1

Introduction

The aircraft chosen, named Phoenix Jet, is a long range intercontinental

business jet. The Phoenix Jet's primary design characteristics are as follows,
Range= 12,000 km.
Cruise Mach number= 0.87
Number of passengers= 9
Number of crew members= 3
Cruise Altitude= 12,200 m (40,000 ft)
In the previous report, the gross take o weight is found as 38,380 kg. The
fuselage length was calculated to be 28m. The geometry sizing of the wing,
tail and control surfaces was performed. Some important geometric parameters are listed below,
Wing:
S=119.88 m

(wing area) and b=29.985 m (wing span) AR=7.5

Tail:
2

Svt = 24.249 m

Sht =36.13 m

ARvt =1.2 and ARht =5.

bvt = 5.39 m

bht =13.44 m.

(where ht and vt represent horizontal and vertical stabilizers respectively.)

In the current report, a three view layout of the Phoenix Jet is created
using AutoCAD 2012

TM

. The dimensions of various parts of the Phoenix Jet

estimated in the previous reports are used to create the models. Additionally,the rst estimate of the dimensions of the landing gear is performed.The
wetted area and volume determination of the Phoenix Jet is also performed.
The position of the center of gravity of the Phoenix jet is also estimated.

2
2.1

Three View Layout

Dimensions

The dimensions used in the construction of the three views of the aircraft
are as follows,

Wing:
Wing Span (b)= 29.985 m
0

Wing sweep angle (leading edge)= 33

Wing sweep angle (quarter chord)= 29.27

Wing root chord length= 6.663 m

Wing tip chord length= 1.3326 m
Taper ratio= 0.2
Thickness Ratio of wing section( airfoil)= 0.14
The distance between the mean tail quarter chord and mean wing quarter
chord is 12.6 m
0

Dihedral angle of the wing = 6 .

Horizontal Tail:
Span= 13.44 m.
Taper Ratio= 0.5
Leading edge sweep angle= 38

Root chord length= 3.584 m

Tip chord length= 1.79 m
Vertical Tail:
Span= 5.39 m
Taper Ratio= 0.9
Leading edge sweep angle= 385

Root chord length= 4.735 m

Tip chord length= 4.26 m
Fuselage:
Fuselage length= 28 m
Fuselage Cross Section= Circular
Fuselage Diameter= 2.4 m.
Engine:

[3]

Engine Length= 2.21 m

Engine diameter= 1.344 m
*Rolls Royce BR710C4-11 is chosen as the power plant for the Phoenix
Jet.

Control Surfaces:
Aileron span= 11.994 m
Aileron chord length= 0.7995 m
Rudder span= 4.851 m
Rudder chord length= 1.52 m
Elevator Span= 12.096 m
Elevator chord Length= 0.932 m
The elevator starts from the tip and trailing edge of the stabilizer and extends till its span length. The rudder is placed at the trailing edge of the
vertical stabilizer and starts from the fuselage end and extends till its span
length. The ailerons are placed at the trailing edge of the wing. They are
placed in such a way that the mean location of the aileron coincide with the
location of the mean chord length. These conventions of placing the control
surface have been adopted by comparing the control surface positioning in
[6]

similar aircraft

The nose of the airplane is modeled using approximate dimensions in such

a way that nose shape conforms to nose shape of a typical jet aircraft.

2.2
2.2.1

Landing Gear and Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity

The landing gear sizing requires the determination of the center of gravity of
the Phoenix Jet. A rst estimate of the longitudinal location of the center
of gravity is performed using the known weights of the engines, the payload
and crew, wing weight and fuel weight

[5]

Table 2.1: Weights and corresponding positions(x coordinate)

Component Name

Weight (kg)

X-coordinate (m)

Engines(2)

3,194

25

Payload and Crew

1740

Wing

299.7

12.4

Fuel

16,986

12.4

*The x-coordinate of dierent components is calculated keeping the nose of the aircraft as
the origin

In the previous report, an aft mounted engine conguration was chosen

for the Phoenix Jet. In accordance with the dimensions of the engines, the
x-coordinate of the engine weight vector is assumed to be 3 m from the tail
end of the aircraft i.e. 25 m from the nose.
The x- coordinate eective center of gravity of the payload and crew is
assumed to located at 9 m (average of sum of the cabin length and cockpit
[2]

length). The weight of the wing is estimated using the following equation

Wwing = 2.5 S

(2.1)
2

where S is the planform area of the wing and is 119.88 m .

From the previous report, the distance between the mean tail quarter chord
and mean wing quarter chord is 12.6 m. The mean tail quarter chord is at
a distance of 3 m from the fuselage end. Therefore, the wing quarter chord
is at a distance of 15.6 m from the fuselage end i.e.12.4 m from the nose.
The eective wing weight vector acts at the aerodynamic center of the wing
which is assumed to be located at the quarter chord point of the wing.
The fuel tank is placed within the wing and hence the x-coordinate of the
fuel weight vector is same as that of the wing weight vector i.e. 12.4 m from
the nose of the aircraft.
The formula for evaluating the rst estimate of center of gravity is given by
the following relation,

Wi xi
Wi

CG =

(2.2)

The rst approximate estimate of the center of gravity is found to be 13.944

m from the nose of the Phoenix Jet. Since this is a preliminary estimate, it
has been assumed that the location of the center of gravity of the components
ignored (cockpit weight, seat weight etc.) in the above calculation exists at
a distance of 13.944 m from the nose.
CG location=13.944 m (from the nose of Phoenix Jet).

2.2.2

Landing Gear Sizing and Position

A tricycle landing gear conguration is chosen for the Phoenix Jet. Tricycle
conguration consists of 2 main wheels aft of the center of gravity and an
auxiliary wheel forward of the center of gravity. The tricycle conguration
has been chosen because the cabin oor for passengers is horizontal when the

aircraft is on the ground and the pilot also has excellent forward visibility.
In this conguration, the CG is ahead of the main wheels so that the aircraft
is stable on the ground and can be landed at a fairly large crab angle (nose
[5][2]

not aligned with the runway)

Twin auxiliary wheels are chosen in the front for the Phoenix Jet so as
[2]

to retain control in the event of a nose wheel at tire

From historical

data, for aircraft weighing 22,500 kg or more, twin main wheels per strut
conguration is desirable over a single main wheel per strut conguration to
[2]

account for better stability and safety

. The gross weight of the Phoenix

Jet 38,380 kg. Hence, such a conguration is chosen for Phoenix Jet.
It is assumed that the main tires carry 90% of the maximum take o
weight and the auxiliary wheels carry the remaining 10% when the aircraft
is in the ground. The load on the main wheels are equally distributed among
the 4 wheels. Similarly the load on the auxiliary wheels is equally distributed
[6]

among the two wheels

Wmain = 0.9 W0 = 34542kg

(2.3)

The weight load on each of the main wheel is Wmain /4=8635.5 kg.

Waux = 0.1 W0 = 3838kg

(2.4)

The weight load on each auxiliary wheel is Waux /2=1919 kg

The empirical relation for obtaining the wheel diameter and the width
for a typical jet engine are as follows

[5]

Diameter(inches) = 1.59 W 0.302

(2.5)

W idth(inches) = 0.0980 W 0.067

(2.6)

W is the weight load acting on the corresponding wheel

The dimensions of wheels are as follows,
Main Wheel:
Diameter= 0.7918 m.
Width= 0.247 m.
Auxiliary Wheel:
Diameter: 0.503 m.
Width= 0.123 m.
[4]

For a typical business jet the ground clearance is 1.05 m

Therefore the

height(H.F) of the fuselage center line from the ground is 1.05+1.2=2.25 m.

According to reference [2], the angle o the vertical from the main wheel
0

position to the center of gravity should be 25 approximately in order for he

aircraft to have sucient angle of attack while landing.

Figure 2.1: Illustration of position of Main landing gear

The following formula is used for obtaining X2 :

X2 = H.F tan 250

(2.7)

The distance of the main landing gear from the CG (X2 ) obtained from
the Figure 2.1 is found to 1.0491 m. The distance of the main landing gear
from the nose is 14.993 m.
The position of the auxiliary landing gear from the CG (X1 ) is determined
using moment conservation about the CG.
The following formula is used for obtaining X1 :

F N X 1 = F M X2

(2.8)

where FN is the load on auxiliary landing gear and FM is the load on main
landing gear.
FN =3838 kg.

FM =34,542 kg

X2 =1.0491 m

Using equation (2.8), the value of X1 =9.442 m.

Figure 2.2: Illustration used to determine Auxiliary Landing Gear Location

[5]

Therefore, the auxiliary wheel is at a distance of 4.502 m from the nose

of the Phoenix Jet.
In the following pages, the top, side and front view of the Phoenix Jet is
shown. The 3 views were created in AutoCAD 2012
that are listed and calculated above.

TM

using the dimensions

Figure 2.3: Top View of the Phoenix Jet

Figure 2.4: Side View of the Phoenix Jet

Figure 2.5: Front View of the Phoenix Jet

10

Figure 2.6: 3 View Layout of the Phoenix Jet

11

Wetted Area Determination

The total exposed surface area that can be visualized as the area of the
external parts of the aircraft that would get wet if the aircraft is dipped
into water is dened as the aircraft wetted area

[2]

. Wetted area is used to

determine the drag force that the aircraft experiences.

3.1

Fuselage Wetted Area

The fuselage wetted area for a typical aircraft is obtained using the following
formula,

Swet 3.4(

Atop + Aside
)
2

Figure 3.1: Illustration of Atop and Aside

(3.1)

[2]

The projected area of the fuselage in the planform view and side view of the
aircraft is dened as Atop and Aside respectively.
The expression for obtaining Atop is as follows,

k
Atop = D L (1 )
2
where k= Cockpit length / Fuselage length
L= Fuselage Length and D = Diameter of the fuselage.

12

(3.2)

The cockpit length is assumed to be 2.5 m

[4]

L=28 m and D=2.4 m

2

Atop =Aside = 64.2 m

The wetted area of the fuselage is found to be Swet =218.28 m

3.2

Wing and Tail Wetted Area

The wing and tail wetted area can be approximated from their planform as
shown in Figure 3.2. The wetted area is estimated by taking a product of
true view exposed planform area(Sexposed ) and a factor based upon the wing
or tail thickness ratio. For the Phoenix Jet the thickness ratio(t/c) of a wing
section is 0.14.
given by,

The equation to obtain the wetted area for (t/c)>0.05 is

[2]

t
Swet = Sexposed [1.977 + 0.52( )]
c

(3.3)

Figure 3.2: Illustration of Sexposed

The thickness ratio of the tail section is 10 % lesser than that of the wing
section and hence the above equation will work for tail also.
2

Sexposed (wing)=119.88 m (planform wing area)

The wetted area of wing is calculated as Swet(wing) =245.73 m .

2

Sexposed (horizontal tail)=36.13 m

(t/c)tail =0.13

The wetted area of tail is calculated as Swet(tail) =73.871 m .

13

Volume Determination

The reasonableness of an aircraft design is determined using aircraft volume

as a parameter.
equation

[2]

Fuselage internal volume is estimated using the following

V ol 3.4(

Atop Aside
)
4L

(4.1)

L is the length of the fuselage.

An aircraft with less than typical internal volume is expected to be tightly
packed which results in poor maintainability.
3

The fuselage internal volume is estimated as 125.12 m .

Conclusion

A rst estimate of the location of the center of gravity was performed and
CG was found to be located at a distance of 13.944 m from the nose of
the Phoenix Jet. The landing gear position and sizing was perform and the
values are:
Auxiliary Landing Gear (2 wheels):
Position (from nose)=4.502 m.
Auxiliary Wheel Diameter= 0.503 m.
Auxiliary Wheel Width= 0.123 m.
Main Landing Gear (4 wheels):
Position (from nose)=14.995 m.
Main Wheel Diameter= 0.7918 m.
Main Wheel Width= 0.247 m
TM

The 3 view layout of the Phoenix Jet was created in AutoCAD 2012

. The

wetted area of the fuselage, wing and the horizontal tail and the fuselage
internal volume were determined and the values are:
2

Wetted Area of Fuselage: 218.28 m

2

Wetted Area of Wing: 245.73 m .

2

Wetted Area of Horizontal Tail: 73.871 m .

3

Internal Fuselage Volume: 125.12 m .

14

References
[1] AutoCAD User Manual
[2] D.P Raymer(1995),Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach,Publisher
- AIAA Education Series.
[3] Dr.Elodie Roux(2007),Turbofan and Turbojet Engines - A Database
Handbook, Publisher-Dr Elodie Roux
[4] www.planes.ndthebest.com
[5] J.D.Anderson(1999),Aircraft Performance and Design,Publisher - Tata
McGraw Hill
[6] Gulfstream and Bombardier Websites.

15