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Ttulo:HowtoBeGay
Autor(es):DavidM.Halperin
Fonte:TheChronicleofHigherEducation.59.02(Sept.7,2012):
Tipodedocumento:Essay
Copyright:COPYRIGHT2012ChronicleofHigherEducation,Inc.
http://chronicle.com/section/AbouttheChronicle/83
Textocompleto:
Byline:DavidM.Halperin
Thefirsthintoftroublecameinanemailmessage.ItreachedmeonFriday,March17,2000,at4:09p.m.The
messagewasfromaguynamedJeffinErie,Pa.,whowasotherwiseunknowntome.
Atfirst,Icouldn'tfigureoutwhyJeffwaswritingme.Hekeptreferringtosomecollegecourse,andheseemedto
beveryexercisedoverit.Hewantedtoknowwhatitwasreallyabout.HewentonsarcasticallytosuggestthatI
telltheexecutivecommitteeoftheEnglishdepartmenttoincludeinthecurriculum,forbalance,anothercourse,
entitled"HowtoBeaHeartlessConservative."
ItturnedoutthatJeffwasnotaloneinhisindignation.Adozenemailmessages,mostofthemabusiveandsome
ofthemobscene,followedinquicksuccession.Thesubsequentdaysandweeksbroughtmanymore.
Eventually,IrealizedthatearlieronthatFriday,theregistrar'sofficeattheUniversityofMichiganatAnnArbor,
whereIteachEnglish,hadactivateditscourseinformationWebsite,listingtheclassestobeofferedduringthefall
term.Atvirtuallythesamemoment,theWebsiteoftheNationalReviewhadrunastorycalled"HowtoBeGay
101."Exceptfortheheading,thestoryconsistedentirelyofonepagefromMichigan'snewlypublishedcourse
listings.
SowhatwasthisstorythatwastoogoodfortheNationalReview,whichhadevidentlybeentippedoff,tokeep
underwrapsforasingleday?IthadtodowithanundergraduateEnglishcourseIhadjustinventedcalled"Howto
BeGay:MaleHomosexualityandInitiation."
Thecourseexaminedhowgaymenacquireaconsciousidentity,acommonculture,aparticularoutlookonthe
world,adistinctivesensibility.Itwasdesignedtoexploreabasicparadox:Howdoyoubecomewhoyouare?Or,
asthecoursedescriptionputit:"Justbecauseyouhappentobeagaymandoesn'tmeanthatyoudon'thavetolearn
howtobecomeone."
Thecourselookedspecificallyatgaymen'sappropriationandreuseofworksfrommainstreamcultureandtheir
transformationofthoseworksintovehiclesofgaysensibilityandgaymeaning.Theultimategoalofsuchan
inquirywastoshedlightonthenatureandformationofgaymalesubjectivity,andtoprovideanonpsychological
accountofit,byapproachinghomosexualityasasocial,notanindividual,conditionandasaculturalpractice
ratherthanasexualone.
Thosewhostudygaymalecultureencounteraninitial,dauntingobstacle:Somepeopledon'tbelievethereissuch
athing.Althoughtheexistenceofgaymalecultureisroutinelyacknowledgedasafact,itisjustasroutinely
deniedasatruth.
Thatgaymenhaveaspecificattachmenttocertainculturalobjectsandformsisthewidespread,unquestioned
assumptionbehindalotofAmericanpopularhumor.Noonewilllookatyouaghast,orcryoutinprotest,orstop
youinmidsentence,ifyoudaretoimplythataguywhoworshipsdivas,wholovestorchsongsorshowtunes,who
knowsallBetteDavis'sbestlinesbyheart,orwhoattachessupremeimportancetofinepointsofstyleorinterior
designmight,justpossibly,notturnouttobecompletelystraight.
WhenasatiricalstudentnewspaperattheUniversityofMichiganwantedtomockthepanicofonealumnusover
theelectionofanopenlygaystudentbodypresident,itwrotethatthenewpresident"hasfinallysucceededinhis
questtoturnMichigan'sentirestudentbodyhomosexual."Withinminutes,thepaperwrote,"Europeantechno
musicbeganblaringthroughoutCentralandNorthCampus."Acourseinpostmoderninteriordesignbecame
mandatoryforfreshmen,and"94percentoftheschool'scurriculumnowinvolvesshowtunes."
Thisisthestuffofpopularstereotype.
Perhapsforthatveryreason,ifyouassertwithastraightfacethatthereissuchathingasgaymaleculture,people
willimmediatelyobject,citingathousanddifferentreasonswhysuchathingisimpossible,orridiculous,or
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offensive,andwhyanyonewhosaysotherwiseisdeluded,completelyoutofdate,morallysuspect,andpolitically
irresponsible.Whichprobablywon'tstoptheverypeoplewhomakethoseobjectionsfromtellingyouajokeabout
gaymenandshowtunesevenwiththeirnextbreath.
Happily,somelargecrackshavelatelyappearedinthatfinelinebetweencasualacknowledgmentanddetermined
denial.AtleastsincethesuccessofsuchcabletelevisionseriesasQueerEyefortheStraightGuyandRuPaul's
DragRace,ithasbecomecommonplacetoregardmalehomosexualityascomprisingnotonlyasetofspecific
sexualpracticesbutalsoanassortmentofcharacteristicsocialandculturalpractices.
Thisflatteringimageofgaycultureofgaynessascultureisnotentirelynew,evenifitsentryintothestockof
receivedideasthatmakeupthecommonsenseofstraightsocietyisrelativelyrecent.Thatgaymenareparticularly
responsivetomusicandtheartswasalreadyathemeinthewritingsofpsychiatristsandsexologistsattheturnof
the20thcentury.In1954thepsychoanalystCarlJungnotedthatgaymen"mayhavegoodtasteandanaesthetic
sense."Bythelate1960s,theanthropologistEstherNewtoncouldspeakquitecasuallyof"thewidespreadbelief
thathomosexualsareespeciallysensitivetomattersofaestheticsandrefinement."
RichardFlorida,aneconomistandsocialtheorist(aswellasaselfconfessedheterosexual),mayhavegiventhat
ancientsuspicionanew,empiricalfoundation.Inaseriesofsociologicalandstatisticalstudiesofwhathehas
calledthe"creativeclass,"Floridaarguesthatthepresenceofgaypeopleinalocalityisanexcellentpredictorofa
viablehightechindustryanditspotentialforgrowth.Thereasonisthathightechjobsnowadaysfollowthework
force,andthenewclassof"creative"workersiscomposedof"nerds"andoddballswhogravitatetoplaceswith
"lowentrybarrierstohumancapital."Gaypeople,inthiscontext,arethe"canariesoftheCreativeAge."Theycan
flourishonlyinapureatmospherecharacterizedbyahighquotientof"lifestyleamenities,"coolness,"cultureand
fashion,""vibrantstreetlife,"and"acuttingedgemusicscene."Andsothepresenceofgaypeople"inlarge
numbersisanindicatorofanunderlyingculturethat'sopenmindedanddiverseandthusconducivetocreativity."
Allofwhichprovidesempiricalconfirmation,howeverflimsy,ofthenotionthathomosexualityisnotjustasexual
orientationbutaculturalorientation,adedicatedcommitmenttocertainsocialoraestheticvalues,anentirewayof
being.
Thatdistinctivelygaywayofbeing,moreover,appearstoberootedinaparticularqueerwayoffeeling.Andthat
queerwayoffeelingthatqueersubjectivityexpressesitselfthroughapeculiar,dissidentwayofrelatingtocultural
objects(movies,songs,clothes,books,worksofart)andculturalformsingeneral(artandarchitecture,operaand
musicaltheater,popanddisco,styleandfashion,emotionandlanguage).Asaculturalpractice,male
homosexualityinvolvesacharacteristicwayofreceiving,reinterpreting,andreusingmainstreamculture.Asa
result,certainfigureswhoarealreadyprominentinthemassmediabecomegayicons:Theygettakenupbygay
menwithapeculiarintensitythatdiffersfromtheirwiderreceptioninthestraightworld.(Thatpracticeisso
marked,andsowidelyacknowledged,thattheNationalPortraitGalleryinLondoncouldorganizeanentire
exhibitionaroundthethemeofGayIconsin2009.)
Whatthisimpliesisthatitisnotenoughforamantobehomosexualinordertobegay.Samesexdesirealone
doesnotequalgayness."Gay"refersnotjusttosomethingyouare,butalsotosomethingyoudo.Whichmeans
thatyoudon'thavetobehomosexualinordertodoit.Gaynessisnotastateorcondition.It'samodeof
perception,anattitude,anethos:Inshort,itisapractice.
Andifgaynessisapractice,itissomethingyoucandowellorbadly.Inordertodoitwell,youmayneedtobe
shownhowtodoitbysomeone(gayorstraight)whoisalreadygoodatitandwhocaninitiateyouintoitby
demonstratingtoyou,throughexample,howtopracticeitandbytrainingyoutodoitright.
Ratherthandismissoutofhandtheoutrageousideathatthereisarightwaytobegay,Iwanttotrytounderstand
whatitmeans.Forwhatitregistersisasetofintuitionsabouttherelationbetweensexualityandform.Ifwecould
discoverinwhatthatrelationconsists,wewouldbeinabetterpositiontograspafundamentalelementofour
existence,whichevenfeministshavebeenslowtoanalyzenamely,thesexualpoliticsofculturalform.
Willgaymenstillhavetolearnhowtobegaywhengayliberationhasdoneitsworkandtheynolongerfeel
excludedfromheterosexualculture?
Whenhomophobiaisfinallyovercome,whenitisathingofthepast,whengaypeopleachieveequalrights,social
recognition,andacceptance,whenwearefullyintegratedintostraightsocietywhenallthatcomestopass,willit
spelltheendofgayculture,orgaysubculture,asweknowit?
ThatisindeedwhatpeoplelikeDanielHarris,theauthorofTheRiseandFallofGayCulture,andthejournalist
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AndrewSullivan,whowrotethemuchdiscussedessay"TheEndofGayCulture,"haveargued.Idisputetheir
assertions,butperhapstheirprognosticationsarenotwrong,onlypremature.Perhapsthedayiscomingwhenmore
favorablesocialconditionswillvindicatetheirclaims.
Peoplehavewondered,afterall,whetherRalphEllison'sInvisibleMan,JamesBaldwin'sAnotherCountry,or
HarperLee'sToKillaMockingbirdwouldbecomeincomprehensibleormeaninglessifthereevercameatime
whenraceceasedtobesociallymarkedinAmericansociety.Similarly,wouldthehumorofLennyBruceor
WoodyAllenloseitsabilitytomakeuslaughwhenorifJewsbecomethoroughlyassimilated?Isn'tthathumor
alreadystartingtolookabitarchaic?
Gayculture'sapparentdeclineactuallystemsfromstructuralcausesthathavelittletodowiththegrowingsocial
acceptanceofhomosexuality.TherehasbeenahugetransformationinthematerialbaseofgaylifeintheUnited
States,andinmetropolitancenterselsewhere,duringthepastthreedecades.Thattransformationhashada
profoundimpactontheshapeofgaylifeandculture.Itistheresultofthreelargescaledevelopments:the
recapitalizationoftheinnercityandtheresultinggentrificationofurbanneighborhoodstheepidemicofAIDS
andtheinventionoftheInternet.
Toappreciatethenatureofthechangeanditsdecisive,farreachingeffects,recalltheconditionsunderwhichgay
cultureemerged.Tobeginwith,gayliberationinthe1960sproducedawaveofgaymigrationthatbythe1970s
hadbroughthundredsofthousandsofgaymenfromallregionsofthecountrytoNewYork,SanFrancisco,Los
Angeles,Chicago,Boston,Houston,Miami,andhalfadozenotherbigcities.Inparticular,gaymenmovedfrom
thecomparativeisolationofsmalltownsorruralareastospecificurbandistricts,thesocalledgayghettosthat
weretakingshapeinmajormetropolitancenters.
Theconcentrationoflargenumbersofgaypeopleinurbanneighborhoodshaddecisivepolitical,economic,and
culturalconsequences.Itprovidedapowerbaseforagaypoliticalmovement.Itsupportedalargecommercial
infrastructure,includingnotonlybars,bathhouses,andotheruniquesexualinstitutions,butalsoalocal,
communitybasedpressandotherformsofcommunication,alongwithbookstoresandcoffeehouses.Itcreatedthe
kindofmasspublicthatisessentialtounderwriteaflourishingculturalsceneandtoinspireconstantpolitical
ferment.Finally,itproducedqueercommunitiesfreedfromthesurveillanceofstraightfolks.
Ifyouwantedtogetlaid,inthosedays,youhadtoleavethehouse.TheInternetwasadecadeortwointhefuture,
andcellphoneswerenotevenonthehorizon.Inordertofindsexualpartners,youhadtoattachyourselftooneof
theinstitutionsofgaymalesociallife:bars,bathhouses,theMetropolitanCommunityChurch,thelocalgay
businessassociation,thegaybikerclub,thegaychorus,oneofthegaypoliticalorganizationsorpressuregroups.
Inmanyofthosesocialcontexts,youwereboundtomeetallsortsofpeopleyouwouldneverhaveencounteredin
yourownsocialcircle,alongwithnumbersofpeopleyouwouldneverhavechosentomeetonyourown,
includingawholebunchyouwouldn'thavewantedtobecaughtdeadwith,ifithadbeenuptoyou.
Butitwasn'tuptoyou.Youhadtotakethecrowdsthatcongregatedingayvenuesasyoufoundthem.Which
meantthatyouwereexposedtomanydifferentideasaboutwhatitmeanttobegay.Asifthatwerenotenough,the
newgaypublicculturevirtuallyguaranteedthatpeoplewhomovedtoagayenclavewouldencounteralotofold
timerswhoweremoreexperiencedatbeinggayandmoresophisticatedaboutitthantheywere.
Moreover,thoseveteransofurbangaylifeoftenheldshockinglymilitant,uncompromising,antihomophobic,
antiheterosexist,antimainstreampoliticalviews.Peoplewhohadalreadybeenlivingingayghettosforyearshad
hadtimeandopportunitytobe"liberated":tobedeprogrammed,togetridoftheirstupid,heterosexualprejudices,
toachieveapoliticizedconsciousnessaswellasaprideintheirgayidentity.Byencounteringthosepeople,with
theirgreaterdaringandsophisticationandconfidence,thenewarrivalsfromtheprovincesoftenfoundtheir
assumptions,values,andpicturesoftherightwaytolive,ofhowtobegay,seriouslychallenged.
Thatsocialexperimentprovedtobeshortlived.Forduringthesameperiod,therecapitalizationofAmerican
cities,alongwithitsnecessarybasisinurbanplanningandrenewal,wasalreadystartingtochangetheurban
landscapeoftheUnitedStates.Ahugeinflowofcapitaldrovevasturbanredevelopmentschemes,gradually
removingthecheap,fringeurbanzonesontheborderofformerindustrialormixeduseareaswheregay
businesses,residences,andsexclubshadflourished,andreplacingthemwithhighways,highrises,sports
complexes,conventioncenters,andwarehousestores.
TheAIDSepidemicfacilitatedtheultimatetriumphofurbanredevelopmentbyremovingorweakening
individualsandcommunitiesopposedtothedevelopers'planstorezone,reconfigure,raze,andrebuildentire
neighborhoods.Intheend,themaligncoincidenceoftheAIDSepidemicwithasurgeofurbanism,property
development,gentrification,andacorrespondingriseinrealestatepricesinthe1980sdestroyedthegayghettos
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thathadbeencentersofgaylifeandgaycultureforacoupleofdecades,startinginthelate1960s.
Thathashadadevastatingeffectongayculture.
Withoutsignificantgaypopulationsconcentratedinlocalneighborhoods,thepowerbaseofthegaymovementwas
significantlyweakened,aswastheeconomicbaseofthegaymedia.Localgaynewspaperswerereplacedby
nationalglossymagazinesthat,inanefforttoappealtoanationalpublicofprosperousgayindividualswhocould
affordtheproductsadvertisedintheirpages,becameincreasinglyuncontroversial,commercial,andlightweight,
eventuallyturningintothegayequivalentofinflightmagazines.
ThelossofaqueerpublicspherewasredeemedbytheriseoftheInternetandtheproductionofvirtual
communities.Facetofacecontactingayneighborhoodsbecameincreasinglydispensable.Youcouldfindgay
peopleonline.Youdidn'thavetoliveinagayneighborhood,whichwasnolongerverygayandwhichyou
couldn'taffordanyway.Infact,youdidn'tevenhavetomovetoabigcity.Youdidn'thavetoliveamonggay
peopleatall.Youneverhadtoleaveyourbedroom.Gaylifebecameaparadiseforagoraphobes.
Youcouldnowselectthegaypeopleyouwantedtoassociatewithbeforeyoumetthem.Youdidn'thavetoexpose
yourselftofolkswhomighthavemoreexperienceofgaylifethanyoudid.Youcouldhangontoyourunliberated,
heterosexist,machoprejudices,yourdenial,yourfear.Youcouldcontinuetosubscribetoyouridealmodelofa
goodhomosexual:someonevirtuous,virile,selfrespecting,dignified,"nonscene,"nonpromiscuous,witha
conventionaloutlookandasolidattachmenttotraditionalvaluesapropercitizenandanupstandingmemberof
(straight)society.
Inshort,theemergenceofadispersed,virtualcommunityandthedisappearanceofaqueerpublicsphere,along
withthelossofacoupleofgenerationsofgaymentoAIDS,hasremovedmanyoftheconditionsnecessaryforthe
maintenanceandadvancementofgayliberationforconsciousnessraising,culturalandpoliticalferment,andthe
crossgenerationaltransmissionofqueervalues.Thelackofacriticalmassofgaypeoplephysicallypresentina
singlelocationmakesitdifficultforthepaceofgayculturalsophisticationtoaccelerate.Itstymiesthediffusionof
gayculture.
Theagendaofgaypoliticsandgaylifehasnowbeencapturedbytheconcernsofpeoplewholivedispersedand
relativelyisolated,strandedamongheterosexualsinsmalltownsandruralareas,insteadofbunchedtogetherin
metropolitancenters.Andwhataretheconcernsofgaypeoplewhofindthemselvesinsuchlocations?Accessto
mainstreamsocialforms:militaryservice,churchmembership,andmarriage.
Insuchacontext,gaycultureseemsincreasinglybizarre,insubstantial,intangible,nebulous,irrelevant.Itisthe
signofafailure(orrefusal)toassimilate.Whatwouldgaypeoplewantnowadayswithaseparatecultureanyway?
SuchathingmighthavemadesenseintheBadOldDaysofsocialoppressionandexclusion.Nowitissimplya
barriertoprogress.Gayculturehasnofuture.
Thosepredictionsoverlookacrucialconsideration.Socialacceptanceshouldnotbeconfusedwiththecollapseof
heterosexualdominance.Gayliberationand,morerecently,thegayrightsmovementhavenotundonethesocial
andideologicaldominanceofheterosexuality,eveniftheyhavemadeitshegemonyabitlesssecureandlesstotal.
Instead,whatseemstobehappeningisthereverse.Gaypeople,intheirdeterminationtointegratethemselvesinto
thelargersociety,andtodemonstratetheiressentialnormality,arerushingtoembraceheterosexualformsoflife,
includingheterosexualnorms.Insodoing,theyareacceptingthetermsinwhichheterosexualdominanceis
articulated,andtheyarepositivelypromotingthem.
Gaypeopleseemtoberediscoveringandchampioningthesuperiorityofheterosexualsocialforms,including
astonishinglyarchaicforms(likeweddingannouncementsinthesocietypagesoflocalnewspapers)that
heterosexualsthemselvesareabandoning.Wearetryingtobeatheterosexualsattheirowngame.
Wearewitnessingtheriseofanewandvehementcultofgayordinariness.Inanapparentefforttosurpassstraight
peopleinthenormalitysweepstakesandtoescapethelingeringtaintofstigma,gaypeoplelatelyhavebegun
preeningthemselvesontheirdullness,commonness,averageness.Anoticeableaggressivenesshasstartedto
informtheirinsistenceonhowboringtheyare,howconventional,howcompletelyindistinguishablefrom
everyoneelse.
InarecentopedpieceinTheNewYorkTimesaboutthepossibilityofAmericanselectinganopenlygay
president,MaureenDowdquotedFredSainzoftheHumanRightsCampaign,aWashingtonbasedpolitical
lobbyingorganizationforgaypeople,who"frettedtohishusbandthatagaypresidentwouldbeanticlimactic.
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'Peopleexpectthisbizarroandoutlandishbehavior,'hetoldme.'We'realwaysthefunnyneighborwearing
colorful,avantgardeclothing.Wewouldletdownpeoplewithourboringnessandbanalitywhentheylearnthat
wegotogrocerystoresSaturdayafternoon,takeourkidstoschoolplaysandgoseemovies.'"Electingagay
presidentwouldchangenothing,apparently.(Inwhichcase,whybother?)
WhenonJune24,2011,theStateofNewYorkenactedalawpermittingpeopleofthesamesextomarry,the
AssociatedPressrequestedaresponsetothathistoricdevelopmentfromChristineQuinn,theopenlygayNew
YorkCityCouncilSpeaker.Quinndeclaredthatthedecisionwouldchangeeverythingforherandherpartner.
WhatdidQuinnmeanby"everything"?Thechangesshewentontoemphasizehadnothingtodowithincreased
materialbenefits,equalitybeforethelaw,theprogressofhumanrights,therewardsofdistributivejustice,the
defeatofhomophobia,thebreakingupoftheheterosexualmonopolyonconjugalityandprivatelife,orthe
removaloflegalbarrierstotheformationandpreservationofintimaterelationships.Quinndescribedtheimpact
thatthelegalizationofgaymarriagewouldhaveonherselfandherpartnerinthesewords:"Tomorrow,myfamily
willgatherformyniece'scollegegraduationparty,andthat'llbeatotallydifferentdaybecausewe'llgettotalk
aboutwhenourweddingwillbeandwhatit'lllooklike,andwhatdressJordan,ourgrandniece,willwearasthe
flowergirl.Andthat'samomentIreallythoughtwouldnevercome."
SometimesIthinkhomosexualityiswastedongaypeople.
WhatQuinn'stestimonyplainlyindicatesisthattheendofdiscrimination,therectificationofsocialinjustice,and
thelevelingofalldifferentialtreatmentofsexualminoritiesevenshoulditoccurwouldnotbethesamethingas
theendoftheculturaldominanceofheterosexuality,thedisappearanceofheterosexualityasasetofcultural
norms.
Wewillbequeerforever.
Whatmakesgaypeopledifferentfromothersisnotjustthatwearediscriminatedagainst,mistreated,regardedas
sickorperverted.Thataloneisnotwhatshapesgayculture.(Thatindeedcouldend.)It'sthatweliveinaworldin
whichheterosexualityisthenorm.Heterosexualcultureremainsourfirstculture,andinordertosurviveandto
flourishinitsmidst,gaypeoplemustengageinanappropriationofitthatisalsoaresistancetoit.
Solongasqueerkidscontinuetobebornintoheterosexualfamiliesandintoasocietythatisnormatively,
notionallyheterosexual,theywillhavetodevisetheirownnonstandardrelationtoheterosexualculture.Gay
subjectivitywillalwaysbeshapedbytheprimevalneedonthepartofgaysubjectstoqueerheteronormative
culture.
Thatisnotgoingtochange.Notforaverylongtime.Andwe'dbetterhopeitdoesn't.
Wherewouldwebe,afterall,withouttheinsights,theimpertinence,theunfazedcriticalintelligenceprovidedby
gaysubculture?Andwherewouldwebewithoutitsawarenessofsomuchaboutthewayweliveourlivesthatis
particulartospecificsocialforms?Withoutthatalienatedperspective,thosesocialformswouldpassforobvious,
ornaturalwhichistosay,theywouldremaininvisible.Andsotheshapeofourexistencewouldescapeus.
ByDavidM.Halperin
Citaodafonte(MLA7aedio)
Halperin,DavidM."HowtoBeGay."TheChronicleofHigherEducation59.02(2012).AcademicOneFile.Web.
30June2015.
URL
http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?
id=GALE%7CA302048577&v=2.1&u=capes&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=f5c893753ae8aaadd3634077ac494ed6
NmerododocumentoGale:GALE|A302048577

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