Question Paper

Subject
Questio
n ID no

Syllabus
Para
No.

Semester

Question

Broadly speaking , human factors considers and

concerns
a. cockpit design and crew management
b. cockpit layout and crew resource management
c. human involvement in aviation from design of a/c to
maintenance engineering activities.
d. AOTA
Human factors examines the relationship
between human factors and incidents in terms
of human ERRORS and _______ law.
a. DAVYS
b. MURPHYS
c. SAVYS
d.
MURPHYS LAW states _____________ in respect of
incidents
a. if it can happen, one day it-will
b. if it can happen, it will happen one day
c. if it can happen, it will have to happen one day
d. happening cannot be be prevented
The term human factors is best known in the context of
a. A/C cockpit layout and crew resource management
(CRM)
b. A/C cockpit design and crew resource management
(CRM)
c. cockpit and crew relationship
d. AOTA
i)Human factors impinge on everything which AMEs do
in the course of their job in one way or other.
ii) Human factors term is used in many different ways in

Total No. of Question

Reference
Book &
Page No.

Prepared
by
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Checked
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AVIATION INDUSTRY
Regarding the above two statements
a. only (ii) is true
both are false

b. only (i) is true

c. both are true d.

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HUMAN FACTORS is also referred to as

a. ERCONOMICS
c. AGRONOMICS
b. ERGONOMICS
d. ERGOCOMICS
The aim of Human Factors training is to optimize the
relationship between maintenance personnel (AMEs)
and systems with a view to improving
a. safety
b. efficiency
c. well being
d. AOTA with profits for company (MRO)
The term HUMAN FACTORS includes such attributes
as
a. Human physiology and psychology
b. work place design and environmental conditions
c. human MACHINE interface
d. AOTA and also ANTHROPOMETRICS ( measurement /
size of Human body shape / size)
The word ANTHROPOMETRICS means, the scientific
study of
a. ERGONOMICS
c. human factors
b. human physiology
d. measurements of human
body and shape
The study model to aid in understanding human factors
is __________________ model
a. WELL
b. HELL
c. SHELL
d. CELL
In SHEL Human Factors study model the alphabets
means
a. S for study, H for Hangar, E for environment L
for location.
b. S for solution H for hand tools E for engine L for
live ware.
c. S for software H for hardware E for environment L for

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d. NOTA
At the centre of SHEL study model for Human Factors
is ________
a. Hardware
b. live ware
c. soft ware
d.
environment
Live ware in the centre of SHEL study, Model for
Human factors is or people(s) which include
a. AMEs and supervisors
c. only AMEs
b. planners and managers
d. both a and b
The deficiencies in software of SHEL model can be
a. misinterpretation of procedures
b. badly written manuals or poorly designed check lists
c. untested or difficult to use computer software
d. AOTA
The deficiencies in HARDWARE of SHEL model can be
a. not enough or improper tools c. poor a/c design for maintainability
b. in appropriate equipment
d. AOTA
The deficiencies in ENVIRONMENT of SHEL model can be
a. uncomfortable workplace,
c. shortage of manpower
b. inadequate workplace
d. both a and b
In SHEL model of Human Factors L live ware deficiencies can be
a. relationship with other people and shortage of manpower
b. inadequate hangar space and lack of support from managers
c. poorly designed checklists
d. AOTA
In SHEL model of Human Factor, the deficiencies like lack of
supervision and shortage of manpower are covered in
a. ENVIRONMENT
c. LIVEWARE
b. HARDWARE
d. SOFTWARE
The Elements which work around the live ware in SHEL model of
Human Factors include
a. software and hardware
c. as in b above and live ware

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b. software , hardware and environment d. as in a above and environment

Uncomfortable workplace is in _____ part of SHEL Human Factor model

a. software

b. environment

c. hardware

d. NOTA

The main aim of Human Factors training for all the human beings
engaged in Aviation industry is to
a. Recognize human performance limitations in themselves
b. Recognize human performance limitation in others
c. be able to avoid defects and rectify errors or error prone behavior
and practices in themselves and others
d. AOTA
Major causes or contributory factors of a/c accidents caused by AMEs
could be
a. Maintenance and inspection deficiencies
b. design faults of a/c & engines
c. runway hazards and absence of approach guidance
d. AOTA
HUMAN FACTORS ERROR resulting in accidents could be caused
by
a. flight crew & ATC
c. RUNWAY HAZARDS
b. maintenance & Design
d. both a and b
Even the best and well qualified, competent and reliable engineers
may commit errors resulting in incidents. The incidents caused may
be characterised by
a. staff shortages b. time pressure
c. night work
d. AOTA
The tendency among human beings and a belief that accident will
never happen to me or to my company is called
a. MURPHYS Law
c. PSYCHOLOGY
b. ERGONOMICS
d. COMPLACENCY
The various key physical and mental human performance
characteristics which are likely to affect an AME in his working
environment are
a. vision, hearing, information processing

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b. hangar space and a/c design

c. attention and perception
d. both a and c and also memory, judgement and decision making
In spite of having all the best physical and mental human performance
characteristic like vision, hearing, information processing, memory,
attention and perception, judgement and decision making abilities, the
human performance may go down and eventually fail under such
conditions
a. fatigue
b. stress
c. social and emotional factors d. AOTA
The AME is the central part of a/c maintenance engineering system.
It is therefore necessary to have an understanding of
a. How various parts of body function
b. How mental processes function
c. How performance limitation can influence effectiveness
d. AOTA
The informations gathered at work by various sense organs are
processed by Brain to make a proper decision and judgement is
termed as
a. information analysis
c. information collection
b. information processing
d. AOTA
Information processing is the process of
a. receiving information through sense organs
b. analyzing the information received by sense organs
c. as in a and b and making it meaningful
d. making judgement and taking decision
i) Sensory Receptors (eyes, ears etc) receive physical stimuli and store
in brain for a brief period of time in sensory stores
ii) Visual (through eyes) information is stored for upto a second is
ICONIC MEMORY and sounds are stored for 2 seconds in
ECHOIC MEMORY
Regarding the above 2 statements

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a. both are false b. both are true

c. only (i) is true d. only ii is true
i) Having detected the information through sensory organs, our metal
resources are concentrated on specific elements, this is called
a. memory
b. perception
c. attention
d. AOTA
Although attention can move very quickly from one item to another it
can deal effectively with one item at a time attention can take the form
of
a. selective attention
c. focused attention and sustained attention
b. divided attention
d. AOTA
Within a/c maintenance MRO the responsibility should be spread across
those who play a part in the whole activity, the important people are

a. Accountable manager who formulates policies of company

b. management that set up procedures for maintenance
c. supervisors, teams of Engineers who execute work
d. AOTA and individuals within the teams of engineers
The AME works within maintenance system, various factors within
the system that impinge upon AME in addition to his individuals
knowledge, skills and abilities, are
a. immediate environment
b. supervision and organization
c. as in (a) and (b) regulatory authority
d. as in (c) and also wider environment in the country and society
Every individual AME has his own
a. knowledge
c. abilities
b. skills d. AOTA and also other characteristics including work experience
In addition to AMEs individual knowledge, skills and abilities the,
AME works in a system of immediate Environment. The immediate
Environment surrounding the AME includes
a. Facilities, weather and a/c designs and configuration
b. Component design, equipments, tools, parts
c. as in (a) and (b) written or computerized maintenance data, tasks

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d. as in (c) also time pressure, team work and communication

The supervision of AME includes following aspects
a. planning organizing, prioritizing, delegation
b. as in (a) and instructing, OJT, feedback
c. As in (b) performance, management
d. as in (c) also team building
The organization culture in which an AME may work have different
a. philosophy, policies, procedures, processes
b. different make model of A/c with different configurations
c. as in (a) selection criteria, and training (OJT) and quality assurance
d. as in (b) tools, component design equipment
The AMEs action and behaviors is also influenced by, regulations of
airworthiness authorities which include
a. safety regulation
c. regulatory style
b. safety promotion
d. AOTA
The AMEs working in an organization, are affected by which
environment in the country, which include
a. economic climate
c. as in (a) and (b) also safety regulation
b. public perception of aviation industry
d. both (a) and (b)
Safety regulations, safety promotion and regulatory style are dealt
under _____ of maintenance system
a. immediate environment
b. wider environment
c. regulation of regulating authorities of the country
d. AOTA
Planning, organizing, prioritizing, delegating, instructing, OJT,
feedback, performance, management and team building comes under
____ of maintenance system
a. organization culture b. hardware c. software d. supervision
Philosophy, policies, procedures, processes, selection training and
quality assurance come under ____ of maintenance system
a. organization culture b. software c. hardware d. liveware

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Knowledge skills, abilities and other characteristics including work

experience come under ____ of maintenance system
a. organization culture
c. wider environment
b. immediate environment
d. individual AME
Facilities, weather, a/c designs and configurations components
designs, equipments / Tools / parts written or computerized
maintenance data, task, time pressure team work and communication
come under ____ of maintenance systems
a. immediate environment
c. organization culture
b. wider environment
d. supervision
Economic climate, public perception of Aviation industry comes
under _____ of maintenance system
a. immediate environment
c. supervision
b. wider environment
d. organization culture & regulations
Fitting a man to a job and job into a man is considered as ____
a. human factors
b. organization
c. supervision d. AOTA

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Achieving safety, efficiency well being with profit is the aim of

a. human factors b. regulations c. human factors training d. AOTA

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The size and shape of human body is dealt in _____

a. social psychology
c. PHYSIOLOGY
b. ANTHROPOMETRICS
d. AOTA
ERGONOMICS is also referred to as
a. wider environment
c. human factors
b. immediate environment d. NOTA
Live ware in SHEL study model in Human Factors includes _____
a. only AMEs b. AMEs supervisors c. Managers, planners d. AOTA

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Uncomfortable workplace, inadequate Hangar space are considered

deficiencies in ______ of SHEL
a. supervision b. software
c. immediate environment d. AOTA

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Not enough tools or improper tools, inappropriate equipment, poor a/c

design for maintain ability are considered as deficiencies in ____
SHEL study model
a. software
b. hardware c. live ware d. immediate environment
Mis-interpretation of procedures, Badly written manuals, or poorly
designed checklists or untested or difficult to use computer software
are deficiencies in ______ of SHEL study model
a. software
b. hardware c. live ware d. immediate environment

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i) Runway Hazard is Human failure/ Human Error

ii) Staff shortage, Time pressure, Night work are considered error
causing factors
Regarding the two statement
a. both are true b. both are false
c. only ii is true d. only i is true
Receiving information through sense organs, analyzing it, making it
meanful for taking decision is called
a. perception
c. making judgement
b. information processing
d. AOTA
The IMAGE of any object which is formed in the eyes is on ___ of
eye
a. RETINA b. CORNEA
c. LENS
d. IRIS & PUPIL
i) A CONVEX lenses is used to correct long sightedness (HYPER
METROPIA)
ii) A CONCAVE lenses is used to correct short sightedness
(MYOPIA)
Regarding the 2 statement
a. only ii is correct
c. both are false
b. only i is correct
d. both are true
As a person grows older with age, the lenses of the becomes less
flexible, unable to accommodate sufficiently resulting in long
sightedness. This is known as
a. HYPOXIA b. ANOREXIA c. PRESBYOPIA d. DELYXIA
COLOUR BLINDNESS is difficulty in distinguishing between
a. red and green
c. sometimes blues & yellows
b. red and blue
d. either a or c
Various visual problems in eyes are
a. cataract and astigmatism
c. Hypoxia and Glycemia
b. glaucoma and Migraine
d. both a and b
The visual problem(s) of the eye which are caused due to ageing is / are

a. glaucoma and Migraine

c. either a or b

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b. cataract and PRESBYOPIA

d. both a & b
Vision (seeing ability) can be improved by the suitable LIGHTING
level but too bright light could result in
a. blurred vision
b. migraine c. GLARE d. AOTA
Vision (seeing ability) can be adversely affected by the use of certain
drugs, medication, alcohol and cigarette with smoking, co (carbon
Mono oxide) builds up in blood stream, causing lack of 02 (Oxygen)
in Blood going to the eyes, this is known as
a. HYPOXIA b. Delexia
c. GLYCEMIA d. PRESBYOPIA
A Good Colour Vision (Freedom from colour Blindness) is essential
for AME in addition to good ACUITY (Sharpness of vision) for
a. recognizing components and distinguishing between wires,
pipelines carrying different fluids (colour coded)
b. using various diagnostic (finding faults)tools
c. recognizing various coloured lights (warning lights)
d. AOTA
i) A reasonable standard of eyesight (vision) is needed for AMEs to
perform his duties to an acceptable safe standard
ii) AMEs requires a combination of good far and near vision without
colour blindness.
Regarding these 2 statements
a. both are true b. both are false
c. only i is true d. only ii is true
i) Basic structure of eye is similar to a simple camera
ii) Electrical impulses conveyed by optical nerve to brains VISUAL
CORTEX are interpreted as IMAGE which is inverted and two
dimensional
Regarding the two statements
a. both are false b. both are true
c. only (i) is true d. only (ii) is true
The clear window at the very front of the eye is
a. CORNEA
b. IRIS
c. PUPIL
d. RETINA

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The coloured part of eye which controls the amount of light that is
allowed to enter the eye is / are
a. CORNEA & PUPIL b. IRIS & PUPIL c. RETINA d. NOTA
The part of Brain where ERECT & Three dimensional IMAGE is
formed is called
a. LENS
c. VISUAL CORTEX
b. CORNEA
d. CORTEX
In order to Focus the eyes on distant or near objects, the lens
changes its shape, this phenomenon is called
a. actuation
c. perception
b. attention
d. accommodation
When a person is tired, accommodation (Focusing of eyes) is reduced
resulting in
a. less sharp vision (image)
c. flattened vision
b. more shape vision (image)
d. peripheral vision
Sharpness of VISION is known as
a. visual clarity
c. vision density
b. vision acuity
d. vision polarity
The two types of light sensitive cells which are found in retina of eye
are
a. cillary muscles
c. Fovea and cones and rods
b. rods and cones
d. Fovea and Rods
The light sensitive cells which detect colour are
a. rods
b. fovea
c. cones
d. cillary muscles
i) Rods (light sensitive cells) cannot detect colour
ii) Cones (light sensitive cells) can detect colour only in good light
Regarding the two statements
a. both are true

b. both are false

c. only (ii) is true d. only (i) is true

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Cones detect colour in good light so they are ineffective when light
decreases, their function is passed on to rods to detect in poor light.
Thus in poor light levels, we only see only in
a. black and white
c. either a or b
b. shades of grey
d. both a and b
i) Seeing with both eyes is BINOCULAR VISION, blind spot does
not occur
ii) Seeing with one eye is MONOCULAR VISION and blind spot may
occurred
Regarding the two statements
a. only ii is true
c. both are true
b. only i is true
d. both are false
The ability of eye to discriminate (distinguish) sharp details at varying
distances in called
a. visual clarity
c. visual density
b. visual focusing
d. visual acuity
The various factors which affect the VISUAL ACUITY (sharpness of
eyes to see clearly) are affected by
a. eye sight-problems long or short sightedness and age
b. influence of DRUGS, medication, Alcohol
c. Amount of light available, clarity of air (dust, mist, rain etc)
d. AOTA also distance of object being viewed and angle
If someone is considered RESPONSIBLE it means, he is liable to be
called ____ for something
a. to account as being in charge
c. to account as being answerable
b. to account as being in control
d. AOTA
Within a/c maintenance system, the responsibility should be
a. spread across all those who play a part in the maintenance activities
b. as in (a) including accountable manager who formulates policies
c. as in (b) through management that set procedures
d. as in (c) to supervisors, teams of engineers and individuals within

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these teams
Flight crews also play part in maintenance system activities and they
are also responsible for preventing errors because
a. they are responsible for carrying out PREFLIGHT checks
b. they are responsible for carrying out WALK AROUND checks
c. they are responsible for high lighting faults to maintenance
personnel
d. AOTA
Traditionally, AMEs are individually RESPONSIBLE in maintenance
system environment, because each individual AME is
a. Licensed by airworthiness authorities of the country
b. as in a and also the way in which the work carried out by AME is
certified
c. both a and b are correct
d. NOTA
INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY of AME in maintenance system
activities has
a. advantages
c. both a & b
b. disadvantages
d. NOTA
The main advantages of Individual AMEs responsibility is
maintenance system is because
a. An AME understands clearly that he is being paid by company
b. one or more tasks have been assigned to him
c. as in a and b it is a strong incentive to work correctly
d. as in c and knowledge that he will be held responsible if
something goes wrong
The main disadvantages of any emphasis on individual AMEs
responsibility is
a. overlooking the importance of working together to achieve goals
b. overlooking the importance of working together as a cohesive team
or group to achieve goals
c. because responsibility is not spread

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d. the individual has to be punished if something goes wrong

In actual practice in maintenance engineering system, the AMEs are
often assigned to
a. groups or teams in the workplace
b. as in (a) teams may be shift teams or smaller group within a shift
having all the trades electrical, instrument A/F, Engines
c. as in (b) individual tasks may be assigned to individuals within a
team, Electrical, Instrument, Airframe, Engines etc
d. as in (c) but responsibility is as whole team or group if something
goes wrong
All individuals in a/c maintenance engineering system have individual
RESPONSIBILITY to maintain flight safety. This includes
a. AMEs
b. All individuals regardless of their roles, grade and qualifications,
include contract staff
c. as in (a) and (b) including managers, supervisors, certifying staff
d. AOTA with provision for TRACEABILITY by proper singing for
having completed Job at all levels and records maintained
Group or Team responsibility to have advantages and disadvantages,
the Main disadvantages
a. no one feels personally responsible for safety
b. as in (a) as responsibility is spread across complete team or group
members
c. both a and b are correct
d. NOTA
The main disadvantage of team or group responsibility is referred to
as DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY as
a. No one feels personally responsible for safety
b. all feel equally responsible for safety
c. all feel it is someone else responsibility for safety
d. both a and c are correct

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INTERGROUP conflict is
a. Rivalries between teams or groups
b. rivalries between team or group and others such as between
engineers and planners
c. between shifts, between teams at different sites
d. both b and c are correct because of shift handover problems
MOTIVATION is defined and described as
a. basic Human drive that arouses human behavior /action
b. basic Human drive that directs human behavior/action
c. basic human drive that sustains human behavior / actions
d. all of the above are correct
GROUP POLARISATION may result in
a. Tendency of people in a group to take extremely risky decision
which may endanger safety
b. tendency of taking UNANIMOUS decision over riding individuals
more rational and responsible decision for safety
c. as in b known as GROUNP THINK
d. AOTA
Responsibility both of individuals and also teams or groups is an
important issue in a/c maintenance engineering system and is required
to be addressed by
a. proper licensing, regulations and procedures
b. education and training
c. as in a and b also attempting to engender a safety culture that
shared by all involved
d. as in a and b also attempting to engender a diffused culture as no
one is individually responsible
In a team or group responsibility in maintenance engineering system
the tendency by some individuals to work less hard than others is
termed as
a. group polarization b. group loading c. social loafing d. AOTA

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MOTIVATION can be
a. for right things or wrong things
b. negative or positive
c. for financial gains/recognition/ promotion etc
d. AOTA
i) Motivation is difficult to measure and predict
ii) we are all motivated by different things, may be by money
promotion or recognition etc
a. both are true
c. only ii is true
b. both are false
d. only i is true
De-motivated people
a. have less consideration of safety
b. have increased likely hood of risk taking
c. indulge in corner cutting
d. as in a, b and c and also violate procedures
Characteristics of DEMOTIVATED people are
a. apathy and indifference to the Job, unpunctuality, Absenteeism
b. less regard for safety while working, lack of cooperation
c. lack of cooperative in dealing with problem, difficulties
d. as in a, b and c and unjustified resistance to change habit
Charactertics of HIGHLY MOTIVATED people are
a. high performance and consistently good results
b. energy, enthusiasm and determination to succeed
c. willingness to shoulder responsibilities and accept change
d. AOTA
The law or theory which attempts to describe Human motivation is
a. MURPHYs LAW
c. Maslows Law
b. Murphys hierarchy of need

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d. Maslows Hierarchy of needs

Lowest order of needs as per Maslows Hierarchy of needs

a. Physiological / Biological / Animalistic needs of food clothing and shelter

b. safety / security needs

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c. love and belongingness needs

d. self esteem / self respect needs
Highest level of needs as per Maslows Hierarchy of needs is
a. Physiological / Biological / Animalistic needs of food clothing and shelter
b. self realization / self actualization needs
c. self esteem / self respect needs
d. NOTA
Mark the correct statements (s)
a. Job security is not a motivating factor
b. lack of Job security is de-motivating factor
c. self actualization is highest level of needs as per Maslows
hierarchy of needs
d. both b and c are correct
Mark the Incorrect statement(s)
a. Fear of punishment is a de-motivating factor
b. Fear of dismissal is a not a de-motivating factor
c. offer of a promotion is a de-motivating factor
d. job insecurity is a de-motivating factor
There are many visible and invisible pressure felt by AMEs in their
working environment they are
a. influence of organization and its culture of efficiency & safety
b. individual sense of responsibility of doing job properly
c. motivational drives and peer pressure
d. AOTA
PEER PRESSURE may results in
a. Motivation
b. de-motivation
c. conformity
d. AOTA
Perceived pressure which any individual may feel to conform to what
he believes that his associated / colleagues expect is called
a. conformity pressure
c. social pressure
b. PEER PRESURE
d. organizational pressure
CONFORMITY due to peer pressure is

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a. Tendency to allow ones opinion to be affected by others

b. Tendency to allow ones attitude to be affected by others
c. Tendency to allow ones action to be affected by others
d. AOTA and also perceptions to be affected by others
Mark the INCORRECT statement (s)
a. Women tends to conform less than men
b. A person with low self esteem / self respect conforms less
c. Lack of knowledge of a subject tends people to conforms less
d. AOTA
The influence of negative peer pressure and conformity on an
individuals views opinions, attitude, actions and perception can be
considerably reduced if
a. individual is encouraged to express his views publically
b. individual is not discourage for expressing different views in
interest of safety
c. individual have no fear of looking different or foolish if not
acceptable
d. AOTA
ORGANISATIONAL OVERALL CULTURE includes the following
a. safety, Technical business culture
b. as in a also culture of shifts or working groups/ teams
c. as in b including culture at different sites/locations
d. NOTA
Safety culture of an organization means is a set of
a. beliefs
c. roles social and technical practices
b. norms and attitude
d. AOTA concerned with safety
The culture of an organisation can be described as, the way
a. things are done
c. thins should be done
b. we do things here
d. things can be done
The culture of an organisation can best be judged by
a. What is preached or said
b. mission statement
c. not by what is said but by what is actually done or practicing and

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not preaching
d. NOTA
Mark the Incorrect statement(s) about over all culture of an
organization
a. the culture of an organisation is judged by what is done rather than
what is said
b. Technical culture is not part of organisation culture
c. culture is not always generated or driven from top of an
organisation
d. NOTA
i) SOCIAL CULTURE is same as organizations overall culture
ii) Social culture is an individuals background or Heritage
Regarding the above two statements
a. both are true b. only i is true c. only ii is true
d. NOTA
Mark the Correct statements about safety culture of an organisation
a. safety culture is an amalgamation (sum total) of individuals
attitudes, beliefs and actions
b. each person is responsible for their own contributions
c. as in a and b and each individuals contribution should be positive
and not negative
d. AOTA and individuals working together to achieve one or more
goals of the organisation
i) Individuals working alone is an independent work
ii) where as TEAM or GROUP working is associated with
INTERDEPENDENCE or working together to achieve common
goal/goals
Regarding these 2 statements
a. both are true b. both ii is true c. only i is true
d. NOTA
Advantages of team or group working (working together) are
a. individuals can share knowledge, tools etc
b. they can discuss problems and arrive at shared solutions/decision
c. they can check each others work for correctness/safety

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d. AOTA, as there is INTER DEPENDENCE