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DESIGN OF PROBE FEED RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA WITH
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
Akash Pandey
Prof. S. D. Dixit
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitles Design of Probe Feed
Rectangular Patch Antenna with Curvature to improve Beamwidth
is submitted in partial fufillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering
at J. K. Institute of Applied Physics & Technology, University of
Allahabad.
It is faithful record of bonafide project work carried by Mr. Vineet
Mishra (Enrl No: 09AU/429) under my supervision and guidance.
Prof. S. D. Dixit
Department of Electronics & Communication Engg.
J. K. Institute of Applied Physics & Technology
University of Allahabad
Allahabad-211002
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to my project guide Prof. S. D. Dixit
for his constant support, guidance and valuable advice for the completion of
this work. I am very grateful to him for his valuable ideas and expertise.
I am very thankful to Prof. R. R. Tewari (Head of Department) for his
prestigious, support and infinite supervision. It was his cheerful and sincere
cooperation, regular encouragement and assistance of every kind which made
my dissertation a fruitful, pleasant and lifetime expertise.
I express my sincere thanks to my parents & batchmates who provided
me the congenial help and atmosphere during my dissertation.
Project Team :
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INDEX
S.No Topic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
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Page
No
Abstract
5
Introduction
6
Chapter 1- Antenna Terminologies
8
Chapter 2- Microstrip Patch Antenna 21
Chapter 3- Designing of Antenna
36
Chapter 4- Modelling, Simulation &
42
Optimisation
Chapter 5- Result & Conclusion
50
Applications
52
Bibliography
54
ABSTRACT
A new design of a broad-band probe-fed patch antenna with a CURVED patch
is presented. The curved patch is obtained by bending the conventional patch
into an U-shape, seen in the resonant direction of the patch antenna. The
proposed design is applicable to the patch antenna with a planar ground plane
with a thin-air substrate. With the use of the proposed curved patch, the
required probe-pin length in the substrate remains to be small, although the
effective substrate thickness is significantly increased, resulting in a much
wider operating bandwidth. Also, by choosing proper dimensions of the curved
patch, the antenna gain for frequencies over the obtained wide bandwidth is
enhanced, compared to the conventional patch antenna with a planar plane
patch.
MICROSTRIP antennas are usually with a narrow-bandwidth operation, which
greatly limits their possible applications. To enhance the antennas operating
bandwidth, the use of a thick and low-permittivity substrate, such as a thick
air or foam substrate, has been known to be very effective. Further more
parasitic element is used to increase the beamwidth of microstrip patch
antenna.
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INTRODUCTION
A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide-beam antenna fabricated by etching the
antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric
substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the
substrate which forms a groundplane. Common microstrip antenna radiator
shapes are square, rectangular, circular and elliptical, but any continuous shape
is possible. Some patch antennas eschew a dielectric substrate and suspend a
metal patch in air above a ground plane using dielectric spacers; the resulting
structure is less robust but provides better bandwidth. Because such antennas
have a very low profile, are mechanically rugged and can be conformable, they
are often mounted on the exterior of aircraft and spacecraft, or are incorporated
into mobile radio communications devices .
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to design a microstrip patch antenna which is
required to operate in the L- band (1-1.12 GHz). The microstrip patch antenna
has a number of characteristics favorable for this application. The microstrip
patch antenna is a antenna which consist of metallic patch of rectangular or
circular shape on a grounded substrate.
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CHAPTER 1
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ANTENNA TERMINOLOGIES
An antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. In
other words, antennas convert electromagnetic waves into electrical currents and vice versa.
Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio
communication, wireless LAN, radar, and space exploration. Antennas usually work in air or
outer space, but can also be operated under water or even through soil and rock at certain
frequencies for short distances.
Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of conductors that generate a radiating
electromagnetic field in response to an applied alternating voltage and the associated
alternating electric current, or can be placed in an electromagnetic field so that the field will
induce an alternating current in the antenna and a voltage between its terminals. Some
antenna devices (parabolic antenna, Horn Antenna) just adapt the free space to another type
of antenna.
RADIATION PATTERN: - The radiation pattern of an antenna is a plot of the far-field radiation
properties of an antenna as a function of the spatial co-ordinates which are specified by the
elevation angle and the azimuth angle . More specifically it is a plot of the power radiated from
an antenna per unit solid angle, which is nothing but the radiation intensity.
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HALF POWER BEAM WIDTH : -The half power beam width (HPBW) can be defined as
the angle subtended by the half power points of the main lobe.
MAIN LOBE: - This is the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.
MINOR LOBE: - All the lobes
lobes represent the radiation in undesired directions. The level of minor lobes is HPBW usually
expressed as a ratio of the power density in the lobe in question to that of the major lobe. This ratio is
called as the side lobe level (expressed in decibels).
BACK LOBE: - This is the minor lobe diametrically opposite the main lobe.
SIDE LOBE: - These are the minor lobes adjacent to the main lobe and are separated by various
nulls. Side lobes are generally the largest among the minor lobes.
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GRATING LOBES: - For discrete aperture antennas (such as phased arrays) in which
the element spacing is much greater than a half wavelength, the aliasing effect causes some
sidelobes to become substantially larger in amplitude, and approaching the level of the main
lobe; these are called grating lobes, and they are identical, or nearly identical in the example
shown, copies of the main beams. Grating lobes are a special case of a sidelobe. In such a
case, the sidelobes should be considered all the lobes lying between the main lobe and the
first grating lobe, or between grating lobes. It is conceptually useful to distinguish between
sidelobes and grating lobes because grating lobes have larger amplitudes than most, if not all,
of the other side lobes.
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DIRECTIVITY: - The directivity of an antenna has been defined by as the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged
over all directions. In other words, the directivity of a nonisotropic source is equal to the
ratio of its radiation intensity in a given direction, over that of an isotropic source. The
directivity of a nonisotropic source is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in a given
direction, over that of an isotropic source.
INPUT IMPEDANCE:
as the
impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to the current at the
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pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a
point.
RETURN LOSS (RL): - The Return Loss (RL) is a parameter, which indicates the
amount of power that is lost to the load and does not return as a reflection. The RL is given
by,
(db)
amount of losses at the terminals of the antenna and within the structure of the antenna. These losses
are given by
POLARISATION:
electromagnetic wave describing the time varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric
field vector. The polarization of an antenna refers to the polarization of the electric field vector of
the radiated wave. In other words, the position and direction of the electric field with reference to
the earths surface or ground determines the wave polarization. The most common types of
polarization include the linear (horizontal or vertical) and circular (right hand polarization or the left
hand polarization).
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remains constant in length but rotates around in a circular path. A left hand circular polarized wave is
one in which the wave rotates counterclockwise whereas right hand circular polarized wave exhibits
clockwise motion as shown in Figure.
LINEAR POLARISATION: -If the path of the electric field vector is back and forth along a
line, it is said to be linearly polarized. Figure shows a linearly polarized wave.
impedance mismatch between the transmitter and the antenna. The higher the VSWR, the greater is
the mismatch. The minimum VSWR which corresponds to a perfect match is unity. The VSWR is
given by Makarov as,
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Where
reactive energy oscillates towards and away from the antenna, thus appearing as reactance. In this
region, energy is only stored and no energy is dissipated. The outermost boundary for this region is at
a distance,
is the wavelength.
(also called Fresnel region) is the region, which lies between the reactive near-field region and the
far field region. Reactive fields are smaller in this field as compared to the reactive near-field region
and the radiation fields dominate. In this region, the angular field distribution is a function of the
distance from the antenna. The outermost boundary for this region is at a distance,
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region, the reactive fields are absent and only the radiation fields exist. The angular field
distribution is not dependent on the distance from the antenna in this region and the power
density varies as the inverse square of the radial distance in this region.
DECIBELS: - Decibels (dB) is commonly used to describe gain or loss in circuits. The
number of decibels is found from:
Gain in dB = 10log(gain factor)
ARRAY FACTOR:
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AVERAGE SIDE LOBE LEVEL: - The average value of the relative power pattern of an antenna
taken over a specified angular region, which excludes the main beam, the power pattern being
relative to the peak of the main beam.
POWER GAIN OR SIMPLY GAIN: - The power gain or simply gain Gp, of an antenna referred
to an isotropic source is the ratio of its maximum radiation intensity to the radiation intensity of a
loss less isotropic source with the same power input.
Gp = (4Pi Umax) / (P input)
RADIATION EFFICIENCY: - The ratio of the gain to the directivity of an antenna is called the
radiation efficiency, n.
n = Gp / D
NULLS: - In an antenna radiation pattern, a null is a zone in which the effective radiated power is at
a minimum. A null often has a narrow directivity angle compared to that of the main beam. Thus,
the null is useful for several purposes, such as suppression of interfering signals in a given direction.
RADIATION RESISTANCE:
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BEAM DIVERGENCE:
beam diameter with distance from the aperture from which the beam emerges in any plane that
intersects the beam axis.
BEAM DIAMETER: - Of an electromagnetic beam, along any specified line that (a) intersects the
beam axis and (b) lies in any specified plane normal to the beam axis, the distance between the two
diametrically opposite points at which the irradiance is a specified fraction.
BORESIGHT: -
DEPARTURE ANGLE: - The angle between the axis of the main lobe of an antenna pattern and
the horizontal plane at the transmitting antenna.
EFFECTIVE BORESIGHT AREA: - An area on the surface of the Earth within which the bore
sight of a steerable satellite beam is pointed. There may be more than one unconnected effective
bore sight area to which a single steerable satellite beam can be pointed.
EFFECTIVE HEIGHT: - The height of the center of radiation of an antenna above the effective
ground level.
PHASED ARRAY: - A group of antennas in which the relative phases of the respective signals
feeding the antennas are varied in such a way that the effective radiation pattern of the array is
reinforced in a desired direction and suppressed in undesired directions. The relative amplitudes of-and constructive and destructive interference effects among-- the signals radiated by the individual
antennas determine the effective radiation pattern of the array.
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ANGULAR WIDTH: - The angular width (or beamwidth) is defined as the angle between two
directions where the radiation is dropped by 3 dB regarding the radiation in main lobe direction. This
angle is located in a plane containing the main lobe direction.
RADIATION POWER DENSITY: - The quantity used to describe the power associated with an
electromagnetic wave is the instantaneous Poynting vector defined as,
W=ExH
Q FACTOR:
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CHAPTER-2
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In order to simplify analysis and performance prediction, the patch is generally square,
rectangular, circular, triangular, and elliptical or some other common shape as shown in Figure 3.2.
For a rectangular patch, the length L of the patch is usually
the free-space wavelength. The patch is selected to be very thin such that
patch thickness). The height h of the dielectric substrate is usually
dielectric constant of the substrate (
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, where
is
(where t is the
. The
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Transmission Line Model: This model represents the microstrip antenna by two slots of width W and height h , separated by a
transmission line of length L. The microstrip is essentially a nonhomogeneous line of two dielectrics,
typically the substrate and air.
Hence, as seen from Figure 3.4, most of the electric field lines reside in the substrate and parts of
some lines in air. As a result, this transmission line cannot support pure transverse electric- magnetic
(TEM) mode of transmission, since the phase velocities would be different in the air and the
substrate. Instead, the dominant mode of propagation would be the quasi-TEM mode. Hence, an
effective dielectric constant
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around the periphery of the patch are not confined in the dielectric substrate but are also spread in
the air as shown in Figure 3.4 above. The expression for
is given by:
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where
the length, and there is no variation along the width of the patch. In the Figure 3.6 shown below, the
microstrip patch antenna is represented by two slots, separated by a transmission line of length L
and open circuited at both the ends. Along the width of the patch, the voltage is maximum and
current is minimum due to the open ends. The fields at the edges can be resolved into normal and
tangential components with respect to the ground plane.
It is seen from Figure 3.6 that the normal components of the electric field at the two edges along
the width are in opposite directions and thus out of phase since the patch is /2 long and hence they
cancel each other in the broadside direction. The tangential components, which are in phase, means
that the resulting fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the
structure. Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are /2
apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane. The fringing fields
along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the microstrip
antenna looks greater than its physical dimensions. The dimensions of the patch along its length
have now been extended on each end by a distance L., Which is given empirically by Hammers tad
as:
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now becomes:
For a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna, the resonance frequency for any
by James and Hall as:
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mode is given
In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip is connected directly to the edge of the microstrip
patch as shown in the figure below. The conducting strip is smaller in width as compared to the
patch and this kind of feed arrangement has the advantage that the feed can be etched on the same
substrate to provide a planar structure.
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The purpose of the inset cut in the patch is to match the impedance of the feed line to the patch
without the need for any additional matching element. This is achieved by properly controlling the
inset position. Hence this is an easy feeding scheme, since it provides ease of fabrication and
simplicity in modeling as well as impedance matching. However as the thickness of the dielectric
substrate being used, increases, surface waves and spurious feed radiation also increases, which
hampers the bandwidth of the antenna. The feed radiation also leads to undesired cross polarized
radiation.
Coaxial Feed: The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common technique used for feeding Microstrip patch
antennas. As seen from the figure below, the inner conductor of the coaxial connector extends
through the dielectric and is soldered to the radiating patch, while the outer conductor is connected
to the ground plane.
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In this type of feed technique, the ground plane as shown in Figure below separates the radiating
patch and the microstrip feed line. Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through a
slot or an aperture in the ground plane.
The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower cross polarization due to
symmetry of the configuration. The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is
determined by the shape, size and location of the aperture. Since the ground plane separates the
patch and the feed line, spurious radiation is minimized. Generally, a high dielectric material is used
for the bottom substrate and a thick, low dielectric constant material is used for the top substrate to
optimize radiation from the patch. The major disadvantage of this feed technique is that it is difficult
to fabricate due to multiple layers, which also increases the antenna thickness. This feeding scheme
also provides narrow bandwidth.
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2.5 APPLICATIONS
Notable system applications for which microstrip antennas have been developed include:
Satellite communications
Doppler and other radar
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Radio altimeters
Missile telemetry
Weapon fusing
Man pack equipment
Feed elements in complex antennas
Satellite navigation receiver
Biomedical radiator
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CHAPTER-3
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DESIGNING OF ANTENNA
The procedure for designing a rectangular microstrip patch antenna is explained below. Few
microstrip antennas with different patch are designed. Finally, the results obtained from the
simulations are demonstrated .All design are performed using HFSS (High Frequency
Simulation Structure)
3.1 HFSS:HFSS is an interactive software package for calculating the electromagnetic behavior of a structure.
The software includes post-processing commands for analyzing this behavior in detail. Using HFSS,
you can compute:
Basic electromagnetic field quantities and, for open boundary problems, radiated near and far
fields.
Characteristic port impedances and propagation constants.
Generalized S-parameters and S-parameters renormalized to specific port impedances.
The Eigen modes, or resonances, of a structure.
You are expected to draw the structure, specify material characteristics for each object, and identify
ports and special surface characteristics. HFSS then generates the necessary field solutions and
associated port characteristics and S-parameters. As you set up the problem, HFSS allows you to
specify whether to solve the problem at one specific frequency or at several frequencies within a
range.
The HFSS Antenna Design Kit is a stand-alone GUI-based utility which automates the geometry
creation, solution setup, and post-processing reports for over 25 antenna elements. This tool allows
antenna designers to efficiently analyze common antenna types using HFSS and also assists new
users in learning to use HFSS for antenna design. The design kit can be integrated into the HFSS user
interface or launched from the standard Windows menu. All antenna models created by the design
kit are ready to simulate in HFSS.
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3.2DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS: -
The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna are:
Frequency of operation (
appropriately. The microstrip antenna is designed in L Band.The L band is part of the microwave
region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its frequency range is from 0.390 to 1.55 GHz. Hence the
antenna designed must be able to operate in this frequency range. The resonant frequency selected
for my design is 1.06GHz.This is because my frequency range is 1GHz to 1.12GHz.
Dielectric constant of the substrate (r): The dielectric material selected for my
design is air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0004.For designing of antennas dielectric constant
should be in the range of
should be selected since it provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth. My project consist of two
design one with air as substrate and other one has RT/DUROID along with rohacel.Combined
dielectric constant of both substrate is almost similar to air.
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antenna is not bulky. The height of the substrate should lie in the range
.Hence; the height of the dielectric substrate is selected as 14 mm.
Height is calculated as h = 0.05*283 = 14mm (approx.).
Hence, the essential parameters for the design are:
= 1.06 GHz
r= 1
h = 14mm
Calculation of the Length (L): The length of the Microstrip patch antenna is calculated
as:
f=1.06 GHz
=c/f
= (3*10^8)/(1.06*10^9)
= 283mm
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CHAPTER-4
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On optimizing the antenna to obtain frequency 1.06GHz values of parameters are as follows :-
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4.2 SIMULATION
Antenna designs, however efficient they might be, could be understood a lot better when their
performance is simulated. Generally in antenna problems, the actual practical result might not be
the same as the one predicted by theory and a better understanding of the Functionality of the
structure in terms of the reflection and radiation characteristics is warranted. In this project, the
High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) of Ansoft has been used extensively to perform antenna
simulations.
The task at hand for the antenna designer is to first draw the structure, specify material
characteristics for each object and identify ports and special surface characteristics. The system then
generates the necessary field solutions and associated port characteristics and S-parameters. As we
sets up the problem, Ansoft HFSS allows us to specify whether to solve the problem at one specific
frequency or at several frequencies within a range. Results along with figures and graphs are as
follows:
4.3 OPTIMIZATION
After comparing and optimizing following results and cases are obtained. They are as follows:
CASE 1: First we had studied simple probe fed patch antenna with air as a
substrate. Parameters of this antenna are same as discussed above.
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h=28 mm of the edge from the ground plane this antenna possesses
characteristic of increased beamwidth and also increased bandwidth.
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HFSSDesign1
0.00
-10.00
ANSOFT
Curve Info
xdb10Beamw idth(3)
dB(RealizedGainL3X)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.06GHz' Phi='0deg'
51.6960
dB(RealizedGainL3X)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.06GHz' Phi='90deg'
110.6138
dB(RealizedGainL3X)
-20.00
-30.00
-40.00
-50.00
-60.00
-70.00
-200.00
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-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
Theta [deg]
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
XY Plot 3
HFSSDesign1
10.00
5.00
ANSOFT
Curve Info
xdb10Beamw idth(3)
dB(RealizedGainL3Y)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.06GHz' Phi='0deg'
94.3446
dB(RealizedGainL3Y)
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
Freq='1.06GHz' Phi='90deg'
46.0283
-0.00
dB(RealizedGainL3Y)
-5.00
-10.00
-15.00
-20.00
-25.00
-30.00
-35.00
-200.00
-150.00
-100.00
-50.00
0.00
Theta [deg]
50.00
100.00
150.00
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200.00
CHAPTER-5
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RESULT:
The table 7.1 shows the return losses obtained from simulation for CASE 1 for
resonant frequency 1.06GHz
FREQUENCY(GHz)
RETURN LOSS(dB)
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
-10.4
-43.0
-10.8
-5.5
The table 5.2 shows the return losses obtained from simulation for CASE 2 for
resonant frequency 1.06GHz.
FREQUENCY(GHz)
RETURN LOSS(dB)
1.03
1.06
1.09
1.12
-10.9
-30.0
-9.97
-6.0
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CONCLUSION
A new broad-band design of a probe-fed rectangular patch antenna with a Ushaped patch has been proposed and experimentally studied. For constructed
prototypes of the proposed design, the impedance bandwidth (1:1.5 VSWR)
greater than 12% can easily be obtained. Moreover, the antenna gain of the
proposed design can be greater than that of a conventional probe-fed patch
antenna and peak antenna gain can reach 8 dB or larger. The XPLs in the Eplane pattern for the constructed prototypes are all well above 10 dB and the
XPLs in the H-plane pattern can be improved to be about 14 dB, which is even
better than that of a corresponding conventional probe-fed patch antenna with a
thin air substrate.
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APPLICATIONS
A cross Vivaldi antenna is designed and investigated for a radar based breast tumor
detection. The antenna performance is examined over the frequency range of 2.25.4GHz. results obtained through simulations and experiments demonstrate the ability
of the antenna to detect tumors in 3D breast models.
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The Broadband Dual Polarized Vivaldi Antenna Arrays as shown below are widely
used in Mobile Communication Applications.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Schaubert & Shin, A parameter study of stripline-fed Vivaldi notch-antenna arrays,
IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 47, No. 5, May 1999, pp. 879-886.
Noronha et al, Designing antennas for UWB systems, Microwaves & RF Journal,
June 2003, pp. 53-61.
Langley
et
al,
Novel
ultrawide-bandwidth
Vivaldi
antenna
with
low
crosspolarization, Electronic Letters, Vol. 29, No. 23, 1993, pp. 2004-2005.
Schuppert,
Microstrip/slotline
transitions:
Modeling
and
experimental
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