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1
Richel Joy de los Santos
Gendering
Peacebuilding
CD 227!
March 2014
I. Reviewing Some Concepts
Gender and Gender Roles
Refers to the socially constructed

roles and responsibilities of women
and men. [It] includes the
expectations held about the
characteristics, aptitudes and likely
behaviors of both women and men.
These roles and expectations are
learned, changeable over time, and
variable within and between
cultures. - (CIDA, 1998)
Report Short version - March 17, 2014
Reviewing Some Concepts
Gender Equality
The equal enjoyment by women and

men of socially-valued goods,
opportunities, resources and
rewards. !
Does not mean that men and
women become the same, but that
their opportunities and life chances
are equal.!
Gender Equality
Gender Mainstreaming
a strategy to support the goal of gender

equality. It has two general dimensions:!
-
The integration of gender equality

concerns into the analyses and
formulation of all policies,
programmes and projects; and !
Initiatives to enable women as

well as men to formulate and
express their views and
participate in decision-making
across all development issues!
Thus Gender Mainstreaming in peace building initiatives involves a concern for

increasing womens participation, but also goes further than that. this strategy
looks at how to promote more equitable gender relations (political, economic
and social) and the differential impact of intervention on women, men, boys
and girls
Gender Equality
Gender Mainstreaming
Feminism
Feminism seek to challenge dynamic of domination at all levels,

from the home to the military, and to demand a world based
An ideology that purports men and

women are equal value and their
equality should be recognized by all
societies (Reardon, 1990). !
more on cooperation than on conquest (Bunch, 1987)
Using the Feminist Lens
Feminist analysis looks at the world by gathering and

interpreting information through the eyes and
experiences of women as subjects. It separates itself from
a patriarchal world view and the constraints of maledominated theoretical analyses (Young, 1992). !
In terms of womens peacebuilding, feminist analysis

identifies womens specific concerns about peacebuilding,
approaches peacebuilding from womens perspectives,
welcomes pluralistic voices and diverse methods.
Why look at Gender issues in Peacebuilding?
Structural Violence
Understanding patriarchal
structural violence means
locating and analyzing the
socio-cultural, economic,
and political systems that
perpetrate or condone
physical, sexual, and
psychological violence
against women (Galtung,
1969)
way things are; then, one does not need to be curious about
them, let alone try to change them, because they are typical or
normal.
Patriarchy - structures of exploitation

that normalize socially constructed
gender differences in ways that
reproduce and legitimatize male
domination!
Patriarchal Structural Violence When structural violence happens to
girls or women because of their gender
Women and War
Oppressions are normalised when they are presented as the
Through time and the

experiences of different women
- as fighters, community
leaders, social organizers,
workers, famers, traders and
welfare workers - has become
more clear!
During post-war peace women
have often suffered a backlash
from government and society
against their new-found
freedoms - gendered peace
For many years womens roles in war and other types of violent conflict were quite invisible
throughout the world. Accounts of war (through news reporting, government propaganda, novels,
the cinema, etc,) tended to cast men as the doers and women as passive, innocent victims.
+++
Women have utilised their particular roles to minimise the effects of violence, both by actively
trying to end wars and acting as peacemakers. By contrast, some accounts of war highlight the
roles of women in motivating men in their communities to fight. This is particularly so where wars
concern national identities. As women in most societies have the active role in passing cultural
identities to children, they have also been involved in supporting exclusive and aggressive
ideologies about nationals.
In some instances, women have found that there were moments of liberation from the old social
order even in the midst of conflict. As the need arose for women to fulfil the duties of men during
their absences, so they had to shake off the restrictions of their cultures and live in a modified
way.
+++
This type of peace settlement might be called a gendered peace, where governments and/or
warring parties establish new constitutions or pecs processes that overlook the needs of women,
Women and War
rehabilitation projects.
++ in addition, new divisions can occur based on womens social poitions, whether they still live
In times of conflict women continue to

carry the burden of responsibility and
care for their children, the elderly, and
the infirm. They also take on a heavy
burden of keeping social and political
activities going when men are taken to
fight in armies away from their homes.!
After the conflict, women rarely receive

recognition for their contributions as
providers and carers, let alone reward
for their roles as social and political
organisers.!
In post-war situations, where there are

divisions based on ethnicity and/or
religion, often the differences between
women may reassert themselves again
with their husbands or are widowed, abandoned or divorced. Marital status is highly significant in
situations where past gender relations have meant that women do not have equal legal rights,
such as in land and property titles and access to credit
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Gender and Conflict
It is not sufficient to focus on

women alone. The ways in
which men are socialised to
become part of a male gender
are also important.!
It is not just men who must be

persuaded, but society as a
whole. Social structures must
become more flexible to
support the changes required
for true gender equity
++ they usually receive much less support than male fighters in post conflict reconstruction and
++ research that focuses on the construction of masculinity has also revealed cross-cultural
tendencies some of which are highly pertinent for studies of conflict. Egotistical aggressive and
dominant behaviours are common features of cultural definitions of masculinity, as is mens
dominance over women at a general level.
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++ Meanings of peacebuilding from reviewed documents
Gender and Peacebuilding
Womens peacebuilding is culturally and contextually

based and usually located at community and regional
levels. Womens peacebuilding interests are likely to be
shaped by local and regional concerns.!
Peacebuilding as both cultured and gender specific
++ How peacebuilding may be both gendered and culture specific
International bodies and governmental organizations typically view peacebuilding in terms of

post conflict reconstruction of societal infrastructures and action-based approaches to
peacemaking and peacebuilding
Peacebuilding consists of an infrastructure within and between nations that offers alternatives to
and removes causes of war. (Galtung, 1976)
a consensus around the image of peace being a process that is a long, long road.
the group identified that there was the need to address basic needs. The participants
emphasized that building peace entails the satisfaction of basic needs such as the need for
food, water, and shelter.
Another issue that related directly to context was the identification of communication skills as
necessary to keep the process of peacebuilding moving.
The participants noted that peace as a process, is about men and women and how they relate
to each other.
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Womens approaches to peace building
Womens Spirit Beliefs

and Grassroots
Peacebuilding
Because spiritual beliefs

of womens religious
peacebuilding groups
are a foundation for
their actions, activities
to promote forgiveness
and reconciliation are
often emphasized
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Reconciliation
!
Grassroots
womens
organizations, whether religious
or secular, often emphasize
reconciliation although their foci
may differ.
Spiritual reconciliation, a change
of heart, emphasizes atonement
and forgiveness.
In contrast, secular reconciliation
more often emphasizes justice, a
key issue for women who seek
g e n d e r j u s t i c e t h ro u g h t h e
prosecution of perpetrators and
the acknowledgment of
governments wrongdoing
because of rapes, sexual slavery,
and other forms of violence
against women.
Reconciliation includes bringing
together former enemies to make
peace, learning to coexist in peace,
and defusing enemy imaging.
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Militarism
!
Militarism refers to processes

through which individuals,
groups, and social, economic, and
political systems increasingly
become reliant upon, or
dominated by the military (Enloe,
1993).
Grassroots women have
organized to ameliorate the
effects of militarism such as
domestic violence, violence
against women, sex trafficking,
and degradation of the
environment.
Further they act to bring attention
to concerns such as the global
proliferation of light arms,
militarization of childrens toys
and games, difficulties in
reintegrating ex-combatants into
their societiesparticularly childsoldiersand land demining
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Womens Participation
in
Decision-making
!
!
Focus in increasing womens

numbers and strengthen
their effective participation
in decision-making bodies.
Though the simple presence
of women in international,
regional, or national
decision-making bodies is
not, however, likely to have
an impact without
recognition of causes and
processes of womens
disempowerment and ways
in which diverse women are
oppressed. This knowledge
must be followed by actions
that facilitate womens
empowerment.
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Stopping Violence in
the
Home
!
Analyzing ways in which

violence occurs in their own
homes and societies, and their
countries perpetuation of
violence on others and also
actively engage in
peacebuilding.
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Coalition
Building
!
!
One of the ways NGOs are

most effective is through
building coalitions, thus
linking resources of States,
the United Nations, and
civil society
In coalition building, the
process of building peace is
emphasized more than are
specific outcomes.
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Implication of understanding gender dimensions to our work
All initiatives should:!
incorporate a gender analysis into the assessment of the situation!
ensure that gender equality considerations are present at the level of results !
increase womens participation in conflict resolution at decision-making

levels;!
promote women as actors and protagonists; and!
provide, where feasible, sex-disaggregated data!
there is also a need for specific initiatives to strengthen womens capacity to

participate in peacebuilidng initiatives in a meaningful fashion, to improve the
capacity of organizations to deal with gender differences and inequalities and
to reduce gender inequalities. This could involve initiatives and/or
components that directly target women.
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Recommendations
Avoiding a gendered peace, where a gendered peace is

a post-conflict situation in which peacebuilding policies
address the needs of women less adequately than those
of men, or which result in a deterioration in the
situations of women!
Working with women as change agents in society !
Working with men as change agents in society to tackle

entrenched violent and aggressive behavior which is
rooted in forms of masculinity.!
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II. Framework
Intersectionality!
Understanding that gender intersects with other identities and

how these intersections contribute to unique experiences of
oppression and privilege. !
Women do not experience discrimination in the same way

because they have different social, cultural, economic and
political locations/positions and contexts!
If peace-builidng process is to be truly responsive, Iit must be

committed to diligent examination of the starting conditions
of the stakeholders!
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Framework
Rights Based approach framework !

At the core of this framework are the promotion,
protection and realization of human rights, which
are also the elements that define state obligation. !
The basic priniciple of the Rights Based approach
is state obligation, meaning that states parties to
human right treaties are legally bound to
promote, protect and fulfil human rights while
rights-holders are urged to claim their rights
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III. Case Study
Womens Stories in the Crafting and

Implementation of the Framework
Agreement on the Bangsamoro
By: Atty. Laisa Alamia
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III. Case Study

FAB
Highlight for Women
!
Recognition of the Bangsamoro identity!
Recognition of the right of women to meaningful political

participation and protection from all form of violence.
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Case Study
Womens
Experience
!
Women in the peace process
eased tensions and facilitated
the process. Women from
different background and
from opposing sides of the
negotiations, worked
together, collaborated, to
ensure a stronger claim for
womens human rights in the
Bangsamoro, by:
1. Holding RTDs before and

after each peace talk to
coordinate strategies,
evaluate and plan ways
forward.
2. C o n d u c t e d s t u d i e s a n d
capacity building to help us
strategize better on persisten
issues such as getting Muslim
men to appreciate womens
conditions and perspectives
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Case Study
Womens
Experience
!
Setting up other support
mechanisms through allied
organization working on the
peace process
1. Mindanao Peoples Caucus an all women

core team was formed as Civilan Protection
Component (CPC) of the International
Monitoring Team (IMT) following the
Philippine-Bangsamoro peace process
CPC is mandated to look at the welfare of
citizens in times of conflict.
2. Mindanao Commission on Women - also
organized their own Mindanao women
peace table, mobilizing from different
sectors and organizations to discuss women
and peace. Though not formally part of the
nego table, they became part of that process
by actively monitoring the process, talking
about the role of women, raising issues
concerning women and peac, and planning
advocacy action.
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Case Study
Womens
Experience
!
Grassroots women conducted popular education about womens
rights and human rights and the different ways they can claim
these rights
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Case Study
Womens
Experience
!
Held consultation with various sectors on the Framework
Agreement, the peace process, womens roles, issues and rights,
and the like.
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Case Study
Womens
Experience
!
Conducted constituencybuilding with the aim of
getting more people
advocating for womens
r i g h t s . Tr a i n i n g s w e r e
conducted not only for
women but also for men.
1. On drafting local laws, such

as gender and devt codes
and RH codes
2. Helped muslim religious
leaders issue fatwahs support
the exercise of womens
rights to RH
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Case Study
Recommendations
!
leveling-off on issues of women and

gender
creating participatory and safe spaces
for women to speak out (e.g. RTDs,
workshops, forums)
crafting a womens agenda, starting
from small initiatives and building
on these to address bigger challenges
organizing, coalescing (ethnic
groups, setters, milti-fait) at all levels
and different levels, broadening to
form political groups, humanitarian
groups (for IDP situations),
mediator/ conciliator/peacebuilding
groups, interfaith/culture.ethnic
group, etc)
conducting inter-faith/interethnic/inter-culture dialogue

building capacity on VAW,
gender, poor womens economic
leadership, culture/relition,
paying particular attention to
potential women leaders
building and expanding
constituency for women:
awareness-raising on womens
rights for both men and women
maximizing available technology
networking with other womens
groups locally and internationally
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Case Study
Recommendations
!

advocating for greater public
participation, policy review
and reforms, constitutional
changes
exploring the formation of
Thir-party/outside
monitoring (similar to the
CPC, IMT, etc.)
learning effective ways or
tactics to dealing with
different government entities
tap into the dynamic roles of
women; engage with/organize
the wives of military officials
empower grassroots women with

economic rights literacy, leadership
skills

do advocacy on issues that affect
everyone: food security, land issues,
human rights for all, access to justice,
the right of self determination, postconflict reconstruction, normalization,
healing, transitional justice
actively engage in the behavioral
transformation of men, from
everyday issues of caring and sharing
in the household to bigger concepts of
gender, peace and security; identify
potential male allies for promoting
and advancing gender equality
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The End
Thank
you!

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Richel Joy de los Santos

I. Reviewing Some Concepts

Gender and Gender Roles

Refers to the socially constructed