What is the function of LOR's?

Initiate trip of one or more PCBs

Disable a PCB's close circuits
Initiate alarms
Provide indications to SCADA
Initiate a trip in a remote tripping scheme
Trip other lockout relays

What are the brands/models of LOR's?

General Electric-HEA (Hand reset)
General Electric- HFA (Auto reset)
Westinghouse- WL
Electro switch- Type 24
Bodine Electric - LOR

What are LOR's used on?

Buses
Banks
Line in Breaker schemes (BFX)
Dead Bus Clearing
Reactors on Buses
F+D Schemes
GIS loss of gas
LBD'S f-relay
BFR to M/B LOR
Cap banks

What is an LOR?
This is a mechanical relay device that is tripped by other relays and provides multiple
functions. It is capable of tripping multiple PCBs as well as transfer trip. It also has close
interlock contacts which open to prevent reclosing of PCBs. It may have various
auxiliary functions associated with it, such as logic outputs to RAS, or SEL BFR auto
isolation schemes.

Explain the application of handset vs motor reset LOR's.

-With transformers and reactors, the protected equipment is expensive and easily
damaged by fault currents. In these cases we perform an on-site inspection of the
affected equipment and an investigation as to the cause of the trip. Hand reset lockout
relays are used so that an inspection must be made.
-Automatically reset lockout relays are used where fast restoration is the greatest
priority. For example, in the case of a bus lockout relay picked up by a bus differential
relay, usually an automatic reset is used because the risk of damage to the bus is small
compared to the importance of bus restoration.

Describe the procedure for cutting out a relay associated with an

LOR and restoring it to service
1) Shall be removed from service prior to removing or restoring any relay that trips the
LOR.
2) Shall be restored to service immediately after removing or restoring the desired relay
when there are other relays that trip the LOR.
3) During the time that an LOR is removed from service the LOR operating coil and
alarm knife switches shall remain closed.
1) Open all LOR trip knife switches including spares.
2) Open all LOR close interlock knife switches including spares.
3) Leave LOR operating coil and alarm switches closed.
4) Remove desired relay from service.
5) Close all LOR close interlock knife switches including spares.
6) Close all LOR trip knife switches including spares.
WS IV.A-7&8

Explain the purpose of the close interlock knife switches on an

LOR.
Knife switches are usually installed with each lockout relay. The knife switches allow
different functions of the lockout relay to be independently cut out, or the entire relay
cut out. The knife switches for the close circuit actually shunt the lockout relay out of the
close circuit, preventing the lockout relay from disabling the close circuits so it can still
trip and reclose.

What are some schemes that trip an LOR?

Power transformer or shunt reactor LOR

Bank differential relay
Sudden pressure relay
Phase over current relays (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Neutral (ground) over current relay
PCB breaker failure relay
Polarizing over current relay
Main Bus differential LOR
Main bus differential relay
Breaker failure relay
Dead bus clearing LOR
Enabled by under voltage relay (GE ICR) when main bus is deenergized and SCS is in
enabled position
500 kV line LOR
500 kV PCB BFR
Line protective relays
500 kV bus LOR
500 kV PCB BFR
Breaker & or Ring bus differential relay

Describe situations when a LOR needs C/O.

MVDT
When bypassing a bank PCB position and a CT contribution is lost
T/E construction
Clearing a PCB for PCB removal/replace to C/O BFR, bus diff's, SEL 352
C/O of BFR's for PCB maintenance
Relay maintenance
Trip checks for relay maintenance
Gas in oil samples-sudden pressure trips to LOR

What would you check for an LOR operation on a BUS?

Check SER and Printout to determine the sequence of events.
Look for bus differential relay or breaker failure relay targets.
Check to see if the Bus LOR is reset (motor resets).
Check for other relay targets.
Clear the switchyard of personnel.
Inspect the bus for cause of fault.
Isolate any failed equipment if any are found.
Test energize the bus.

What would you check for an LOR operation on a

transformer/reactor?
Look at SER and printout to determine what occurred.
Check panel for tripped bank LOR.
Bank LOR is hand reset only, you must inspect bank before resetting.
Check bank relays for targets to determine what tripped the LOR.
Determine if it is a bank problem or an external problem, sudden pressure or
differential practically ensure bank problem, with a residual overcurrent trip could be
due to an external fault.
Inspect bank

What would you check for an LOR operation on GIS equipment?

Check SER and Printout to determine the sequence of events.
Look for bus differential relay.
Check to see if the Bus LOR is reset (motor resets).
Check for other relay targets.
Check for low gas pressures and inspect the bus.
Isolate any failed equipment if any are found.
Test energize the bus if no problem was found.

What would you check for an LOR operation on a Cap Group?

Look at SER and printout to determine what occurred.
Check SEL 187/287 for targets or was it other protection that tripped the LOR (OC
relays)?
LOR is hand reset only, must inspect cap group before resetting.
Determine if it is a cap problem or an external problem. Is it a loss of potential, voltage
differential, or another problem?
Isolate the cap group for repair.

What would you check for an LOR operation on a 500kv line?

Check SER and Printout to determine the sequence of events.
Determine what caused the LOR (BFX) to operate.
Did the PCBs relay and reclose?
Gather targets and determine the location/type of fault.
If locked out, have line patrolled and determine cause. Clear the line for repair.

Modern Electromechanical Relay

Applications
APPLICATION 1: Transients in Control Circuits

Problem Electric utilities use shielded control cables to

minimize transients in control circuits and P relays are designed and tested to withstand
transient voltages. However, an additional consideration is that the rapid response and low
energy requirements of P relays has resulted in unwanted DTT (Direct Transfer Trip) actuations
when trip signals are wired directly to P relays. In fact, utilities purchasing LJ relays have
reported that transients in control scheme wiring have actually resulted in unwanted DTT
actuations.

Solution Place high speed LJ relays near P relays and to use high speed LJ relays to serve as
a buffer between wired inputs and P relays.
This is illustrated in Figures 2 & 3 for Conshohocken and Wyomissing Substations. In this
application, Wyomissing Substation is not equipped with 138 KV fault interrupting devices and
DTT is needed to trip the 138 KV circuit breaker at Conshohocken in the event that a
transformer failure occurs at Wyomissing.

APPLICATION 2: Remote Lockout Reset

Problem Substations that are equipped with two, three, or more large power transformers,
simultaneous actuation of multiple lockout relays is beyond design basis and can result in a
significant number of customer interruptions.
Solution When faced with this possibility, some utilities have chosen to install LJ relays with
remote reset capability rather than traditional, hand reset, lockout relays for transformer and bus
differential relaying schemes. This application allows operators to quickly restore service to
customers, using supervisory control, if multiple components trip out simultaneously.
This is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 for Conshohocken Substation where LJ relays are actuated
by Transformer T12, Transformer T14, Bus 1, Bus 2, and Bus 3 differential relays to trip circuit
breakers when a fault occurs.

This remote reset feature allows operators to restore a transformer or bus to service when
substation video images do not show signs of arcing and damaged insulators, sudden pressure
relays have not actuated, and other indicators of component failure are not evident at the remote
power control center.

APPLICATION 3: Contact Multiplication

Problem Substations that are equipped with protective relays that have limited trip output
contacts, such as electromechanical bus differential relays.
Solution The LJ relays can serve as a contact multiplier. LJ relays are ideal for this application
as the rated contact closing time is 4 ms.
This application is illustrated in Figure 6 where a bus differential relay for Bus 2 actuates an LJ
relay that trips the two sectionalizing circuit breakers that are connected to Bus 2 (shown in
Figure 4).