Teacher’s Manual

Science Form 2

Learning Objectives : Analyzing Acid and Alkali

Aim : To determine the acidic and alkaline substances in daily life.
( C10-b: state mv, rv, cv)
Variables : Manipulated : Type of substances.
C10-a
Responding : The color changes of litmus paper.
Relevant variable
Fixed/Constant : Volume of solutions.

Hypothesis : The substances is acidic when the blue litmus paper turn to red,
the substances is alkaline when the red litmus paper turn to blue.

Apparatus : Test tube, red litmus paper, blue litmus paper.

Materials : Soap solution, lime juice, distilled water, lime water, vinegar,
baking powder and pineapple juice.

Procedures:
1. Seven beakers are prepared. C10-3
2. A beaker is filled with 10 ml of soap solution.
3. Procedure 2 is repeated by using other substances.(C10-c): action on the manipulated
4. Each beaker is labeled as follow : variable.

Beaker Solutions
A Soap solution.
B Lime water
C Baking powder
D Vinegar
E Pineapple juice
F Lime juice

5. A red litmus paper is put into beaker A followed by a blue litmus paper.
6. Procedure 5 is repeated with beaker B, C, D, E, F and G.
7. The changes of the litmus paper are observed and recorded.

Diagram:
 Beaker

Blue litmus paper

Red litmus paper

10ml types of solution

C1-d (a,b,c) : Similarities : volume of solution

: Difference : acidic solution and alkaline solution
C1-3
C1-e : state the change occur; the changes of litmus paper
C1-f : Acidic = blue to red; alkaline = red to blue
C5-d (a,b) : the past experience, students have already known the changes of litmus
paper C5-3

6. Observation:
a) Table of results

The Color change of

Beaker Solutions Condition of substances
litmus paper
A Soap. Red to Blue Alkaline
B Lime water Red to Blue Alkaline C6
C Baking powder Red to Blue Alkaline
D Vinegar Blue to red Acidic
E Pineapple juice Blue to red Acidic
F Lime juice Blue to red Acidic

C5-c : The outcome/ result from the activities

From the table C6- 3
C8-a : Data through the observation

b) From your observation, list down

i. Acidic substances;
Vinegar, lime juice and pineapple juice
ii. Alkaline substances;
Baking powder, lime water and soap.

c) What are the color changes of litmus paper for

i. Acidic substances;
Blue to red.
ii. Alkaline substances; C8-b: have a pattern
Red to blue.

d) State the relationship between the types of solution and the changes of litmus paper.
From the observation, when the blue litmus paper turn to red, the substances is acidic.
While if the red litmus paper turn to blue, the substances is alkaline.
C8-c, C8-d : relationship
between manipulated variable
and responding variable
 8. Discussion and analysis.
8.1. Give the operational definition for :
C9-b: define i. Acidic is when blue litmus paper turns to red if it is put into acidic solution. C8-3
concepts by ii. Alkaline is when red litmus paper turns to blue if put into the alkaline
describing what solution. C9-a:
8.2.
should be observed Defining concepts by
i. Are the properties of an alkaline shown by the dry baking powder? describing what must be
No. done
ii. What can be done to change the red litmus paper to blue?
Add water to the baking powder.
iii. State whether lime juice and lime water is acidic or alkaline? C9-3
a) Lime juice : acidic.
b) Lime water :alkaline.

iv. Give two other examples for acid substance and alkaline substances that we have
been using in our daily life.
Acidic substances: Apple juice and soda water.
Alkaline substances: Milk and toothpaste.

9. Conclusion :

Vinegar, lime juice and pineapple juice are acidic substances. While baking
powder, lime water and soap are alkaline substances.

Construct Mark
C1 3
C5 3
C6 3
C8 3
C9 3
C10 3
Total 18