Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Bedient and Huber, 2002: Hydrology and Floodplain Analysis, 3rd edition, Prentice and
Hall.
Shaw, E.M., 1989: Engineering hydrology techniques in practice. Ellis Horwood, 350 p.
Lecture notes:
De Laat, P.J.M. and H.H.G. Savenije, 2008. Hydrology, Lecture note LN0262/08/1,
UNESCO-IHE, Delft
De Laat, P.J.M., 2008. Workshop on Hydrology, Lecture note LN0192/08/1, UNESCO-IHE,
Delft
Web pages:
1.
http://www.usgs.gov
(free software etc.)
2.
Links at water/hydrology pages of UNESCO
3.
Etc.!
Integrated Water
Resources
?
Management (IWRM):
Estimation of risks
and economic
impact
?
?
System understanding
and modeling !!
droughts
floods
Scenarios for:
Land use change
Climate chance
Different water management strategies
dry hydrologist
Modeler
wet hydrologist
Experimentalist
Practical water
Pure scientific Hydro- management and
interests
logy engineering
Water cycle
No begin and no end!
Area in %
Water surfaces
361
71
Continents
149
29
Total
510
100
Area in 1012
m
Area in % of
total
Area in % of
continents
Deserts
52
10
35
Forests
44
30
Grasslands
26
17
Arable lands
14
Polar regions
13
Oceans
361
71
MRT :=
Volume /
mean flux
Form of water
World oceans
Covering Area
Total Volume
(km2)
(km3)
Mean
Depth
Share of
Volume
(m)
(%)
3 700
96.539
Mean
Residence
Time
2 500
years
16 227 500
24 064 100
1 463
1.736
56 years
Ground watera
23 400 000
174
1.688
8 years
21 000 000
300 000
14
0.0216
Water in lakes
2 058 700
176 400
85.7
0.0127
Soil moisture
82 000 000
16 500
0.2
0.0012
Atmospheric water
12 900
0.025
0.0009
2 682 600
11 470
4.28
0.0008
2120
0.014
0.0002
snow cover
permafrost strata
Marsh water
Water in rivers
9 days
18 day
s
Biological water
1 120
0.002
1 385 984 61
2 718
0
a
0.0001
100.00
renewal coefficient :=
reciprocal of mean residence time
For example, atmosphere (values from Dyck & Peschke 1995): 44.4 a-1
Water Budget
Balance Equation
Storage Equation
Continuity Equation
S
I(t) - O(t) =
t
I(t) = inflow
O(t) = outflow
S/ t = change in storage
Units:
Volume/Time (L3/T)
Mass/Time (M/T)
Depth over fixed area per time (L/T)
P = R + E + dS/dt
P = R + E + dS/dt
P = R + E + dS/dt
Precipitation
Evaporation
Region
1012
m
m/a
1012
m3/a
m/a
1012
m3/a
Oceans
361
1.12
403
1.25
449
-0.13
-46
Continents
149
0.72
107
0.41
61
0.31
46
Ocean
Surface
area
Land
runoff
P-E
1012
m
mm/
a
mm/a
Runoff
m/a
Ocean
exchange
P-E
Land
runoff
mm/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
1012
m3/a
Ocean
exchange
m3/s
Arctic
8.5
44
307
351
0.4
2.6
94,544
Atlantic
98
-372
197
-175
-36.5
19.3
-17
-543,466
Indian
77.7
-251
72
-179
-19.5
5.6
-14
-440,739
Pacific
176.9
90
69
159
15.9
12.2
28
891,318
/cap
/cap
1995
2025
11,224
1,234
2,489
22,126
3,408
2,096
5,610
14,100
2,919
12,285
5,813
7,091
2,809
20,482
1,222
10,873
1,217
2,442
21,345
3,279
2,114
5,822
13,430
3,227
10,730
5,576
7,374
2,968
18,925
1,193
3
SADC
1995
2025
17,012
10,138
2,565
1,933
1,970
12,051
29,622
1,206
5,251
2,964
14,355
1,787
7,202
5,707
1,290
917
1,485
5,868
15,172
698
2,687
1,425
7,177
1,034
Mekong
1995
2025
Cambodia
China
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
102,900
4,600
138,800
7,900
11,700
25,300
1,800
27,900
2,400
3,200
Angola
Botswana
Lesotho
Malawi
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Water Balance
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
R
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
dS/dt
For long-term averages under stationary
conditions dS/dt become zero!
but, what is long-term?
but, do we have stationary conditions?
Hydrological System
Schematization
of the terrestrial
part of the
hydrological
cycle
Storage
Flux
(De Laat & Savenije, 2006)
Example TWO
Average annual water balance for a housing area in
the new town Lelystad, The Netherlands
Rainfall
Sewer
discharge
Subsurface
drain discharge
Total Evaporation
In mm
687
159
212
316
In %
100
23
31
46
RC = (R / P) x 100 [%]
For the above example: RC = (371 / 687) x 100 = 54 %
Example THREE
Water balances of some major river basins
Catchment
size
River
Nile
Mississippi
Parana
Orinoco
Mekong
Amur
Lena
Yenisei
Ob
Rhine
Rainfall
Evapotranspiration
103 km2
mm/a
109m3
mm/a
109m3
2803
3924
975
850
646
1730
2430
2440
2950
200
220
800
1000
1330
1500
450
350
450
450
850
620
3100
980
1150
970
780
850
1100
1350
170
190
654
625
420
1000
265
140
220
325
500
534
2540
610
355
645
455
335
540
965
100
Runoff
Runoff
Coefficient
9
3
mm/a 10 m
%
30
142
382
935
382
188
212
230
131
350
86
558
372
795
325
325
514
561
385
70
14
18
38
70
34
42
60
51
29
41
Remark:
Nowadays there are very few river basins in the world for which the rainfall
runoff relation is not affected by human activities.
Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).
Atmosphere
P
White
I
Surface
Qs
Green
Soil
Qg Deep Blue
F
T
Water
Bodies
Blue
Renewable
Groundwater
Oceans
and
Seas
System Scheme
T
Land Surface
dSs/dt
Qs
Qg
Surface Water
Eo
dSo/dt
Q
Qu
C
Qg
Processes
distinguish between:
runoff production/runoff generation; i.e. the
component of the rainfall that generates runoff
(Pe := effective rainfall)
runoff routing; i.e. the temporal distribution
and concentration of the effective rainfall in
the river system
Catchment Approach
Input
Precipitation
Energy
Hydrological
System
Output
Runoff, R
E
What is the
role of the
catchment in
catchment
hydrology?
N
rain gauges
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
R
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
Example:
Upper Marxtengraben,
Kitzbueheler Alpen,
Austria
horizontal distance
about 11.7 km
Delineating a devide
Urwald_um_Manaus_Brasilien
P = R + E + dS/dt
P
Q
E
dS/dt
:
:
:
:
Actual ET
dS/dt
R
Discharge
It is Getting
Warmer!
N.H. Temperature
(C)
0.5
0
-0.5
(NEAA, 2009)
IPCC Projections
2100 AD
High Risk
for Instabilities
Global Changes
Interception of
Transpiration from
incoming rainfall
leaf surface
Soil evaporation,
infiltration and
runoff generation
Water uptake, lateral
flows, GW recharge
dSg
dSs
dSu
dSI
Q
dt
I
s
s
T
u
f
g
dt
dt
dt
Where:
dSI
E
I
dt
dSs
E s Qs
dt
Interception processes
dSu
E T E u Qf
dt
dSg
Qg
dt
Groundwater processes
ES/U ET EI
SS
SS
QR
QR
QR
ES/U ET EI
QS
QR
QS
dSg
dSs
dSu
dSI
Q
dt
I
s
s
T
u
f
g
dt
dt
dt
Where:
dSI
E
I
dt
dSs
E s Qs
dt
Interception processes
dSu
E T E u Qf
dt
dSg
Qg
dt
Groundwater processes
Expressed in % of Etotal
Etotal
ES
EI
ET
Forests
100
52
48
29
26
45
Open
land
100
42
58
62
15
23
IV
ER
50.0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
1998
1999
2000
2001
1995
1994
1993
1992
1900
ll
Years
1995
1994
1993
1992
1900
1899
1898
1897
1896
1895
1894
1893
Oleftals perre
1892
O le f
r
ve
Urfttals perre
R iv e r U
rf t
U
ER R
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1891
Ka
Discharge (m^3/s)
er
RI V
1997
R iv
Kalltalsperre
Perlenbachtalsperre
Years
Staubeck en Obermaubach
Ri
BELGIUM
1899
Wehebachtalsperre
1996
c
e r W e he b a h
R ive r In
de
Dreilgerbac htals perre
1898
AACHE N
1897
ac
DURE N
1896
1891
leb
eu
El
0.0
1895
r
ve
rG
100.0
1894
GERMANY
150.0
1893
Ri
Riv e
200.0
1892
HAMBACH
Discharge (m^3/s)
Riv e
rW
ur
R IV
ER
ME
US
NETHERLANDS
250.0
B: Example Meuse:
MARP (mm/month) 1
200
82
67
100
0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950 1960
Calendar year
1970
1980
1990
1978
2000
1990
MARD (m3/s)
1200
900
Meuse
470
368
600
300
0
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950 1960
Calendar year
1970
1980
1990
1978
2000
Precipitation
Runoff from
adjoining land
areas
Evaporation
Water exchange
with other oceans
Atlantic
780
200
1040
-60
Arctic
240
230
120
350
Indian
1010
70
1380
-300
Pacific
1210
60
1140
130