CHAPTER THREE

MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE

Motion:
It is changing position of the body in space with time
Types of motion:
1- Periodic motion:
The motion which has no initial or final point and repeats itself periodically
Ex: motion in a circle vibration motion wave motion
2- Transition motion:
The motion which has initial and final point
Ex: Motion in straight line projectiles bus, cars ..... etc
Speed

Velocity

Scalar
Covered distance in one second
Always positive

The law:

v=

Vector
Covered displacement in one second
Always negative

d
t

The law:

v=

d
t

Types of velocity:
Uniform velocity

Variable velocity

Instantaneous

Average velocity

(constant)
The body cover equal

The body cover

velocity
The velocity of the

Total displacement

displacement in equal

different

body at a certain

divided by total time

times in straight line

displacement in

moment

different times

Straight line

curve

find slope at the

V av =(d / t)

total

Required moment
Average speed =

total distance
total time

= slope of total line

Average velocity =

total displacement
total time

Examples:
1- A person drives a car he covered 8.4 km in 0.12 h then he is out of fuel, he left the car
and walked to fuel station 2 km away in 0.5 h. Find average velocity numerically and
graphically.
2- In the previous problem the person returned back in 0.6 h to his car find the average
speed and average velocity.
Note:

To convert velocity from unit km/hr into m/s

5
18

For example: 180 km/hr = 180 x 5/18 = 50 m/s

Acceleration
It is the change of velocity in one second
It is the rate of change in velocity

(rate = in one second and, divide by time)

v final velocityinitial velocity

=
t
time of change

a=

a=

V f V i
t

Example: from the table find acceleration

a=

V f V i 105
=
=5 m/ s2
t
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Types of acceleration:

1- Positive (when velocity increases)

2- Negative (when velocity decreases) its named deceleration
3- Zero (when velocity is constant)

v
t
slope = a =

Chapter four
Equations of motion
G.R: When a body moves with uniform velocity the acceleration = zero?

a=

Because,

V V V i
=
t
t

and

v f = vi

We will start from these two equation keys

a=

V V i
t

V av =

X V +V 0
=
T
2

Prove 1 st equation of motion?

a=

V f V i
t

at = Vf Vi
at + Vi =Vf

Prove 2 nd equation of motion?

so,

a=0

Prove 3 rd equation of motion?

Prove 2 nd equation of motion graphically?

Distance travelled = area under the line

But acceleration =

=area of rectangle + area of triangle= vi t + (vf -vi)t

(vf -vi)t and so (vf -vi) = at therefore:

Distance travelled (d) =

vi t + (vf -vi) t = vi t + [at]t = vi t + at2

d = vi t + at2

Example problems:
1-An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off the
ground. Determine the distance travelled before takeoff.
2-A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21 seconds for a distance of
110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.

3-A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47 seconds. Determine the
distance travelled.
4-A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4 m.
Determine the acceleration of the bike.
5-A plane has a takeoff speed of 88.3 m/s and requires 1365 m to reach that speed. Determine
the acceleration of the plane and the time required to reach this speed.
6. A car travelling at 20 ms-1 accelerates steadily at 5 ms-2 for a distance of 70 m. What is the
final velocity of the car?
7- A person drives a car with constant speed 30 m/s, suddenly a boy rushed across the
street, the time of reaction to press brakes was 0.5 second, then the car decelerate by 9
m/s 2 till it stopped. Find the total covered distance?

The free fall acceleration or acceleration due to gravity

(g):

When a body falls free, its velocity increases each second by 9.8 m/s as
shown in the figure:

*The body has acceleration called free fall acceleration or acceleration due
to gravity g
* Sometimes g is taken to equal 10 m/s2 as in the figure:

All bodies have the same acceleration, but heavy bodies reach earth first
because the air resistance on them is very small while it is very large on
light bodies, if air resistance is neglected so all bodies reach earth in same
time as in the figure:

*The three equations of motion are applied here, just remove

and put instead g

Problems:
1- A body falls from deck of a skyscraper 370 m above the street. Determine the time required
for the body to free fall from the deck to the street below.
2- A stone is dropped into a deep well and is heard to hit the water 3.41 s after being dropped.
Determine the depth of the well.
3- How long does it take a ball to reach the ground 7.0 m below, if it is thrown straight
up with an initial speed of 2.00 m/s?
4- A ball is thrown straight up with a speed of 4.6 m/s. How long does the ball take to
reach its maximum height?
5-(For higher students only) An archer shoots an arrow with an initial velocity of 21 m/s
straight up from his bow. He quickly reloads and shoots another arrow in the same way
3.0 s later. At what time and height do the arrows meet?
6- A stoned falls from top of a building, it passed a person in a window 5m height after 4
second. Find:

1-Height of building

2- velocity of stone in front of the person

3- time to touch

ground
7- An apple fall from a tree, touch ground after 1 second, find:
1- Length of tree
2- Average speed of falling
3- Velocity of the apple just before touch ground

Projectiles:
A) Vertical upward in straight line:
1- When a body is projected upward, it leaves the hand with initial velocity v i
2- As the body moves up the velocity decreases (g= - 10 m/s 2) till it stops at max, height
3- The body reverse its direction and moves down with positive acceleration g = 10 m/s 2
The velocity at any point during ascending = - velocity at same point during descending
4- Time of ascending = time of descending

The graphs:

Example:
From the next table:

Draw the graphs (d-t) and (v-t)

From both graphs find velocity at the points J, A and K
Whats the value of the slope in the graph (v-t) and what does it represent

Projectiles with angle with horizontal X axis:

When a ball is thrown or tank missile or a bow it takes a curved path called parabola

1- Velocity can be analysed into two components V x and V y

2- The horizontal velocity V x is constant all the time and equal

ix

= vi cos (a x = 0)

3- The vertical velocity V

V

iy

decrease all the time till = 0 at maximum height

= vi sin (a y = g = -10 m/s2) {this is initial velocity in y direction}

5- At any moment velocity is given from the relation:

6- Time to reach maximum height

t :

put V y = 0

7- Time of flight:

8- The max, height reached: in 3rd equation put v f y = 0 so,

9- The maximum horizontal range R:

Time of max, range = time of flight T, substitute in 2nd equation (d=R, a=0, t=T)

Examples
1-A motorbike launched with velocity 15 m/s and with angle 30 with horizontal. Find:
1- Maximum height reached
2- Time of flight
3- Maximum horizontal covered distance (range)
Solution:

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Question 2: A body is projected with a velocity of 20 ms-1 at 50o to the horizontal. Find
(i) Maximum height reached
(ii) Time of flight and
(iii) Range of the projectile.

Question 3: John is on top of the building and jack is down. If john throws a ball at an angle of
60o and with initial velocity 20 m/s. At what height will the ball reach after 2 s?
Solution:
Given: Vyo = 20 m/s,
t = 2s,
The Vertical velocity in y direction is given by Vy = Vyo sin 60o
= 20 32
= 17.32 m/s.
2
Vertical distance, y = Vyo t - 12 gt
= 20 2 - 0.5 9.8 4
= 20.4 m.

The highest barrier that a projectile can clear is 14 m, when the projectile is launched
at an angle of 30.0 degrees above the horizontal. What is the projectile's launch speed?

Solution:

The maximum height of the projectile is given by the equation:

where

is the launch angle. Then we can find initial velocity:

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Graphs:

What does this graph represent?
The answer is that:
1-Any graph represent its slope so, we should learn how to find
the slope

Slope

(( ) / )

2- Then we look to the shape of the drawn graph

Uniform

Non-uniform

-Ve uniform

Examples:

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= zero

Question: draw three graphs represent free fall acceleration.

Chapter five
Newtons laws of motion
Force is the main reason of acceleration
Force is measured by spiral balance
Newtons 1 st law of motion:
The body keeps its state of rest or motion in straight line with uniform velocity unless
affected by a force that changes its state
Mathematical formula:

F = 0
Explains:

2- G.R:
When you shoot a ball it moves then stops after a while?
Due to friction force
3- When F = 0 so, a = 0 so, no change in velocity and the body keeps moving with same
velocity

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4- To stop a moving body or to move a rest body that means changing its velocity (giving
acceleration) that requires a force

Inertia:
It is the tendency of a rest body to keep rest or the tendency of a moving body to keep
its velocity

OR

resistance of body to change its state

Examples on inertia:
1- When a bicycle rider hit a stone, he pushes forward?
1 st state: motion

2 nd state: rest

Due to inertia the rider try to keep 1 st state so, pushes forward
2- When a car suddenly moves, you push backward?
3- When a car suddenly stops, you push forward?
Answer yourself
4- You must wear safety belt?
1 st state: motion

2 nd state: rest

Due to inertia the rider try to keep 1 st state so, pushes forward but safety belt prevent
this deadly pushing
5- Spaceship needs no fuel while travelling in space?
Because, inertia keeps its motion with uniform velocity in straight line and no resisting force in
space

Newtons 2 nd law of motion:

When a force acts on a body, the gained acceleration is directly proportional with the
force and inversely proportional with the mass of the body

1
m

unit of F = kg.m/s 2 = N

a=

f
m

or

F = m . a

, D.F = M L T -2

Newton:
It is the force which acts on body of mass 1 kg, gives it acceleration 1 m/s 2
The graph:

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Mass and weight:

Mass: it is the resistance of the body to change its state.
Weight: it is the gravity force acts on the body (its direction: downward towards earth
centre)
(Weight

w = m . g)

Newtons 3 rd law of motion:

For every action, there is a reaction equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
Mathematical formula:

F1 = - F

The rocket idea depends on Newton 3 rd law where huge amount of burnt gases push
downward so, the reaction of the rocket is to push upward
Notes:

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1- There is no single force in universe, the action and reaction generate together and
vanish together
2- Action and reaction are from same type, if action is gravity force so, reaction is
gravity force
3- Action and reaction dont cause equilibrium ( F

0) because, they act on two

different bodies
Example:
In the figure: if the mass of elephant is six times mass of the man and if man moves with
a = 2m/s2 find mass of the elephant (why it is ve) and why there is no equilibrium?

Mass
m
The amount of matter contained in a body
M = wt / g
Constant (At moon and earth it is equal)
Scalar
Fundamental
Unit: Kg

Weight
wt
The gravity force acts on the body
Wt = m g
Variable (Weight on moon = 1/6 weight on earth)
Vector
Derived
Unit: Newton

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