b a n d 180 Phase Shift
5.7.3
H y b r i d / d e R o n d e ' s Branchline Couplers
5.7.4
O t h e r Types of Slotline Circuits
References
A p p e n d i x 5.A: Susceptance Calculation for the Transverse
Resonance M e t h o d
A p p e n d i x 5.B: Sensitivity Expressions for Sloine I m p e d a n c e
a n d Wavelength

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Chapter 6 Finlines
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Analysis of Finlines
6.2.1
Transverse Resonance M e t h o d
6.2.2
Galerkin's M e t h o d in the Spectral D o m a i n
6.3
Design Considerations
6.3.1
Closed-Form Solutions
6.3.2
LSE-Mode Dispersion Model
6.3.3
Synthesis Equations
6.3.4
C o n d u c t o r Loss in Finlines
6.4
Transitions
6.4.1
Finline-to-Waveguide T a p e r Transitions
6.4.2
Finline-to-Microstrip T a p e r Transitions
References
A p p e n d i x 6.A: Susceptance Expression for the Unilateral Finline

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Chapter 7 Coplanar Lines: Coplanar Waveguide a n d Coplanar Strips

7.1
Introduction
7.2
Analysis
7.2.1
Quasi-Static CPW Analysis Based o n the
Conformal M a p p i n g M e t h o d

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7.2.2 Quasi-Static Analysis of Coplanar Strips (CPS)

7.2.3 Fullwave Analysis
7.3
Design Considerations
7.3.1 Design Equations
7.3.2 Dispersion
7.3.3 Effect of Metallization Thickness
7.4
Losses
7.4.1 Dielectric Loss
7.4.2 Conductor Loss
7.4.3 Radiation and Surface Wave Losses
7.5
Effect of Tolerances
7.6
Comparison With Microstrip Line and Slotline
7.7
Transitions
7.7.1 Coax-to-CPW Transitions
7.7.2 Microstrip-to-CPW Transitions
7.7.3 Slotline-to-CPW Transitions
7.7.4 CPW-to-CPS Transition
7.7.5 CPS-to-Slotline Transitions
7.8
Discontinuities in Coplanar Waveguide
7.9
Coplanar Line Circuits
7.9.1 Circuits With Series and Shunt Reactances in
CPW
7.9.2 Circuits Using Slotline-CPW Junctions
References
Chapter 8 Coupled Microstrip Lines
8.1
Introduction
8.2
General Analysis of Coupled Lines
8.2.1 Methods of Analysis
8.2.2
Coupled Mode Approach
8.2.3 Even- and Odd-Mode Approach
8.3
Characteristics of Coupled Microstrip Lines
8.3.1 Quasi-Static Analysis
8.3.2 Fullwave Analysis
8.3.3 Dispersion Models
8.4
Measurements on Coupled Microstrip Lines
8.4.1 Impedance Measurements
8.4.2 Phase Constant Measurements
8.5
Design Considerations for Coupled Microstrip Lines
8.5.1 Design Equations
8.5.2 Losses
8.5.3 Effect of Fabrication Tolerances

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8.5.4

Coupled Microstrip Lines With Dielectric

Overlays
8.5.5 Effect of Dielectric Anisotropy
8.6
Coupled Multiconductor Microstrip Lines
8.7
Discontinuities in Coupled Microstrip Lines
8.7.1 Network Model
8.7.2 Open-End Discontinuity
References

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About the Authors

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Index

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