MGP Taglu DPA Section 2 Part C

Section 2.
2
GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS AND
PETROPHYSICS
GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS
P-03 Synthetic Well Tie
P-03 Vsh Well Tie

(checkshot corrected)
Synthetic
Seismic
GR
30 Vsh
20
HD/KB
Time (s)
Trace Number
Velocity Density Impedance Vsh
(m/s)
(g/cm3)
40
50
1.887
1.9
2.1
A00
A00
2.000
A40
A40
B00
B00
Time (s)
Time (s)
2.0
2.2
C10
C10
2.3
2.250
C30
C30
2.4
R = 72%
Checkshot-corrected shale volume (Vsh) has excellent quadrature character tie to amplitude data
Synthetic well ties were used for forward modelling and calibration
Vsh well ties were used for general correlation and seismic stratigraphic geometry
GR = gamma-ray
Figure 2-10: Seismic Well Ties for Correlation and Modelling

For Taglu, five seismic horizons that correlated to key stratigraphic surfaces
(A00, A40, B00, C10 and C30) within the reservoir interval were identified.
They extend throughout most of the 3-D survey. All horizons were successfully
correlated throughout the field fault block area. For the down thrown block north
of the field, only the A00, A40 and B00 were correlated. Table 2-2 lists the
horizon depths, seismic time and available velocity control data for each well.
Table 2-2: Taglu Mapped Seismic Horizons
Seismic Horizon
A00
Well
Name
TWT
(msec)
C-42
2,171
A40
B00
C10
Available
Velocity Data
C30
Depth
TWT
Depth
TWT
Depth
TWT
Depth
TWT
Depth
(TVD mSS) (msec) (TVD mSS) (msec) (TVD mSS) (msec) (TVD mSS) (msec) (TVD mSS) Sonic Checkshot
2,849
2,211
2,920
2,265
3,027
2,374
3,207
2,422
3,329
Yes
Yes
D-43
1,974
2,522
2,019
2,601
2,088
2,724
2,215
2,948
2,273
3,072
Yes
Yes
D-55
2,336
3,155
2,399
3,299
2,464
3,049
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
G-33
1,920
2,422
1,968
2,538
2,032
2,645
2,146
2,853
2,206
N/A
Yes
Yes
H-06
2,430
3,188
2,488
3,296
2,563
3,396
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
H-54
1,940
2,446
1,986
2,531
N/A
N/A
2,077
2,685
N/A
N/A
Yes
Yes
P-03
1,995
2,577
2,053
2,661
2,115
2,773
2,248
3,013
2,309
3,139
Yes
Yes
NOTE:
1. TWT = two-way time
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Imperial Oil Resources Limited
2-15
Section 2.2
PETROPHYSICS
2.2.3
SEISMIC MAPPING (contd)
Seismic time horizon maps were then constructed by tracking the reflection
events between and away from the calibrated points at the well locations.
Figure 2-11 shows an A Zone Taglu time structure map.
H-54
P-03
D-43
A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline
G-33
C-42
Figure 2-11: Time Structure Map for the A40 Horizon

2.2.4
TIME TO DEPTH CONVERSION

2.2.4.1
Background
One of the major challenges of time-to-depth conversion at Taglu is the presence

of a thick, variable permafrost layer down to a depth of about 500 m. The
permafrost layer is generally a high-velocity zone, but significant melting has
occurred near major waterbodies since the end of the last glacial period. The
partial melting, or thermal degradation, of the permafrost has created pockets of
near-surface low acoustic velocities, which can radically distort the shape of the
seismic time surface relative to depth.
2.2.4.2
Amplitude Anomalies
At Taglu, additional information is available in the form of bright spots or

amplitude anomalies (see Figure 2-12) that correlate to tested A pool gas. The
gaswater contact of these reservoirs is tightly depth constrained by the C-42
well.
2-16
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.2
PETROPHYSICS
G-33
G-33
P-03
D-43
Erosion
Edge
C-42
A40 Amplitude
Anomaly Edge
Figure 2-12: Horizon Amplitude Slice Showing A40 Amplitude Anomaly

2.2.4.3
Depth Conversion Method
A top-down, layer-cake, vertical scaling method was used to depth convert the
Taglu reservoir time surfaces. This method involved creating a multilayer
velocity model in which velocities vary spatially and as a function of seismic
travel time.
The basic depth conversion model was built in three stages:
1. Surface to base of permafrost seismic velocity functions calibrated to well
control.
2. Base of permafrost to top of reservoir linear increase of velocity with
depth (V0k method).
3. Within the reservoir interval velocity method.
Following basic depth conversion and well calibration, final depth map
adjustments were made to match the mapped outline of the amplitude anomaly
(see Figure 2-13).
August 2004
TDPA-P1
2-17
Section 2.2
PETROPHYSICS
H-54
P-03
D-43
A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline
G-33
C-42
Figure 2-13: A40 Depth Map Flexed to Amplitude Anomaly Outlines
2-18
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.3
GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS AND PETROPHYSICS
APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF
THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR
TAGLU FIELD
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
PETROPHYSICAL ANALYSIS
2.3.1
SCOPE
Subsurface rock properties and other reservoir parameters are used in:
hydrocarbon volume-in-place calculations

the geological model
the reservoir simulation model
These parameters include:
net sand thickness the net effective reservoir that contains hydrocarbons
porosity (phi or ) the percentage or fraction of free space, within the total
volume of rock, that is available to contain fluids
fluid type and saturation fluid type, such as gas, oil or water, proportions
within porosity and their distribution
permeability (k) the degree of interconnection between pore spaces that

allows fluids to move through rock. Permeability is usually measured in
millidarcies (mD).
This section describes the data acquired and the analytical procedures used to
determine these properties.
2.3.2
LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS
The rock properties listed previously cannot be determined directly in wellbores.

Instead, they must be derived or interpreted from other physical measurements
that can be made within wellbores. Within the petroleum industry, the most
commonly used physical measurements include:
August 2004
TDPA-P1
electrical resistivity and potential

acoustic interval transit time
density
natural radioactivity
hydrogen content
2-19
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2.3.2
LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS (contd)
These measurements are collected by lowering various combinations of sensor

equipment, i.e., logging tools, on cables to the bottom of a wellbore. Physical
property measurements are made continuously as the logging tool is pulled back
up the well at a controlled rate. Typically, these recorded measurements are
displayed as a curve, called a log, which changes with depth. Interpreting these
physical measurements to determine rock properties is called log or petrophysical
analysis.
To derive the required rock properties, such as porosity or fluid saturation, from
the measurable physical properties, log analysts use relationships established
between the desired rock properties and measured physical properties. These
property relationships have been obtained from extensive laboratory
measurements and studies of many different rock and fluid combinations. If no
other information is available, these rock property relationships can be applied by
making general comparisons to these standard relationships for different rock
types, such as sandstone, limestone and others. However, more accurate results
can be obtained if the measured log curves can be directly calibrated to actual
property measurements of the rock being evaluated.
2.3.3
CORE DATA AND ANALYSIS
To obtain rock samples for measuring and calibrating, petroleum companies

periodically retrieve lengths of core while drilling through reservoirs. Recovered
cores are typically several metres long, and samples from them can be analyzed
in laboratories to directly measure properties, such as porosity and permeability.
However, because coring is more difficult, time consuming and considerably
more expensive than drilling and logging, cores are not gathered continuously
through a reservoir, or even in all wells. Instead, representative core samples are
obtained across a field to calibrate log responses to measured core properties.
These calibrations are then used to extrapolate rock properties over the entire
reservoir, using log information.
There are two types of core analysis:
routine core analysis

special core analysis (SCAL)
Routine core analysis consists of measuring porosity and permeability with air at
standard conditions. Special core analysis includes measuring electrical
properties, capillary pressure and relative permeability, usually at net overburden
conditions. Electrical property measurements were used at Taglu to correlate
electric log data with measured porosity. Capillary pressure measurements were
used to determine water saturation.
2-20
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2.3.4
TAGLU DATASET SUMMARY
Complete petrophysical evaluations have been conducted on all the wells at

Taglu. Table 2-3 summarizes the available log data types for each well.
Table 2-3: Taglu Well Log Data
Well Number
Data Type
G-33
C-42
P-03
D-43
H-54
Year drilled
1971
1972
1972
1973
1976
Dual induction
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Borehole compensated sonic
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Bulk density
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Compensated neutron
No
No
No
No
Yes
Sidewall neutron porosity
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Gamma-ray
Yes
Service company
Yes
Schlumberger
Baker-Atlas
Yes
Yes
Yes
Schlumberger
Schlumberger
Schlumberger
Petrophysical analysis at Taglu involved integrating all available log and core
data, to:
calculate rock properties, including shale and clay volume, porosity and
water saturation
identify relationships between porosity, permeability and water saturation
determine appropriate overburden corrections to adjust porosity and

permeability to reservoir conditions
Core samples collected at Taglu were analyzed using conventional and SCAL
techniques. Table 2-4 summarizes the available core data and the analyses
performed. To supplement the Taglu field core data, one well, D-55, from outside
the pool was used.
Table 2-4: Taglu Core Data
Well Number
Core Data and Analysis
Length (m)
Number of plugs cut for SCAL
C-42
P-03
D-43
H-54
D-55
27
144
26.5
18
26
15
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
Electrical property measurements

Yes
Note:
1. Airbrine capillary pressure tests.
2. Formation factor and resistivity index.
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Capillary pressure measurements
1
2
August 2004
TDPA-P1
G-33
2-21
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2.3.5
NET SAND DETERMINATION
Taglu reservoir intervals comprise interbedded successions of sandstone,

siltstone and shale. These rock types contain variable amounts of siliclastic
grains, which are composed of minerals or rock fragments, and clay. In
sandstone, the grain component dominates, and clay content is minor. In shale,
the grain component is small and the clay component dominates. However,
between sandstone and shale, a compositional spectrum, which includes siltstone,
exists. The transition between these rock types is gradational, particularly
between fine-grained sandstone and siltstone. This distinction is important, as
siltstone is an ineffective reservoir rock that does not contribute to production
because of low permeability, even though it contains some gas in pore spaces.
Consequently, siltstone pore volumes need to be excluded from volume
estimates.
The method used to distinguish siltstone from fine-grained sandstone was based
on the amount of clay or shale contained within the rock. The shale volume (Vsh)
cutoff was determined using the gamma-ray logs calibrated to core measurements
and well test results. Porosity values were not determined for rocks above the Vsh
cutoff.
2.3.6
POROSITY
After using the Vsh method to exclude nonreservoir intervals, total porosity in the
Taglu wells was determined using density and sonic log data calibrated to
ambient core porosity measurements (see Figure 2-14). These analyses show that
calibrated log porosity values in the Taglu sandstones range between 5 and 25%.
2.3.6.1
Porosity Overburden Correction
Most Taglu core porosity measurements were taken at ambient surface

conditions. However, porous rocks shrink slightly when buried, because of the
compression from the weight of the overlying rocks, i.e., the overburden
pressure. Therefore, porosity values in the Taglu reservoir need to be corrected
for overburden conditions. The correction factor is obtained by taking samples
from the core and measuring porosity at both the ambient and the overburden
pressure conditions in the reservoir. The ratio of these measurements is the
amount of reduction in porosity required to match reservoir conditions. At Taglu,
linear regression analysis resulted in a correction multiplier of 0.957 (see
Figure 2-15), which was used to reduce the calibrated porosity values. After
corrections, the average porosity of the field on a hydrocarbon pore volume
weighted basis is 15.6%.
2.3.7
PERMEABILITY
Permeability models for the Taglu reservoirs were developed from porosity and
permeability measurements taken from core samples. The core data points were
sorted based on the interpreted environment of deposition, or facies, as outlined
in Section 2.1, Geological Description. Statistical analysis of the data revealed
four logical groups, based on the original interpretation of the environment of
deposition (see Table 2-5).
2-22
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
Point Plot
Occurrences
510
0.5
255
0
2
2.5
Bulk Density
270
0
0
0.25
0.5
Core Porosity
Core Porosity
Occurrences
540
Regression Equivalents
RHO () matrix = 2.72 gm/cm3
RHO () fluid = 0.816 gm/cm3
0.25
C-42 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)

G-33 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)
P-03 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)
0
0
2.5
Bulk Density
Figure 2-14: Calibration of Bulk Density to Core Porosity

0.3
Overburden Porosity
0.25
0.2
0.15
y = 0.957x
0.1
R2 = 0.991
y = 0.9582x
R2 = 0.9882
0.05
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Ambient Porosity
D-55 ob
C-42 ob
Linear (D-55 ob)
Linear (C-42 ob)
1:1 Reference line
Figure 2-15: Taglu Overburden Porosity versus Ambient Porosity
August 2004
TDPA-P1
2-23
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2.3.7
PERMEABILITY (contd)
Using regression analysis, porosity to permeability transforms were developed

for each data group (see Figure 2-16 for an example of one of the groups).
Table 2-5: Facies Type Combinations
Group
Facies Types
Fluvial and nonmarine to tidal
Distributary channel, inner stream mouth bar
Outer stream mouth bar, proximal delta front
Prodelta, all distributary bay, overbank
Facies Group 3: Outer Stream Mouth Bar and Proximal Delta Front
10,000
Ambient Core kmax (mD)
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Overburden-Corrected Core Porosity

Outer Stream Mouth Bar
Proximal Delta Front
Exponential (kmax)
Figure 2-16: Log Permeability versus Overburden-Corrected Porosity for Facies Group 3
Where there was no direct core information, these transforms were applied to the
previously discussed log-calculated porosity values, based on the interpreted
environment of deposition model developed for each well. This allowed
corresponding permeability values to be generated.
2.3.7.1
Permeability Overburden Correction
As with porosity measurements, most permeability measurements from core were

taken at ambient surface conditions and corrected for overburden pressure. The
correction factor was obtained by taking samples from the core and measuring
permeability at both the ambient and the overburden pressure conditions in the
reservoir. Correcting permeability was more complex than correcting porosity,
because it required two relationships, one linear and one nonlinear, depending on
the initial ambient permeability value. These relationships are outlined as
follows:
2-24
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
If permeability is 2 mD:
kob = kamb 0.66
If permeability is < 2 mD:
kob = kamb (kamb 0.173 + 0.328)
where:
kob = overburden permeability at 34 MPa (5,000 psi)
kamb = ambient permeability
At Taglu, these relationships were used to reduce the calibrated permeability
values to reservoir conditions (see Figure 2-17).
1,000
Overburden Permeability
100
kob = 0.66 kamb

10
kob = kamb (kamb 0.173 + 0.328)

0.1
0.01
0.01
0.1
10
100
1,000
Ambient Permeability
Figure 2-17: Taglu Overburden Permeability versus Ambient Permeability

2.3.8
FLUID SATURATION ANALYSIS

2.3.8.1
SCAL Capillary Pressures
An important type of SCAL data obtained at Taglu was capillary pressure data.
Capillary pressure is the pressure difference across an interface between
immiscible fluids, such as water and gas. It is a function of interfacial fluid
tension, pore surface wettability and effective pore geometry.
The pore space of reservoir rocks within a petroleum reservoir commonly
contains two fluid types:
August 2004
TDPA-P1
2-25
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2.3.8.1
SCAL Capillary Pressures (contd)
water, which is always present

trapped hydrocarbons
The equilibrium relationship between capillary pressure and buoyancy controls

the relative proportions, or saturation, of the water and hydrocarbon within the
rock pore space. With increasing height above the free water level, the
hydrocarbon saturation generally increases and the water saturation decreases
until a minimum level of background water saturation (Sw(irr)) is reached.
Different rock types, with different pore geometry, will have different capillary
pressure curves and thus, different saturation levels at the same elevation.
SCAL measurements of capillary pressure from core samples allow these
different saturation versus height functions to be defined for the various rock
types within a reservoir. This information, combined with other reservoir
parameters, can be used to calculate the total hydrocarbon resource contained
within a reservoir.
2.3.8.2
Taglu Fluid Saturation Determination
Fluid type and saturation values at Taglu were determined using induction logs
and capillary pressure measurements that were calibrated to recovered reservoir
fluids from tests. Water saturation (Sw) was determined using the resistivity data
(dual water method) and capillary pressure data.
At Taglu, many individual gas reservoir sands range from 1 to 3 m thick. This
presents a problem for induction log data, as it underestimates resistivities from
beds less than several metres thick. This problem leads to overprediction of water
saturation values in these sands.
Taglu has many high-quality capillary pressure measurements obtained from core
samples across the full range of reservoir permeability values. Analyses of these
measurements allowed the development of a single relationship to determine Sw
as a function of porosity, permeability and the height above the reservoir free
water level. Figure 2-18 shows the relationship for various permeability values.
Comparisons of the relationship with water saturation values calculated from
induction log analyses from reliable bed thickness measurements indicated good
agreement. Consequently, a capillary-pressure-based water saturation model was
adopted for Taglu.
2-26
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
700
Height Above Free Water (m)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Water Saturation
k10,000
k1,000
k100
k10
k1
k0.1
k0.01
Figure 2-18: Taglu Height above Free Water versus Water Saturation
August 2004
TDPA-P1
2-27
Section 2.3
PETROPHYSICS
2-28
August 2004
TDPA-P1
Section 2.4
GEOLOGY, GEOPHYSICS AND PETROPHYSICS
APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL OF
THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR
TAGLU FIELD
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
RESERVOIR PARAMETERS AND VOLUMETRICS
2.4.1
INTEGRATED GEOLOGICAL MODEL
Structural and petrophysical interpretations of the Taglu field were integrated

into a geological model built using PETREL modelling software. The model is a
synthesis of all the interpreted field information.
The area of the model is 97 km2, encompassing the main fault block between the
north and south-bounding faults, as mapped on the Taglu 3-D survey. As the
field closure area is about 30 km2, this model extends well into the reservoir
aquifer regions. The model consists of 6 million active or populated cells. Each
cell is about 100 by 100 m in area by 1 m thick.
The gross rock volume framework of the model was constructed using depth
converted maps of the key seismic horizons discussed in Section 2.2,
Geophysical Analysis. Within this gross rock volume framework, model cells
were populated with an appropriate geological facies type based on the
stratigraphic interpretations outlined in Section 2.1, Geological Description.
Reservoir parameters were assigned to each cell based on the facies keyed
relationships outlined in Section 2.3, Petrophysical Analysis. Using the
saturation-height method outlined in Section 2.3, a unique water saturation value
was calculated for each cell based on its porosity, permeability and height above
the most likely free-water level.
2.4.2
AVERAGE RESERVOIR PARAMETERS
Table 2-6 summarizes the average in-situ field parameters extracted from the
geological model by reservoir system. The somewhat coarser grained and
shallower A sands have average porosities of about 17% and permeabilities of
about 150 mD. The finer grained and deeper B and C sands have average
porosities of about 14 % and permeabilities of about 25 mD.
2.4.3
RESERVOIR VOLUMETRICS
The most likely original raw gas-in-place volumes for the Taglu field have been
extracted from the completed geological model and are summarized by reservoir
system in Table 2-7. Because the average reservoir property values shown in
Table 2-6 were rounded, calculated hydrocarbon pore volume or original gas-in-
August 2004
TDPA-P1
2-29
Section 2.4
RESERVOIR PARAMETERS AND VOLUMETRICS

PETROPHYSICS
2.4.3
RESERVOIR VOLUMETRICS (contd)
place (OGIP) using these parameters will have about a 3% variation compared to
the values reported in Table 2-7.
Table 2-6: Taglu Reservoir Properties by System
Reservoir Interval
Reservoir Parameters
1
Gross pay avg. (m)

NTG (fraction)
Porosity avg. (fraction)

3
Permeability avg. (mD)
B2
UC
LC
LC2
79.4
14.4
61.5
52.5
8.3
0.78
0.85
0.86
0.81
0.82
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.17
153
24
21
93
Sg (fraction)
0.68
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.67
Note:
1. Represents all rock > 0.01 mD.
2. Net cutoff varied to match hydrocarbon pore volume from model (about 0.1 to 0.05 mD).
3. Average of reservoir > 0.25 mD.
Table 2-7: Taglu Most Likely Raw Gas-In-Place Volumes

Reservoir Interval
Volumetric Parameters
Free water level (mSS)
2
Area (km )
3
Gross rock volume (Mm )
B2
UC
LC
LC2
2,888
2,937
3,092
3,134
2,985
33.7
18.5
25.3
16.3
4.4
Total
2,672.3
267.0
1,556.3
857.8
36.5
Hydrocarbon pore volume (Mm )
234.3
19.2
113.7
59.3
3.3
Gas expansion factor from in situ

to surface conditions (scm/rcm)
253.8
255.1
257.5
258.9
267.9
Original gas-in-place (Mm )
59,458.2
4,905.2
29,279.2
15,346.9
893.3
109,882.7
Original gas-in-place (Bcf)
2,099.7
173.2
1,034.0
542
31.5
3,880.4
Note:
1. From geological model. Shale volume less than 70% cut-off.
2-30
August 2004
TDPA-P1

MGP Taglu DPA Section 2 Part C

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Section 2.

P-03 Synthetic Well Tie

P-03 Vsh Well Tie

Figure 2-10: Seismic Well Ties for Correlation and Modelling

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

SEISMIC MAPPING (contd)

A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline

Figure 2-11: Time Structure Map for the A40 Horizon

TIME TO DEPTH CONVERSION

One of the major challenges of time-to-depth conversion at Taglu is the presence

At Taglu, additional information is available in the form of bright spots or

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

Figure 2-12: Horizon Amplitude Slice Showing A40 Amplitude Anomaly

Depth Conversion Method

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

A40 Amplitude Anomaly Outline

Figure 2-13: A40 Depth Map Flexed to Amplitude Anomaly Outlines

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

hydrocarbon volume-in-place calculations

These parameters include:

permeability (k) the degree of interconnection between pore spaces that

LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS

The rock properties listed previously cannot be determined directly in wellbores.

electrical resistivity and potential

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

LOG DATA AND ANALYSIS (contd)

These measurements are collected by lowering various combinations of sensor

CORE DATA AND ANALYSIS

To obtain rock samples for measuring and calibrating, petroleum companies

routine core analysis

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

TAGLU DATASET SUMMARY

Complete petrophysical evaluations have been conducted on all the wells at

Borehole compensated sonic

Sidewall neutron porosity

identify relationships between porosity, permeability and water saturation

determine appropriate overburden corrections to adjust porosity and

Electrical property measurements

Capillary pressure measurements

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

NET SAND DETERMINATION

Taglu reservoir intervals comprise interbedded successions of sandstone,

Porosity Overburden Correction

Most Taglu core porosity measurements were taken at ambient surface

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

C-42 Core (2000.00, 3700.00)

Figure 2-14: Calibration of Bulk Density to Core Porosity

Linear (D-55 ob)

Linear (C-42 ob)

1:1 Reference line

Figure 2-15: Taglu Overburden Porosity versus Ambient Porosity

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

Using regression analysis, porosity to permeability transforms were developed

Fluvial and nonmarine to tidal

Distributary channel, inner stream mouth bar

Outer stream mouth bar, proximal delta front

Prodelta, all distributary bay, overbank

Ambient Core kmax (mD)

Overburden-Corrected Core Porosity

Proximal Delta Front

Permeability Overburden Correction

As with porosity measurements, most permeability measurements from core were

Imperial Oil Resources Limited

kob = 0.66 kamb