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Low-cost gas lift systems have traditionally been the preferred method of articial
lift in offshore production environments. Innovations in high-performance and highreliability gas lift systems have increased the capabilities for enhanced production
and safety in modern high-pressure deepwater and subsea installations.
44
Oileld Review
Flow-control
valve
Produced fluid
Production tubing
Casing
A
Oil-production rate
Injection gas
Gas entry
point in
side-pocket
mandrel
Oil zone
> Gas lift. Gas lift increases oil flow by reducing the hydrostatic head of the fluid column in the well (right).
In a gas lift well, the downhole tubing pressure is a function of the amount of gas injected, fluid
properties, flow rates, and well and reservoir parameters. The oil-production rate that can be achieved
from an individual well is a function of the surface gas-injection flow rate (left inset). Increasing the gasinjection rate will in turn increase the amount of oil produced from the well to a point where produced
gas volume replaces produced oil, yielding a maximum oil production rate (A). In typical operations,
the cost of gas lifting the well must be considered as part of the overall system economics. Some of
the lift-cost factors include natural gas costs, gas compression and fuel costs, and nonhydrocarbon
(produced water) liquid-disposal costs versus the current price for a barrel of oil. In many cases, the
optimal injection rate (B) and associated oil-production rate are more economical and offer a better
rate of return than the maximum injection and oil rate (A), which have a much higher lift cost per barrel.
Winter 2006/2007
45
Considerations
Environment
Team evaluation of
gas lift methods
Technical input
from equipment
providers and
service companies
Commercial
analysis
Reservoir
Top-side process
Risk
analysis
Wellbore
Gas lift
design
System data
Gas lift
installation
Safety
Results evaluation
and options review
> Gas lift evaluation. To install an efficient gas lift system, all the factors that
affect well performance must be investigated. This includes the analysis of
the sensitivities (production-line pressures, formation properties and others)
that will influence gas lift well performance. From these evaluations, the gas
lift application engineer can assess and determine the best design installation
alternative based on technical, commercial, risk and overall system factors.
46
Oileld Review
Packing seal
Injection-gas volume
Packing seal
Injection-gas volume
0.53
Pdown
Ratio
Pup
1.00
0.53
Pdown
Ratio
Pup
0.90
1.00
Gas-inlet ports
Square-edged orifice
Gas-inlet ports
Packing seal
Reverse-flow
check valve
> Conventional orifice gas lift valve and gas-flow performance plot.
Gas enters the valve through inlet ports and flows through a squareedged orifice chosen to provide a controlled rate of gas flow. The
flow-performance rate curve (right) through a conventional gas lift
square-edged orifice valve can be modeled using the ThornhillCraver equation. This equation uses the casing pressure upstream of
the valve, Pup, and the tubing pressure downstream of the valve,
Pdown, the choke flow area, the empirical discharge coefficients and
gas properties to determine the flow rate through the valve.
(Adapted from Vasper, reference 13.)
Winter 2006/2007
Packing seal
Reverse-flow
check valve
> Nozzle-venturi orifice NOVA gas lift valve and gas-flow performance
plot. The performance plot (right) shows that critical flow (blue) is
achieved through the converging-diverging aperture in the nozzleventuri valve with a 10% pressure drop or less. By contrast,
conventional square-edged orifice valves (red) require between 40%
and 60% pressure drop to achieve critical flow. In most cases, it is
not practical to operate with this much loss.
47
Flow-control
valve
Gas flow
Injection gas
Side-pocket
mandrels
Side-pocket
mandrels
Dual-string
packer
km
40
miles
25
Oil zone A
Single-string
packer
u
So
th
China
Sea
Oil zone B
Kuala Baram
Bokor field
Lutong
> Dual gas lift completion. Dual gas lift or commonannulus dual gas lift installations are typically
designed for offshore production environments.
The concept allows two producing zones or two
wells to be independently produced from a single
wellbore. The producing zones are isolated by
a dual-production packer that allows fluid
production into the individual tubing strings.
Gas injected into the common annulus can be
independently distributed through the gas lift
valves for each producing string. This concept
allows an offshore operator to produce multiple
zones from each wellbore, thereby doubling the
number of wells that can be produced from a
single offshore platform.
48
ASIA
Miri
SARAWAK
INDONESIA
> Bokor field. PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd operates three platforms in the Bokor field located 45 km
[28 mi] offshore Miri, Sarawak, East Malaysia.
Oileld Review
Winter 2006/2007
900
Rate postjob
Rate prejob
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
BO-113-S
BO-112-L
BO-112-S
BO-111-L
BO-111-S
BO-110-L
BO-110-S
BO-108-L
BO-108-S
BO-105-S
BO-213-L
BO-104-S
BO-212-L
BO-212-S
BO-208-L
BO-208-S
BO-203-L
BO-202-S
BO-312-L
BO-312-S
BO-311-L
BO-311-S
BO-307-L
BO-307-S
BO-306-L
BO-303-L
BO-303-S
BO-301-L
100
Well name
15
14
Start of gas lift
replacement
13
Production, 1,000 bbl/d
12
11
Gross, bbl/d
10
9
8
Net, bbl/d
7
6
Mar 2006
Feb 2006
Jan 2006
Dec 2005
Nov 2005
Oct 2005
Sep 2005
Aug 2005
Jul 2005
Jun 2005
May 2005
Apr 2005
Mar 2005
Feb 2005
Jan 2005
5
Dec 2004
Date
> Bokor field gas lift optimization. Individual well performance rates are compared before and after
gas lift optimization (top). Gross production, including oil and water, from all gas lift wells increased by
approximately 60% during more than a year of operation (bottom). Net oil production increased by
about 35%.
49
Gas flow
Tubing
Casing
Nitrogen pressure
chamber (dome)
Packing seal
Packing seal
> XLift system for deepwater and subsea applications. The XLift gas valve
extends the capability of conventional gas lift systems by increasing the
maximum operating pressure limit to 5,000 psi. XLift valves have a positivesealing check-valve system that prevents potential leak paths to the tubingcasing annulus. This potential leak path is present in gas lift valves with
conventional check-valve systems.
50
Oileld Review
Norne
field
Svale
Str
Natural
gas lift
valve
Norne
field
Multiport
packer
Bergen
Gas
Gas
N
FPSO
Stavanger
0
0
km
200
miles
200
Packer
Svale
Str
Oil
Norne
> Statoils Norne floating production storage and offloading vessel (FPSO). The Norne satellite fields,
Svale and Str, and their three subsea installations are shown.
Winter 2006/2007
51
No
Packer
rth
Sea
Flor
Fram Vest
Flow-control valve
Fram field
Troll West
Troll field
Sand screens
Mongstad
Sture
Bergen
Perforations
Gas
cap
Perforating guns
Perforations in gas cap
Packer
Oil zone
Openhole completion with sand screens
> Fram Vest single-trip natural gas lift installation. Using the one-trip natural gas lift system (left) allows
running the gas lift completion, perforating the well and setting the packers with one trip in the well.
The map (right) shows the Norsk Hydro subsea Troll and Fram Vest fields.
52
Oileld Review
productivity, Schlumberger developed a singletrip natural gas lift system (previous page). This
was achieved by integrating the hydraulic gas lift
valve and premium sand screens into a single
tubing-conveyed assembly. Perforating guns were
also installed on the outside of the completion
tubing so that the entire completion could be run
in one trip.
For flow control, a modified wirelineretrievable hydraulic flow-control valve allowed
Production
tubing
Casing
Flow-control
valve
Sand screens
Gas
zone
Gas flow
Perforations
Oil
Oil zone A
Oil zone B
Winter 2006/2007
53