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CHAPTER 16
P.P.16.1
4/s
+
V o (s)
160
s ( s 2) 2
160
A
B
C
2
s ( s 2)
s s 2 ( s 2) 2
160 A (s 2 4s 4) B ( s 2 2s) Cs
Equating coefficients :
80 4 A
A 40
s0 :
1
s :
0 4A 2 B C
2
0 A B
B -A -40
s :
Hence, 0 4 A 2B C
Vo ( s )
C -80
40
40
80
s s 2 ( s 2) 2
P.P.16.2
75/(s+2)
V o (s)
2s
i(0)/s
At node o,
75
s 2 Vo Vo i (0) 0
where i(0) 0A
1
2s 2
s
75
1 1
1 Vo
s2
2 2s
150 s
50 s
A
B
Vo
( s 2)(3s 1) ( s 2)( s 1 3) s 2 s 1 3
Vo
Hence,
60
10
s 2 s 1 3
v o ( t ) 60 e -2t 10e -t 3 u( t )V
P.P.16.3
1/sC
CV 0
V
1
CV0 sCV sC V
s
R
R
I0
CV0
s (sC 1 R ) sC 1 R
V0
I0 C
V
s 1 RC s (s 1 RC)
V0
A
B
V
s 1 RC s s 1 RC
I0 C
I0 C
I0R ,
B
- I0R
where A
1 RC
- 1 RC
V
V(s)
V0
I0R
I0R
s 1 RC
s
s 1 RC
v( t ) ((V 0 I 0 R ) e - t I 0 R ), t 0,
where RC
We solve this problem the same as we did in Example 16.4 up to the point
P.P.16.4
where we find V 1 . Once we have V 1 , all we need to do is to divide V 1 by 5s to
and add in the contribution from i(0)/s to find I L .
I L = V 1 /5s i(0)/s = 7/(s(s+1)) 6/(s(s+2)) 1/s
= 7/s 7/(s+1) 3/s + 3/(s+2) 1/s = 3/s 7/(s+1) + 3/(s+2)
Which leads to i L (t) = (3 7et + 3e2t)u(t)A
P.P.16.5
All we need to do is divide each voltage by 5s and then add in the contribution
from i(0). Start by letting i L = i 1 + i 2 + i 3 .
I 1 = V 1 /5s 0/s = 6/(s(s+1)) 6/(s(s+2)) = 6/s 6/(s+1) 3/s + 3/(s+2)
i 1 = (3 6et + 3e2t)u(t)A
or
I 2 = V 2 /5s 1/s = 2/(s(s+1)) 2/(s(s+2)) 1/s = 2/s 2/(s+1) 1/s + 1/(s+2) 1/s
i 2 = (2et + e2t)u(t)A
or
or
P.P.16.6
Ix
1/s
1
+
30/s
Vo
4I x
(a) Take out the 2 and find the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
V Th =
Ix
1/s
1
+
30/s
V Th
4I x
Ix
30/s
1/s
I sc
4I x
1
5( s 0.2)
24( s 0.25)
s ( s 0 .2 )
+
+
Vo
24( s 0.25)
24( s 0.25)
60(4 s 1)
24( s 0.25)
s ( s 0.2)
2
2 =
Vo =
or
1
s (0.2 2s 0.4)
s( s 0.3)
s(10 s 3)
2
5( s 0.2)
(b)
v o () = Lim sV o = 24(0+0.25)/(0+0.3) = 20 V
s0
(c)
P.P.16.7
10
.
s3
20 s
A
B
( s 3)( s 6) s 3 s 6
A Y ( s ) ( s 3)
s -3
-20
B Y ( s ) ( s 6)
s -6
40
Y (s)
- 20
40
s3 s6
2 (s 6 6)
12
2s
2
s6
(s 6)
s6
h ( t ) 2 (t ) 12 e -6t u(t )
By current division,
2 1 2s
I1
I
s 4 2 1 2s 0
P.P.16.8
H(s)
I1
2 1 2s
4s 1
2
I 0 s 4 2 1 2s 2s 12s 1
P.P.16.9
(a)
2s
Vo
1 || 2 s
1 2 s
2
2
s
Vi 1 1 || 2 s
s4
1
1 2 s
H(s)
Vo
2
Vi s 4
(b)
h ( t ) 2 e -4t u(t )
(c)
2
A
B
s (s 4) s s 4
1
,
2
1 1
1
Vo (s)
2s s 4
A s Vo (s) s 0
-1
2
1
(1 e -4t ) u(t ) V
2
v o (t )
(d)
B (s 4) Vo (s) s -4
Vi (s)
v i ( t ) 8 cos(2t )
Vo (s) H (s) Vi (s)
8s
s 4
2
16s
A
Bs C
2
2
(s 4)(s 4) (s 4) (s 4)
A (s 4) Vo (s) s-4
- 16
5
16s A (s 4) B (s 2 4s) C (s 4)
Equating coefficients :
s2 :
0 AB
B -A
s1 :
16 4B C
C
16
5
0 4 A 4C
C -A
s0 :
Vo (s)
16
5
(1)
(2)
(3)
16 1
s 1 16 1
s
1
2
2
2
2
5 s 4 s 4 5 s 4 s 4 2 s 4
iR
R1
L
+
+
vs
vL
+
_
R2
iR i C
vo R2i
But
dv
dt
(1)
iR
Hence,
vs v
R1
vs v
dv
iC
R1
dt
or
v
v
i
s
R1C C R1C
(2)
Also,
-
v + v L + v o =0
vL L
di
v vo
dt
But v o = iR 2 . Hence
+
vo
v iR2
L L
Putting (1) to (3) into the standard form
i v / L vo / L
(3)
1
v
R1C
I
i
L
1
1
C v
R 1 C vs
R i
0
2
L
v
vo 0 R2
i
A
,
B
0 , C 0 2
5 10
2
s 2
sI A
5 s 10
s 10 2
5
s 2
1
( sI A) 2
s 12s 30
H(s) C(sI A) 1 B
s 10 2 2
2
s 2 0
5
s 2 12s 30
20
s 2 12s 30
20
s 12s 30
2
i
1
i1
R1
vo
+
v
-
L
io
R2
i2
At node 1,
v
C v i
R1
1
1
i
or
v
v i 1
R1C
C
C
This is one state equation.
At node 2,
io i i2
(2)
Applying KVL around the loop containing C, L, and R 2 , we get
i1
(1)
v L i io R2 0
or
v R2
io
L L
Substituting (2) into (3) gives
v R
R
i 2 i 2 i2
(4)
L L
L
vo = v
(5)
From (1), (3), (4), and (5), we obtain the state model as
1
1
1
0
C
v
v
i1
R
C
C
1
1
R2 i2
R2 i
i
0
L
L
L
i
vo 1 0 v 0 0 i1
io 0 1 i 0 1 i2
v 2 2 v 2 0 i1
4 8 i 0 8 i2
i
vo 1 0 v 0 0 i1
io 0 1 i 0 1 i2
P.P. 16.12
Let
so that
x1 = y
(1)
(3)
x1 y
(2)
x2 x1 y
Let
(3)
Finally, let
x3 x2 y
(4)
then
(5)
From (1) to (5), we obtain,
x1
y (t ) 1 0 0 x2
x3
P.P.16.13
Vo
- Vo (Vo ) Z
- 1 Z ,
R
Z R || 1 sC
1 sRC
R
or
- (1 sRC) R
Thus, - 1
1 sRC
For stability,
R -1
or
-1
R
where
R
1
V 0
1 sRC o
(sRC R 1) Vo 0
R 1
s
V 0
RC o
R 1
must be positive, i.e.
RC
-1
R 1 0
or
For stability
P.P.16.14
(a)
(b)
or
= 25
P.P.16.15
R
Vo
R
L
1
R
1
Vi
R sL
s2 s
sC
L LC
s
and
1
1
100 mF
20L 10
P.P.16.16
Y3
Y4
Y1
+
V in
Clearly,
Y2
V1
V2
Vo
V2 0
At node 1,
or
(1)
At node 2,
or
(V1 0) Y2 (0 Vo ) Y4
- Y4
V1
V
Y2 o
or
Vin Y4 (Y1 Y2 Y3 ) Y2 Y3
1
1
, Y2 sC1 , Y3 sC 2 , and Y4
, then
R1
R2
C1
-s
Vo
R1
Vin
1 1
sC1 sC 2 s 2 C1C 2
R 2 R1
If we select Y1
(2)
1
Vo
R 1C 2
Vin
1 1
1
1
s2 s
R 2 C 1 C 2 R 1 R 2 C1 C 2
-s
R 2 C1
1
5C1
R2
C1
C2
1 1
1
6
6
51
C1
0.1 mF
R 2 C1 C 2
5
C2
R2
1
1
2 k
5C1 (5)(0.1 10 -3 )
Therefore,
C 1 = 100 F, C 2 = 500 F, R 2 = 2 k.