Espanol

Pronunciation - Personal Pronouns
Pronunciation
ch
Spanish
English Pronunciation
name
ah
Close to ah. This sound does not exist exactly in English, but a close
approximation can be found by saying my omitting the last ee
sound.
beh
After a pause or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much like an English
b. However, in all other cases, the lips do not even touch, producing
a more whisper like sound almost close to the pronunciation of the
letter v.
ceh
Sounds like k in most cases. Before e or i, it sounds like an s (or th
(thick) in many parts of Spain).
cheh
Sounds like the ch in "cheese" in English.
deh
eh
f
g
effe
ge
hache
i
j
i
jota
kah
ele
ll
elle
eme
After a pause or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much like an English d

except you should place your tongue to your upper teeth instead of
the roof of your mouth. However, in all other cases, the tongue
touches nothing, creating a whispery th sound like the.
Close to eh. This sound does not exist exactly in English, but sounds
much like the a in mate.
Sounds like the f in English.
After a pause, or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much like an English
g. Before e or i, it sounds like a harsh h (much like the Spanish j).
In general, this sound is silent. However, words with foreign spelling
and no Spanish equivalent, the breathy aspiration is maintained:
Hawi, Hollywood, etc.
* Many newly introduced words are written in italics to highlight
their foreign origin (hmster, hip-hop, etc.).
Close to ee, but short. Before vowels a, e, and o, it forms a y sound.
Close to the English h sound, but it varies from country to country. In
some places, the sound is very harsh in the back of the throat (like
you are trying to spit something up). It never sounds like the English
J.
Uncommon in Spanish, but sounds much like the English k with less
breath.
Close to the English l, but with the tongue raised closer to the roof of
the mouth rather than dipped down
While this is not considered a letter anymore by the RAE, it has a
distinct y sound (like in use) in most countries. In other countries it
can sound like the g in genre.
Just like the English m.
ene
Just like the English n.
ee
o
p
oh
peh
A completely separate letter from the n, it sounds much like the ni

combination in onion or the ny combination in canyon.
Close to oh as in so, but shorter.
Close to the English, but with less breath aspirated
Letter
a
Italian
Pronunciation
a
ca, se, si, co,

cu
cia, ce, ci ,cio,
ciu
e
fa, fe, fi, fo ,fu
ga, he, hi, go,
gu
a, e, i,o, u
i (ya, ye, yo)

ha, he, hi, ho,
hu
ca, che, chi,

co, cu
la, le, li, lo, lu
ya, ye, , yo, yu
ma, me, mi,

mo, mu
na, ne, ni, no,
nu
gna, gne, gni,
gno, gnu
o
pa, pe, pi, po,
pu
Nouns - Personal Pronouns

q
koo
ere
ese
te
u
v
u
veh
doble
veh
equis
y
griega
zeta
Always followed by the letter u, it makes the same sound as the

letter k
Similar to the d sound in caddy in most cases. When following a
pause or the letters l, n, or s or in the combination rr, it has a trilled
sound.
* To trill the rr, try to say brr, but instead of using your lips, use your
tongue. When you exhale, the tongue should be raised and widened
so it touches the upper teeth.
Just like the English s.
Softer than the English t, the tongue touches the teeth and there is
no explosion of breath after moving the tongue away.
Close to the oo in food, but shorter.
Much like the Spanish b where the lips do not touch and there is less
aspiration.
Not native to Spanish, but with the same pronunciation as the
English w.
Between vowels and at the end of a word, it sounds like the English
ks. At the beginning of a word, it sounds like the letter s.
* Not too long ago, the x sounded more like the letter j which can still
be seen in words such as Mexico and Oaxaca.
Most of the time, it sounds like the English y in yes. At the end of a
word, it functions as a vowel and sounds like the letter i.
* Many books in Spain will say the sound is different from the ll, but
the difference is small and you will be understood pronouncing both
as y
Mostly pronounced like the English s, but can sound like the th in thin
in many parts of Spain.
ku
sa, se, si, so,

su
ta, te, ti, to, tu
u
xa, xe, xi, xo,

xu
Nouns
Masculine Nouns
Most masculine nouns end in -o. Ending in an -o can indicate that a person or animal is male, or just an
object, idea, etc. that is grammatically masculine.
If it ends in -e, an accented vowel (, , , , ), -ma, or a consonant other than -d, -z, or in, it's also
masculine.
-e
el perfume, el estante, el maquillaje
accented vowel
el colibr, el aj, el and
consonant (except -d, -z, and -in) el rbol, el rumor, el cojn
-ma
el programa, el drama, el idioma
Feminine Nouns
Most feminine nouns end in -a. Ending in an -a indicates that a person or animal is feminine or that an
object, idea, etc. is grammatically feminine.
If it ends in -d, -z, or in, it's also feminine.
-d
la felicidad, la virtud, la salud
-z
la nariz, la paz, la luz
-in
la religin, la cancin, la irritacin
Nouns - Personal Pronouns
Exceptions
Feminine Nouns
la foto
la mano
la moto
la libido
la radio
la polio
la virago
la llave
la calle
la fiebre
la carne
la frase
la gente
la nieve
la noche
la nube
la sangre
la suerte
la tarde
la muerte
la madre
la base
la clase
la clave
la corriente
la fuente
la llave
la sede
la serpiente
la torre
la fe
Masculine Nouns
la miel
la sal
la hiel
la piel
la coliflor
la sor
la labor
la flor
el drama
el enigma
el esquema
el estigma
el estratega
el idioma
el mapa
el morfema
el planeta
el problema
el sistema
el tema
el da
el aroma
el axioma
el buda
el carisma
el clima
el diagrama
el dilema
el fantasma
el panda
el prisma
el husped
el atad
el abad
el alud
el spid
el lad
el rcord
el milord
el csped
el aprendiz
el cliz
el arroz
el pez
el lpiz
el ajedrez
el antifaz
el maz
el albornoz
el avestruz
el altavoz
el altramuz
el arroz
el barniz
el cariz
el disfraz
el haz
el matiz
el ansin
el rocin
el noticin
el sentencin
el corazn
Plurals
Plural nouns will usually end in -s or -es. There are only 2 rules (+ exceptions) to make any noun plural:
1. Nouns that end in an unstressed vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or , add -s:
la pera las peras, el caf los cafs
2. Nouns that end in a consonant, -y, or a stressed vowel (, , , ) that isnt , add -es:
el rey los reyes
The exceptions:
3. When the noun ends in -z, you must change the -z to a -c and then add -es to the end:
la luz las luces
4. When the noun ends in -c, you must change the -c to -qu. When the noun ends in -g, change it to -gu
and add -es:
el frac los fraques, el zigzag los zigzagues
5. When the noun ends in an -s or -x and the last syllable is unstressed, only the article changes to plural.
The object stays the same.
el anlisis los anlisis, el jueves los jueves, el trax los trax
Nouns that end in , , or retain their tildes in the plural form. Nouns that end in or drop the tildes.
Pronouns - Personal Pronouns
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Subject and Prepositional Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Prepositional Pronouns (preceded by a preposition only)
yo
t
l, ella, usted
nosotros/as
vosotros/as
ellos, ellas, ustedes
m
ti
l, ella, usted
nosotros/as
vosotros/as
ellos, ellas, ustedes
Whenever m follows the preposition con, the two words combine to form conmigo.
Whenever ti follows the preposition con, the two words combine to form contigo.
Whenever you want to say "with him, with her, with you (formal), with them, with you-all (formal)"
there are two possibilities. If the pronoun is referring to the subject of the sentence, use consigo. If
the pronoun does not refer to the subject of the sentence, use con + the appropriate pronoun.
Por qu no vienes conmigo?
Why don't you come with me?
No voy contigo, voy con ellos
I'm not going with you, I'm going with them.
l llev las plumas consigo.

Por qu no lleva un libro consigo?
He took the pens with him(self).

Why don't you take a book with you(rself)?
Ellos viven con l.

No quiero hablar con usted.
They live with him.

I don't want to talk to you.
There are six special prepositions that are followed by subject pronouns rather than object pronouns.
entre
between
Entre t y yo, esta comida es horrible.
excepto
except
incluso
including
Todos beben agua, incluso yo.
menos
except
segn
according to
Segn t, la chica es bonita.
salvo
except
Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

First of all, some definition of terms is in order. Direct-object pronouns are those pronouns that represent
the nouns directly acted upon by the verb. Indirect-object pronouns stand for the noun that is the
recipient of the verb's action.
Direct Object Pronouns
Indirect Object Pronouns
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
lo, la (him, her, it, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
los, las (them, you-all-formal)
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
In an affirmative statement with one verb, the direct/indirect object pronoun comes immediately
before the conjugated verb. In a negative sentence with one verb, the direct/indirect object
pronoun is placed between the negative word and the conjugated verb.
4
Pronouns - Possessive Pronouns

Juan come dos sndwiches. Los come. / Juan los come.
No compro los libros. No los compro.
Juan me compra un regalo.

John buys me a gift.
John buys a gift for me.
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the direct/indirect
object pronoun.
1. Place it immediately before the conjugated verb
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive
Lo quiero ver.
Quiero verlo
I want to see it.
Lo debemos comprar.
Debemos comprarlo.
We should buy it.
Mara nos debe visitar.
Mara debe visitarnos.
Mary should visit us.
Me necesitas dar un regalo.
Juan nos debe prestar el dinero.
Necesitas darme un regalo.

Juan debe prestarnos el dinero.
You need to give me a gift.

Juan must lend us the money.
When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence,
the indirect object pronoun comes first.
- Whenever both pronouns begin with the letter "l" change the first pronoun to "se." The reason for
changing "le lo" to "se lo" is merely to avoid the tongue-twisting effect of two short consecutive
words that begin with the letter "l". To demonstrate this, first quickly say "les las" and then quickly
say "se las." See how much easier it is to say "se las?"
- Because the pronoun se can have so many meanings, it is often helpful to clarify it by using a
prepositional phrase.
Ellos me los dan.
le lo = se lo
l se lo dice.
Ella te la vende.
le la = se la
Ambiguous. He tells it to (whom?).
le los = se los
l se lo dice a Juan.
le las = se las
He tells it to him. (to Juan)
les lo = se lo
l se lo dice a Mara.
les la = se la
He tells it to her. (to Mara)
les los = se los
l se lo dice a ella.
les las = se las
He tells it to her.
-
In sentences with two verbs, there are two options regarding the placement of the pronouns. Place
them immediately before the conjugated verb or attach them directly to the infinitive.
She should explain it to me.
Ella me lo debe explicar.
Ella debe explicrmelo.
Ella no me lo debe explicar.
Ella no debe explicrmelo.
I want to tell it to you.
Te lo quiero decir
Quiero decrtelo.
No te lo quiero decir.
No quiero decrtelo.
You need to send it to them.
Se la necesitas enviar a ellos.
Necesitas envirsela a ellos.
No se la necesitas enviar a ellos
No necesitas envirsela a ellos.
Possessive Pronouns
singular
mine
yours (familiar)
yours (formal), his, hers, its
ours
yours (familiar)
yours (formal), theirs
masculine
el mo
el tuyo
el suyo
el nuestro
el vuestro
el suyo
feminine
la ma
la tuya
la suya
la nuestra
la vuestra
la suya
plural
masculine
los mos
los tuyos
los suyos
los nuestros
los vuestros
los suyo
feminine
las mas
las tuyas
las suyas
las nuestras
las vuestras
las suyas
Pronouns - Demonstrative Pronouns

Mi libro es grande.
El tuyo es pequeo.
El mo es rojo.
-
My book is large.
Yours is small.
Mine is red.
The definite article is usually omitted when the possessive pronoun comes after the verb ser:
El carro grande es mo.
The big car is mine.
El carro pequeo es suyo.
The small car is hers.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Each demonstrative pronoun also has a neuter form. They do not change for number or gender, and they
are used to refer to abstract ideas, or to an unknown object.
this one/these ones

that one/those ones
that one over there
masculine
este
ese
aquel
singular
feminine
esta
esa
aquella
masculine
uno
alguno
ninguno
poco
escaso
mucho
demasiado
todo
singular
feminine
una
alguna
ninguna
poca
escasa
mucha
demasiada
toda
otro
mismo
tan, tanto
otra
misma
tanta
neuter
esto
eso
aquello
plural
masculine
feminine
estos
estas
esos
esas
aquellos
aquellas
Indefinite Pronouns
one/some
someone
noone/nothing
little bit/few
(scarso/scarsi)
much/many
too much/too many
all/everything
several/some (vari)
both
another/the other/s.
same (stesso, medesimo)
so/as much/many
someone/anyone
noone
anyone (chiunque)
whoever (chiunque)
the rest/the other
cualquiera
quienquiera
dems
neuter
uno
algo
nada
poco
escaso
mucho
demasiado
todo
otro
mismo
tanto
alguien
nadie
plural
masculine
feminine
unos
unas
algunos
algunas
ningunos
ningunas
pocos
escasos
muchos
demasiados
todos
varios
ambos
otros
mismos
tantos
pocas
escasas
muchas
demasiadas
todas
varias
ambas
otras
mismas
tantas
cualesquiera
quienesquiera
dems
Adjectives - Possessive Adjectives
Adjectives
Possessive Adjectives
singular
masculine
my
your
his/her/its/(your formal)
our
your
their/your(formal)
-
mi
tu
su
nuestro
vuestro
su
mi
tu
su
nuestra
vuestra
su
masculine
mis
tus
sus
nuestros
vuestros
sus
feminine
mis
tus
sus
nuestras
vuestras
sus
If the meaning of su is not clear from the context of the sentence, a prepositional phrase is used in
place of su.
Mara busca a la hermana de l.
El hombre busca las llaves de ella.
Mara busca el cuaderno de Juan.
El hombre busca las llaves de Samanta.
plural
feminine
Mara looks for his sister.

The man looks for her keys.
Mara looks for Juan's notebook.
The man looks for Samanta's keys.
Note that these possessive adjectives are not used with articles of clothing or body parts. Rather,
the definite article is used.
Me gusta el vestido nuevo.
I like my new dress.
Me duele el brazo.
My arm hurts.
Demonstrative Adjectives
See Demonstative Pronouns
Indefinite Adjectives
singular
some (alcuni)
each, every (ogni)
certain, specific (certo)
any (quaunque)
no (nessuno)
another, other (altro)
all (tutti)
several (vari)
masculine
algn
feminine
alguna
cierto
cualquier
ninguno
otro
todo
cierta
cualquiera
ninguna
otra
toda
plural
masculine
algunos
cada
feminine
algunas
ciertos
cualesquiera
ningunos
ciertas
cualesquiera
ningunas
otros
todos
varios
otras
todas
varias
Adjectives - Descriptive Adjectives
Descriptive Adjectives
As the name may suggest, descriptive adjectives describe a quality of a noun. In Spanish, all parts of a noun
phrase must match in gender and number. This means that if the noun is feminine, the adjective must be
feminine, and if that same noun is also plural, the adjective will be feminine AND plural as well.
singular
plural
example
masculine
feminine
masculine
feminine
-o Adjective Endings
-o
-a
-os
-as
alto
-e Adjective Endings
-e
-es
interesante
-ista Adjective Endings
-ista
-istas
idealista
-erior Adjective Endings
-erior
-eriores
posterior
-r Adjective Endings
-r
-ra
-res
-ras
trabajador
-n Adjective Endings
-n
-na
-nes
-nas
cabezon
-z Adjective Endings
-z
-ces
feliz
consonant Adjective Endings
consonant
consonant + es
facil
Superlatives
Relative
In Spanish, the relative superlative construction is similar to the comparative.
definite article + noun + ms (menos) + adjective + de
Juan es el chico ms inteligente de la clase.
John is the smartest boy in the class.
Bill Gates es el hombre ms rico de los EEUU.
Bill Gates is the richest man in the U.S.
Mara es la chica ms delgada de la clase.
Mary is the thinnest girl in the class.
Mara es la ms delgada de la clase.
Mary is the thinnest in the class.
Absolute
The absolute superlative for adjectives has three possible forms. Each superlative statement is a little
stronger than the one that precedes it.
muy + adjective
sumamente + adjective
adjective + simo (-a, -os, -as)
muy guapo
sumamente guapo
guapsimo
very handsome
extremely handsome
indescribably handsome
Colors
Negro, marrn, gris, rojo, naranja/anaranjado, amarillo, verde (claro, oscuro), celeste, azul (oscuro), violeta,
rosado, morado, blanco
Adverbs - Comparisons of Inequality
Adverbs
Notice that the adverb usually follows the verb it modifies, but if an adverb modifies an adjective or
another adverb, then it goes before, or precedes it.
ah
Place
down,
downstairs
there
ac
abajo
ahora
Time
now
algo
Number
some
alto
Manner
high, loudly
anoche
last night
bastante
enough
as
over here
anteanoche
cuanto
more
bajo
afuera
out, outside
anteayer
demasiado
too much
bien
well
all
aqu
arriba
over there
here
up,
upstairs
near
under
in front
behind
out
far
an
ayer
despus
the night
before last
the day
before
yesterday
still, yet
yesterday
later
so, like this,

like that,
thus
low, softly
ms
menos
mucho
more
less
much, a lot
despacio
lento
mal
slowly
slowly
badly
today
never
then, later
tomorrow
never
soon
always
late
early
still already,
right now
muy
nada
poco
suficiente
tanto
very
none
little
enough
so much
mejor
peor
rpido
regular
sobremanera
suavemente
better
worse
quickly
regularly
exceedingly
smoothly
cerca
debajo
delante
detrs
fuera
lejos
hoy
jams
luego
maana
nunca
pronto
siempre
tarde
temprano
todava, ya
Many adverbs can also be formed from adjectives using the following formula:
feminine singular adjective + -mente
Comparison
Comparisons of Inequality
In Spanish, inequality is expressed by using one of the following formulae:
ms (menos) + adjective + que
ms (menos) + adverb + que
ms (menos) + noun + que
T eres ms alto que yo.
You are taller than I.
Mnica habla ms lentamente que Carmen.
Monica speaks more slowly than Carmen.
Tengo menos libros que Arsenio.
I have fewer books than Arsenio.
-
If the comparative is followed by a number, use de rather than que.

Hay menos de veinte alumnos en la clase.
There are less than twenty students in the class.
l tiene ms de noventa aos.
He is more than ninety years old.
Note that when the sentence is negative, que is used even with numbers, to convey the meaning
"only."
No tengo ms que cinco dlares.
I only have five dollars.
No hay ms que veinte estudiantes en la clase. There are only twenty students in the class.
9
Suffixes - Comparisons of Equality
Comparisons of Equality
To form the comparisons of equality using adjectives or adverbs, use the following formula:
tan + adjective (adverb) + como
El libro es tan bueno como la pelcula.
The book is as good as the movie.
El chico es tan alto como la chica.
The boy is as tall as the girl.
To form comparisons of equality with nouns, use the following formula:
tanto(-a,-os,-as) + noun + como
Juan tiene tanto dinero como Mara
as much money as
l tiene tanta paciencia como ella
as much patience as
Tiene tantos libros como ella.
as many books as
Tiene tantas plumas como ella.
as many pens as
When actions (not things) are being compared, and there is no adjective, use the following formula:
verb + tanto + como
Rosario cocina tanto como Josefina
cooks as much as
Las naranjas cuestan tanto como las manzanas
cost as much as
When actions (not things) are being compared, and there is an adjective, use the following formula:
verb + tan + adjective (masculine form) + como
Aqu se trabaja tan duro como ah.
work as hard as
El nio juega tan poco como la nia.
plays as little as
Ellos duermen tan poco como ella.
sleep as little as
Suffixes
Diminutives
These suffixes are extremely common and are used to make a word refer to something smaller, either
literally or figuratively as in a form of endearment. Thus, un gato is a cat, but un gatito is a kitten. In English
we sometimes do the same thing by adding "-y." The most common diminutive is -ito (or its feminine
equivalent, -ita), sometimes expanded to -cito or, less commonly, -illo or even -zuelo. You can add one of
these endings to many nouns and adjectives to arrive at a diminutive form.
Examples: perrito (doggy), hermanito (little brother), papelito (slip of paper)
Augmentatives
Augmentatives are the opposite of diminutives and aren't used as much. Augmentative endings include ote, -ota, -n, -ona, -azo, and -aza. For examples, un arbolote is a large tree, and un hombrn is a big or
tough dude.
Just as the diminutives sometimes are used to denote an endearing quality, the augmentatives can be used
to convey a negative connotation. Whereas un perrito may be a cute puppy, un perrazo could be a big
scary dog.
One augmentative, -simo, and its feminine and plural forms are used with adjectives to form a superlative.
Bill Gates isn't just rich, he's riqusimo.
Pejoratives
Pejoratives are added to words to indicate contempt or some form of undesirability. They include -aco, aca, -acho, -acha, -ajo, -aja, -ote, -ota, -ucho, and -ucha. The precise translation often depends on the
context. Examples include casucha, a house that's falling apart, and ricacho, referring to a person who is
rich in some undesirable way, such as arrogant.
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Prepositions - Pejoratives
Prepositions
Like English, Spanish has perhaps a few dozen prepositions. The following list shows the most common
ones along with some of the most common meanings and some short sample sentences. Keep in mind that
the translations below aren't exhaustive.
to
Vamos a la ciudad
We are going to the city
a
at
Vengo a las tres
I am coming at 3
by means of
Viajamos a pie
We are traveling by foot
antes de
before
Leo antes de dormirme
I read before going to sleep
bajo
under
El perro est bajo la mesa
The dog is under the table
cerca de
near
El perro est cerca de la mesa
The dog is near the table
con
with
Voy con l
I am going with him
contra
against
Estoy contra la huelga
I am against the strike
de
of, from,
indicating
possession
El sombrero es hecho de papel

Soy de Nueva York
Prefiero el carro de juan
The hat is made of paper

I'm from New York
I prefer john's car
delante de
in front of
Mi carro est delante de la casa
My car is in front of the house
dentro de
inside
El perro est dentro de la jaula
The dog is inside the cage
desde
since, from
No com desde ayer

Tir el bisbol desde el carro
I haven't eaten since yesterday

He threw the baseball from the car
despus de
after
Comemos despus de la clase
We are eating after class
detrs de
behind
El perro est detrs de la mesa
The dog is behind the table
durante
during
Dormimos durante la clase
We slept during the class
en
in
on
Ella est en Nueva York

El perro est en la mesa
She is in New York

The dog is on the table
encima de
on top of
El gato est encima de la casa
The cat is on top of the house
enfrente de
in front of
El perro est enfrente de la mesa
The dog is in front of the table
entre
between
among
El perro est entre la mesa y el

sof
The dog is between the table and

the sofa
fuera de
outside of
El perro est fuera de la casa
The dog is outside of the house
hacia
toward
Caminamos hacia la escuela
We are walking toward the school
hasta
until
Duermo hasta las seis
I'm sleeping until 6
para
for
in order to
El regalo es para usted

Trabajo para ser rico
The gift is for you

I work in order to be rich
por
for
by
Damos gracias por la comida

Fue escrito por Juan
We give thanks for the meal

It was written by Juan
segn
according to
Segn mi madre va a nevar
According to my mother it is going

to snow
sin
without
Voy sin l
I am going without him
sobre
over
about
Se cay sobre la silla

Es un programa sobre el
presidente
He fell over the chair

It's a program about the president
tras
after
behind
Caminaban uno tras otro
They walked one after (behind) the

other
11
Prepositions - Por and Para
Por and Para

"Por" has many uses, and so it is the more problematic of the two.
Rule: to express gratitude or apology
Rule: for multiplication and division
Rule: for velocity, frequency and proportion
Rule: meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the
area of"
Rule: when talking about exchange, including sales
Rule: to mean "on behalf of," or "in favor of,"
Rule: to express a length of time
Rule: to express an undetermined, or general time,
meaning "during"
Rule: for means of communication or
transportation
Rule: in cases of mistaken identity, or meaning "to
be seen as"
Rule: to show the reason for an errand (with ir,
venir, pasar, mandar, volver, and preguntar)
Rule: when followed by an infinitive, to express an
action that remains to be completed, use por
+ infinitive
Rule: to express cause or reason
Rule: "estar por" means to be in the mood, or
inclined to do something
Rule: in passive constructions
Model: Gracias por la ayuda.

Model: Dos por dos son cuatro.
Model: Voy al restaurante cinco veces por semana.
Model: Andamos por el parque.
Model: l me dio diez dlares por el libro.
Model: No vot por nadie.
Model: Yo estudi por dos horas.
Model: Se puede ver las estrellas por la noche.
Model: Prefiero viajar por tren y hablar por
telfono.
Model: Me tienen por loco.
Model: Paso por ti a las ocho.
Model: La cena est por cocinar.
Model: El hombre muri por falta de agua.

Model: Estoy por tomar caf.
Model: El libro fue escrito por Octavio Paz.
"Por" also appears in many idiomatic expressions:

por adelantado
por ahora
por all
por amor de Dios
por completo
por dentro
por desgracia
por fin
por lo general
por lo menos
por lo tanto
por mi parte
por primera vez
por separado
por supuesto
por ltimo
in advance
for now
around there; that way
for the love of God
completely
inside
unfortunately
finally
generally
at least
consequently
as for me
for the first time
separately
of course
finally
por aqu
por casualidad
por ciento
por cierto
por ejemplo
por eso
por favor
por lo visto
por medio de
por ningn lado
por otra parte
palabra por palabra
por suerte
por todas partes
por todos lados
around here; this way

by chance
percent
certainly
for example
therefore
please
apparently
by means of
nowhere
on the other hand
word for word
fortunately
everywhere
on all sides
12
Conjunctions - Pero, Sino, and Mas - But

"Para" -- in contrast, has relatively fewer uses.
Rule: to indicate destination
Rule: to show the use or purpose of a thing
Rule: to mean "in order to" or "for the purpose of"
Rule: to indicate a recipient
Rule: to express a deadline or specific time
Rule: to express a contrast from what is expected
Rule: "estar para" to express an action that will soon be
completed
Model: El hombre sali para Madrid.

Model: El vaso es para agua.
Model: Para hacer una paella, primero dore las carnes.
Model: Este regalo es para ti.
Model: Necesito el vestido para el lunes.
Model: Para un nio lee muy bien.
Model: El tren est para salir.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two coordinating parts of a sentence together. In many cases, Spanish conjunctions do
not have direct English translations. The most common Spanish conjunctions:
y (e)
and
pero
but
nini
neithernor
o (u)
or
mas
but
seasea
eitheror
sino
but rather
entonces
then
oo
eitheror
pues
since, well
sin embargo
however, nevertheless,
on the other hand
Some conjunctions are a bit tricky since they can mean the same thing or have forms that change. See the
examples below to compare their uses.
Pero, Sino, and Mas - But

Pero means but as in however.
Quieren viajar a Costa Rica, pero no tienen
suficiente dinero
Voy a la playa, pero no tengo una toalla
They want to travel to Costa Rica, but they dont

have enough money.
I am going to the beach, but I dont have a towel.
Mas means but as in except/other than.

Te quiero mas no podemos estar juntos
No quiero comprar un vestido nuevo mas lo
necesito.
I love you but we can't be together.

I dont want to buy a new dress but I need it.
Sino means but as in but rather/instead.

Mi hermano no es alto, sino bajo.
No vino a escuchar, sino a cantar.
My brother isnt tall, but short.

I didnt come to listen, but (rather) to sing.
Y and E - And
When y precedes, or goes before, a word that begins with an i or hi, then it changes to an e to differentiate
the two words.
Hablo espaol e ingls.
Necesito productos de limpieza e higiene.
Me encanta tener t y hielo cuando hace calor.
I speak Spanish and English.

I need cleaning and hygiene products.
I love having tea and ice when it is hot.
Note that it does not change when the word begins with hie which has a y sound.
O and U - Or
When o precedes a word that begins with o or ho, then it changes to a u to differentiate the two words.
Quieres ir a Nueva York u Orlando?
Debes decir buenos das u hola.
Do you want to go to New York or Orlando?

You should say good morning or hello.
13
Verbs and Tenses - Auxiliary verbs
Verbs and Tenses

-
In Spanish the subject pronouns are not always required. This is because the verb endings can
indicate who is performing the action
Subject pro nouns are often used for emphasis.
Auxiliary verbs
Hay
There is, there are
Ser and Estar

Ser (to be, essence or permanent condition)
What is she like?
She is quiet.
Ella es callada.
The apple is green.

La manzana es verde.
(essential characteristic:
verde = color green)
Estar (to be, temporary condition)

How is she acting?
She is being quiet.
Ella est callada.
The apple is green.

La manzana est verde.
(condition: verde =
unripe)
Uses of ser
the hour, day, and date
place of origin
occupation
nationality
religious or political affiliation
the material something is made of
possession
relationship of one person to another
certain impersonal expressions
where an event is taking place
essential qualities
Qu hora es? Son las dos.

De dnde eres t? Soy de Colombia.
Cul es tu trabajo? Soy carpintero
Es ella puertorriquea? No, es guatemalteca.
Son los Garca bautistas? No, son catlicos.
De qu material es la mesa? Es de madera.
De quin es la pluma? Es de Emilio.
Quin es Rogelio? Es el esposo de Marta.
Es importante practicar cada da.
La pelcula es en el cine.
Miguel es un hombre sincero.
Uses of estar
geographic or physical location
state or condition
many idiomatic expressions
progressive tenses
-
Dnde ests? Estoy en el laboratorio.

Cmo est la sopa? La sopa est fra.
Estar en camino. Estar de acuerdo.
Qu ests comiendo? Estoy comiendo arroz y frijoles.
When the verb "to be" is followed by a noun, the verb ser is always used. In this instance, it might
be helpful to think of the verb as equivalent to an "equal" sign, such as a = b. This type of sentence
is always referring to essential characteristics, since the verb is "linking" what comes before the
verb to what comes after the verb.
John is a doctor.
John = doctor
Juan es mdico
When the verb "to be" is followed by an adjective, the verb used depends upon the meaning. When
referring to an essential characteristic, use ser. When referring to a state or condition, use estar.
The soup is cold.
La sopa est fra.
The elephants are big.
Los elefantes son grandes.
-
When the verb "to be" is followed by an adjective, the verb can actually change the meaning of the
adjective.
The professor is bored.
El profesor est aburrido.
14

The professor is boring.
-
El profesor es aburrido.
Let's distinguish between origin, location, and "to take place." To describe origin, or where
something is from, use ser. To describe location, or where something is located right now, use
estar. To tell where an event is taking place, use ser.
Mnica es de Espaa. (origin)

La fiesta es en la casa de Mnica. (taking place)
Mnica est en Venezuela. (location)
Tener que and Hay que

Tener que + infinitive is one way to express obligation or necessity. This expression can be translated as
"someone has to do something." Tener is conjugated according to the subject of the sentence.
Tengo que comer las verduras.
ngel tiene que leer el peridico.
Ellos tienen que comprar una revista.
I have to eat the vegetables.

ngel has to read the newspaper.
They have to buy a magazine.
Hay que + infinitive is used to express the idea of "one must do something" or, "it is necessary to do
something." It is a more general expression and since there is no subject, the verb form hay is always used.
Hay que tomar un taxi.
Hay que estudiar mucho.
It is necessary to take a taxi.

One must study a lot.
15
Haber
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
he
has
ha,hay
hemos
habis
han
Preterit
hube
hubiste
hubo
hubimos
hubisteis
hubieron
Imperfect
haba
habas
haba
habamos
habais
haban
Conditional
habra
habras
habra
habramos
habrais
habran
Future
habr
habrs
habr
habremos
habris
habrn
Present
he habido
has habido
ha habido
hemos habido
habis habido
han habido
Preterit
hube habido
hubiste habido
hubo habido
hubimos habido
hubisteis habido
hubieron habido
Imperfect
haba habido
habas habido
haba habido
habamos habido
habais habido
haban habid
Conditional
habra habido
habras habido
habra habido
habramos habido
habrais habido
habran habido
Future
habr habido
habrs habido
habr habido
habremos habido
habris habido
habrn habido
Perfect
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
haya
hayas
haya
hayamos
hayis
hayan
Imperfect
hubiera
hubieras
hubiera
hubiramos
hubierais
hubieran
Imperfect 2
hubiese
hubieses
hubiese
hubisemos
hubieseis
hubiesen
Future
hubiere
hubieres
hubiere
hubiremos
hubiereis
hubieren
Perfect Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
haya habido
hayas habido
haya habido
hayamos habido
hayis habido
hayan habido
Imperfect
hubiera habido
hubieras habido
hubiera habido
hubiramos habido
hubierais habido
hubieran habido
Future
hubiere habido
hubieres habido
hubiere habido
hubiremos habido
hubiereis habido
hubieren habido
Imperative, Gerund, Participle

t
vosotros
Imperative
he
habed
Gerund
habiendo
Participle
habido
16
Ser
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
Preterit
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Imperfect
era
eras
era
ramos
erais
eran
Conditional
sera
seras
sera
seramos
serais
seran
Future
ser
sers
ser
seremos
seris
sern
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seis
sean
Imperfect
fuera
fueras
fuera
furamos
fuerais
fueran
Imperfect 2
fuese
fueses
fuese
fusemos
fueseis
fuesen
Future
fuere
fueres
fuere
furemos
fuereis
fueren
Gerund
siendo
Participle
sido

t
vosotros
Imperative
s
sed
Estar
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
estoy
ests
est
estamos
estis
estn
Preterit
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron
Imperfect
estaba
estabas
estaba
estbamos
estabais
estaban
Conditional
estara
estaras
estara
estaramos
estarais
estaran
Future
estar
estars
estar
estaremos
estaris
estarn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
est
ests
est
estemos
estis
estn
Imperfect
estuviera
estuvieras
estuviera
estuviramos
estuvierais
estuvieran
Imperfect 2
estuviese
estuvieses
estuviese
estuvisemos
estuvieseis
estuviesen
Future
estuviere
estuvieres
estuviere
estuviremos
estuviereis
estuvieren
Gerund
estando
Participle
estado

t
vosotros
Imperative
est
estad
17
Tener
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
tengo
tienes
tiene
tenemos
tenis
tienen
Preterit
tuve
tuviste
tuvo
tuvimos
tuvisteis
tuvieron
Imperfect
tena
tenas
tena
tenamos
tenais
tenan
Conditional
tendra
tendras
tendra
tendramos
tendrais
tendran
Future
tendr
tendrs
tendr
tendremos
tendris
tendrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
tenga
tengas
tenga
tengamos
tengis
tengan
Imperfect
tuviera
tuvieras
tuviera
tuviramos
tuvierais
tuvieran
Imperfect 2
tuviese
tuvieses
tuviese
tuvisemos
tuvieseis
tuviesen
Future
tuviere
tuvieres
tuviere
tuviremos
tuviereis
tuvieren
Gerund
teniendo
Participle
tenido

t
vosotros
Imperative
ten
tened
Verbs conjugated this way: abstener, atener(se), contener, detener, entretener, mantener, manutener,
obtener, retener, sostener, tener
For first person imperative, emphasis is to be indicated where it is on the last syllable (abstn, contn etc.).
18
Verbs and Tenses - Regular Verbs: 1 , 2 , 3 conjugations
Regular Verbs: 1, 2, 3 conjugations

Hablar
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
habl- o
habl- as
habl- a
habl- amos
hablis
habl- an
Preterit
habl-
habl- aste
habl-
habl- amos
habl- asteis
habl- aron
Imperfect
hablaba
habl- abas
hablaba
habl- bamos
habl- abais
habl- aban
Conditional
habl- ara
habl- aras
habl- ara
habl- aramos
habl- arais
habl- aran
Future
hablar
habl- ars
hablar
habl- aremos
habl- aris
habl- arn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
habl- e
habl- es
habl- e
habl- emos
hablis
habl- en
Imperfect
habl- ara
habl- aras
habl- ara
habl- ramos
habl- arais
habl- aran
Imperfect 2
habl- ase
habl- ases
habl- ase
habl- semos
habl- aseis
habl- asen
Future
habl- are
habl- ares
habl- are
habl- remos
habl- areis
habl- aren
Gerund
hablando
Participle
habl- ado

t
vosotros
Imperative
habl- a
hablad
Comer
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
com- o
comes
com- e
comemos
com- is
com- en
Preterit
com-
com- iste
com- i
com- imos
com- isteis
com- ieron
Imperfect
com- a
com- as
com- a
com- amos
com- ais
com- an
Conditional
com- era
com- eras
com- era
com- eramos
com- erais
com- eran
Future
comer
com- ers
comer
com- eremos
com- eris
com- ern
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
com- a
com- as
com- a
com- amos
com- is
com- an
Imperfect
com- iera
com- ieras
com- iera
com- iramos
com- ierais
com- ieran
Imperfect 2
com- iese
com- ieses
com- iese
com- isemos
com- ieseis
com- iesen
Future
com- iere
com- ieres
com- iere
com- iremos
com- iereis
com- ieren
Gerund
comiendo
Participle
com- ido

t
vosotros
Imperative
com- e
com- ed
19
Verbs and Tenses - Regular Verbs: 1 , 2 , 3 conjugations
Vivir
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
viv- o
viv- es
viv- e
viv- imos
viv- s
viven
Preterit
viv-
viv- iste
viv- i
viv- imos
viv- isteis
viv- ieron
Imperfect
viv- a
viv- as
viv- a
viv- amos
viv- ais
viv- an
Conditional
viv- ira
viv- iras
viv- ira
viv- iramos
viv- irais
viv- iran
Future
vivir
viv- irs
vivir
viv- iremos
viv- iris
viv- irn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
viv- a
viv- as
viv- a
viv- amos
viv- is
viv- an
Imperfect
viv- iera
viv- ieras
viv- iera
viv- iramos
viv- ierais
viv- ieran
Imperfect 2
viv- iese
viv- ieses
viv- iese
viv- isemos
viv- ieseis
viv- iesen
Future
viv- iere
viv- ieres
viv- iere
viv- iremos
viv- iereis
viv- ieren
Gerund
viviendo
Participle
viv- ido

t
vosotros
Imperative
viv- e
viv- id
20
Verbs and Tenses - Irregular verbs
Irregular verbs
Ir
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
voy
vas
va
vamos
vais
van
Preterit
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
Imperfect
iba
ibas
iba
bamos
ibais
iban
Conditional
ira
iras
ira
iramos
irais
iran
Future
ir
irs
ir
iremos
iris
irn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
vaya
vayas
vaya
vayamos
vayis
vayan
Imperfect
fuera
fueras
fuera
furamos
fuerais
fueran
Imperfect 2
fuese
fueses
fuese
fusemos
fueseis
fuesen
Future
fuere
fueres
fuere
furemos
fuereis
fueren
Gerund
yendo
Participle
ido

t
vosotros
Imperative
ve
id
Dar
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
doy
das
da
damos
dais
dan
Preterit
di
diste
dio
dimos
disteis
dieron
Imperfect
daba
dabas
daba
dbamos
dabais
daban
Conditional
dara
daras
dara
daramos
darais
daran
Future
dar
dars
dar
daremos
daris
darn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
d
des
d
demos
deis
den
Imperfect
diera
dieras
diera
diramos
dierais
dieran
Imperfect 2
diese
dieses
diese
disemos
dieseis
diesen
Future
diere
dieres
diere
diremos
diereis
dieren
Gerund
dando
Participle
dado

t
vosotros
Imperative
da
dad
21
Poder
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
puedo
puedes
puede
podemos
podis
pueden
Preterit
pude
pudiste
pudo
pudimos
pudisteis
pudieron
Imperfect
poda
podas
poda
podamos
podais
podan
Conditional
podra
podras
podra
podramos
podrais
podran
Future
podr
podrs
podr
podremos
podris
podrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
pueda
puedas
pueda
podamos
podis
puedan
Imperfect
pudiera
pudieras
pudiera
pudiramos
pudierais
pudieran
Imperfect 2
pudiese
pudieses
pudiese
pudisemos
pudieseis
pudiesen
Future
pudiere
pudieres
pudiere
pudiremos
pudiereis
pudieren
Gerund
pudiendo
Participle
podido

t
vosotros
Imperative
puede
poded
Querer
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
quiero
quieres
quiere
queremos
queris
quieren
Preterit
quise
quisiste
quiso
quisimos
quisisteis
quisieron
Imperfect
quera
queras
quera
queramos
querais
queran
Conditional
querra
querras
querra
querramos
querrais
querran
Future
querr
querrs
querr
querremos
querris
querrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
quiera
quieras
quiera
queramos
queris
quieran
Imperfect
quisiera
quisieras
quisiera
quisiramos
quisierais
quisieran
Imperfect 2
quisiese
quisieses
quisiese
quisisemos
quisieseis
quisiesen
Future
quisiere
quisieres
quisiere
quisiremos
quisiereis
quisieren
Gerund
queriendo
Participle
querido

t
vosotros
Imperative
quiere
quered
Verbs conjugated this way: bienquerer, desquerer, malquerer, querer

Special past participles:
bienquerer - bienquisto / bienquerido

malquerer - malquisto / malquerido
22
Hacer
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
hago
haces
hace
hacemos
hacis
hacen
Preterit
hice
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteis
hicieron
Imperfect
haca
hacas
haca
hacamos
hacais
hacan
Conditional
hara
haras
hara
haramos
harais
haran
Future
har
hars
har
haremos
haris
harn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
haga
hagas
haga
hagamos
hagis
hagan
Imperfect
hiciera
hicieras
hiciera
hiciramos
hicierais
hicieran
Imperfect 2
hiciese
hicieses
hiciese
hicisemos
hicieseis
hiciesen
Future
hiciere
hicieres
hiciere
hiciremos
hiciereis
hicieren
Gerund
haciendo
Participle
hecho

t
vosotros
Imperative
haz
haced
Verbs conjugated this way: deshacer, hacer, rarefacer, rehacer, satisfacer

rarefacer - rarefacto / rarefacido
Saber
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
s
sabes
sabe
sabemos
sabis
saben
Preterit
supe
supiste
supo
supimos
supisteis
supieron
Imperfect
Conditional
sabra
sabras
sabra
sabramos
sabrais
sabran
Future
sabr
sabrs
sabr
sabremos
sabris
sabrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
sepa
sepas
sepa
sepamos
sepis
sepan
Imperfect
supiera
supieras
supiera
supiramos
supierais
supieran
Imperfect 2
supiese
supieses
supiese
supisemos
supieseis
supiesen
Future
supiere
supieres
supiere
supiremos
supiereis
supieren
Gerund
Sabiendo
Participle
sabido

t
vosotros
Imperative
sabe
sabed
Verbs conjugated this way: resaber, saber

23
Poner
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
pongo
pones
pone
ponemos
ponis
ponen
Preterit
puse
pusiste
puso
pusimos
pusisteis
pusieron
Imperfect
Conditional
pondra
pondras
pondra
pondramos
pondrais
pondran
Future
pondr
pondrs
pondr
pondremos
pondris
pondrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
ponga
pongas
ponga
pongamos
pongis
pongan
Imperfect
pusiera
pusieras
pusiera
pusiramos
pusierais
pusieran
Imperfect 2
pusiese
pusieses
pusiese
pusisemos
pusieseis
pusiesen
Future
pusiere
pusieres
pusiere
pusiremos
pusiereis
pusieren
Gerund
poniendo
Participle
puesto

t
vosotros
Imperative
pon
poned
Verbs conjugated this way: anteponer (antepn), componer, contraponer, deponer, descomponer,
disponer, exponer, imponer, indisponer, interponer, oponer, poner, posponer, predisponer, preponer,
presuponer, proponer, recomponer, reponer, sobreponer, superponer, suponer, trasponer, yuxtaponer
24
Pensar Perder (e ie)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
pienso
piensas
piensa
pensamos
pensis
piensan
Subjunctive
Present
piense
pienses
piense
pensemos
pensis
piensen
Imperative
piensa
pensad
Verbs conjugated this way:

abnegar (g/gu), acertar, acrecentar, alebrar(se), alentar, aneblar, apacentar, apretar, arrendar, asentar,
aserrar, aterrar, atestar, atravesar, aventar, beldar, calentar, cegar (g/gu), cerrar, cimentar, comenzar
(z/c), concertar, confesar, decentar, denegar (g/gu), dentar, derrenegar (g/gu), desacertar, desalentar,
desapretar, desarrendar, desasentar, desasosegar (g/gu), desaterrar, desconcertar, desempedrar,
desencerrar, desenterrar, desgobernar, deshelar, desherbar, desherrar, deslendrar, desmembrar,
desnegar (g/gu), desnevar, despernar, despertar, desplegar (g/gu), desterrar, dezmar, empedrar,
empezar (z/c), encentar, encerrar, encomendar, encubertar, endentar, enhestar, enmelar, enmendar,
ensangrentar, enterrar, entesar, escarmentar, estregar (g/gu), ferrar, fregar (g/gu), gobernar, hacendar,
helar, herrar, incensar, invernar, manifestar, melar, mentar, merendar, negar (g/gu), nevar, pensar,
perniquebrar(se), plegar (g/gu), quebrar, recalentar, recomendar, recomenzar (z/c), refregar (g/gu),
regar (g/gu), reherrar, remendar, renegar (g/gu), repensar, replegar (g/gu), requebrar, resembrar,
restregar (g/gu), retemblar, reventar, salpimentar, segar (g/gu), sembrar, sentar, serrar, sosegar (g/gu),
soterrar, subarrendar, temblar, tentar, trasfregar (g/gu), trasegar (g/gu), travesar, tropezar (z/c)
ascender, atender, cerner, condescender, contender, defender, desatender, descender, distender,
encender, entender, extender, heder, hender, malentender, perder, pretender, reverter,
sobre(e)ntender, subentender, superentender, tender, trasverter, verter
(g/gu): when followed by an "e", the letter "g" changes into "gu"
(z/c): when followed by an "e", the letter "z" changes into "c"
confesar - confeso / confesado

despertar - despierto / despertado
enhestar - enhiesto / enhestado
manifestar - manifiesto / manifestado
atender - atento / atendido

extender - extenso / extendido
pretender - pretenso / pretendido
Preferir (e ie)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
prefiero
prefieres
prefiere
preferimos
prefers
prefieren
t
vosotros
Imperative
prefiere
preferid
Preterite
prefer
preferiste
prefiri
preferimos
preferisteis
prefirieron
Subjunctive
Present
prefiera
prefieras
prefiera
prefiramos
prefiris
prefieran
Imperfect
prefiera
prefieras
prefiera
prefiramos
prefierais
prefieran
Imperfect 2
prefiese
prefieses
prefiese
prefisemos
prefieseis
prefiesen
Future
prefiere
prefieres
prefiere
prefiremos
prefiereis
prefieren
Gerund
prefiriendo
Verbs conjugated this way: adherir, advertir, arrepentir(se), asentir, circunferir, conferir, consentir,
controvertir, convertir, deferir, desadvertir, desconsentir, desmentir, diferir, digerir, disentir, divertir, herir,
25

hervir, inferir, ingerir, injerir, interferir, invertir, malherir, mentir, pervertir, preferir, presentir, proferir,
referir, reherir, rehervir, requerir, resentir(se), sentir, subvertir, sugerir, trasferir, zaherir
invertir - inverso / invertido
Discernir (e ie)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
discierno
disciernes
discierne
discernimos
discerns
disciernen
Subjunctive
Present
discierna
disciernas
discierna
discernamos
discernis
disciernan
Verbs conjugated this way: cernir, concernir, discernir, hendir
Probar Mover (o ue)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
pruebo
pruebas
prueba
probamos
probis
prueban
Subjunctive
Present
pruebe
pruebes
pruebe
probemos
probis
prueben
Imperative
prueba
probad

abuolar, aclocar (c/qu), acollar, acordar, acornar, acostar, afollar, aforar, agorar (go/ge), almorzar
(z/c), alongar (g/gu), amolar, apercollar, apostar, aprobar, asolar, asoldar, asonar, atorar, atronar,
avergonzar (go/ge, z/c), azolar, circunvolar, clocar (c/qu), colar, colgar (g/gu), comprobar, concordar,
consolar, consonar, contar, costar, degollar (go/ge), demostrar, denostrar, desacordar, desaforar,
desamoblar, desaprobar, descolgar (g/gu), descollar, desconsolar, descontar, descornar, desengrosar,
desolar, desoldar, desollar, despoblar, destrocar (c/qu), desvergonzar(se) (z/c, go/ge), discordar,
disonar, dolar, emporcar (c/qu), enclocar (c/qu), encontrar, encorar, encordar, encovar, engrosar,
enllocar (c/qu), enrocar (c/qu), enrodar, entortar, esforzar (z/c), follar, forzar (z/c), holgar (g/gu), hollar,
improbar, mancornar, poblar, probar, recontar, recordar, recostar, reforzar (z/c), regoldar (go/ge),
renovar, repoblar, reprobar, rescontrar, resollar, resonar, retostar, retronar, revolar, revolcar (c/qu),
rodar, rogar (g/gu), solar, soldar, soltar, sonar, soar, tonar, tostar, trascolar, trascordar(se), trasoar,
trastocar (c/qu), trasvolar, trocar (c/qu), tronar, volar, volcar (c/qu)
absolver, cocer (c/z), condoler, conmover, contorcer(se) (c/z), demoler, descocer (c/z), desenvolver,
destorcer (c/z), devolver, disolver, doler, envolver, escocer (c/z), llover, moler, morder, mover,
promover, recocer (c/z), remoler, remorder, remover, resolver, retorcer (c/z), revolver, soler, torcer
(c/z), volver
(c/qu): when followed by an "e", the letter "c" changes into "qu"
(g/gu): when followed by an "e", the letter "g" changes into "gu"
(z/c): when followed by an "e", the letter "z" changes into "c"
(c/z): when followed by an "a" or an "o", the letter "c" changes into "z"
(go/ge): where "go" turns into "gue", it's written as "ge"
soltar - suelto / soltado
absolver absuelto
desenvolver desenvuelto
devolver devuelto
26
disolver disuelto
envolver envuelto
resolver resuelto
retorcer - retuerto / retorcido
revolver revuelto
torcer - tuerto / torcido
volver - vuelto
Dormir (o ue)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
t
vosotros
Indicative
Present
duermo
duermes
duerme
dormimos
dorms
duermen
Preterite
dorm
dormiste
durmi
dormimos
dormisteis
durmieron
Subjunctive
Present
duerma
duermas
duerma
durmamos
durmis
duerman
Imperfect
durmiera
durmieras
durmiera
durmiramos
durmierais
durmieran
Imperative
Gerund
duerme
dormid
durmiendo
Imperfect 2
durmiese
durmieses
durmiese
durmisemos
durmieseis
durmiesen
Future
durmiere
durmieres
durmiere
durmiremos
durmiereis
durmieren
Verbs conjugated this way: dormir, morir

morir muerto
Decir (e i)
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
digo
dices
dice
decimos
decs
dicen
Preterit
dije
dijiste
dijo
dijimos
dijisteis
dijeron
Imperfect
Conditional
dira
diras
dira
diramos
dirais
diran
Future
dir
dirs
dir
diremos
diris
dirn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
diga
digas
diga
digamos
digis
digan
Imperfect
dijera
dijeras
dijera
dijramos
dijerais
dijeran
Imperfect 2
dijese
dijeses
dijese
dijsemos
dijeseis
dijesen
Future
dijere
dijeres
dijere
dijremos
dijereis
dijeren
Gerund
diciendo
Participle
dicho

t
vosotros
Imperative
di
decid
Verbs conjugated this way: bendecir* **, contradecir**, decir, desdecir **, maldecir* **, predecir* **
* Has regular conjugation in Future Indicative and Conditional.
** Has 2nd singular person in Imperative ending in -dice
27
Special Imperative:
bendecir bendice / bendecid

maldecir maldice / maldecid
predecir predice / predecid
bendecir bendecido / bendito

maldecir maldecido / maldito
predecir predecido / predito
Rer (e i)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
ro
res
re
remos
res
ren
t
vosotros
Imperative
re
red
Preterite
re
reste
ri
remos
resteis
rieron
Subjunctive
Present
ra
ras
ra
riamos
riis
ran
Imperfect
riera
rieras
riera
riramos
rierais
rieran
Imperfect 2
riese
rieses
riese
risemos
rieseis
riesen
Gerund
riendo
Future
riere
rieres
riere
riremos
riereis
rieren
Participle
redo
Verbs conjugated this way: desler, engrer, frer, refrer, rer, sofrer, sonrer
frer - frito / fredo

refrer - refrito / refredo
sofrer - sofrito / sofredo
Pedir (e i)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
pido
pides
pide
pedimos
peds
piden
t
vosotros
Imperative
pide
pedid
Preterite
ped
pediste
pidi
pedimos
pedisteis
pidieron
Subjunctive
Present
pida
pidas
pida
pidamos
pidis
pidan
Imperfect
pidiera
pidieras
pidiera
pidiramos
pidierais
pidieran
Imperfect 2
pidiese
pidieses
pidiese
pidisemos
pidieseis
pidiesen
Future
pidiere
pidieres
pidiere
pidiremos
pidiereis
pidieren
Gerund
pidiendo
Verbs conjugated this way: colegir (g/j), comedir, competir, concebir, conseguir (gu/g), corregir (g/j),
derretir, descomedir(se), desmedir(se), despedir, desvestir, elegir (g/j), embestir, expedir, gemir, impedir,
investir, pedir, perseguir (gu/g), preconcebir, proseguir (gu/g), reelegir (g/j), reexpedir, regir (g/j), remedir,
rendir, repetir, revestir, seguir (gu/g), servir, subseguir (gu/g), travestir, vestir
(gu/g): when followed by an "a", "gu" changes into "g"
(g/j): when followed by an "a", the letter "g" changes into "j"
colegir - colecto / colegido

corregir - correcto / corregido
elegir - electo / elegido
reelegir - reelecto / reelegido
28
Ofrecer Lucir (c zc)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
ofrezco
ofreces
ofrece
ofrecemos
ofrecis
ofrecen
Subjunctive
Present
ofrezca
ofrezcas
ofrezca
ofrezcamos
ofrezcis
ofrezcan

abastecer, ablandecer, aborrecer, acaecer, aclarecer, acontecer, acrecer, adolecer, adormecer,
agradecer, altivecer, amanecer, amohecer(se), amortecer, anochecer, aparecer, apetecer, arborecer,
aridecer, atardecer, aterecer(se), blanquecer, calecer, clarecer, colicuecer, compadecer, comparecer,
conocer, convalecer, crecer, decrecer, denegrecer, desadormecer, desagradecer, desaparecer,
descaecer, desconocer, desembebecer(se), desembravecer, desenmudecer, desentorpecer,
desentumecer, desfallecer, desfavorecer, desflorecer, desfortalecer, desguarnecer, deshumedecer,
desmerecer, desobedecer, desperecer, desvanecer, embarbecer, embastecer, embebecer, embellecer,
embermejecer, emblandecer, emblanquecer, embobecer, embosquecer, embravecer, embrutecer,
empecer, empequeecer, emplumecer, empobrecer, empodrecer, emputecer, enaltecer, enardecer,
encalvecer, encallecer(se), encandecer, encanecer, encarecer, encarnecer, encrudecer, endentecer,
endurecer, enflaquecer, enfurecer, engrandecer, engrumecer(se), enlobreguecer, enloquecer,
enlustrecer, enmagrecer, enmalecer, enmohecer, enmudecer, ennegrecer, ennoblecer, ennudecer,
enorgullecer, enralecer, enrarecer, enriquecer, enrojecer, enronquecer, enrudecer, ensilvecer(se),
ensoberbecer, ensombrecer, ensordecer, entallecer, entenebrecer, enternecer, entontecer, entorpecer,
entreparecer(se), entristecer, entullecer, entumecer, envanecer, envejecer, enverdecer, envilecer,
escarnecer, esclarecer, esmorecer, establecer, estremecer, fallecer, favorecer, fenecer, florecer,
fortalecer, fosforecer, guarecer, guarnecer, herbecer, humedecer, languidecer, lentecer(se), lozanecer,
merecer, nacer, negrecer, obedecer, obscurecer, ofrecer, pacer, padecer, palidecer, parecer, perecer,
permanecer, pertenecer, placer, plastecer, podrecer, prevalecer, reaparecer, reblandecer, reconocer,
reconvalecer, recrecer, recrudecer, reflorecer, rejuvenecer, remanecer, renacer, resplandecer,
restablecer, revejecer, reverdecer, robustecer, sobrecrecer, tallecer, tardecer, tullecer, verdecer
balbucir, deslucir, enlucir, entrelucir, lucir, relucir, traslucir
nacer - nato / nacido
Placer (c zc)
yo
t
Indicative
Present
plazco
places
l/ella/ud.
place
nosotros
vosotros
placemos
placis
ellos/ellas/uds.
placen
Preterite
plac
placiste
placi
plugo
placimos
placisteis
placieron
pluguieron
Subjunctive
Present
plazca
plazcas
plazca
plega
plegue
plazcamos
plazcis
plazcan
Imperfect
placiera
placieras
Imperfect 2
placiese
placieses
Future
placiere
placieres
placiera
pluguiera
placiese
pluguiese
placiere
pluguiere
placiramos
placierais
placisemos
placieseis
placiremos
placiereis
placieran
placiesen
placieren
Verbs conjugated this way: complacer, desplacer, placer
29
Yacer (c zc)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
yazco / yazgo / yago
yaces
yace
yacemos
yacis
yacen
Subjunctive
Present
yazca / yazga / yaga
yazcas / yazgas / yagas
yazca / yazga / yaga
yazcamos / yazgamos / yagamos
yazcis / yazgis / yagis
yazcan / yazgan / yagan
Imperative
yace / yaz
yaced
Conducir (c zc)
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
conduzco
conduces
conduce
conducimos
conducs
conducen
Preterite
conduje
condujiste
condujo
condujimos
condujisteis
condujeron
Subjunctive
Present
conduzca
conduzcas
conduzca
conduzcamos
conduzcis
conduzcan
Imperfect
condujera
condujeras
condujera
condujramos
condujerais
condujeran
Imperfect 2
condujese
condujeses
condujese
condujsemos
condujeseis
condujesen
Future
condujere
condujeres
condujere
condujremos
condujereis
condujeren
Verbs conjugated this way: aducir, conducir, deducir, educir, producir, reducir, reproducir, seducir, traducir
Andar
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Preterite
haga
hagas
haga
hagamos
hagis
hagan
Subjunctive
Imperfect
anduviera
anduvieras
anduviera
anduviramos
anduvierais
anduvieran
Imperfect 2
anduviese
anduvieses
anduviese
anduvisemos
anduvieseis
anduviesen
Future
anduviere
anduvieres
anduviere
anduviremos
anduviereis
anduvieren
Verbs conjugated this way: andar, desandar
Caber
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
quepo
cabes
cabe
cabemos
cabis
caben
Preterit
cupe
cupiste
cupo
cupimos
cupisteis
cupieron
Imperfect
Conditional
cabra
cabras
cabra
cabramos
cabrais
cabran
Future
cabr
cabrs
cabr
cabremos
cabris
cabrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
quepa
quepas
quepa
quepamos
quepis
quepan
Imperfect
cupiera
cupieras
cupiera
cupiramos
cupierais
cupieran
Imperfect 2
cupiese
cupieses
cupiese
cupisemos
cupieseis
cupiesen
Future
cupiere
cupieres
cupiere
cupiremos
cupiereis
cupieren
Gerund
Participle

Imperative
30

t
vosotros
cabe
cabed
cabiendo
cabido
Caer
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
caigo*
caes
cae
caemos
cais
caen
Preterite
ca
caste
cay
camos
casteis
cayeron
Subjunctive
Present**
caiga
caigas
caiga
caigamos
caigis
caigan
Imperfect
cayera
cayeras
cayera
cayramos
cayerais
cayeran
Imperfect 2
cayese
cayeses
cayese
caysemos
cayeseis
cayesen
Future
cayere
cayeres
cayere
cayremos
cayereis
cayeren
Gerund
Participle
Past
cayendo
caido
Verbs conjugated this way: caer, decaer, raer, recaer

* For raer also: rao / rayo
** For raer also: raya, rayas, raya, rayamos, rayis, rayan
Desosar
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
deshueso
deshuesas
deshuesa
deshuesamos
deshuesis
deshuesan
Subjunctive
Present
deshuese
deshueses
deshuese
desosemos
desoseis
deshuesen
Imperative
Indicative
Present
yerro
yerras
yerra
erramos
erris
yerran
Subjunctive
Present
yerre
yerres
yerre
erremos
erris
yerren
Imperative
Indicative
Present
juego
juegas
juega
jugamos
jugis
juegan
Subjunctive
Present
juegue
juegues
juegue
juguemos
juguis
jueguen
Imperative
Preterite
jugu
jugaste
jug
jugamos
jugasteis
jugaron
Indicative
Present
cre
creste
crey
cremos
Subjunctive
Imperfect
creyera
creyeras
creyera
creyramos
Imperfect 2
creyese
creyeses
creyese
creysemos
Future
creyere
creyeres
creyere
creyremos
deshuesa
desosad
Errar
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
yerra
errad
Jugar
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
juega
jugad
Creer
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
31

vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
cresteis
creyeron
creyerais
creyeran
creyeseis
creyesen
creyereis
creyeren
Verbs conjugated this way: creer, descreer, desposeer, desproveer, leer, peer, poseer, proveer, releer,
sobreseer
desproveer - desprovisto / desprovedo

poseer - poseso / posedo
proveer - provisto / provedo
Oler
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
huelo
hueles
huele
olemos
olis
huelen
Subjunctive
Present
huela
huelas
huela
olamos
olis
huelan
Imperative
huele
oled
Roer
Indicative
Subjunctive
Present
Preterite
Present
Imperfect
yo
t
l/ella/ud.
roo / roigo / royo

roes
roe
ro
roste
roy
royera
royeras
royera
nosotros
roemos
romos
royramos
roysemos
royremos
vosotros
ellos/ellas/uds.
rois
roen
rosteis
royeron
roa / roiga / roya

roas / roigas / royas
roa / roiga / roya
roamos
roigamos
royamos
rois / roigis / royis
roan / roigan / royan
Imperfect
2
royese
royeses
royese
royerais
royeran
royeseis
royesen
royereis
royeren
Gerund
royendo
Participle
rodo
Future
royere
royeres
royere
Verbs conjugated this way: corroer, roer
Taer
yo
t
l/ella/ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/uds.
Indicative
Preterite
ta
taiste
ta
taimos
taisteis
taeron
Imperfect
taera
taeras
taera
taramos
taerais
taeran
Subjunctive
Imperfect 2
taese
taeses
taese
tasemos
taeseis
taesen
Future
taere
taeres
taere
taremos
taereis
taeren
Verbs conjugated this way: ataer, taer
32
Traer
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
traigo
traes
trae
traemos
trais
traen
Preterite
traje
trajiste
trajo
trajimos
trajisteis
trajeron
Subjunctive
Present
traiga
traigas
traiga
traigamos
traigis
traigan
Imperfect
trajera
trajeras
trajera
trajramos
trajerais
trajeran
Imperfect 2
trajese
trajeses
trajese
trajsemos
trajeseis
trajesen
Future
trajere
trajeres
trajere
trajremos
trajereis
trajeren
Gerund
Participle
Past
trayendo
traido
Verbs conjugated this way: abstraer, bistraer, contraer, desatraer, detraer, distraer, extraer, maltraer,
retraer, retrotraer, substraer, traer
abstraer - abstracto / abstrado
Valer
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
valgo
vales
vale
valemos
valis
valen
Conditional
valdra
valdras
valdra
valdramos
valdrais
valdran
Future
valdr
valdrs
valdr
valdremos
valdris
valdrn
Subjunctive
Present
valga
valgas
valga
valgamos
valgis
valgan
Verbs conjugated this way: equivaler, prevaler, valer
Ver
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
veo
ves
ve
vemos
veis
ven
Preterite
vi
viste
vio
vimos
visteis
vieron
Imperfet
vea
veas
vea
veamos
veais
vean
Pasticiple
Past
visto
Verbs conjugated this way: antever, entrever, prever, rever, trasver, ver
The emphasis is to be indicated where it is on the last syllable.
Adquirir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
adquiero
adquieres
adquiere
adquirimos
adquirs
adquieren
Subjunctive
Present
adquiera
adquieras
adquiera
adquiramos
adquiris
adquieran
Imperative
adquiere
adquirid
Verbs conjugated this way: adquirir, coadquirir, inquirir, perquirir
33
Asir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
asgo
ases
ase
asimos
ass
asen
Subjunctive
Present
asga
asgas
asga
asgamos
asgis
asgan
Verbs conjugated this way: asir, desasir
Erguir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
Indicative
Present
irgo / yergo
irgues / yergues
irgue / yergue
Preterite
ergu
erguiste
irgui
nosotros
erguimos
erguimos
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
ergus
irguen / yerguen
erguisteis
irguieron
t
vosotros
Imperative
irgue/yergue
erguid
Subjunctive
Present
irga / yerga
irgas / yergas
irga / yerga
irgamos
yergamos
irgis / yergis
irgan / yergan
Imperfect
irguiera
irguieras
irguiera
Imperfect 2
irguiese
irguieses
irguiese
Future
irguiere
irguieres
irguiere
irguiramos
irguisemos
irguiremos
irguierais
irguieran
irguieseis
irguiesen
irguiereis
irguieren
Gerund
irguiendo
Excluir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
excluyo
excluyes
excluye
excluimos
exclus
excluyen
t
vosotros
Imperative
excluye
excluid
Preterite
exclu
excluiste
excluy
excluimos
excluisteis
excluyeron
Subjunctive
Present
excluya
excluyas
excluya
excluyamos
exluyis
excluyan
Imperfect
excluyera
excluyeras
excluyera
excluyramos
excluyerais
excluyeran
Imperfect 2
excluyese
excluyeses
excluyese
excluysemos
excluyeseis
excluyesen
Future
excluyere
excluyeres
excluyere
excluyremos
excluyereis
excluyeren
Gerund
excluyendo
Verbs conjugated this way: afluir, argir*, atribuir, circuir, concluir, confluir, constituir, construir, contribuir,
derruir, desobstruir, destituir, difluir, diluir, diminuir, distribuir, estatuir, excluir, fluir, fruir, gruir, huir,
imbuir, incluir, influir, inmiscuir, instituir, instruir, intuir, irruir, obstruir, ocluir, prostituir, recluir,
reconstituir, redargir*, refluir, rehuir, restituir, substituir
* "g" turns into "gu" when it precedes "y"
concluir - concluso / concludo

excluir - excluso / excludo
incluir - incluso / includo
prostituir - prostituto / prostitudo
recluir - recluso / recludo
substituir - substituto / substitudo
34
Henchir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
hincho
hinches
hinche
henchimos
henchs
hinchen
t
vosotros
Imperative
hinche
henchid
Preterite
hench
henchiste
hinch
henchimos
henchisteis
hincheron
Subjunctive
Present
hincha
hinchas
hincha
hinchamos
hinchis
hinchan
Imperfect
hinchera
hincheras
hinchera
hinchramos
hincherais
hincheran
Imperfect 2
hinchese
hincheses
hinchese
hinchsemos
hincheseis
hinchesen
Future
hinchere
hincheres
hinchere
hinchremos
hinchereis
hincheren
Gerund
hinchendo
Verbs conjugated this way: ceir, constreir, desceir, desteir, estreir, henchir, heir, rehenchir, reir,
reteir, teir
ceir - cinto / ceido

desceir - descinto / desceido
reteir - retinto / reteido
teir - tinto / teido
Mullir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Preterite
mull
mulliste
mull
mullimos
mullisteis
mulleron
Subjunctive
Imperfect
mullera
mulleras
mullera
mullramos
mullerais
mulleran
Gerund
Imperfect 2
mullese
mulleses
mullese
mullsemos
mulleseis
mullesen
Future
mullere
mulleres
mullere
mullremos
mullereis
mulleren
mullendo
Verbs conjugated this way: bruir, bullir, desmullir, engullir, escabullir(se), gair, gruir, mullir, muir,
plair, rebullir, regruir, tullir, zambullir
Or
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
t
vosotros
Indicative
Present
oigo
oyes
oye
omos
os
oyen
Preterite
o
oste
oy
omos
osteis
oyeron
Subjunctive
Present
oiga
oigas
oiga
oigamos
oigis
oigan
Imperative
oye
Imperfect
oyera
oyeras
oyera
oyramos
oyerais
oyeran
Gerund
oyendo
Imperfect 2
oyese
oyeses
oyese
oysemos
oyeseis
oyesen
Future
oyere
oyeres
oyere
oyremos
oyereis
oyeren
Participle
odo
od
Verbs conjugated this way: desor, entreor, or, trasor
35
Salir
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Indicative
Present
salgo
sales
sale
salimos
sals
salen
Conditional
saldra
saldras
saldra
saldramos
saldrais
saldran
Future
saldr
saldrs
saldr
saldremos
saldris
saldrn
Subjunctive
Present
salga
salgas
salga
salgamos
salgis
salgan
Imperative
sal
salid
Verbs conjugated this way: resalir, salir, sobresalir
Venir
Indicative
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
vengo
vienes
viene
venimos
vens
vienen
Preterit
vine
viniste
vino
vinimos
vinisteis
vinieron
Imperfect
Conditional
vendra
vendras
vendra
vendramos
vendrais
vendran
Future
vendr
vendrs
vendr
vendremos
vendris
vendrn
Subjunctive
yo
t
l/ella/Ud.
nosotros
vosotros
ellos/ellas/Uds.
Present
venga
vengas
venga
vengamos
vengis
vengan
Imperfect
viniera
vinieras
viniera
viniramos
vinierais
vinieran
Imperfect 2
viniese
vinieses
viniese
vinisemos
vinieseis
viniesen
Future
viniere
vinieres
viniere
viniremos
viniereis
vinieren
Gerund
viniendo
Participle
venido

t
vosotros
Imperative
ven
venid
Verbs conjugated this way: advenir (advn), antevenir, avenir, contravenir, convenir, desavenir, devenir,
intervenir, prevenir, provenir, reconvenir, revenir, sobrevenir, subvenir, supervenir, venir
36
Verbs and Tenses - Verbs with Ortographical changes
Verbs with Ortographical changes

Due to the rules of Spanish orthography, some predictable changes are needed to keep the same
consonant sound before a/o and e/i. This isn't usually considered as an irregularity. The following examples
use the first person plural of the present subjunctive:
c/qu: when followed by an "e", the letter "c" changes into "qu"
o
abanicar, abarcar, abarrancar, abdicar, abocar, aborrascarse, abroncar, acercar, achacar, achicar,
acidificar, acurrucarse, adjudicar, afincar, ahorcar, ahuecar, alambicar, altercar, amoscarse,
amplificar, apalancar, aparcar, apencar, aplacar, aplicar, apocar, arrancar, arrascar, atacar,
atascar, atracar, atrancar, atrincar, autenticar, autentificar, avocar, bancar, beatificar, becar,
bifurcarse, bilocarse, bisecar, blocar, bonificar, brincar, buscar, caducar, calcar, calcificar,
calificar, capiscar, cascar, centuplicar, cercar, certificar, chamuscar, chancar, chascar, chocar,
churruscar, ciscar, clarificar, clasificar, claudicar, codificar, colocar, complicar, comunicar,
conculcar, confiscar, contraatacar, contraindicar, convocar, coscarse, cosificar, criticar, crucificar,
cuadriplicar, cuadruplicar, cualificar, cuantificar, cubicar, damnificar, decalcificar, decodificar,
decorticar, dedicar, defecar, deificar, demarcar, densificar, deprecar, derrocar, desacidificar,
desaparcar, desaplicar, desatancar, desatascar, desatrancar, desbancar, desbarrancar, desbocar,
descalcificar, descalificar, desclasificar, descocarse, descodificar, descolocar, desconvocar,
desecar, desembarcar, desembocar, desempacar, desenfocar, desenroscar, desertificar,
desfalcar, desintoxicar, desmarcar, desmitificar, desnucar, despelucar, despotricar, destacar,
desubicar, diagnosticar, dignificar, discar, disecar, dislocar, diversificar, domesticar, dosificar,
dulcificar, duplicar, edificar, educar, ejemplificar, electrificar, embancarse, embarcar,
embarrancar, embaucar, embelecar, embocar, emborrascarse, emboscar, embrocar,
embroncarse, empacar, empacarse, empericarse, enamoricarse, enarcar, encharcar, enfocar,
enfoscar, enfrascarse, enmarcar, enrocar, enroscar, entrechocar, entresacar, entroncar,
equivocar, erradicar, escarificar, escenificar, esparrancarse, especificar, estancar, estatificar,
estratificar, estucar, evocar, explicar, fabricar, falsificar, fornicar, fortificar, fructificar, gasificar,
glorificar, gratificar, hamacar, hincar, hipotecar, hocicar, humidificar, identificar, imbricar,
implicar, imprecar, impurificar, incomunicar, inculcar, indicar, intensificar, intercomunicar,
intoxicar, intrincar, invocar, justificar, lacar, lenificar, lentificar, lignificar, lubricar, lubrificar,
macarse, machacar, machucar, magnificar, maleducar, mancar, manducar, marcar, mariscar,
mascar, masificar, masticar, medicar, mercar, mistificar, mitificar, mixtificar, modificar, molificar,
momificar, mortificar, multiplicar, musicar, neviscar, nidificar, notificar, obcecar, ofuscar, oliscar,
osificarse, pacificar, panificar, pecar, pellizcar, pencar, perjudicar, personificar, pescar, petrificar,
picar, pizcar, placar, planificar, plantificar, plastificar, platicar, pontificar, practicar, predicar,
prefabricar, prevaricar, pronosticar, prosificar, provocar, publicar, purificar, quintuplicar, radicar,
ramificarse, rarificar, rascar, ratificar, rebuscar, recalcar, recalificar, recolocar, rectificar,
reduplicar, reedificar, reeducar, reembarcar, refrescar, reivindicar, remarcar, remolcar, repescar,
repicar, replicar, resecar, retocar, retrucar, reubicar, reunificar, revindicar, revivificar, revocar,
roncar, rubricar, sacar, sacarificar, sacrificar, salificar, salpicar, santificar, saponificar, secar,
septuplicar, sextuplicar, significar, simplificar, sindicar, sofisticar, sofocar, solidificar, sonsacar,
suberificarse, suplicar, surcar, tabicar, tecnificar, testificar, tipificar, tocar, tonificar, trabucar,
traficar, trincar, triplicar, triscar, trompicar, trucar, truncar, ubicar, unificar, vacar, ventiscar,
verificar, versificar, vindicar, vitrificar, vivificar
qu/c: when followed by an "a" or an "o", the letters "qu" change into "c": delinquir
z/c: when followed by an "e", the letter "z" changes into "c"
o
abalanzarse, abonanzar, abrazar, acorazar, actualizar, acuatizar, adelgazar, aderezar,
adverbializar, afianzar, africanizar, agilizar, agonizar, agudizar, aguzar, alborozar, alcalinizar,
alcanzar, alcoholizar, alfabetizar, alunizar, aluzar, alzar, amarizar, amenazar, amenizar,
americanizar, amerizar, amordazar, amortizar, amostazar, analizar, anatematizar, animalizar,
apelmazar, aplazar, arabizar, armonizar, aromatizar, atemorizar, atenazar, aterrizar, aterrorizar,
atezar, atizar, atomizar, automatizar, autorizar, avanzar, avezar, azuzar, barnizar, bautizar,
bostezar, burocratizar, calzar, canalizar, canonizar, capitalizar, caracterizar, caramelizar,
37

carbonizar, caricaturizar, castellanizar, catalizar, categorizar, cauterizar, cazar, centralizar,
chapuzar, cicatrizar, civilizar, climatizar, colonizar, comercializar, compatibilizar, computadorizar,
computarizar, computerizar, conceptualizar, concretizar, confraternizar, contabilizar,
contemporizar, cotizar, criogenizar, cristalizar, cristianizar, cruzar, culpabilizar, culturizar, danzar,
democratizar, derechizar, desacralizar, desalinizar, desamortizar, desarmonizar, desautorizar,
desbrozar, descabezar, descalzar, descapitalizar, descarozar, descentralizar, descontextualizar,
descortezar, descruzar, descuartizar, desdramatizar, desembarazar, desentronizar, desertizar,
desesperanzar, desestabilizar, desguazar, deshumanizar, desindustrializar, deslizar, desmenuzar,
desmilitarizar, desmineralizarse, desmonetizar, desmoralizar, desnaturalizar, desodorizar,
desorganizar, despedazar, despenalizar, desperezarse, despersonalizar, despiezar, desplazar,
despotizar, desratizar, desrizar, destrenzar, destrozar, desvalorizar, digitalizar, dinamizar,
disfrazar, divinizar, dogmatizar, dramatizar, economizar, ecualizar, ejemplarizar, electrizar,
embarazar, embozar, empapuzar, emplazar, encabezar, encarnizar, encauzar, encolerizar,
enderezar, endulzar, enfatizar, enfervorizar, engarzar, enjaezar, enlazar, enlodazar, ensalzar,
entrecruzar, entrelazar, entronizar, enzarzar, erizar, erotizar, esbozar, escandalizar, esclavizar,
escolarizar, espaolizar, especializar, esperanzar, espiritualizar, esponsorizar, esquematizar,
estabilizar, estandarizar, estatalizar, esterilizar, estigmatizar, estilizar, eternizar, evangelizar,
exorcizar, exteriorizar, familiarizar, fecundizar, fertilizar, finalizar, fiscalizar, flexibilizar, focalizar,
formalizar, fosilizarse, fraternizar, frezar, galvanizar, garantizar, generalizar, germanizar,
globalizar, gozar, granizar, hechizar, helenizar, hidrolizar, higienizar, hipnotizar, hispanizar,
horrorizar, hospitalizar, hostilizar, hozar, humanizar, idealizar, idiotizar, ilegalizar, ilegitimizar,
impermeabilizar, indemnizar, independizar, individualizar, indizar, industrializar, infantilizar,
informatizar, inicializar, inmortalizar, inmovilizar, inmunizar, insensibilizar, insonorizar,
institucionalizar, instrumentalizar, intelectualizar, interiorizar, internacionalizar, intranquilizar,
inutilizar, ionizar, ironizar, islamizar, izar, jerarquizar, labializar, laicizar, lanzar, lateralizar,
latinizar, lazar, legalizar, lexicalizar, liberalizar, liofilizar, localizar, macizar, magnetizar,
maquinizar, martirizar, materializar, matizar, maximizar, mecanizar, mediatizar, memorizar,
mentalizar, metabolizar, metalizar, meteorizar, mexicanizar, militarizar, mimetizar, mineralizar,
miniaturizar, minimizar, modernizar, monetizar, monitorizar, monopolizar, moralizar, motorizar,
movilizar, municipalizar, nacionalizar, narcotizar, nasalizar, naturalizar, nebulizar, neutralizar,
nominalizar, normalizar, nuclearizar, obstaculizar, occidentalizar, oficializar, optimizar, organizar,
orientalizar, orzar, paganizar, palatalizar, parabolizar, paralizar, particularizar, pasterizar,
pasteurizar, patentizar, pauperizar, penalizar, perennizar, permeabilizar, personalizar, pinzar,
pluralizar, poetizar, polarizar, polemizar, polinizar, politizar, popularizar, pormenorizar,
potabilizar, preconizar, presurizar, priorizar, privatizar, profesionalizar, profetizar, profundizar,
protagonizar, psicoanalizar, pulverizar, puntualizar, punzar, racionalizar, radicalizar, ralentizar,
realizar, realzar, rebautizar, rebozar, rechazar, reemplazar, regularizar, reinicializar, relanzar,
relativizar, remozar, remplazar, rentabilizar, reorganizar, repentizar, reprivatizar,
responsabilizar, retozar, reutilizar, revalorizar, revitalizar, rezar, ridiculizar, rivalizar, rizar,
robotizar, romanizar, ronzar, rozar, ruborizar, sacralizar, satirizar, secularizar, sealizar,
sensibilizar, simbolizar, simpatizar, sincronizar, singularizar, sinterizar, sintetizar, sintonizar,
sistematizar, sobrealzar, socializar, sodomizar, solazar, solemnizar, solidarizar, sollozar,
somatizar, sonorizar, sponsorizar, suavizar, sutilizar, tamizar, tapizar, teatralizar, temporalizar,
teorizar, tiranizar, totalizar, tranquilizar, traumatizar, trazar, trenzar, trivializar, uniformizar,
universalizar, uperizar, urbanizar, utilizar, valorizar, vampirizar, vaporizar, vehiculizar, velarizar,
verbalizar, vigorizar, visibilizar, visualizar, vitalizar, vocalizar, volatilizar, vulcanizar, vulgarizar
c/z: when followed by an "a" or an "o", the letter "c" changes into "z"
o
coercer, convencer, ejercer, mecer, vencer
o
desuncir, esparcir, estarcir, fruncir, resarcir, uncir, zurcir
g/j: when followed by an "a" or an "o", the letter "g" changes into "j"
o
absterger, acoger, asperger, coger, converger, desproteger, emerger, encoger, escoger,
proteger, recoger, sobrecoger
38

o
afligir, astringir, convergir, dirigir, divergir, erigir, exigir, fingir, fulgir, fungir, infligir, infringir,
mugir, refringir, refulgir, restringir, resurgir rugir, sumergir, surgir, teledirigir, transigir, ungir,
urgir
g/gu: when followed by an "e", the letter "g" changes into "gu"
o
abogar, aborregarse, abotagarse, abrigar, abrogar, agregar, agringarse, ahogar, alagarse, alargar,
albergar, alegar, aletargar, allegar, amagar, amargar, amigar, apagar, apechugar, apegarse,
arengar, arraigar, arremangar, arrepanchigarse, arriesgar, arrogar, arrugar, atosigar, azogar,
bogar, bregar, cabalgar, cagar, cargar, castigar, catalogar, centrifugar, changar, chingar,
circunnavegar, coaligar, coligarse, comulgar, congregar, conjugar, delegar, derogar, derrengar,
desabrigar, desahogar, desapegarse, desarraigar, descabalgar, descargar, descuajaringar,
descuajeringar, desembargar, desembragar, desfogar, desguaangar, desligar, desmigar,
desnarigar, despechugarse, despegar, desperdigar, desporrondingarse, desvirgar, devengar,
dialogar, diptongar, disgregar, divagar, divulgar, doblegar, dragar, drogar, embargar, embragar,
embriagar, empalagar, encabalgar, encargar, encenagarse, endilgar, endomingarse, endrogarse,
enfangar, enjalbegar, enjuagar, enjugar, entregar, erogar, espigar, espulgar, estomagar,
estragar, excomulgar, expurgar, fatigar, fisgar, fugarse, fumigar, fustigar, halagar, homologar,
hostigar, hurgar, indagar, instigar, interrogar, intrigar, investigar, irrigar, irrogar, jalbegar,
jeringar, juzgar, largar, legar, ligar, litigar, llagar, llegar, madrugar, mangar, mendigar, merengar,
migar, mitigar, monologar, monoptongar, naufragar, navegar, obligar, otorgar, pagar, pegar,
pingar, plagar, postergar, prejuzgar, pringar, prodigar, prologar, prolongar, promulgar, propagar,
prorrogar, purgar, rasgar, recargar, rehogar, relegar, remangar, repanchigarse, repantigarse,
respingar, rezagar, rezongar, segregar, sesgar, sobrecargar, sojuzgar, subdelegar, subrogar,
subyugar, sufragar, tangar, tragar, vagar, vengar
gu/g: when followed by an "a" or an "o", the letters "gu" changes into "g": distinguir, erguir
gu/g: when followed by an "e", the letters "gu" change into "g": achiguar, aguar, amortiguar,
apaciguar, atestiguar, averiguar, desaguar, deslenguarse, fraguar, santiguar
39
Verbs and Tenses - Acabar de, volver a
Acabar de, volver a

acabar de + infinitive = to have just done something (in the very recent past)
volver a + infinitive = to do something again
Vosotros acabis de escribir unas cartas.
Ellos acaban de nadar en el mar.
Vuelvo a leer el libro.
Cristina vuelve a conversar con mi mam.
You-all have just written some letters.

They have just swum in the ocean.
I read the book again.
Christina speaks with my mom again.
Gustar
In English, it is correct to construct a sentence that has the subject "liking" a direct object. In Spanish, this
never occurs. In Spanish, a different construction is used.
English: I like the room.
Spanish: The room is pleasing to me.
Me gusta el cuarto.
English: We like the books.
Spanish: The books are pleasing to us.
Nos gustan los libros.
-
Now that you know how to correctly use the verb gustar, here is a list of verbs that operate in the
same manner:
aburrir
fascinar
bastar
importar
caer bien (mal)
interesar
dar asco
molestar
to bore
to be fascinating to
to be sufficient
to be important to
to (not) suit
to be interesting to
to be loathsome
to be a bother
disgustar
parecer
doler (o:ue)
picar
encantar
quedar
faltar
volver (o:ue) loco
to hate something
to appear to be
to be painful
to itch
to "love" something
to be left over, remain
to be lacking something
to be crazy about
Progressive Forms
The progressive tenses in Spanish are formed by using a conjugated form of estar, a verb usually translated
as "to be," followed by a present participle, the form of the verb that ends in -ando or -iendo. (In English,
the progressive verbs are formed by using a form of "to be" followed by the present participle or "-ing"
verb form.)
Although it must be noted that the progressive verb form (also called the continuous verb form) is used
much less in Spanish than it is in English, the various tenses of the Spanish progressive verb forms are the
rough equivalent of the same forms in English.
Present progressive
In the present progressive tense, for example, "Estoy estudiando" is roughly the equivalent of "I am
studying." Note, however, that you also could say "I am studying" as "Estudio." In Spanish, the progressive
forms put additional emphasis on the continuing nature of the action, although the distinction isn't readily
translatable.
Finalmente estamos comprendiendo la importancia
de la comunicacin.
En este momento estamos mejorando nuestro sitio
web para poder servirles mejor.
Finally we are understanding the importance of

communication.
At this moment we are improving our Web site
in order to serve you better.
Imperfect progressive
This tense is the more common past progressive tense. It places emphasis on the continuing nature of the
action, although again in many contexts there would be little translatable difference between, for example,
40
Verbs and Tenses - Progressive Forms

"Yo estaba hablando con mi madre" and "Yo hablaba con mi madre," both of which can be understood to
mean "I was talking with my mother."
Un conejito estaba corriendo por la jungla cuando
ve a una jirafa
No se estaban oyendo el uno al otro.
A bunny was running through the jungle when

he saw a giraffe.
They weren't listening to each other.
Preterite progressive
This tense is used less often than the imperfect progressive to refer to past actions. It is not used to explain
the background of an event (as in the first example in the preceding section). Use of this form suggests
there was a clear end to the activity.
Hoy estuve oyendo la msica de Santana.
La actriz estuvo comprando ropa para su hija.
Seis equipos estuvieron jugando desde las 12 pm
hasta las 9 pm para decidir quien sera el campen.
Today I was listening to the music of Santana.

The actress was buying clothes for her daughter.
Six teams were playing from noon until 9 p.m. to
decide who would be the champion.
Future progressive
This tense can be used to refer to events that will be happening in the future. And, as with the simple
future tense, it can be used to say that something is likely in the present.
Tarde o temprano estaremos sufriendo.
Sooner or later we will be suffering.
Estarn estudiando ahora.
They're probably studying now.
Conditional progressive
This tense is commonly used as the equivalent of verb constructions such as "would be doing."
Si hubiera nacido en Estados Unidos estara
If I had been born in the United States I would be
comiendo una hamburguesa.
eating a hamburger.
Si fuera t no estara trabajando tanto.
If I were you, I wouldn't be working so much.
Perfect progressive
The present participle also can follow a conjugated form of haber and estado to form perfect progressive
tenses, much as can be done in English with "have" or "had" and "been." Such tenses carry the ideas of
both continuous action and completion. These tenses aren't particularly common.
Dijeron los padres que el nio haba estado gozando The parents said that the boy had been enjoying
de completa salud hasta el 8 de noviembre.
excellent health until Nov. 8.
Los estudiantes habrn estado utilizando los
The students will have been using the
ordenadores.
computers.
Habran estado comprando el pan en calle Serrano a They would have been buying bread on Serrano
la hora de la explosin.
Street at the time of the explosion.
Progressive tenses in the subjunctive mood

If the sentence of the structure requires it, you can also use the progressive forms in the subjunctive mood.
I don't believe we today are living in a
No creo que estemos viviendo hoy en una
democracy.
democracia.
It is possible that she is thinking about buying a
Es posible que est pensando en comprar una casa.
house.
Es casi como si estuvieran nadando.
It is almost as if they were swimming.
No es posible que haya estado durmiendo.
It is not possible that I have been sleeping.
41
Verbs and Tenses - Verbs + Gerund
Verbs + Gerund
Seguir or continuar + gerund
These verbs typically mean "to keep on" or "to continue." With this usage, the two verbs are generally
interchangeable with little difference in meaning.
Sony sigue hablando mal del plasma, mientras sigue Sony keeps on speaking poorly of plasma while it
lanzando televisores LCD.
keeps on releasing LCD televisions.
Venezuela continuar comprando cemento cubano. Venezuela will keep on buying Cuban cement.
Muchas veces seguimos durmiendo ms de lo que
Many times we continue sleeping longer than we
deberamos.
should.
Andar + gerund
Although standing alone andar typically means "to walk," when followed by a gerund it means roughly the
same as "to go around" doing something in a rather pointless or unproductive fashion. If you're translating
to English, the translation can vary considerably with context. Andar generally has a negative connotation
when used this way.
Descubr el foro porque andaba navegando en
Internet.
Katy anda comiendo todo el dia.
T sabes que todos andamos buscando una vida
que satisfaga.
I discovered the forum because I was browsing

around the Internet.
Katy goes around eating all day.
You know that all of us spend our time looking for
a satisfying life.
Ir + gerund
Sometimes, ir is used in the same way as andar, above. But it usually doesn't have the negative
connotation. In fact, it usually suggests that the action in progress is proceeding gradually or steadily. Again,
translations of ir followed by the Spanish gerund can vary with the context.
Vamos estudiando mejor la situacin real del
pueblo.
Fueron comprando trozo a trozo el terreno
durante un proceso de unos quince aos ms o
menos.
Los estudiantes van ganando influencia.
We are coming to study better the real situation

of the people.
They went about buying the land one piece at a
time during a process that lasted 15 years more or
less.
The students are steadily gaining influence.
Venir + gerund
This construction often refers to something that has been occurring for a long time and is still continuing. It
sometimes conveys frustration that the action isn't complete. As in the first two examples below, it is often
used to indicate how long something has been occurring.
En los ltimos aos, se viene hablando de
liderazgo.
Hace seis meses que viene probando suerte como
modelo en Pars.
Vienen diciendome que no soy normal.
In recent years, much has been spoken about

leadership.
For the past six months she has been trying her
luck as a model in Paris.
They have been telling me I'm not normal.
42
Verbs and Tenses - Informal future
Informal future
In Spanish, there are two ways to express the future. One is the simple future tense, and the other, more
basic form, is the informal future. The informal future is used mostly in spoken Spanish to express future
actions.
ir + a + infinitive = be going to do
Estudiar mucho maana. (Simple future)
I will study a lot tomorrow.
Voy a estudiar mucho maana. (Informal future)

Yo voy a viajar por Espaa.
l va a montar en monopatn.
I am going to study a lot tomorrow.

I am going to travel through Spain.
He is going to skateboard.
Commands
The imperative mood is used to tell someone to do something in a direct manner, or simply, a command.
For a softer command, the subjunctive is often used. Because Spanish has two ways to address someone
directly based on formality there are two different manners in commanding these people (informal (t and
vosotros) and formal or polite (usted, el, ustedes, ellos, nosotros)).
Affirmative commands
-
The imperative tense is always used. The imperative tense is the same as the present Subjunctive
except for the 2nd singular and plural person (t and vosotros). Usted and ustedes follow the 3rd
singular and plural person.
The nosotros command is used when the speaker suggests an action to be performed by a group of
people he or she belongs to. There are two ways to form nosotros commands in Spanish: the
subjunctive form and the ir (vamos) + a + infinitive form. The subjunctive form for the nosotros
command is most commonly used form in informal speech among friends.
Indirect commands are common for giving commands through a third party or to an unspecific
recipient. They are given in a general sense and apply to all listeners or readers. They are mostly
used in signs, instructions, or recipes. While the ustedes command could also be used in the same
situations, the infinitive command has more of a sense of generality when it comes to the
audience. There are two kinds of indirect commands: Que commands and Infinitive Commands.
(t) Usa este lpiz.

(t) Come ms depacio.
(t) Parte el pastel en ocho.
(vosotros) Hablad menos fuerte.
(vosotros) Tened paciencia.
(vosotros) Venid aqu.
(usted) Mueva esta silla.
(ustedes) Esperen aqu.
(nosotros) Trabajemos juntos.
(nosotros) Vamos a ir a la playa.
Use this pencil.

Eat slower.
Cut the cake into eight.
Speak quieter.
Be patient.
Come here.
Move this chair.
Wait here.
Lets work together.
Lets go to the beach.
You will use the present indicative instead of the present subjunctive for the verb ir in the affirmative.
Vamos al restaurante.
Lets go to the restaurant.
Vamos a nadar.
Lets go swim.
Que commands are used to state a wish or hope that something will happen. They are commonly used
when referring to a third person. To form the Que Command, use the following formula:
que + present subjunctive
Que tenga un buen da.
(I want you to) Have a good day.
Que venga el cliente.
Have the client come in.
Que se lleva Anita la camisa negra.
Have Anita wear the black shirt.
43
Verbs and Tenses - Commands
To form the infinitive command, simply use the infinitive. Do not conjugate it!
Ver las notas abajo.
See the notes below.
Batir los huevos.
Beat the eggs.
Negative commands
The present subjunctive tense is always used.
(t) No fumes aqu.
(t) No digas eso.
(vosotros) No movis.
(vosotros) No hablis todos a la vez.
(usted) No compre comida en esa tienda.
(ustedes) No lleven los libros a casa.
Don't smoke here.

Don't say that.
Don't move.
Don't all speak at the same time.
Don't buy food in that shop.
Don't take the books home.
For negative nosotros commands, there is only one form: the present subjunctive. Simply add a no, or
other negative word, in front of the verb to make the command negative.
No nademos.
Lets not swim.
No salgamos.
Lets not leave.
Nunca vayamos all.
Lets never go there.
For negative Que commands simply add a no in front of the verb.
Que no vea mi madre.
I hope my mother doesnt see.
For negative Infinitive commands, simply add a no in front of the verb.

No fumar.
No smoking.
44
Questions - Commands
Questions
Mara habla espaol?
Habla Mara espaol?
Habla espaol Mara?
Does Maria speak Spanish?
S, Mara habla espaol.

No, Mara no habla espaol.
Mara habla espaol, no?
Mara habla espaol, verdad?
Adnde?
Dnde?
De dnde?
Cmo?
Cul (-es)?
Cundo?
Cunto (-a)?
Cuntos (-as)?
Qu?
De qu?
Quin (-es)?
A quin (-es)?
Con quin (-es)?
De quin (-es)?
Por qu?
Para qu?
Maria speaks Spanish, doesn't she?

Maria speaks Spanish, right?
To where
Where
From where
How
Which/What
When
How much
How many
What
Of/about what
Who
Whom
With whom
Whose
Why? (for what reason)
Why? (for what purpose)
Adnde va Ral?
Dnde est la biblioteca?
De dnde es Gerardo?
Cmo est usted?
Cul es tu nombre?
Cundo van a ir ustedes?
Cunto dinero gana Eduardo?
Cuntas chicas hay en la clase?
Qu es la libertad?
De qu material es la pluma?
Quines son esos chicos?
A quin buscas?
Con quin hablo?
De quin es aquel sombrero?
Por qu estudias espaol?
Para qu estudias espaol?
Where is Raul going?

Where is the library?
Where is Gerardo from?
How are you?
What is your name?
When are you-all going to go?
How much money does Eduardo earn?
How many girls are there in the class?
What is liberty?
What is the pen made of?
Who are those boys?
For whom are you looking?
With whom am I speaking?
Whose hat is that
For what reason do you study Spanish?
For what purpose do you study Spanish?
Porque es un requisito.
Para ser profesor de espaol.
Because it's required.

In order to become a Spanish teacher.
Day, Days of the week, Months, Seasons

Maana: 06 12; Tarde: 12 19; Noche: 19 24; Madrugada: 24 06.
el lunes
el martes
el mircoles
el jueves
el viernes
el sbado
el domingo
los lunes
los martes
los mircoles
los jueves
los viernes
los sbados
los domingos
No trabajo el lunes.
No trabajo los martes.
Hay una fiesta el mircoles.
Hay muchas fiestas los viernes.
Qu da es hoy?
Hoy es lunes.
Maana es martes.
enero
febrero
marzo
abril
mayo
junio
julio
agosto
septiembre
octubre
noviembre
diciembre
la primavera
el verano
el otoo
el invierno
Vamos a Mxico en enero.

En Amrica del Norte, la
primavera empieza en marzo.
I don't work on Monday.

I don't work on Tuesdays.
There is a party on Wednesday.
There are many parties on Fridays.
What day is today?
Today is Monday.
Tomorrow is Tuesday.
We are going to Mexico in January.
In North America, spring begins in
March.
Cul es la fecha de hoy?

A cuntos estamos hoy?
Qu da es hoy?
A cuntos estamos?
Qu da es hoy?
Hoy es lunes, el primer da de mayo.
Hoy es lunes, el primero de mayo.
Hoy es martes, el veinticinco de marzo.
45
Numbers - Cardinal
Numbers
Cardinal
1. uno
2. dos
3. tres
4. cuatro
5. cinco
6. seis
7. siete
8. ocho
9. nueve
10. diez
11. once
12. doce
13. trece
14. catorce
15. quince
16. diecisis
17. diecisiete
18. dieciocho
19. diecinueve
20. veinte
21. veintiuno
22. veintids
23. veintitrs
24. veinticuatro
25. veinticinco
26. veintisis
27. veintisiete
28. veintiocho
29. veintinueve
30. treinta
31. treinta y uno
32. treinta y dos
33. treinta y tres
40. cuarenta
41. cuarenta y uno
42. cuarenta y dos
50. cincuenta
60. sesenta
70. setenta
80. ochenta
90. noventa
100. ciento
101. ciento uno
102. ciento dos
103. ciento tres
110. ciento diez
199. ciento noventa y nueve
200. doscientos
201. doscientos uno
202. doscientos dos
203. doscientos tres
251. doscientos cincuenta y uno
252. doscientos cincuenta y dos
300. trescientos
400. cuatrocientos
500. quinientos
600. seiscientos
700. setecientos
800. ochocientos
900. novecientos
1.000. mil
2.000. dos mil
3.000. tres mil
3.333. tres mil trescientos
treinta y tres
1.000.000. un milln
1.000.000.000. mil millones
Ordinal
Like many other adjectives, the ordinal numbers have a masculine and a feminine form. They also have a
singular and plural form. So, the ordinal numbers have four forms, just like other adjectives that end in -o.
primero (primera, primeros, primeras), segundo, tercero, cuarto, quinto, sexton, sptimo, octavo, novena,
dcimo.
Primero and tercero drop the -o in the masculine singular adjective form.
Ex: el primer da, el tercer ao
46
Dictionary - Verbs
Dictionary
Verbs
Regular ar verbs
acabar: to finish, to end
afeitar: to shave
aguantar: to bear, to last, to hold
aislar: to isolate
alejar: to move away, to put off
(allontanare)
alquilar: to rent
alucinar: to be surprised, to
hallucinate
amar: to love
andar: to walk
apagar: to extinguish, to put out, to
switch off, to turn off
aparcar: to park
apoyar: to lean, to support
(appoggiare)
atragantarse: to choke
ayudar: to help
bailar: to dance
besar: to kiss
borrar: to delete, to erase, to clean
(cancellare)
buscar: to look for
callar: to keep quiet, to shut up, to be
silent
cambiar: to change
caminar: to walk
cantar: to sing
casar: to marry
cenar: to dine
charlar: to chat, to babble
cocinar: to cook
comprar: to buy
confiar: to trust
contestar: to answer
cortar: to cut, to split up
cuidar: to take care of, to look after
dejar: to leave, to allow, to abandon
(lasciare)
delatar: to denounce, to report, to
accuse
descansar: to rest (riposare)
desear: to desire
despertar: to awaken, to wake up
(risvergliare)
despilfarrar: to waste (dilapidare)
destripar: to gut (sqarciare,
sviscerare)
disculpar: to forgive, to excuse

disparar: to shoot, to fire
embromar: to make fun, to tease
emular: to emulate
enfadar: to get angry
engaar: to deceive, to cheat
ensear: to teach, to show (mostrare)
entrar (en): to enter (into)
enviar: to send
escanciar: to pour
escuchar: to listen to
esperar: to hope, to wait for, to
expect
estrechar: narrow, hug (stringere)
estrellar: to smash, to shatter
(shiantare)
estrellarse: crash (schiantarsi)
estudiar: to study
explicar: to explain
faltar: to be lacking (mancare)
firmar: to sign
fomenter: to encourage
ganar: to win, to earn
gastar: to spend money
grabar: to record, to tape
gritar: to yell, to shout (gridare)
guarder: to keep up, to save
(mantenere)
hablar: to speak, to talk
importar: to matter, to be important,
to import (introdurre)
inspirar: to inspire, to breath
intentar: to attempt to, to try to
(tentare, provare)
jugar: to play (giocare)
jurar: to swear (giurare)
lavar: to wash
limpiar: to clean
llamar: to call, to phone, to summon
(chiamare), to knock (bussare)
llegar: to arrive
llevar: to wear, to carry (portare l)
luchar: to fight, to struggle, to wrestle
(lottare)
mandar: to order
mascar: to chew
matar: to kill
mezclar: to mix (mescolare)
mirar: to watch, to look at

molar: to be cool, to be great
montar: to assemble, to set up, to
ride
nadar: to swim
necesitar: to need
olvidar: to forget
opinar: to believe, to think
pagar: to pay for
palpitar: (palpitare)
parar: to stop
pasar: to pass, to happen, to cross, to
spend
peinar: (pettinare)
pelear: to fight, to quarrel, to argue
pillar: to catch, to get (afferrare)
pintar: to paint
plantear: to suggest
portar: to carry
portarse: to behave
practicar: to practice
preguntar: to ask
preparar: to prepare
presenter: to introdude, to present
pulsar: to press (button)
quedar: to stay, to remain
quedarse: to keep
quemar: to burn
quitar: to remove (togliere)
regalar: to give (regalare)
regresar: to return
resultar: to turn out to be, to seem to
be (risultare)
saludar: to greet
sangrar: to bleed
sobrar: to be left (avanzare, che resta)
sobrevalorar: to overestimate, to
overvalue (sopravvalutare)
solucionar: to solve
tajar: to cut, to slice, to chop
tirar: to throw, to throw away
tocar: to touch, to play an instrument
tomar: to take, to drink (prendere)
trabajar: to work
viajar: to travel
vigilar: to guard, to keep an eye on
visitar: to visit
47
Dictionary - Verbs
Irregular ar verbs
abrazar: to hug
acariciar: to caress, to stroke
apretar: to press (premere), to
squeeze
calentar: to heat
cargar: to load, to charge
cerrar: to close, to shut, to lock (door)
contar: to count, to tell
dar: to give
demostrar: to demonstrate, to show
(provare, dimostrare)
descargar: to unload, to download
despertar: (destare)
empezar: to begin, to start
encontrar: to find, to discover
lanzar: to throw, to fling, to launch
odiar: to hate
pensar: to think
probar: to try, to prove (provare)
probarse: to try on
rechazar: to reject
recordar: to remember, to recall, to
remind
vengar: to avenge
deber: to have to, to owe

esconder: to hide
leer: to read
meter: to put into (mettere)
poseer: to possess, to own
prometer: to promise
romper: to break
temer: to fear
vender: to sell
detener: to detain, to stop, to halt

(fermare)
devolver: to give back, to return
doler: to hurt (far male)
entender: to understand
merercer: to deserve
nacer: to be born, (nascere)
parecer: to look like, to seem, to

appear
perder: to lose
poner: to put
traer: to carry, to bring (portare qua)
valer: to be worth (valere)
valerse: (avvalersi)
discutir: to discuss
escribir: to write
escupir: to spit
existir: to exist
omitir: to omit
partir: to divide
permitir: to permit
recibir: to receive
sobrevivir: to survive
subir: to climb, to go up (salire), to
raise (tirare s)
sufrir: to suffer
unir: to unite
vivir: to live
mentir: to lie
morir: to die
or: to hear, to listen
pedir: to ask for, to request, to order
prohibir: to forbid
rer: to laugh
salir: to get out, to go out,
(frequentare)
sonreir: to smile
Regular er verbs
aprender: to learn
beber: to drink
comer: to eat
comprender: to understand
correr: to run
Irregular er verbs
apetecer: to feel like
caer: to fall (cadere)
creer: to believe
desaparecer: to disappear
deshacer: to undo, to destroy, (refl.
disfarsi)
despedir: to fire
Regular ir verbs
abrir: to open
admitir: to admit
asistir a: to attend
cubrir: to cover
decidir: to decide
describir: to describe
descubrir: to discover
Irregular ir verbs
arrepentir(se): to regret
conseguir: to get, to obtain, to
achieve
contribuir: to contribute
elegir: to choose
48
Dictionary - Nouns
Nouns
abogado, -a: lawyer, attorney
abrazo: hug, embrace
actor: actor
actriz: actress
acuerdo: agreement
adicto, -a: addict
agudeza: sharpness, keenness,
smartness
aguja: needle (ago), spire (guglia)
allergy: alergia
almohada: pillow
alternativa: alternative
amigo, -a: friend
amistad: friendship
ansiedad: anxiety
aparcamiento: car park (parcheggio)
rbol: tree
ardilla: squirrel
aspiradora: vacuum (aspirapolvere)
atributo: attribute, (pl. testicoli)
ausencia: absence
autenticidad: authenticity
ayuda: help, aid
azcar: sugar
bailarn, -a: dancer
baador: swimsuit
banco: bench, desk, bank
bandeja: tray (vassoio)
bandera: flag
banquete: banquet (banchetto)
barco: ship
bscula: scale (bilancia)
basura: rubbish, trash
batalla: battle
bebida: drink, beverage, potion
beso: kiss
bicho: bug, insect, little devil
bigote: moustache
boca: mouth
boda: wedding
bolsa: bag
bolso: purse
bombero, -a: fireman, firewoman
bota: boot (stivale)
botella: bottle
botn: button (bottone), switch
(pulsante)
bragas: panties
bragueta: fly (patta dei pantaloni)
braguitas: panties
brazo: arm (braccio), arm (bracciolo),
front leg (animals)
brindis: toast
broma: joke
bruja: witch, bitch
caballero: gentleman, knight
caballo: horse
cabeza: head
cabreo: anger, rage
caja: box, safe (cassa)
cajn: (cassetto)
calada: (tiro di fumo)
calambre: cramp (crampo)
calcetn: sock
calidad: quality
calle: street, road
calzoncillos: pants, shorts, slips
cama: bed
cmara: chamber
camarero, -a: waiter, waitress
camisa: shirt, cover
camiseta: t-shirt
campo: field
cncer: cancer
caeria: pipe
can: cannon
capacidad: ability
capucha: hood
cara: face
caramelo: sweet, candy
carga: load, burden, (electr) charge
cargo: charge, position
caridad: charity
carne: meat
carrito: cart (carrello)
carta: card, letter, map
cartero: mailman, postman
casco: helmet
catarata: waterfall (cascata)
catarro: cold (raffreddore)
catena: chain
cazador, -a: hunter, predator, stalker
celda: cell
celos: jealousy
cena: dinner
ceniza: ash
cepillo de dientes: toothbrush
cerdo: pig, pork
cerebro: brain
cerveza: beer
chico, -a: boy, girl
chispa: spark, bit
chiste: joke, prank
cita: date, appointment
coche: car
cdigo: code
colada: washing, laundry
comida: dinner, lunch, meal, food
compaero, -a: colleague, companion,
(de piso) roommate, (de clase)
classmate
compra: (spesa)
condn: condom
conjuro: spell, incantation
(incantesimo)
consejo: advice, council
consultor, -a: consultant
copa: glass, cup
corazon: heart, sweetheart
corpio: bra
corte de pelo: haircut
corte: cut
cortina: curtain
costilla: rib
costumbre: habit, custom
cotilleo: gossip
crneo: skull
credito: credit (cinema, univ), loan
crueldad: cruelty
cuarto: room
cuello: neck
cuenta: account, count, bill, check
cuerpo: body
cuestin: matter, issue, question
culito: bottom, ass
culpa: fault
cumpleaos: birthday
curiosidad: curiosity
debilidad: weakness
decepcin: disappointment
dedo: finger
delito: crime (delitto)
dentista: dentist
derecho: right, (diritto)
desastre: disaster
desconocido, -a: stranger
deseo: desire, wish
deseperacin: desperation
despacho: office, study
despecho: spite (dispetto)
detalle: detail
dicho: saying (detto)
diente: tooth
dinero: money
discurso: speech
diversin: fun (divertimento)
divorcio: divorce
49
Dictionary - Nouns
dormitorio: bedroom, dormitory
ducha: shower
duda: doubt
edad: age
eleccin: choice, decision (scelta),
election (elezione)
emocin: emotion
empleo: job
empresa: company, enterprise
engao: deception
enjambre: swarm
entrevista: interview
equipo: team
esclavitud: slavery
esclavo, -a: slave
espada: sword
espalda: back (schiena)
especia: spice
esperanza: hope
esponja: sponge
estrella: star
familia: family
fantasma: ghost, phantom
farol: lantern, lamp, bluff
fe: faith
fiera: wild animal, demon
flor: flower
fondo: (fondo), fund
fotocopiadora: photocopier
fregadero: sink (lavello)
fruta: fruit
fuego: fire
funeral: funeral
gafas: glasses
galleta: biscuit, cookie
gana, ganas: (voglia)
gana: desire, wish, hope
ganador, ora: winner
garganta: throat
grgaras: (gargarismi)
gasolinera: gas station
gasto: expense
gemelo, -a: twin
gemido: moan, groan, whine
generacin: generation
gente: people
gincana: treasure hunt
golfa: whore, slut
goma: rubber (gomma)
granja: farm
grapa: stitch, staple (punto)
grapadora: stapler (pinzatrice)
gratitud: gratitude
gra: crane (carroatrezzi)
grumo: (grumo)
guante: glove
guarrada: nasty thing (cosa sporca,
insulto), mess (casino)
gusano: worm
Hacienda: tax office, tax collector
hambre: hunger, starvation
helado: ice-cream
hroe: hero
herramienta: tool
hielo: ice
hierba/yerba: herb, grass, marijuana
hijo, -a: son, daughter
hombro: shoulder
honor: honor
hospital: hospital
hueso: bone
huevo: egg
ignorancia: ignorance
importancia: importance
impresora: printer
incomodidad: discomfort,
awkwardness
ingeniero, -a: engineer
integridad: integrity
interes: interest (interessamento,
interesse)
intil: useless person
invitado , -a: guest
jabn: soap
juego: game
jugo: juice
juguete: toy
labio: lip
laca: lacca
lado: side (lato)
lampara: lamp
langosta: lobster
lanza: spear, lance
lavabo: sink, washbasin, toilet,
bathroom, restroom
lavadora: washing machine
leche: milk
lector, -a: reader
lengua: tongue, language
lentes: glasses
lentillas: contact lenses
ley: law
lmite: limit
llave: key
locura: madness
logro: achievement
lucha: figth, combat (lotta)
lugar: place, spot
lujo: luxury (lusso)

luz: light
madera: wood
madre: mother
malentendido: misunderstanding
(malinteso)
maleta: suitcase, bag
mando: command, control
manguera: hose, fire hose
mano: hand
mantequilla: butter
marido: husband
martillo: hammer
masaje: massage
mayor: major
mechero: lighter (accendino)
mensaje: message
mentira: lie (bugia, menzogna)
mesa: table (tavolo, tavola), plateau
meyora: improvement
(miglioramento)
meyora: improvement (miglioria)
miedo: fear
miente: mind
milagro: miracle
mirada: glance (sguardo)
mitad: half
momento: moment
moneda: coin (moneta)
monja: nun
mono, -a: monkey
montn: lot (sacco)
motor: engine
movimiento: move, movement,
motion
muelle: spring
mujer: woman
mueca: doll
nacin: nation
nana:
narices: nostrils
nariz: nose
Navidad: Christmas
neurocirujano: neurosurgeon
nocin: notion, idea, sense (nozione)
nombre: name
norma: standard, (norma)
noticia: news
novedad: (novit)
novio, -a: boyfriend, girlfriend, fianc
novios: the bride and the groom
nuera: daughter in law
obra: (opera, azione)
obstaclo: obstacle
50
Dictionary - Nouns
ogro: ogre
oido: hearing (udito)
ojo: eye
olor: smell
ombligo: belly button
oreja: ear
orga: orgy
oscuridad: darkness
padre: father
padres: parents, ancestors
pas: country
pjaro: bird
pantalones: trousers
papel: piece of paper, role, part
par: couple (paio)
pareja: couple
partida: departure, shipment, game
(gioco)
partido: match, game (sport), party
(politics)
pasta: paste (toothpaste), money
pastilla: pill
patada: kick
pato: duck
payaso: clown
paz: peace
pecho: chest, breast
pelea: fight, quarrel (lite)
peligro: danger, peril, risk
pelota: ball
perdedor, -ora: looser
perro, -a: dog
pez: fish
pezn: nipple, teat
pico: beak
pie: foot
piedra: stone
piel: skin
pierna: leg
pijama: pajamas, jamas (pigiama)
pis: pee (pip)
portero, -a: doorman (portinaio),

keeper (portiere di calcio)
posibilidad: possibility
postre: dessert (dolce)
pregunta: question
piso: apartment, floor
secreto: secret
selva: rain-forest (tropical), jungle
pizarra: blackboard (lavagna), slate

placer: pleasure
pltano: banana
playa: beach
plaza: square (piazza), parking space,
seat
pollo: chicken
premio: prize
presente: present
prisa: hurry, haste, (fretta)
profesorado: teaching staff,
faculty
propina: tip (mancia)
protector, -a: protector
puerta: door
pulgar: thumb
pulsera: bracelet
puetazo: punch
queso: cheese
raz: root
rama: branch (ramo)
razon: reason, (be right)
reina: queen
relacin: relationship, relation
reloj: clock, watch
rmora: obstacle
residuo: residue, leftovers
respuesta: answer
rey: king
rifa: raffle
risa: laugh (risata)
robo: robbery, theft, burglary
rodilla: knee (ginocchio)

ropa:clothes, clothing
ruido: noise
ruptura: break, break-up, breach

sbana: sheet (lenzuolo)
sacarina: saccharine (dolcificante)
sacrificio: sacrifice
sangre: blood
secador: hairdryer (phon,
asciugacapelli)
semana: week
sentido: sense, meaning
sierra: saw (sega), mountains
silla: chair
silln: armchair
sitio: place
sobrino, -a: nephew, niece

soja: soy (soia)
soledad: solitude
soltero, -a: single, unmarried
sonrisa: smile
suelo: floor (pavimento), soil (suolo)
sueo: dream
susto: shockdete
sutileza: delicacy, gentleness
tatuaje: tatoo
taza: cup
techo: roof, ceiling
tecnologa: technology
temporada: season
tienda: store, shop

to, -a: guy, woman, uncle, aunt
tiro: shot
ttere: puppet (marionetta)
tontera: stupid thing, trifle
tortuga: turtle
tradicin: tradition
trampa: trap, trick
tranquilidad: calm (tranquillit)
trasero: butt (sedere, di dietro)
tren: train
truco: trick
uso: use, custom
vaca: cow
vaquero: cowboy, (a pair of) jeans
vela: candle
ventaja: advantage (vantaggio)
ventura: luck
verdad: truth
verguenza: embarassment, shame
vez: time (volta)
viaje: trip
victoria: victory
vida: life
viento: wind
vientre: stomach, belly
violador:, -a: rapist
virtud: virtue
viudo, -a: widower, widow
voluntad: will, intention
zapato: shoe
zorro, -a: fox, (fem. pers.) slut
51
Dictionary - Adjectives
Adjectives
abierto: open
acabado: finished, ruined
adicto: additcted
agradable: pleasant, nice (piacavole,
gradevole)
aislado: isolated, insulated (isolato)
alto: high, tall
ansioso: impatient, anxious
atento: (attento)
aterrado: terrified
borracho: drunk
caliente: hot, warm
calificado: qualified
callado: queit, silent
caro: expensive
celoso: jealous
chiflado: crazy, nut
chulo: cool, cocky
cobarde: coward
contagioso: contagious
corrupto: corrupt, corrupted
corto: short
crul: cruel
crujiente: crisp, crunchy
dbil: weak
deprimido: depressed
derecho: right
despierto: awake
divertido: funny, amusing
duro: hard, tough
embarazada: pregnant
enfadado: angry
extrao: strange
feliz: happy
feo: uglu, nasty, unpleasant
fiel: faithful, loyal
fijo: fixed, permanent
frgil: fragile, brittle
frito: fried
fuerte: strong
furioso: furious, angry
genial: brilliant, estupendo
gordo: fat, overweight, big
gritn: loud-mouthed
guapo: good-looking, handsome
helado: frozen
hermoso: beautiful, handsome
honrado: honest
incmodo: uncomfortable, awkward
(scomodo)
infiel: unfaithful, diloyal
inseguro: insecure
insufrible: intolerable, insufferable
(insofferente)
joven: young
justo: right, just (giusto)
lento: slow
libre: free
limpio: clean
listo: clever, smart, ready
lleno: full
loco: crazy, mad
maldito: cursed, damned
maravilloso: wonderful, marvellous
mentiroso: liar
mono: lovely, cute, pretty
nervioso: nervous
nuevo: new
obsesivo: obsessive
orgulloso: proud
pardillo: naive
pequeo: small, little
perfecto: perfect
perplejo: perplexed, bewildered
playa: beach
pobre: poor
possible: possible
precioso: precious
privado: private
protector: protective
raro: strange, odd
real: real
resuelto: solved (risolto)
rico: rich, delicious, fertile, cute,
lovely
ruidoso: noisy
seguro: safe, secure
simple: simple
sofisticado: sophisticated
solo: alone
sutil: subtle, thin, delicate
tedioso: tedious
tenso: tense
triste: sad
valioso: valuable, worthy
vaquero: jeans, denim
vengativo: vindictive, vengeful
verdadero: true, sincere, real
viejo: old
Adverbs
acaso: (per caso)
adems: besides
alrededor de: around, about (allincirca)
deprisa: quickly
despacio: slowly
en lugar de: instead of (al posto di)
en vez de: instead of (invece di)
justo: just, right
siquiera: at least, even (anche)
talvez: maybe, perhaps
Phrases
Greetings
hola: helllo
buenos dias: good morning
buenas tardes: good afternoon
buenas noches: good evening/night
que tal?: how are you?
hasta luego: see you later
52
Dictionary - Phrases
hasta maana: see you tomorrow
hasta presto: see you soon
hasta ahora: see you soon
adios: see you
nos vemos: see you
nos vemos mas tarde: see you later
que te diviertas!: have fun!
perdona, perdone: excuse me
Others
joder!: shit!, damn it!
a la vez: at the same time
damas y caballeros: (signore e signori)

de hecho: (di fatto)
de sobra: more than enough, in excess
de veras?: really?
de verdad?: really?
echar de menos: to miss
estar sin blanca: to be broke, to have no money
hacer falta: to be necessary
ni siquiera: (neanche), (nemmeno)
piel de gallina: (pelle doca)
Por supuesto: of course
por ventura: luckily

tener madera para: to be born to,
tener madera de: to have the makings of
53

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Pronunciation - Personal Pronouns

After a pause or the letters l, m, or n, it sounds much like an English d

Just like the English n.

A completely separate letter from the n, it sounds much like the ni

ca, se, si, co,

i (ya, ye, yo)

ca, che, chi,

ma, me, mi,

Nouns - Personal Pronouns

Always followed by the letter u, it makes the same sound as the

sa, se, si, so,

xa, xe, xi, xo,

Nouns - Personal Pronouns

Pronouns - Personal Pronouns

Prepositional Pronouns (preceded by a preposition only)

I'm not going with you, I'm going with them.

l llev las plumas consigo.

He took the pens with him(self).

Ellos viven con l.

They live with him.

Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect Object Pronouns

Pronouns - Possessive Pronouns

Juan me compra un regalo.

Necesitas darme un regalo.

You need to give me a gift.

Pronouns - Demonstrative Pronouns

this one/these ones

Adjectives - Possessive Adjectives

Mara looks for his sister.

Adjectives - Descriptive Adjectives

Adverbs - Comparisons of Inequality

so, like this,

If the comparative is followed by a number, use de rather than que.

Suffixes - Comparisons of Equality

Leo antes de dormirme

I read before going to sleep

El perro est bajo la mesa

The dog is under the table

El perro est cerca de la mesa

The dog is near the table

I am going with him

Estoy contra la huelga

I am against the strike

El sombrero es hecho de papel

The hat is made of paper

Mi carro est delante de la casa

My car is in front of the house

El perro est dentro de la jaula

The dog is inside the cage

No com desde ayer

I haven't eaten since yesterday

Comemos despus de la clase

We are eating after class

El perro est detrs de la mesa

The dog is behind the table

Dormimos durante la clase

We slept during the class

Ella est en Nueva York

She is in New York

El gato est encima de la casa

The cat is on top of the house

El perro est enfrente de la mesa

The dog is in front of the table