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1. Introduction
The traditional role of humans as participants in the
dynamic behaviour of a structure has been as a source
of dynamic loading in the form of footfall-induced excitation. Fourier series are used to describe such loading and it is considered in at least one structural deShock and Vibration 8 (2001) 315323
ISSN 1070-9622 / $8.00 2001, IOS Press. All rights reserved
316
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
2. Laboratory study
Figure 1 shows a laboratory experiment used to examine energy flow in a vibrating human-structure system. The aim was to study energy transfer by measuring the instantaneous power supplied by a power source
(shaker), the instantaneous power transmitted to a human occupant on a plank and the power loss through
internal friction in the plank, dependent on the concrete
damping capacity.
A 1.2 tonne 7 m by 1 m by 75 mm prestressed concrete plank was simply supported 0.5 m from each end
and forced to vibrate by an APS Dynamics long stroke
shaker sitting on the plank and operating in reaction
mode. The shaker excitation was a chirp Voltage
signal V (t), which is a time-varying sinusoidal signal
of finite duration repeating over a cycle of duration
T seconds, during which the frequency of the signal
varies linearly between minimum and maximum values fmin , fmax . The chirp signal provides a broadband
excitation while ensuring a high signal to noise ratio
in the response, and is ideal for providing the best frequency response data in the shortest time. The chirp
signal takes the form:
V (t) = Vmax sin 2t
[fmin + (1 t/T )(fmax fmin )].
(1)
shaker force /N
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
100
0
-100
10
10
5
time /seconds
10
1
0
-1
platform force /N
317
50
0
-50
318
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
10
-1
10
10
-2
-3
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.2
frequency/Hz
3.4
3.6
3.8
Fig. 4. Frequency response functions (FRFs) for various dead and live loads. Symbols identify natural frequencies on respective FRF curves.
for a mass per unit length m(x) over length L and including the mass of the shaker body factored by appropriate modal ordinates. For the fundamental mode,
mm = 675 kg, and the modal stiffness and damping
parameters k = 266 kN/m and c = 201 Ns/m follow.
Figures 5(a), (b) and (c) show respectively the energy
balance (from time integral of components i, ii and iii)
for the first 10 seconds of the signal passing through
the first mode for the case of a person standing erect,
standing with knees slightly bent and standing with
knees very bent (and very tiring). Figure 5(d) shows
the balance for the bare plank; the difference between
the two curves is largely accounted for by stored energy
(KE + PE).
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
0.7
shaker input
plank loss
human loss
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.7
energy /Joule
energy /Joule
shaker input
plank loss
human loss
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0
4
6
time /seconds
0
0
4
6
time /seconds
shaker input
plank loss
human loss
shaker input
plank loss
2
1.8
1.6
2.5
1.4
1.2
energy /Joule
energy /Joule
319
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
1.5
1
0.5
0.2
0
0
4
6
time /seconds
0
0
4
6
time /seconds
d) bare plank
Fig. 5. Energy balance for plank during first 10 seconds of chirp excitation passing through first resonance. a) human standing straight (erect),
b) standing with knees slightly bent, c) standing with knees very bent, d) bare plank.
320
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
1.4
shaker input
plank loss
human loss
KE+PE
1.2
m3=48kg
c3=3000NS/m
contact point
m=675kg
k3=89kN/m
k3*=52kN/m
m=80kg
82kN/m
2DOF human
+plank model
1946Ns/m
m=675kg
contact point
266kN/m
energy /Joule
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
2
3
time /seconds
201Ns/m
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
321
-20
-30
-50
Imaginary
-40
-60
-70
-80
M
Real
T
Mod(RE)= i. j/ [m]
Fig. 8. Circle fit to apparent mass frequency response function for 47 kg standing human.
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
6
10
11
12
frequency/Hz
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
30
400
25
350
300
20
root(PSD)/mm.sec-1.5
root(PSD)/mm.sec -1.5
322
15
10
5
0
0
4
6
frequency/Hz
10
150
50
0
0
4
6
frequency/Hz
10
2.5
root(PSD)/mm.sec -1.5
200
100
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
250
4
6
frequency/Hz
10
response of Fig. 10, the floor was otherwise unoccupied. Measurements of low level (background) response when occupied by a church congregation of
some 400 seated people listening to a sermon showed a
very heavily damped resonance around 6.6 Hz (Fig. 11).
Figure 12 shows the PSD of floor response with many
of these 400 people jumping fast while others simply
stood or sat and watched. There are two sequences of
jumping with different beat frequencies and the fundamental and harmonics are shown, none of which significantly excite the floor in resonance. This is evidence
that the static observers provide a mitigating effect on
a potential resonant condition.
J.M.W. Brownjohn / Energy dissipation from vibrating floor slabs due to human-structure interaction
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the helpful advice from Dr
Tianjin Ji, and the assistance of final year and research
students Teo Seng Chuan and Zheng Xiahua in the
experimental work.
[6]
References
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