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Jeffrey Mack
California State University,
Sacramento
SHELLS (n)
SUBSHELLS (l)
ORBITALS (ml)
Electrons in Atoms
When n = 1, then l = 0
This shell has a single orbital (1s) to which 2
electrons can be assigned.
When n = 2, then l = 0, 1
2s orbital
three 2p orbitals
TOTAL =
2 electrons
6 electrons
8 electrons
Electrons in
Shells
The number of
shells increases
with the shell value
(n).
Therefore each
higher shell holds
more electrons.
(more orbitals)
Quantum Numbers
Electrons in an atom are arranged by:
(quantum number)
ml
(electrons)
ms
Energy
4s
3s
3p
2s
2p
3d
4s
3p
E=n+l
3s
2p
2s
4s: n + l = 4 + 0 = 4
vs.
3d: n + l = 3 + 2 = 5
1s
Z* = 3
Z* = 4
Z* = 5
and so on!
2=1
2=2
2=3
Z* is the nuclear
charge
experienced by
the outermost
electrons.
2p
Electrons fill in this manner
2p
*the convention
is to write up,
then down.
= spin up
= spin down
Example:
1s
2s
2p
Lithium
Group 1A
Atomic number = 3
3 total electrons
1s22s1
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Beryllium
Group 2A
Atomic number = 4
4 total electrons
1s22s2
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Boron
3p
3s
Group 3A
Atomic number = 5
5 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p1
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Carbon
3p
3s
2p
Group 4A
Atomic number = 6
6 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p2
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Nitrogen
Group 5A
Atomic number = 7
7 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p3
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Oxygen
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
Group 6A
Atomic number = 8
8 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p4
1s
2s
2p
Fluorine
Group 7A
Atomic number = 9
9 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p5
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
Neon
3p
Group 8A
Atomic number = 10
10 total electrons
1s2 2s2 2p6
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3p
3s
2p
2s
1s
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3p
3s
2p
[Ne]
3s
3p
spdf Notation
[Ne] 3s23p2
Element
Mg
Core Notation
[Ne] 3s2
Transition Metal
All 4th period and beyond d-block elements have
the electron configuration [Ar] nsx (n - 1)dy
Where n is the period and x, y are particular to the
element.
Chromium
Iron
Copper
3d orbitals filled
for Sc-Zn
Transition Elements
Electron Configurations are written by shell even
though the electrons fill by the periodic table:
Ni:
electron configuration by
filling:
electron configuration by
shell: (write this way)
Cerium:
[Xe] 6s2 5d1 4f1
Uranium:
[Rn] 7s2 6d1 5f3
Orbitals
2s
Nitride ion: N3
Orbitals
2p
10 electrons (3 extra)
Electron Configuration:
spdf notation
2s
2p
3d
4s
Sample
of Fe2O3
Sample
of Fe2O3
with
strong
magnet
Larger orbitals.
Electrons held less
tightly.
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Z* Experienced by Electrons in
Valence Orbitals
+1.28
------+2.58
Increase in
+3.22
Z* across a
+3.85
period
+4.49
+5.13
Orbital Energies
Orbital energies drop as Z* increases
n=2
300
250
200
r (pm)
n= 4
150
100
n=5
Group(1) radii
element
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
n=3
50
r (pm)
37
152
186
227
248
265
0
0
4
n
n=6
r (pm)
140
120
100
80
0
group number
Atomic Size
Size goes UP on going down a group,
because electrons are added further from the
nucleus, there is less attraction.
Size goes DOWN on going across a period
as the effective nuclear charge of the
elements incrcrease.
Atomic Size
Size decreases across a period owing to
increase in Z*. Each added electron feels a
greater and greater + charge.
Large
Small
Increase in Z*
Ionization Energy
IE = energy required to remove an electron
from an atom in the gas phase.
Mg (g) + 738 kJ
Mg+ (g) + e-
Ionization Energy
IE = energy required to remove an electron
from an atom in the gas phase.
Mg (g) + 738 kJ
Mg+ (g) + e-
Ionization Energy
The ionization energy of an atom is the energy needed to remove
an electron from an atom in the gas phase.
M(g)
M+ (g) + e
M+(g)
M2+ (g) + e
M(n-1)(g)
Mn+ (g) + e
In general, the closer to the nucleus an electron is, the higher the
ionization energy.
I1 (Na) =
495.8 kJmol-1
I2 (Na) =
4562 kJmol-1
IE
Rhc
Z*
2
n
n
2
3
4
5
6
Notice that the jump from I1 to I2 for Be is not as great as that for
Li.
Why?
Orbital Energies
As Z* increases, orbital energies
drop and IE increases.
Electron Affinity
EA ( U) is the energy released when an electron is
attached to a gas-phase atom to form an anion.
Cl(g) + e (g)
Cl (g) exothermic
endothermic
EA follows of Z* across a
period.
General trends:
Metals have smaller EAs than nonmetals.
EA is most negative for Groups 6A and 7A.
Group 8A has positive EAs. (Low electron affinity)
Ionic Radii
The radii of cations are smaller than radii of the corresponding
neutral atoms. (same Z, less electrons)
The radii of anions are larger than radii of the corresponding
neutral atoms. (same Z, more electrons)
Problem:
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing size?
Na+, N3-,
Mg2+, F
O2
Problem:
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing size?
Na+, N3-,
Mg2+, F
O2
Ion
Na+
N3Mg2+
F
O2
# of protons
# of electrons
ratio of e/p
Problem:
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing size?
Na+, N3-,
Mg2+, F
O2
Ion
# of protons
Na+
11
N3-
Mg2+
12
O2
# of electrons
ratio of e/p
Problem:
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing size?
Na+, N3-,
Mg2+, F
O2
Ion
# of protons
# of electrons
Na+
11
10
N3-
10
Mg2+
12
10
10
O2
10
ratio of e/p
Problem:
Rank the following ions in order of decreasing size?
Na+, N3-,
Mg2+, F
O2
Ion
# of protons
# of electrons
ratio of e/p
Na+
11
10
0.909
N3-
10
1.43
Mg2+
12
10
0.833
10
1.11
O2
10
1.25
Ion
e/p ratio
Na+
0.909
N3-
1.43
Mg2+
0.833
1.11
O2
1.25
Ion
e/p ratio
Na+
0.909
N3-
1.43
Mg2+
0.833
1.11
O2
1.25
Ion
e/p ratio
Na+
0.909
N3-
1.43
Mg2+
0.833
1.11
O2
1.25
N3-
>
O2 >
F >
Na+ >
Mg2+
Decreasing size
Down a group
Across a Period
Increase
Decrease
Ionization
Energy
Electron
Affinity
Decrease
Becomes
less
exothermic
Increase
Becomes
more
exothermic
Periodic Trends
Each metal reacts to form a noble gas electron
configuration:
ns1
(n-1)p6