Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
1.TB 15.001. The process that allows cells to be closely regulated with respect to cell growth and division
and also to respond appropriately to a specific environmental stimulus is called _______.
cell processing
cell signaling
cell regulation
organization
signalization
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.Introduction
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2.TB 15.002. How do cells in the body of a multicellular organism usually communicate with each other?
intracellular messenger molecules
direct connection by cells through long projections
extracellular messenger molecules
electrical signals between cells
ion transport between cells
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
4) the messenger molecules are usually limited in their ability to travel around the
body because they are inherently unstable or they are degraded by enzymes or they
bind to extracellular matrix
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
6.TB 15.006. What word below is used to describe extracellular messenger molecules that bind to receptors
at the extracellular surface of the responding cell?
ligand
bindand
binder
ligature
receptand
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
7.TB 15.007. What is the response of a receptor to the binding of a ligand to it at the cell's extracellular
surface?
It denatures.
The receptor relays a signal across the membrane to the receptor's cytoplasmic domain at the inner
membrane surface.
The receptor relays a signal elsewhere on the membrane to the receptor's extracellular domain at the
outer membrane surface.
It flips through the membrane.
It dissociates immediately from the ligand.
Page 2
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
8.TB 15.008. Sometimes an enzyme is activated by a receptor and brings about the cellular response by
generating a second messenger. Such an enzyme is called a(n) __________.
activator
effector
affector
refractor
generator
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
9.TB 15.009. No matter how the signal initiated by the binding of a ligand is transmitted (via a second
messenger or by protein recruitment), what is the outcome of that signal?
A protein in the middle of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.
A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.
A protein at the top of an extracellular signaling pathway is activated.
A protein at the top of an intracellular signaling pathway is deactivated.
A protein at the bottom of an intracellular signaling pathway is activated.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
10.TB 15.010. Which of the following is (are) not characteristics of the pathways activated by second
messengers?
Each signaling pathway consists of a series of distinct proteins that operate in sequence.
Each protein in the pathway typically acts by altering the conformation of the previous (upstream)
protein in the series, an event that activates or inhibits the protein.
Alterations in the conformations of signaling proteins are often accomplished by protein kinases and
protein phosphatases that, respectively, add or remove phosphate groups from other proteins.
Some phosphatases and protein kinases in the pathway have numerous proteins as their substrates;
others act on only a single protein substrate or a single amino acid of a protein substrate.
Many of the protein substrates of the pathway enzymes are enzymes themselves, like other kinases
and phosphatases, but they include ion channels, transcription factors and various regulatory
molecules.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
15.1
11.TB 15.011. What kinds of responses are not initiated when signals traveling down signaling pathways
Page 3
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
reach their target proteins, which are usually involved in basic cellular processes?
a change in gene expression
a change in ion permeability
cessation of DNA synthesis and degradation of DNA
the death of the cell
an alteration of the activity of metabolic enzymes
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
12.TB 15.012. At which site do virtually all of the signals that regulate the activities in which a cell is engaged
originate?
at the cell surface
in the nucleus
in the nucleolus
in the endoplasmic reticulum
in the cell wall
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
13.TB 15.013. The overall process in which information carried by extracellular messenger molecules is
translated into changes that occur inside the cell is called ___________.
signal digestion
signal destruction
signal interaction
signal transduction
signal induction
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
14.TB 15.014. If the receptor is degraded along with its ligand after internalization, what is the effect on the
cell's ability to respond to a hormone?
1) The response is enhanced.
2) The cell has increased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli.
3) The cell has decreased sensitivity to subsequent stimuli.
4) The cell exhibits no change in responsiveness to subsequent stimuli.
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Page 4
Karp 6e
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
15.TB 15.015. Proteins interact with one another, or with components of the cellular membrane, by means of
_________.
1) specific types of interaction domains
2) intercellular glue
3) the SH3 domain
4) peptide bonds
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
16.TB 15.016. Most protein kinases transfer phosphate groups to which amino acid(s)?
1) glutamate
2) threonine
3) serine
4) tryptophan
1
2
3
4
2 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.1
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
17.TB 15.017. Which amino acids are known to be phosphorylated by protein kinases?
tyrosine, threonine, glycine
threonine, serine, tryptophan
serine, threonine, tyrosine
phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine
serine, leucine, tyrosine
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
15.1
Page 5
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
19.TB 15.019. Which molecule below is unlikely to act as either a neurotransmitter or hormone?
glucose
glycine
dopamine
eicosanoids
thyroid hormone
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
20.TB 15.020. Which molecule below does not act as a neurotransmitter and a hormone?
glutamate
glycine
dopamine
eicosanoids
thyroid hormone
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 6
Karp 6e
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
22.TB 15.022. Which signaling molecules are nonpolar molecules containing 20 carbons that are derived from
a fatty acid named arachidonic acid?
eicosanoids
steroids
acetylcholine
acetylsalicylic acid
epinephrine
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
23.TB 15.023. Which signaling molecules regulate a variety of processes, including pain, inflammation, blood
pressure and blood clotting?
epinephrine
acetylcholine
eicosanoids
dopamine
steroids
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
25.TB 15.025. A number of drugs used to treat headaches and inflammation do so by __________.
inhibiting eicosanoid synthesis
activating eicosanoid synthesis
inhibiting neurotransmitter synthesis
inhibiting eicosanoid activity
activating eicosanoid activity
Ans: A
Page 7
Karp 6e
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
26.TB 15.026. Which of the following activities is not regulated by the wide variety of proteins and
polypeptides that are excreted into the extracellular environment?
cell division
differentiation
immune response
cell death or cell survival
excretion of sodium ions
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
27.TB 15.027. What allows receptors for extracellular signaling molecules present on the responding cell's
surface to recognize such molecules so readily?
They bind the signaling molecules with low affinity.
They bind the signaling molecules with high affinity.
They denature the signaling molecules.
They stabilize the signaling molecules.
They infiltrate the signaling molecules.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
28.TB 15.028. What is the immediate result once most receptor protein-tyrosine kinases bind to their ligand?
receptor trimerization
receptor dimerization
receptor denaturation
receptor dissociation
receptor tetramerization
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
29.TB 15.029. On what part of the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase is the protein kinase activity located?
1) the extracellular surface
2) the cytoplasmic region
3) within the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer
1
2
3
1 and 2
Page 8
Karp 6e
E)
2 and 3
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
30.TB 15.030. Which cell surface receptors conduct a flow of ions across the plasma membrane when bound
to ligand?
ligand-gated channels
RTKs
G protein coupled receptors
steroid hormone receptors
GPCRs
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
31.TB 15.031. What role do activated steroid receptors play in the cell?
activation of inactive enzymes
inactivation of active enzymes
ligand-regulated transcription factors
opening of specific ion channels
activation of cytoplasmic proteins
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
32.TB 15.032. Where are steroid receptors generally located and where do they bind the steroid hormone once
it enters the cell?
They are located and bind the steroids in the cytoplasm.
They are located and bind the steroids in the middle of the cell membrane.
They are located and bind the steroids on the extracellular membrane surface.
They are located and bind the steroids on the intracellular membrane surface.
The receptors are located in the cytoplasm but they bind their ligands in the lysosomes.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.2
A)
B)
C)
D)
33.TB 15.033. Why are G-protein coupled receptors often known as 7TM receptors?
They have 7 tyrosine-methionine dipeptides in their structure.
They have 7 transmembrane -pleated sheets.
They have 7 transmembrane -helices.
They have 7 methionine-tryptophan dipeptides in their structure.
Page 9
Karp 6e
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
34.TB 15.034. What is the largest protein superfamily encoded by animal genomes?
G-protein coupled receptors
RTKs
steroid receptors
tubulin superfamily
ligand-gated channels
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
35.TB 15.035. Which of the following are not natural ligands that bind to G-protein coupled receptors?
hormones
neurotransmitters
chemoattractants
opium derivatives
steroid hormones
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
36.TB 15.036. Which of the following are molecules that attract the phagocytic cells of the immune system?
hormones
neurotransmitters
chemoattractants
opium derivatives
steroid hormones
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
37.TB 15.037. What role do three of the loops on the GPCR at the outside of the cell play in the signaling
process?
Together they serve as a ligand-binding site for extracellular signaling molecules.
Together they serve as a binding site for proteins that link receptors to various signaling proteins.
Together they serve as a binding site for proteins that link receptors to various effectors in the cell.
Together they serve as a binding site for cAMP.
Together they serve as a ligand-binding site for intracellular signaling molecules.
Page 10
Karp 6e
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
38.TB 15.038. For many years, _______ was the only member of the GPCR superfamily to have its X-ray
crystal structure determined.
rhodopsin
the steroid receptor
the insulin receptor
the glucagon receptor
the endocrine receptor
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
39.TB 15.039. Why does rhodopsin have an unusually stable structure for a GPCR?
Its ligand is permanently bound to the protein.
A retinal group is permanently bound to the protein.
The protein molecule can only exist in a single conformation in the absence of a stimulus.
The protein molecule can only exist in a single conformation in the dark.
All of these are correct.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 11
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
41.TB 15.041. The subunits of the heterotrimeric G protein are called ___________ subunits.
, and
, and
, and
, and
, and
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
43.TB 15.043. Where is the guanine nucleotide-binding site of the G protein located?
on the G subunit
on the G subunit
on the G subunit
on the G subunit
on all three subunits
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
Page 12
Karp 6e
E)
152436
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
45.TB 15.045. Which heterotrimeric G proteins couple receptors to adenylyl cyclase via the activation of
GTP-bound G subunits?
Gs family
Gq family
Gi family
G12/13 family
Gr family
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
47.TB 15.047. Which heterotrimeric G proteins are less well characterized than the other G protein families
and have had their inappropriate activation associated with excessive cell proliferation and malignant
transformations?
Gs family
Gq family
Gi family
G12/13 family
Gr family
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
48.TB 15.048. What must happen in order to prevent overstimulation by a hormone?
1) Hormones must be destroyed.
2) G proteins must be destroyed.
3) Receptors must be blocked from continuing to activate G proteins.
Page 13
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
49.TB 15.049. The process that blocks active receptors from turning on additional G proteins is called
________.
hypersensitization
desensitization
hyposensitization
deactivation
sensitivitization
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
50.TB 15.050. In order to begin desensitization, the ________ domain of the activated G protein-coupled
receptor is phosphorylated by a specific enzyme called a(n) ________.
extracellular, G protein-coupled receptor kinase
extracellular, G protein-coupled receptor phosphatase
cytoplasmic, G protein-coupled receptor kinase
cytoplasmic, G protein-coupled receptor phosphatase
extracellular, GRK
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
51.TB 15.051. GRKs are a small family of ________ protein kinases, most of which are localized to the
_______ surface of the plasma membrane.
serine-threonine, cytoplasmic
serine-threonine, extracellular
tyrosine, cytoplasmic
tyrosine, extracellular
serine-tyrosine, cytoplasmic
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
Page 14
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
52.TB 15.052. What recruits cytoplasmic GRKs (G protein-coupled receptor kinases) to the plasma
membrane?
inhibition of certain G proteins
destruction of the GPCRs
activation of GPCRs
inhibition of the GPCRs
destruction of the hormone
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
53.TB 15.053. ________ form a small group of proteins that bind to GPCRs and compete for binding to
those GPCRs with heterotrimeric G proteins.
Stablins
Arrestins
Monomeric G proteins
G protein-coupled receptor kinases
Desensitizers
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
55.TB 15.055. One could say that arrestins are __________ of heterotrimeric G-protein binding to GPCRs.
1) noncompetitive inhibitors
2) feedback inhibitors
3) allosteric inhibitors
4) competitive inhibitors
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Page 15
Karp 6e
Ans: D
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
58.TB 15.058. While bound to phosphorylated GPCRs, to what else can arrestins bind?
G proteins
clathrin molecules in clathrin-coated pits
other arrestins
hormones
GRKs
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
Page 16
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
59.TB 15.059. What does the interaction between arrestin and clathrin promote?
the uptake of free hormone
the uptake of phosphorylated GPCRs into the cell by exocytosis
the uptake of phosphorylated GPCRs into the cell by endocytosis
the expulsion of phosphorylated GPCRs from the cell by exocytosis
the secretion of GPCRs
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
60.TB 15.060. What happens to cells if the receptors are degraded once they are internalized?
The cells are able to make a magnified response to the same stimulus from the ligand in question.
The cells permanently lose sensitivity for the ligand in question.
The cells lose, at least temporarily, sensitivity for the ligand in question.
The cells remain sensitive to the ligand in question.
The cells expand.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
62.TB 15.062. What, at least in part, determines the strength and duration of signaling by the G subunit of the
G protein?
1) the size of the hormone
2) the G subunit's GTP hydrolysis rate
3) the G subunits' GTP hydrolysis rate
4) the binding to adenylyl cyclase
1
2
3
4
2 and 3
Page 17
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
63.TB 15.063. What is responsible for hydrolyzing the GTP attached to the G subunit?
a GTPase floating freely in the cytoplasm
a GTP synthase floating freely in the cytoplasm
a GRK
a weak GTPase activity residing on the G subunit
a weak GTPase activity residing on the G subunit
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
65.TB 15.065. What happens when an RGS protein interacts with the G subunit of the G protein?
The rate of GTPase hydrolysis by the G subunit increases.
The rate of GTPase hydrolysis by the G subunit decreases.
The rate of GTPase hydrolysis by the G subunit increases.
The rate of GTPase hydrolysis by the G subunit decreases.
There is no change in the rate of GTPase hydrolysis by the G subunit.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
66.TB 15.066. By what mechanism does cholera toxin elicit the symptoms of cholera?
It modifies G-subunits and inhibits their GTPase activity in the cells of the intestinal epithelium.
It modifies G-subunits and raises their GTPase activity in the cells of the intestinal epithelium.
It modifies G-subunits and raises their GTPase activity in the cells of the intestinal epithelium.
Page 18
Karp 6e
D)
E)
It modifies G-subunits and inhibits their GTPase activity in the cells of the intestinal epithelium.
None of these are correct.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
67.TB 15.067. You homogenize liver tissue forming a broken-cell preparation and treat the preparation with
epinephrine and/or glucagon. What happens in the broken-cell preparation?
Nothing happens.
Phosphorylase activity decreases.
Phosphorylase activity increases.
Phosphorylase activity does not change.
Glucose polymerizes into glycogen.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
68.TB 15.068. What would happen to phosphorylase activity if the supernatant fraction were exposed directly
to glucagon and/or epinephrine?
1) Phosphorylase is actively and specifically denatured.
2) Phosphorylase activity decreases.
3) Phosphorylase activity increases.
4) Phosphorylase activity does not change.
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: D
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
69.TB 15.069. The particulate fraction from homogenized liver was exposed directly to glucagon and/or
epinephrine and then washed by resuspension in physiological saline. The supernatant from the wash was
removed and exposed to the original soluble fraction from the liver that contained the phosphorylase. What
happened to the phosphorylase activity in the original soluble fraction?
1) Phosphorylase is actively and specifically denatured.
2) Phosphorylase activity decreases.
3) Phosphorylase activity increases.
4) Phosphorylase activity does not change.
1
2
3
Page 19
Karp 6e
D)
E)
4
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
70.TB 15.070. What would happen to phosphorylase activity if the supernatant fraction from the original liver
homogenate were exposed directly to cyclic AMP (cAMP)?
1) Phosphorylase is actively and specifically denatured.
2) Phosphorylase activity decreases.
3) Phosphorylase activity increases.
4) Phosphorylase activity does not change.
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
71.TB 15.071. Which enzymes hydrolyze specific ester bonds that connect the different building blocks that
make up a phospholipid molecule?
phospholipases
phospholipid kinases
phospholipid phosphatases
phosphatidyl phosphatases
phospholipid dephosphorylase
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
72.TB 15.072. An experiment in which acetylcholine, given to cells whose RNA nucleotide triphosphates
were previously labeled by exposure to radiolabeled orthophosphate, resulted in the radiolabeling of
membrane phospholipids like phosphatidylinositol and their derivatives, the phosphoinositides. What did
this suggest to the researchers who performed the experiment?
It suggested that lipids were synthesized by acetylcholine.
It suggested that acetylcholine had no receptors in these cells.
It suggested that inositol-containing lipids can be phosphorylated by specific lipid kinases that are
activated in response to extracellular messenger molecules like acetylcholine.
It suggested that lipids can also serve as hormones.
It suggested that contract in response to acetylcholine.
Page 20
Karp 6e
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
73.TB 15.073. What is the function of carbon number 1 on the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol?
It binds to steroid receptors.
It joins inositol to diacylglycerol.
It joins a phosphate group to diacyglycerol.
It joins glucose to diacylglycerol.
It joins two diacyglycerol molecules together.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
74.TB 15.074. What group of enzymes phosphorylates most of the carbons on inositol?
phospholipases
phosphoinositide kinases
phosphorylases
phosphodiesterases
phosphatases
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
75.TB 15.075. Which of the following is an enzyme that removes phosphate groups that have been added to
phosphoinositides?
PI 4-kinase
PIP 5-kinase
PI 3-kinase
lipid phosphatase
lipid dephosphorylase
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
76.TB 15.076. The phosphorylated inositol rings of phosphoinositides form binding sites for a particular type
of lipid-binding domain found in proteins that bind specifically to phosphoinositides. What are these
binding domains called?
pKa domains
pK domains
PH domains
PIP domains
HP domains
Page 21
Karp 6e
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
77.TB 15.077. What binds phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C- to the inner cell membrane
surface?
its interaction with cyclic cAMP
its interaction with adenylate cyclase
an interaction between its PH domain and a phosphoinositide molecule
its interaction with the fatty acid chains of diacylglycerol
its interaction with PLC
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
78.TB 15.078. What enzyme below does diacylglycerol (DAG) recruit and activate?
phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C-
protein kinase A
protein kinase C
glycogen phosphorylase
phosphorylase kinase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
79.TB 15.049. Diacylglycerol recruits and activates effector proteins that bear ________.
1) amino groups
2) a DAG binding domain
3) a PH domain
4) a C1 domain
1
2
3
4
2 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
Page 22
Karp 6e
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
82.TB 15.082. You have cultured some cells in the presence of phorbol esters temporarily. What happens to
the cells when you remove the phorbol esters from the culture medium?
The cells become malignant.
The cells recover their normal growth properties.
The cells exhibit no change in their behavior.
The cells shrink.
The cells exhibit apoptosis.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
83.TB 15.083. What compound below is often produced at the front of a cell by a localized lipid kinase and
then subsequently degraded at the rear and sides of the cell by a localized lipid phosphatase?
1) PIP2
2) PIP3
3) IP3
4) inositol triphosphate
1
2
3
4
3 and 4
Page 23
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
84.TB 15.084. The effect of inositol triphosphate is usually transient because __________.
it is so stable
it is rapidly inactivated enzymatically
it is slowly activated enzymatically
it is so big
it is so small
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
85.TB 15.085. Chemotaxis depends on the localized production of phosphoinositide messengers, which
_______.
1) influence the formation of actin filaments
2) influence the formation of lamellipodia
3) influence the formation ectopodia
4) initiate the movement of a cell toward its target, the chemoattractant
1
2
3
4
1, 3and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
86.TB 15.086. Protein kinase C has a number of important roles in cellular processes, including _____.
1) cell death
2) cellular metabolism
3) cellular growth and differentiation
4) translational activation
1
2
3
4
1, 2 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
Page 24
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
88.TB 15.088. In which of the following sites are calcium ions often stored in a variety of cells?
the nucleus
the peroxisomes
the nucleolus
the SER
the RER
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
89.TB 15.089. How does IP3 get from the plasma membrane where it is made to the receptor on the SER?
It is carried there by a transport molecule.
It diffuses through the cytoplasm.
It crawls through the cytoplasm.
It osmoses through the cytoplasm.
It is moved enzymatically.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 25
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
isoforms
isomers
isochthonous receptors
isometric receptors
stereophonic receptors
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
93.TB 15.093. _________ is a powerful neurotransmitter released by nerve cells in parts of the brain
governing emotions.
Serotonin
Adrenalin
Epinephrine
Insulin
Glucagon
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
94.TB 15.094. At least 16 different G subunits, 5 different G subunits and 11 different G subunits have been
identified. If any of these different subunits can be combined with any other subunit to make a normal G
protein consisting of one , one and one subunit, what is the maximum number of different G proteins
that can be made?
32
100
160
880
55
Ans: D
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
Page 26
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
98.TB 15.98. Which hormone is secreted by -cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose levels?
insulin
glycogen
glucagon
epinephrine
somatostatin
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
Page 27
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
99.TB 15.99. Which hormone, often known as the "flight-or-fight" hormone, is secreted by the adrenal gland
in stressful situations?
insulin
glycogen
glucagon
epinephrine
somatostatin
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
100.TB 15.100. What is the direct result of the action of glucagon and/or epinephrine release into the
bloodstream?
increased blood glucose levels
decreased blood glucose levels
degradation of cellular cytoplasmic proteins
no change in blood glucose levels
decreased pancreatic glucose levels
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 28
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
103.TB 15.103. The two receptors for glucagon and epinephrine differ from one another primarily in the
structure of what part of the molecule?
the structure of the ligand-binding pocket on the extracellular surface of the target cell
the structure of the ligand-binding pocket on the intracellular surface of the target cell
the cytoplasmic terminus of the receptor that interacts with the cytoskeleton
the cytoplasmic terminus of the protein that interacts with the G protein
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
105.TB 15.105. To what does cAMP bind once it is made by adenylyl cyclase in response to glucagon and/or
epinephrine?
It binds to the allosteric site on the catalytic subunits of protein kinase A.
It binds to the allosteric site on the regulatory subunits of protein kinase A.
It binds to phosphorylase kinase.
It binds to adenylyl cyclase.
It binds to the regulatory subunits of glycogen synthase.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
106.TB 15.106. What happens to protein kinase A once cAMP binds to it?
It then binds to catalytic subunits.
It then binds to regulatory subunits.
Page 29
Karp 6e
C)
D)
E)
The inhibitory regulatory subunits dissociate from the catalytic subunits, thus activating the enzyme.
The excitatory regulatory subunits dissociate from the catalytic subunits, thus inhibiting the enzyme.
None of these are correct.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
107.TB 15.107. To what amino acid residue in glycogen phosphorylase does phosphorylase kinase add a
phosphate group, stimulating the breakdown of glycogen?
a specific threonine residue
a specific glycine residue
a specific serine residue
a specific alanine residue
a specific tyrosine residue
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
108.TB 15.108. A pathway by which glucose is formed from glycolysis intermediates is called _________.
glucosis
gluconeogenesis
glucogenesis
glycogenosis
respiration
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
109.TB 15.109. In liver cells, gluconeogenesis enzymes are produced in response to what molecule?
1) cGMP
2) cAMP
3) ATP
4) DNA
1
2
3
1 and 2
4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
Page 30
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
110.TB 15.110. Which of the following is an enzyme that removes phosphate groups that have been added by
kinases?
1) phosphatase-1
2) cAMP phosphodiesterase
3) hydrolase
4) phosphorylase
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
111.TB 15.111. Which enzyme below terminates the response to cAMP through the destruction of cAMP
molecules present in the cell?
1) phosphorylase kinase
2) phosphorylase
3) cAMPglycogen synthase
4) cAMP phosphodiesterase
1
2
3
4
2 and 4
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
112.TB 15.112. Which of the following molecules has been implicated in the induced relaxation of smooth
muscle cells and may also play a key role in the vision-signaling pathway?
cGMP
cAMP
DNA
phospholipids
glycoproteins
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
113.TB 15.113. Unlike most proteins with a similar function, AKAPs have ________.
1) the same structure
Page 31
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2) diverse structures
3) similar structures
4) identical structures
1
2
3
4
3 and 4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
114.TB 15.114. Which cells are photoreceptor cells that respond to low light intensity and give us a black-andwhite picture of our environment at night or in a darkened room?
1) cones
2) rods
4) melanocytes
5) photosynthetic cells
1
2
1 and 2
3
4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
115.TB 15.115. What is the light-sensitive protein that is found in retina rods?
rhodopsin
odopsin
erythrosin
hemiopsin
heliopsin
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
116.TB 15.116. Which cells provide us with color vision under conditions of brighter light?
1) cones
2) rods
3) melanocytes
4) photosynthetic cells
1
Page 32
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
2
1 and 2
3
4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
117.TB 15.117. The heterotrimeric G protein that receives a signal from rhodopsin after it absorbs as little as
one photon of light is called ________.
heterotrimerin
G protein
transducin
inducin
elastin
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
118.TB 15.118. What effector is activated by an activated transducin molecule after the absorption of light by
rhodopsin?
adenylyl cyclase
guanylyl cyclase
cGMP phosphodiesterase
cAMP phosphodiesterase
guanylyl phosphatase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
119.TB 15.119. The many different chemical structures that are perceived by the olfactory neurons are called
______.
smells
odorants
olfactorants
indicants
odontants
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
120.TB 15.120. The human genome contains roughly 1000 genes that code for odorant receptors, but only
Page 33
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
about 400 different ones are actually expressed. Thus, most of them are present as nonfunctional
________.
working genes
enterogenes
pseudogenes
oncogenes
suppressor genes
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
121.TB 15.121. Why is it likely that mice express many more odorant receptors than do humans?
Mice are smaller.
Humans depend more on their sense of smell than do mice.
Humans are bigger.
Mice depend more on their sense of smell than do humans.
Mice have smaller noses than humans.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
122.TB 15.122. How many odorant receptors is each olfactory neuron thought to contain?
only one
a few
10
hundreds
every single one
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
123.TB 15.123. What provides humans with the perception of different aromas?
1) activation of different neurons containing the same odorant receptors
2) activation of different neurons containing different odorant receptors
3) inhibition of different neurons containing the same odorant receptors
4) inhibition of different neurons containing different odorant receptors
1
2
3
4
2 and 4
Ans: B
Page 34
Karp 6e
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
124.TB 15.124. What might cause a person to have an inability to detect a particular chemical in the
environment that most other members of the population can perceive?
mutations is a specific gene encoding the odorant receptor for that particular chemical
mutations in the genes for all odorant molecules
mutations in the genes for G proteins
mutations in the genes for neurotransmitters
mutations in the gene for one neurotransmitter
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
126.TB 15.126. There are about 30 bitter-taste receptors known as ______ and all of them are coupled to the
same ______.
T2Rs, heterotrimeric G proteins
T2Rs, monomeric G proteins
T2Rs, homotrimeric G proteins
GPCRs, heterotrimeric G proteins
GPCRs, homotrimeric G proteins
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
127.TB 15.127. Which of the following is a difference between olfactory cells and a single taste-bud cell that
evokes a bitter sensation?
Olfactory cells are smaller than taste-bud cells that respond to bitter stimuli.
Olfactory cells possess a single receptor protein, while the bitter taste-bud cells have a variety of
Page 35
Karp 6e
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
128.TB 15.128. A fifth type of taste receptor cell responds to ________, generating a perception that a food is
"savory."
1) the amino acid aspartate
2) the amino acid glutamine
3) the amino acid glutamate
4) purine nucleotides
1
2
3
4
1, 3 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
129.TB 15.129. A fifth type of taste receptor cell responds to ________, generating a perception that a food is
"savory".
1) the amino acid aspartate
2) pyrimidine nucleotides
3) the amino acid glutamine
4) purine nucleotides
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
A)
130.TB 15.130. How many high-affinity sweet-taste receptors have been identified?
none
Page 36
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
30
1
10
3
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
132.TB 15.132. Why do colds cause us to lose some of our appreciation for the taste of food?
The symptoms of colds interfere with the stimuli reaching the taste bud receptors, thus dulling the
perception of taste.
The symptoms of colds prevent stimuli from reaching olfactory neurons efficiently, thus dulling the
perception of taste.
Cold viruses raise the firing threshold of olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
Cold viruses lower the firing threshold of olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
Cold viruses denature olfactory neurons, thus dulling the perception of taste.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
15.3
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
133.TB 15.133. _________ are enzymes that phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on protein substrates.
Protein tyrosinases
Protein-tyrosine kinases
Tyrosine pronases
Proteokinases
Tyrokinases
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
134.TB 15.134. Which type of protein-tyrosine kinase is regulated indirectly by extracellular signals?
1) receptor protein-tyrosine kinases
Page 37
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
2) RTKs
3) cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinases
4) nuclear protein-tyrosine kinases
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
135.TB 15.135. Which of the following features would be a requirement for a receptor that exhibits ligandmediated dimerization?
The ligand has only one binding site for receptors.
The ligand has two binding sites for receptors.
The receptor must have a phenylalanine residue in a specific location.
The receptor must have a molecular weight of 50,000 daltons.
Ligand binding causes a conformational shift that reveals a binding site for another receptor.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
136.TB 15.136. Which of the following supports the ligand-mediated model of receptor dimerization?
Some growth and differentiation factors like PDGF or CSF-1 are composed of two similar or
identical disulfide-linked subunits, each of which has a binding site for a receptor.
Ligands have been found to be small proteins.
Ligands have been found to be steroid hormones.
Ligands were found to bind to each other
Receptors have been shown to have multiple binding sites for ligands.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 38
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
138.TB 15.138. Once the kinase domain of receptor protein-tyrosine kinase has been activated, what does the
activated receptor protein-tyrosine kinase do?
The receptor subunits denature.
Each receptor subunit phosphorylates its partner on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the
kinase domain.
Each receptor subunit phosphorylates itself on tyrosine residues found in regions adjacent to the
kinase domain.
The receptor subunits dephosphorylate each other.
The receptor subunits refold into a more effective conformation.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
140.TB 15.140. What determines the specificity of the interactions of SH2 proteins with phosphorylated
tyrosine residues in proteins?
the phosphorylated tyrosine alone
the phosphate-sugar backbone
the amino acid sequence immediately adjacent to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues
the nucleic acid sequence immediately adjacent to the phosphorylated tyrosine residues
the size of the SH2 proteins
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
141.TB 15.141. Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain-containing proteins bind to phosphotyrosine residues
that are part of which of the following motifs?
asparagine-proline-X-tyrosine motif
adenine-guanine-cytosine-X-tyrosine motif
asparagine-thymidine-X-tyrosine motif
adenine-proline-X-tyrosine motif
aspartic acid-proline-X-tyrosine motif
Page 39
Karp 6e
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
142.TB 15.142. Which of the following molecules functions as a linker enabling two or more signaling proteins
to become joined together as part of a signaling complex? They contain an SH2 domain and one or more
additional protein-protein interaction domains.
adaptor proteins
docking proteins
transcription factors
enzymes
All of these are correct.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
143.TB 15.143. What phosphorylates the tyrosine residues found on docking proteins?
a G protein coupled receptor
a receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase
adaptor proteins
receptor protein phosphatases
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
144.TB 15.144. How do docking proteins lend versatility to the signaling process mediated by the receptor
protein-tyrosine kinase?
1) The same docking protein will have different binding affinities in different cells.
2) The ability of the receptor to turn on signaling molecules can vary with the docking proteins
expressed in a particular cell.
3) Docking proteins behave differently in different cells.
4) All of the docking proteins are continually present but they work at different times in a cell life cycle.
1
2
3
1 and 3
4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
Page 40
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
145.TB 15.145. Which of the following contains an SH2 domain together with a tyrosine phosphorylation site
that can act as a binding site for the SH2 domain of an identical molecule leading to dimerization?
adaptor proteins
docking proteins
transcription factors
enzymes
All of these are correct.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
146.TB 15.146. What event does binding of STAT proteins to a phosphorylated receptor protein-tyrosine kinase
immediately trigger?
the dissociation of the dimerized receptor
the formation of a receptor tetramer
the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the STAT proteins
the trimerization of the STAT proteins
the release of the receptor's extracellular ligand
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
147.TB 15.147. What event is usually responsible for terminating signal transduction by RTKs?
dephosphorylation of the receptor
degradation of the ligand
receptor internalization
phosphorylation of the receptor
acetylation of the receptor
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
148.TB 15.148. What happens to an RTK after the Cbl protein has associated with it?
1) Ubiquitin is denatured.
2) Ubiquitin is attached to the RTK.
3) Chaperonins are denatured.
4) Chaperonins are attached to the RTK.
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Page 41
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
149.TB 15.149. ________ is a small protein that is linked covalently to other proteins, thereby marking those
proteins for internalization or degradation.
Chaperonin
Ubiquitin
Proinsulin
Transcriptin
Tubulin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
150.TB 15.150. Viruses that carry their genetic information in the form of RNA are called ________.
viria
retroviruses
reverse transcriptases
retrons
provirions
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
151.TB 15.151. Genes that enable viruses to transform normal cells into tumor cells are called _________.
oncogenes
cancogenes
haplogenes
tumor enhancer genes
transformer genes
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
152.TB 15.152. What is the original source of the retroviral RAS gene?
the virus itself
the mammalian hosts of the virus
amphibians
bacteria
cold viruses
Ans: B
Page 42
Karp 6e
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
153.TB 15.153. What kind of enzyme is the RAS gene product, the Ras protein?
an ATPase
a kinase
a phosphodiesterase
a GTPase
a phosphatase
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
154.TB 15.154. What holds Ras at the inner surface of the plasma membrane?
weak interactions with the phospholipid head groups
weak interactions with integral membrane proteins
hydrophilic interactions of the Ras protein with the interior of the phospholipid bilayer
attachment to a lipid group that is embedded in the inner leaflet of the bilayer
attachment to a carbohydrate group that is embedded in the inner leaflet of the bilayer
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
155.TB 15.155. How does Ras differ from other G proteins (GTPases) involved in the control of cell
processes?
It has faster reaction rates.
It has slower reaction rates.
It has one small subunit, instead of three.
It has five subunits instead of three.
It is much less specific than the other G proteins.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 43
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
158.TB 15.158. What is the name of benign tumors that can form along the sheaths lining the nerve trunks?
neurons
neurofibromas
neuromas
fibromas
sheathomas
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
159.TB 15.159. Why does the Ras G protein pick up GTP so rapidly after the release of GDP?
GTP is present at relatively high concentration in the cell.
GTP is present at relatively low concentration in the cell.
GTP is present at moderate concentration in the cell.
Other GTP binding proteins passively transfer GTP to Ras.
Other GTP binding proteins actively transfer GTP to Ras.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
160.TB 15.160. Which molecules below accelerate the ability of monomeric G proteins to hydrolyze GTP to
GDP, thus inactivating the G protein?
1) GAPs
2) Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors
3) GEFs
4) GDIs
1
2
3
4
2 and 3
Page 44
Karp 6e
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
161.TB 15.161. Which molecules below bind to an inactive monomeric G protein and stimulate the
dissociation of bound GDP, which ultimately results in the G protein being activated?
GTPase-activating proteins
Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors
Guanine nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors
GAPs
GNEs
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
162.TB 15.162. Which molecules below inhibit the release of a bound GDP from a monomeric G protein, thus
maintaining the protein in the inactive, GDP-bound state?
1) GAPs
2) Guanine nucleotide-exchange factors
3) GEFs
4) GDIs
1
2
3
4
2 and 3
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
163.TB 15.163. The Ras G protein is a key component of a cascade that plays a key role in regulating vital
activities like cell proliferation and differentiation. What is the name of the cascade?
1) the Ras-GEF cascade
2) the Ras mucilage-activated protein kinase cascade
3) the Ras-MAP kinase cascade
1
2
3
1 and 3
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
Page 45
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
164.TB 15.164. Place the following steps in the MAP kinase cascade in the proper order.
1) Raf is phosphorylated by several protein kinases in a process that is likely to
involve protein-protein interactions.
2) MEK phosphorylates and activates a MAP kinase.
3) The phosphorylated tyrosine residues of the receptor are bound by the Grb2-Sos
complex formed in the cytoplasm, recruiting it to the inner surface of the plasma
membrane, close to Ras.
4) Activated Raf, a serine-threonine protein kinase, phosphorylates the protein kinase
MEK.
5) Ras binds to Raf, a signaling protein.
6) Sos causes Ras to exchange GDP for GTP, activating it.
7) MAP kinase moves into the nucleus where it phosphorylates and activates specific
transcription factors.
8) An extracellular signal like EGF or PDGF binds to its receptor, activating the
receptor.
85361427
83657241
83651427
83645217
83754126
Ans: C
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
165.TB 15.165. Which of the following enzymes does not form a part of the core of the MAP kinase pathway?
MAPKKK
MAPKKKK
MAPKK
MAPK
All of these are correct.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
166.TB 15.166. In cells exposed to stressful stimuli, like X-rays or damaging chemicals, what response does
the MAP kinase cascade coordinate?
cell proliferation
withdrawal from the cell cycle
rapid differentiation
slowing of the Krebs cycle
a loss of sensory ability
Page 46
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
167.TB 15.167. What is the reason for the withdrawal of cells from the cell cycle after exposure to stressful
stimuli, like X-rays and damaging chemicals?
It gives the cell time to repair damage resulting from such adverse conditions.
It allows the cell to initiate programmed cell death.
It allows cells to initiate sodium transport.
It allows the cell to secrete defensive chemicals.
It gives the cell time to switch its developmental pathways.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
168.TB 15.168. Specificity in MAP kinase pathways is sometimes achieved by spatial localization of the
pathway's component proteins. Spatial localization of these components is done by structural (i.e.,
nonenzymatic) proteins called _____________.
sequestration proteins
partitioning proteins
scaffolding proteins
framework proteins
spatial organization proteins
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
169.TB 15.169. ________ are examples of ________; similar proteins play a role in routing signals through
one of the various MAP kinase pathways.
1) AKAPs, scaffolding proteins
2) phosphatase inhibitors, scaffolding proteins
3) AKAPs, extracellular signals
4) PKA-anchoring proteins, scaffolding proteins
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
170.TB 15.170. What is the response of the pancreas to high blood-glucose levels?
Page 47
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
171.TB 15.171. Two heterodimers of the insulin receptor are held together by ____ between the _______.
ionic bonds, chains
ionic bonds, chains
disulfide bonds, chains
disulfide bonds, chains
disulfide bonds, chain of one heterodimer and the chain of the other
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
172.TB 15.172. After IRSs bind to the insulin receptor, what binds to them?
1) SH2 domain-containing signaling proteins
2) PIP2
3) PIP3
4) PTB domain-containing proteins
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
173.TB 15.173. What part of the IRSs binds to the insulin receptor?
the SH2 domain
the PTB domain
the PH domain
the C-terminal tail
the N-terminal leader sequence
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
Page 48
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
174.TB 15.174. What part of the insulin-receptor substrates may interact with phospholipids present at the
inner leaflet of the plasma membrane?
1) an N-terminal PH domain
2) a PTB domain
3) a long tail containing tyrosine phosphorylation sites
4) a C-terminal PH domain
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
175.TB 15.175. What part of an insulin-receptor substrate binds to tyrosine phosphorylation sites on the
activated insulin receptor?
an N-terminal PH domain
a PTB domain
a long tail containing tyrosine phosphorylation sites
a C-terminal PH domain
a PKB domain
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
176.TB 15.176. In the plasma membrane's cytosolic leaflet, PIP2 and PIP3 provide binding sites for signaling
proteins containing what domain?
PH domain
PTB domain
SH2 domain
SH3 domain
PKB domain
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
177.TB 15.177. What is responsible for insulin-dependent glucose transport from the blood?
glucagon
the Na+-K+ pump
the GLUT4 glucose transporter
Page 49
Karp 6e
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
178.TB 15.178. Where is the GLUT4 glucose transporter generally located in the absence of insulin?
in membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of insulin-responsive cells
in the plasma membrane of insulin-responsive cells
in membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of insulin-resistant cells
in the plasma membrane of insulin-resistant cells
in the RER of insulin-resistant cells
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
179.TB 15.179. You have produced antibodies against the GLUT4 glucose transporter and labeled them with a
red fluorescent dye. You culture the cells in the absence of insulin and after a 30-minute incubation period,
you fix the cells and treat them with the fluorescent antibody. What do you see when you look at the cells
in the fluorescence microscope?
The cells are uniformly red; the antibodies are equally distributed between the cell cytoplasm and
membrane.
The red fluorescent label is concentrated in the cytoplasm around membrane vesicles.
The red fluorescent label is concentrated on the surface of the cell in the plasma membrane.
The red fluorescent label is concentrated inside the nucleus.
The green fluorescent label is concentrated in the cytoplasm around membrane vesicles.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
180.TB 15.180. You have produced antibodies against the GLUT4 glucose transporter and labeled them with a
green fluorescent dye. You culture the cells in the presence of insulin and after a 30-minute incubation
period, you fix the cells and treat them with the fluorescent antibody. What do you see when you look at
the cells in the fluorescence microscope?
The cells are uniformly green; the antibodies are equally distributed between the cell cytoplasm and
membrane.
The green fluorescent label is concentrated in the cytoplasm around membrane vesicles.
The red fluorescent label is concentrated on the surface of the cell in the plasma membrane.
The green fluorescent label is concentrated inside the nucleus.
The green fluorescent label is concentrated on the surface of the cell in the plasma membrane.
Ans: E
Difficulty: Difficult
Page 50
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
181.TB 15.181. What evidence below would suggest that GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane
depends upon PKB activation?
Overexpression of PKB leads to GLUT4 retention in the cytoplasm.
Overexpression of PKB leads to GLUT4 translocation.
Underexpression of PKB leads to GLUT4 translocation.
Underexpression of PKB leads to GLUT4 retention in the cytoplasm.
PKB binds very tightly to insulin.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
182.TB 15.182. The enzyme below that has been identified as a negative regulator of glycogen synthase is
______.
glycogen phosphorylase
glycogen phosphorylase kinase
glycogen synthase kinase-3
insulin synthase kinase
protein kinase A
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 51
Karp 6e
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
185.TB 15.185. Which of the following treatments can significantly increase the life span of an animal?
1) reducing their food intake
2) increasing their food intake
3) calorie restriction
4) calorie derestriction
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
186.TB 15.186. Which treatment below has been shown to increase the life span of a worm or a fruit fly?
1) decreasing the level of insulin circulating in their bloodstream
2) increasing the level of insulin circulating in their bloodstream
3) a decrease in the level of insulin-like growth factors circulating in their bloodstream
4) an increase in the level of insulin-like growth factors circulating in their bloodstream
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 52
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
188.TB 15.188. Just as increased ________ is associated with _____ health, increased _______ is associated
with _______ health.
insulin sensitivity, poor, insulin resistance, good
insulin resistance, good, insulin sensitivity, poor
insulin resistance, poor, insulin sensitivity, good
insulin resistance, poor, glucagon sensitivity, good
glucagon resistance, poor, glucagon sensitivity, good
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
190.TB 15.190. Which of the following signaling mechanisms is seen primarily in plants and not in animals?
protein histidine kinases
phosphoinositide messengers
cyclic nucleotides
receptor tyrosine kinases
protein histamine kinases
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
191.TB 15.191. The receptor domain of protein histidine kinases in plants is located on the _____ surface of
the plasma membrane, while the histidine kinase domain is found on the ______ surface of the membrane.
cytoplasmic, cytoplasmic
extracellular, cytoplasmic
cytoplasmic, extracellular
extracellular, extracellular
extracellular, intercellular
Page 53
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
192.TB 15.192. The Etr1 gene product in plants is a receptor for the gas ______, a plant hormone that regulates
a diverse array of developmental processes, like seed germination, _____ and ______.
ethylene, flowering, stem growth
methylene, flowering, fruit ripening
ethylene, flowering, fruit ripening
ethanol, flowering, fruit ripening
ethanol, stem growth, fruit ripening
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
193.TB 15.193. The concentration of calcium ions in the ER lumen, the plant cell vacuole and the extracellular
space are on average more than _______ times higher than in the cytosol.
10
100
1,000
10.000
1,000,000
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
194.TB 15.194. What is the major difference between phospholipase C- and phospholipase C-?
Phospholipase C- is bigger than phospholipase C-.
Phospholipase C- is smaller than phospholipase C-.
Phospholipase C- has an SH2 domain that allows it to bind to an activated, phosphorylated RTK,
and phospholipase C- does not.
Phospholipase C- has an SH2 domain that allows it to bind to an activated, phosphorylated RTK,
and phospholipase C- does not.
Phospholipase C- has the ability to bind ATP, while phospholipase C- cannot.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
195.TB 15.195. Following a nerve impulse, what triggers the opening of plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+
channels?
membrane hyperpolarization
Page 54
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
197.TB 15.197. How is the distribution of free calcium ions in the living cell detected?
fluorescent probes that emit light in the presence of calcium ions
antibodies bound to ferritin
an electron microscope
autoradiography and the distribution of radioisotope
NMR imaging
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
198.TB 15.198. What generally triggers the release of calcium ions by ryanodine receptors?
potassium efflux
sodium influx
an action potential
IP3 release
IP3 uptake
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
Page 55
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
199.TB 15.199. Among the agents that can cause ryanodine receptors to open are _______ ions, in a
phenomenon called _______.
calcium, calcium-integrated calcium release
calcium, calcium-induced calcium release
potassium, potassium-induced calcium release
chlorine, chlorine-induced calcium release
copper, copper-induced calcium release
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
200.TB 15.200. Why are waves of calcium that enter cells and are propagated through the cytoplasmic
compartment, as happens within the first minute or so after fertilization, generally transient?
1) The ions are destroyed as soon as they enter the cell.
2) The ions are changed to calcium salts as soon as they enter the cell.
3) The Ca2+ ions are rapidly pumped out of the cytosol and back into the ER and/or the extracellular
space.
4) The Ca2+ ions are rapidly pumped out of the cytosol and back into the nucleus.
1
2
3
4
3 and 4
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
201.TB 15.201. A wave of Ca2+ ions enters a(n) _____ cell after _______; it is induced by the ______ contact
with the plasma membrane.
egg, fertilization, sperm's
sperm, fertilization, egg's
egg, mitosis, sperm's
sperm, mitosis, egg's
egg, fertilization, egg's
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
202.TB 15.202. What is activated by calcium ions entering an egg cell just after fertilization?
protein kinase A
insulin
cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first mitotic division
cyclin-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first meiotic division
Page 56
Karp 6e
E)
glucagon-dependent kinases that drive the zygote toward its first mitotic division
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
203.TB 15.203. What is the name of the phenomenon in which depletion of calcium levels in the ER triggers a
response leading to the opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane?
1) store-operated calcium efflux
2) SOCE
3) store-operated calcium entry
1
2
3
2 and 3
1 and 2
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
204.TB 15.204. What can cause the stockpile of intracellular calcium ions to be depleted?
1) periods of repeated cellular responses
2) a paucity of cellular responses
3) crystallization of calcium ions with chlorine ions
4) crystallization of calcium with phosphate ions
1
2
3
4
3 and 4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
205.TB 15.205. How are ER stores of calcium ions replenished by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE)?
A)
1) Low calcium levels in the ER lead to the opening of plasma membrane calcium
channels.
2) Low calcium levels in the ER lead to the opening of ER calcium channels.
3) Calcium ions introduced into the cytosol by plasma membrane calcium channels are
pumped back into the ER.
4) Calcium ions introduced into the ER by plasma membrane calcium channels are
pumped back into the cytosol.
1
Page 57
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
206.TB 15.206. The depletion of calcium ions in the ER leads to the clustering within the ER membrane of a
________ protein called ______; at the same time, a protein called ______ is undergoing a corresponding
redistribution within the ______.
Ca2+-sensing, Ora1, STIM1, plasma membrane
Ca2+-sensing, STIM1, Ora1, plasma membrane
Ca2+-sensing, STIM1, Ora1, ER membrane
Ca2+-denaturing, Ora1, STIM1, plasma membrane
Ca2+-denaturing, STIM1, Ora1, plasma membrane
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
207.TB 15.207. Ora1 is a tetrameric _______ that has been identified as being involved in a particular type of
inherited human immune deficiency that results from a lack of Ca2+ stores in ________.
Ca2+-ion channel, B lymphocytes
Ca2+-ion pump, B lymphocytes
Ca2+-ion channel, T lymphocytes
Ca2+-ion pump, T lymphocytes
Ca2+-ion channel, macrophages
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
208.TB 15.208. When ER and plasma membranes come into close proximity such that STIM1 and Ora1
clusters come into contact with one another, what reputedly happens?
1) opening of Ora1 channels
2) opening of STIM1 channels
3) influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytosol
4) the refilling of the cell's ER stores
1
2
3
4
1, 3 and 4
Page 58
Karp 6e
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
209.TB 15.209. Put the events below describing the replenishment of ER Ca2+ stores in the proper order.
1) Establishment of contact between STIM1 and Ora1 clusters in regions where the ER and plasma
membrane are in close proximity
2) Opening of Ora1 channels
3) Repeated cellular responses requiring Ca2+ ions
4) Replenishment of ER Ca2+ ion stores
5) STIM1 and Ora1 clusters contact one another
6) Depletion of Ca2+ ions in the ER
7) Influx of Ca2+ ions into the cytosol
8) Clustering of STIM1 within the ER membrane and Ora1 within the plasma membrane.
63851274
36851274
38625174
36815274
36182574
Ans: D
Difficulty: Difficult
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
210.TB 15.210. What is the name of a calcium-binding protein that acts in conjunction with calcium to bring
about the responses associated with cytoplasmic rises in calcium ion concentration?
calpectin
calmodulin
calcariain
callistin
modulocalcin
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
211.TB 15.211. In which organism below has calmodulin not been found?
plants
animals
bacteria
yeasts
humans
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
Page 59
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
212.TB 15.212. Why does calcium not bind to calmodulin in an nonstimulated cell?
Calmodulin's affinity for calcium ions is too low to allow binding in an nonstimulated cell.
Calmodulin's affinity for calcium ions is too high to allow binding in an nonstimulated cell.
In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions are destroyed.
In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions are produced.
In an nonstimulated cell, calcium ions preferentially bind to another protein in the cytosol.
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
213.TB 15.213. How can rising Ca2+ ion levels in the cytosol paradoxically lower Ca2+ ion levels in the
cytoplasm?
1) Rising Ca2+ ion levels activate destruction of Ca2+ ions.
2) Rising Ca2+ ion levels activate the system responsible for ridding the cell of excess
cytoplasmic quantities of Ca2+ ions.
3) Rising Ca2+ ion levels activate the system responsible for binding Ca2+ ions to DNA.
4) Rising Ca2+ ion levels deactivate the system responsible for ridding the cell of excess
cytoplasmic quantities of Ca2+ ions.
1
2
3
2 and 3
4
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
214.TB 15.214. What evidence suggests that elevated calcium levels and elevated cyclic nucleotide levels can
both affect the synthesis of the same messenger RNAs?
The Ca2+-calmodulin complex activates ribonucleases that are also activated by cyclic nucleotides.
The Ca2+-calmodulin complex activates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the CREB transcription
factor on the same serine residue as does PKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP.
The Ca2+-calmodulin complex deactivates a protein kinase that phosphorylates the CREB
transcription factor on the same serine residue as does PKA, which is activated by cyclic AMP.
The Ca2+-calmodulin complex can degrade cyclic AMP.
Cyclic AMP can deactivate the Ca2+-calmodulin complex.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Difficult
15.5
A)
215.TB 15.215. What cells are responsible for regulating the diameter of the leaf pores or stomata?
guard cells
Page 60
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
pore cells
desiccant cells
turgor cells
sentinel cells
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
216.TB 15.216. Under adverse conditions, like high temperatures and low humidity, what ultimately triggers
the resultant lowering of the diameter of the stomatal pore?
water rushing out of the stomatal pore
the release of abscisic acid
the destruction of abscisic acid
the release of cyclic AMP
oxygen entering the plant through the stomatal pore
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.5
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
218.TB 15.218. The activation of a common effector by signals from a variety of unrelated receptors, each of
which binds to its own ligand, is called _________.
divergence
convergence
crosstalk
Page 61
Karp 6e
D)
E)
transvergence
coherence
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.6
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
219.TB 15.219. The passage of signals back and forth between different pathways is referred to as _________.
divergence
convergence
crosstalk
transvergence
coherence
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.6
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
221.TB 15.221. What inorganic gas has been shown to act as a second messenger that relaxes the smooth
muscles of blood vessels?
NO
N2O
nitrous oxide
CO
N2
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.6
222.TB 15.222. What is unusual about NO and the way it functions?
1) It acts both as an extracellular messenger, mediating intercellular communication, and as a second
messenger, acting within the cell in which it is generated.
2) It is so small.
3) It is so large.
Page 62
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
223.TB 15.223. _____ is formed from the amino acid L-______ in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _____.
Nitrous oxide, arginine, nitrous oxide synthase
Nitric oxide, asparagine, nitric oxide synthase
Nitric oxide, alanine, nitric oxide synthase
Nitric oxide, arginine, nitric oxide synthase
Nitrous oxide, arginine, nitric oxide synthase
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
224.TB 15.224. Why did the smooth muscle in cultured strips of aorta not respond to acetylcholine by relaxing,
while the smooth muscle of aortic rings did?
Smooth muscle cells in aortic strips are physically incapable of relaxing under any circumstances.
Acetylcholine in the strips could not penetrate to the muscle cells while in the rings it could.
Smooth muscle cells in aortic rings express acetylcholine receptors, while those in strips do not.
The delicate endothelial layer in aortal strips had been rubbed away during dissection, while in aortal
rings it remained intact.
The endothelial layer in aortal strips was abnormally thickened, while in aortal rings it was not.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
225.TB 15.225. In which of the following biological processes is nitric oxide not involved?
anticoagulation
neurotransmission
smooth muscle relaxation
visual perception
hearing
Ans: E
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
Page 63
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
226.TB 15.226. How does acetylcholine trigger the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax?
indirectly by binding to receptors on endothelial cell surfaces, which leads to the production and
release of an agent that diffuses to smooth muscle cells
directly by passing through endothelial cells and acting on the smooth muscle cells
indirectly by passing through endothelial cells and acting on the smooth muscle cells
directly after being produced and transported to smooth muscle cells by the endothelial cells
acetylcholine receptors on the endothelial cells interacting directly with smooth muscle cells causing
them to relax
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
227.TB 15.227. What agent made by endothelial cells makes blood vessel smooth muscle cells relax?
nitrous oxide
acetylcholine
nitric oxide
cAMP
cGMP
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 64
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
230.TB 15.230. What second messenger is made in response to the entry of nitric oxide into smooth muscle
cells and subsequently activates the rest of the process leading to smooth muscle relaxation?
1) cyclic AMP
2) cyclic GMP
3) inositol triphosphate
4) diacylglycerol
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
231.TB 15.231. To what molecule does cyclic GMP bind, causing its activation and then triggering smooth
muscle relaxation?
cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase
cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphatase
cyclic GMP-dependent protein phosphodiesterase
guanylyl cyclase
cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 65
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
233.TB 15.233. How does relaxation of blood vessel smooth muscle cells lead to penile engorgement and
erection?
1) It decreases blood flow into the penis.
2) It decreases blood flow out of the penis.
3) It increases blood flow into the penis.
4) It increases blood flow out of the penis.
1
2
3
4
2 and 3
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
234.TB 15.234. How does Viagra enhance erectile function of the penis?
by inhibiting nitric oxide release
by inhibiting guanylyl cyclase activity
by preventing cGMP production
by inhibiting cGMP phosphodiesterase
by inhibiting cGMP phosphatase
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
235.TB 15.235. You are developing a drug that is supposed to work like Viagra. During testing of the drug,
you find that it inhibits both the PDE3 and PDE5 isoforms of cGMP phosphodiesterase. Would you
recommend further work on developing this particular drug and why would you do so or not do so?
Yes, because it inhibits PDE5, which is the isoform of the enzyme that acts in the penis.
No, because it inhibits PDE5, which is the isoform of the enzyme that acts in the penis.
Yes, because it inhibits PDE3, which is the isoform of the enzyme that plays a key role in the
regulation of heart muscle contraction and will not interfere with heart muscle contraction.
No, because it inhibits PDE3, which is the isoform of the enzyme that plays a key role in the
regulation of heart muscle contraction and could interfere with the operation of the heart.
None of these are correct. answers is correct.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Difficult
15.7
Page 66
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
236.TB 15.236. The addition of nitric oxide to the sulfhydryl groups of certain cysteine residues in a number of
proteins, including hemoglobin, Ras, ryanodine channels and caspases alters the activity, turnover or
interactions of the proteins. This posttranslational modification is called _______.
S-nitrosylation
SH-nitrosylation
sulfhydration
nitrofruition
nitric acidification
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
237.TB 15.237. To which amino acid is nitric oxide added, altering the activity, turnover and/or interactions of
proteins like hemoglobin, Ras, ryanodine channels and caspases?
alanine
cysteine
methionine
asparagine
phenylalanine
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.7
238.TB 15.238. During embryonic development, why do some of the neurons that grow out of the central
nervous system toward a target organ in the body periphery to innervate it die?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
1) Neurons that fail to find their way to the target tissue are sought out and destroyed by
macrophages.
2) Neurons that fail to find their way to the target tissue do not receive a survival signal from
the target tissue and are eliminated by the immune system.
3) Neurons that fail to find their way to the target tissue do not receive a survival signal from
the target tissue and are eliminated by apoptosis.
4) They simply die randomly for no particular reason.
1
2
3
1 and 2
4
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
239.TB 15.239. How does the immune system manage to avoid recognizing and attacking normal cells within
Page 67
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
the body?
The body never makes T lymphocytes that can react against normal cells within the body.
T lymphocytes that have the ability to recognize normal cells within the body are eliminated by
apoptosis early in the development of the immune system.
Normal body cells are coated with a special secreted protective proteoglycan that prevents the
immune system from attacking them.
Normal body cells are coated with a special secreted protective glycoprotein that prevents the
immune system from attacking them.
Normal body cells are coated with a mixture of special secreted protective proteoglycans and
glycoproteins that prevents the immune system from attacking them.
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
240.TB 15.240. What probably gives rise to the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases?
1) abnormal propagation of glial cells in the brain.
2) abnormal propagation of neurons in the brain and central nervous system.
3) elimination by apoptosis of essential neurons during the progression of the disease
4) a cessation of nerve cell propagation
1
2
3
4
1 and 2
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
241.TB 15.241. What gene in C. elegans was found to play a critical role in apoptosis?
CED-3
DEG-3
NSO-1
Eco R1
CEL-3
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
242.TB 15.242. How did researchers determine that the CED-3 gene in C. elegans plays a key role in
apoptosis?
Worms carrying a mutation in the CED-3 gene proceed through development without losing any cells
to apoptosis.
Worms carrying a mutation in the CED-3 gene proceed through development while losing more cells
Page 68
Karp 6e
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
243.TB 15.243. A family of proteins homologous to the products of the CED-3 gene in C. elegans has been
discovered in mammals. What is this family of proteins called?
capsidases
caspases
capsasins
capsulases
apoptases
Ans: B
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
245.TB 15.245. Why is metastasized prostate cancer often treated with drugs that interfere with the production
of the male sex hormone testosterone?
1) When deprived of testosterone, prostate epithelial cells proliferate.
2) When deprived of testosterone, prostate epithelial cells become apoptotic.
3) When deprived of testosterone, prostate epithelial cells stop moving.
4) When deprived of testosterone, prostate epithelial cells begin to move more actively.
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Page 69
Karp 6e
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
246.TB 15.246. The _________ pathway of apoptosis is one in which external stimuli activate apoptosis via a
signaling pathway.
extrinsic
external
intrinsic
peripheral
integral
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
247.TB 15.247. The _________ pathway of apoptosis is one in which internal stimuli activate apoptosis.
extrinsic
external
intrinsic
peripheral
integral
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
248.TB 15.248. What is the name of an extracellular messenger protein that is named for its ability to kill
tumor cells and also serves as an apoptotic stimulus?
tumor angiogenesis factor
tumor death factor
tumor necrosis factor
necromancer factor
tumorigenic factor
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
249.TB 15.249. Evidence suggests that TNFR1 is present in the plasma membrane as __________.
a preassembled trimer
a preasembled dimer
a disassembled trimer
a disassembled dimer
a tetrameric trimer
Page 70
Karp 6e
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
250.TB 15.250. Each TNFR1 receptor subunit has a cytoplasmic domain with a segment of about 70 amino
acids that mediates protein-protein interactions. This domain of the receptor is referred to as the ______
domain.
central
morte
death
terminal
cytoplasmic
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
251.TB 15.251. A caspase that initiates apoptosis by cleaving and activating downstream caspases is called a(n)
______ caspase, while the downstream caspase it activates carries out the controlled self-destruction of the
cell. This latter caspase is called a(n) _________ caspase.
initiator, activator
activator, initiator
initiator, executioner
executioner, initiator
activator, executioner
Ans: C
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
252.TB 15.252. What is the name of the family of proteins that regulates the activation of the intrinsic
apoptotic pathway?
1) the Bcl-2 family
2) the Acl-2 family
3) the programmed cell death family
4) the Apo-3 family
1
2
3
4
1 and 3
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
Page 71
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
253.TB 15.253. Bcl-2 family proteins that promote apoptosis are called ________ Bcl-2 proteins, while
_________ Bcl-2 proteins protect cells from apoptosis. _______ share only one small domain with other
Bcl-2 family members and promote apoptosis by an indirect mechanism.
proapoptotic, preapoptotic, BH2-only proteins
proapoptotic, antiapoptotic, BH3-only proteins
antiapoptotic, proapoptotic, BH3-only proteins
preapoptotic, antiapoptotic, BH2-only proteins
preapoptotic, proapoptotic, caspaselike proteins
Ans: B
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
255.TB 15.255. In the face of certain types of stress, ________ are _______, thereby shifting the balance of the
cell in the direction of apoptosis.
1) BH3-only proteins, expressed
2) antiapoptotic, activated
3) proapoptotic, expressed
4) BH3-only proteins, activated
1
2
3
4
1 and 4
Ans: E
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
256.TB 15.256. How do Bax and/or Bak molecules appear to exert their effect on the outer mitochondrial
membrane?
Bax and/or Bak molecules increase the space between adjacent lipids, thus increasing permeability.
Bax and/or Bak molecules decrease the space between adjacent lipids, thus decreasing permeability.
Bax and/or Bak molecules decrease the space between adjacent lipids, thus increasing permeability.
Bax and/or Bak molecules form a protein-lined channel within the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Page 72
Karp 6e
E)
Bax and/or Bak molecules form a protein-lined channel connecting the inner and outer mitochondrial
membranes.
Ans: D
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
259.TB 15.259. ________ share only one small domain, the _______ domain, with other Bcl-2 family
members.
1) BH3-only proteins, BH3
2) BH3-proteins, BH3
3) Bcl-2-only proteins, BH3
4) BH3-only proteins, Bcl-2 domain
1
2
3
Page 73
Karp 6e
D)
E)
4
1 and 4
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
260.TB 15.260. The Bcl-2 family of proteins are characterized by the presence of ________ and can be
subdivided into _____ groups.
three or more BH domains, three
one or more BH domains, two
one or more BH domains, three
only one BH domain, two
one or more Bcl-2 domains, three
Ans: A
Difficulty: Medium
15.8
261.TB 15.261. Place the following steps in the correct order.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
262.TB 15.262. What activates procaspase-9, turning it into the initiator caspase, caspase-9?
proteolytic cleavage
joining the multiprotein complex known as the apoptosome
addition of phosphate groups
Page 74
Karp 6e
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
264.TB 15.264. What molecule when incorporated into the outer surface of apoptotic bodies serves to identify
them as such?
phosphatidylserine
phosphatidylinositol
phosphatidic acid
phospholipase C
proteoglycans
Ans: A
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
265.TB 15.265. What molecule, during apoptosis, moves phosphatidylserine molecules to the plasma
membrane outer leaflet where they are recognized as an "eat me" signal by specialized macrophages?
a carbohydrate scramblase
a nucleotide scramblase
a phospholipid scramblase
a flippase
a translocase
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
266.TB 15.266. Why is it important that apoptotic cell death occurs without spilling cellular content into the
extracellular environment?
The release of cellular debris would trigger inflammation, which could cause significant tissue
damage.
Page 75
Karp 6e
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
267.TB 15.267. Why was the fact that TNF binding to the TNF receptor often transmits two distinct and
opposing signals into the cell interior, one stimulating apoptosis and the other stimulating cell survival,
disappointing?
Investigators were hoping to use TNF to enhance cell division.
Investigators were hoping to use TNF as a mitogen.
Investigators were hoping to use TNF as an agent to kill tumor cells.
Investigators were hoping to use TNF to degrade caspases.
Investigators were hoping to use TNF to induce tumors in experimental animals.
Ans: C
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
268.TB 15.268. What is the name of the transcription factor, the activation of which leads to the expression of
genes encoding cell-survival proteins?
CREB2
GREB2
NF-B
NF-B
tau
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
15.8
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 76
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 77
Karp 6e
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
Page 78
Karp 6e
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Page 79
Karp 6e
Ans: D
Difficulty: Easy
Human Perspectives
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 80
Karp 6e
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 81
Karp 6e
Ans:
be likely to be the effect of this mutation on tissues other than the testes or the parathyroid gland?
Such a person would produce and secrete parathyroid hormone in the presence and absence of stimuli
that normally induce it, probably leading to hyperparathyroidism. This individual would also be
unlikely to go through puberty because the G protein could not be activated at all at the lower
temperatures of the testes and testosterone would not be likely to be produced at high enough levels
to induce puberty. It is likely that few, if any, other tissues would be affected, since this particular G
isoform appears not to be essential in the activities of most other cells.
Difficulty: Medium
Human Perspectives
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 82
Karp 6e
Ans:
A protein phosphatase.
Difficulty: Medium
15.1, 15.3
Page 83
Karp 6e
Ans:
The GRK adds phosphate groups to the receptor. The phosphorylated receptor is then bound by an
arrestin molecule, which inhibits the ligand-bound receptor from activating additional G proteins.
The receptor bound to arrestin is likely to be taken up by endocytosis.
Difficulty: Medium
15.2
293.Art Question 15.003
According to the figure below, PI-specific phospholipase C cleaves phosphatidylinositol into diacylglycerol
and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). IP3 triggers Ca2+ ion release from the interior of the SER into the cell
cytoplasm through a Ca2+ ion channel. Prior to the release of IP3, how would you describe the relative
concentrations of Ca2+ ions the cytoplasm and the SER?
Page 84
Karp 6e
Ans:
Prior to the arrival of IP3 at its receptor, Ca2+ ion concentrations were highest inside the SER and
much lower in the cytoplasm. This explains why Ca2+ ions leave the SER and enter the cytoplasm.
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
294.Art Question 15.004
The figure below shows liver cell response to 0.4 nM vasopressin. How was Ca2+ ion release measured?
Ans:
Aequorin is a protein extracted from some jellyfish that luminesces when it binds to Ca2+ ions. A
single liver cell was injected with aequorin and whenever Ca2+ ions were released, the luminescence
was measured and served as an accurate measure of Ca2+ ion release, since the intensity of the
luminescence would be proportional to the concentration of free calcium ions. Exposure of the cell to
Page 85
Karp 6e
vasopressin leads to controlled spikes in the concentration of free calcium at periodic intervals.
Higher concentrations of hormone do not increase the height or amplitude of the spikes, but they do
increase the spike frequency.
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
295.Art Question 15.005
According to the figure below, what molecule serves as a donor of glucose to a growing glycogen chain?
What bond is broken by phosphorylase? What enzyme synthesizes glycogen?
Ans:
Page 86
Karp 6e
Ans:
The 3' & 5' carbons. It is an RNA nucleotide, since there is an oxygen atom attached to the 2' carbon
of the sugar (ribose). 12. A phosphodiesterase.
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
297.Art Question 15.007
According to the figure below, what are the roles of phosphatase and phosphodiesterase in the liver cell
response to glucagon or epinephrine?
Page 87
Karp 6e
Ans:
Phosphatase removes phosphate groups from some enzymes in the pathway, thus changing their
activities. If the added phosphate groups inhibit the enzyme, their removal activates the enzyme. If
the added phosphate groups activate the enzyme, their removal inhibits the enzyme's activity.
Phosphodiesterase converts cAMP to AMP; therefore, cAMP is no longer available to activate protein
kinase A, and thus the rest of the cascade.
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
298.Art Question 15.008
According to the figure below, what would be likely to deactivate a receptor tyrosine kinase and the
phosphotyrosine residue binding sites recognized by PTB and SH2 binding domains?
Page 88
Karp 6e
Ans:
Ans:
It is a docking protein for other signaling proteins. The IRS protein's PTB domain. Once the IRS is
bound to the activated RTK, tyrosine residues on the IRS are phosphorylated by the activated RTK.
Page 89
Karp 6e
These phosphorylated residues serve as binding sites for other signaling proteins, explaining why the
IRS is called a docking protein.
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
300.Art Question 15.010
According to the figure below, of how many subunits does an active STAT family transcription factor
consist? What leads to the activation of STAT family transcription factors? When the STAT transcription
factor dimerizes, to what does each subunit of the dimer bind?
Ans:
2 subunits; when activated, it is a dimer. Phosphorylation of the STAT transcription factor monomer
by an activated RTK kinase. Each subunit of the dimer binds to the phosphate groups on the other
subunit; these phosphate groups were the same ones that had been added by the activated RTK.
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
301.Art Question 15.011
According to the figure below, what determines the length of time that a G protein is active?
Page 90
Karp 6e
Ans:
The degree of GTPase stimulation by a GAP determines the length of time that the G protein is
active. The GAP serves as a type of clock that regulates the duration of the response. When GTPase
activity is higher, the G protein's bound GTP is converted to GDP more quickly, deactivating the G
protein sooner.
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
302.Art Question 15.012
Given the information included in the figure below, what would happen to G protein activity if you were
able to inhibit selectively the activity of the guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI)? What would
be the effect on G protein activity of a treatment that elevated the activity of GTPase-activating protein
(GAP)? What might be the effect on G protein activity of increasing the concentration of guanine
nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), while activating GAP?
Ans:
Normally, interaction of a G protein with GDI would prevent it from releasing GDP as frequently as
usual, thus depressing the G protein's activity. Inhibition of GDI would prevent its interaction with
the G protein, which should lead to elevated rates of GDP release from the G protein, thus raising the
activation rate of the G protein and elevating its activity. Elevation of GAP activity would result in
Page 91
Karp 6e
GTP molecules bound to G proteins being hydrolyzed more rapidly. Since G proteins are active
when bound to GTP, they will thus be active for shorter periods of time and overall G protein activity
will decrease. Increasing the rate of GDP - GTP exchange should result in the elevation of G protein
activity, while elevating GAP activity should decrease G protein activity by speeding up hydrolysis of
bound GTP to GDP. Since the effects of the two treatments oppose each other, they should cancel
each other out and cause, at most, only a slight change in G protein activity in either the direction of
activation or inhibition.
Difficulty: Medium
15.4
303.Art Question 15.013
According to the figure below, what is the series of events triggered by the binding of PKB to PIP3?
Ans:
When PKB binds via its PH domain to PIP3, the interaction changes the conformation of PKB,
making it a substrate for another PIP3-bound kinase (PDK1), which phosphorylates and activates
PKB. Another phosphate group on the enzyme is added by a second kinase, most likely mTOR.
Once activated, PKB dissociates from the plasma membrane and moves into the cytosol and nucleus.
PKB is a major component of a number of separate signaling pathways that mediate the insulin
response. These pathways lead to translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane,
glucose uptake and the synthesis of glycogen and the synthesis of new proteins in the cell. Given
what you have learned, how would you guess that PKB is inactivated when its inactivation is
required? PKB is probably inactivated by dephosphorylation carried out by a protein phosphatase
(specifically protein phosphatase PP2A).
Difficulty: Medium
Page 92
Karp 6e
15.4
304.Art Question 15.014
According to the figure below, how do Ca2+ ions released from the SER get back in to reestablish the Ca2+
ion gradient?
Ans:
There is a Ca2+ ion pump embedded in the SER membrane; it pumps the ions back into the SER and is
named SERCA.
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
305.Art Question 15.015
According to the schematic drawing of calmodulin in the figure below, which binds more calcium ions, the
N-terminal or C-terminal end?
Page 93
Karp 6e
Ans:
Page 94
Karp 6e
Ans:
Rising abscisic acid levels open Ca2+ ion channels in the plasma membrane, allowing a Ca2+ ion
influx. The Ca2+ ion influx triggers the release of more Ca2+ ions from internal stores in the plant cell's
large central vacuole. When Ca2+ ions are released from the vacuole through channels in the
tonoplast, further elevating cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, the closing of K+ ion influx channels and
the opening of K+ ion efflux channels are triggered. The K+ ion efflux is accompanied by a Cl- efflux.
These ion movements cause a decrease in intracellular solute concentration and the osmotic loss of
water from the cells.
Difficulty: Medium
15.5
307.Art Question 15.017
According to the figure below, what mediates crosstalk between the pictured pathways?
Page 95
Karp 6e
Ans:
Crosstalk between the two pictured pathways is mediated by Ca2+ ions, which are released from the
SER by the action of IP3. The Ca2+ ions can then act on various proteins, including protein kinase C,
whose activity is also stimulated by diacylglycerol.
Difficulty: Medium
15.6
308.Art Question 15.018
According to the figure below, how can PIP2 be converted to IP3 and DAG by both tyrosine kinase-linkedand G protein-linked receptors?
Ans:
Both types of receptors activate different forms of phospholipase C (PLC and PLC), both of which
can convert PIP2 to IP3 and DAG.
Difficulty: Medium
Page 96
Karp 6e
15.6
309.Art Question 15.019
In the figure below, upon what molecule do the pathways illustrated converge?
Ans:
Page 97
Karp 6e
Ans:
The binding of epinephrine by its receptor leads to an elevation of cAMP synthesis. The cAMP, in
turn, activates protein kinase A, which phosphorylates Raf. Phosphorylation of Raf by protein kinase
A results in Raf inhibition. It is therefore less able to activate the MAP kinase cascade. Thus,
epinephrine inhibits the activation of the MAP kinase cascade. Both PKA of the epinephrine-cAMP
cascade and Rsk-2 kinase of the MAP kinase cascade phosphorylate the CREB transcription factor.
An active Ras molecule will phosphorylate Raf and activate it, leading to the activation of the MAP
kinase cascade.
Difficulty: Medium
15.6
311.Art Question 15.021
As depicted in the figure below, what event triggered by acetylcholine binding to its receptor activates nitric
oxide synthase? What event does the nitric oxide, thus produced, cause to happen ultimately?
Page 98
Karp 6e
Ans:
Acetylcholine binding by its receptor triggers the opening of Ca2+ ion channels so that Ca2+ ions enter
the cell traveling down their gradient. Ca2+ ions then activate nitric oxide synthase, which produces
nitric oxide. Nitric oxide diffuses from the endothelial cell, where it was produced, into smooth
muscle cells, where it activates guanylyl cyclase and the production of cGMP, which leads to muscle
cell relaxation and dilation of the blood vessel encircled by the smooth muscle cells.
Difficulty: Medium
15.7
Ans:
Ans:
Page 99
Karp 6e
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 100
Karp 6e
protein kinases. Not all cells contain the same subsets of these molecules, even though they may
respond to the same hormone.
Difficulty: Medium
15.3
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Karp 6e
Ans:
You provide cells in culture with 32P and treat them with insulin for 30 minutes. Following the treatment,
you homogenize the cells and isolate the insulin receptors. The control cells received 32P, but no insulin.
Insulin receptors from the insulin-treated cells were radiolabeled with 32P; insulin receptors from the
controls were not. Why?
The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), which means that it can add phosphate
groups to specific tyrosine residues in specific proteins. When the receptor is bound to insulin, this
enzyme activity is activated. One of its substrates is itself; it autophosphorylates. It cannot
phosphorylate itself, if insulin is not bound to it. Thus, the insulin-treated cells possess 32P-labeled
insulin receptors, while the control cells do not.
Difficulty: Difficult
15.4
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 102
Karp 6e
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 103
Karp 6e
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Ans:
Page 104