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1Thedatasets
2.5
5.5
Figure4.1TheElydataset
1TheEly1
pset samplesobjectprovides50welldata(samples),whichcan
1Thewellobjectcontainsthewelldataset.Thereisatotalof26wells(21vertical
wells,fourdeviatedwellsandonehorizontalwell).Thesixpropertiesassociated
withthesewellsarebulkdensity,abinaryfaciesindicator(sandchannelormud
floodplain), P-wave impedance, P-wave velocity, permeability and porosity.
Thesedatawillbeusedashardorsoftconditioningdatainthe
82
DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools
0.33
0.28
0.23
0.18
0.13
0.08
0.03
Figure4.2WelllocationsandtheporositydistributionalongtheStanfordVIwells
examplerunsofChapters7to9.Figure4.2showsthewelllocationsandthe
porositydistributionalongthewells.
1ThegridobjectisaCartesiangrid(itsrectangularboundaryisshownonFig.
4.2),with
gridsize:15020080,
originpointat(0,0,0),
unitcellsizeineachx/y/zdirection.
Thisreservoirgridholdsthefollowingtwovariables.
1. Probabilitydata.Thefaciesprobabilitydatawerecalibratedfromtheoriginal
seismicimpedancedatausingthewelldata(faciesandPwaveimpedance).
Twosandprobabilitycubes(propertiesP(sand|seis)andP(sand|seis) 2)
areprovided:thefirstdisplayssharpchannelboundaries(bestqualitydata,
seeFig. 4.3a);theseconddisplaysmorefuzzychannelboundaries(poor
qualitydata,seeFig.4.3b).Theseprobabilitydatawillbeusedassoftdata
toconstrainthefaciesmodeling.
2. Regioncode.Typicallyalargereservoirwouldbedividedintodifferent
regions with each individual region having its own characteristics, for
instance,differentchannelorientationsandchannelthickness.Theregions
associatedwiththeStanfordVIreservoirarerotationregions(property
angle)correspondingtodifferentchannelorientations(Fig. 4.4),andaffin
ity(scaling)regions(property affinity)correspondingtodifferentchannel
thicknesses (Fig. 4.5). Each rotation region is labeled with an indicator
number,andisassignedarotationanglevalue,seeTable 4.1.Theaffinity
indicatorsandtheattachedaffinityvaluesaregiveninTable4.2.Anaffinity
4.1Thedatasets
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure4.3TwoStanfordVIsandprobabilitycubes
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure4.4Angleindicatorcube
Figure4.5Affinityindicatorcube
valuemustbeassignedtoeachx/y/zdirection;thelargertheaffinityvalue,
thethickerthechannelinthatdirection.
1The container objectiscomposedofallthereservoirnodeslocatedinsidethe
channels,henceitisapointsetwith(x,y,z)coordinates.Theusercanperform
geostatisticsonthischannelcontainer,forexample,toestimatethewithinchannel
petrophysicalproperties.InFig. 4.6 thechannelcontainerisrepresentedbyall
nodeswithvalue1(gray),andthenonreservoirareaisinblack.
84
DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools
Table4.1RotationregionindicatorsforStanfordVI
Anglecategory
Anglevalue(degree)
1
2
634935
2177
21
35
49 63
Table4.2AffinityregionindicatorsforStanfordVI
Affinitycategory
Affinityvalue([x,y,z])
0
[2,2,2]
1
2
[1,1,1] [0.5,0.5,0.5]
Figure4.6StanfordVIchannelcontainer(graynodes)
Althoughthis3Ddatasetistakenfromareservoirmodel,itcouldrepresent
any3Dspatiallydistributedattributeandbeusedfortestingapplicationsinother
fields than reservoir modeling. For example, one can interpret each 2D
horizontal layer of the seismic data cube as coarse satellite measurements
definedoverthesameareabutrecordedatdifferenttimes.Theapplicationwould
thenbemodelinglandscapechangeinbothspaceandtime.
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools
SGeMSprovidessomeusefulexploratorydataanalysis(EDA)tools,suchashis
togram,quantilequantile(QQ)plot,probabilityprobability(PP)plot,scatter
plot,variogramandcrossvariogramcalculationandmodeling.Inthischapter,
thefirstfourelementarytoolsarepresented;the(cross)variogramcalculation
andmodelingtoolisdescribedinthenextchapter.
AlltheEDAtoolscanbeinvokedthroughtheDataAnalysismenufromthemain
SGeMS graphical interface. Once a specific tool is selected, the corresponding
SGeMSwindowispoppedup.TheEDAtoolwindowisindependentofthemain
SGeMSinterface,andtheusercanhavemultiplewindowsforeachEDAtool.
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools
4.2.1Commonparameters
TheinterfaceforallEDAtoolspresentedinthischapterhasthreepanels;see
alsoFigs4.7to4.9.
1. ParameterPanelTheuserselectsinthispanelthepropertiestobeanalyzed
and the display options. This panel has two pages: Data and Display
Options,thelatterbeingcommontoallEDAtools.
2. Visualization Panel This panel shows the graphic result of the selected
statistics.
3. StatisticsPanelThispaneldisplayssomerelevantsummarystatistics.
Inthelowerpartofthemaininterface,therearetwobuttons:SaveasImage
and Close. The Saveas Image button is used tosave a graphical result (for
example ahistogram)intoapicturedatafileineitherpng,bmporps
(Postscript)format.TheClosebuttonisusedtoclosethecurrentinterface.
Parametersdescription
TheparametersoftheDisplayOptionspagearedescribedbelow.
1XAxisControlsfortheXaxisforvariable1.Onlythepropertyvaluesbetween
MinandMaxaredisplayedintheplot;valueslessthanMinorgreaterthan
Maxstillcontributetothestatisticalsummaries.ThedefaultvaluesofMin
andMaxaretheminimumandmaximumoftheselectedProperty.TheXAxis
canbesettoalogarithmicscalebymarkingthecorrespondingcheck box.This
optionisvalidonlywhenallthepropertyvaluesarelargerthanzero.
2YAxisControlsfortheYaxisforvariable2.Thepreviousremarksapply.
Theusercanmodifytheparametersthrougheitherthekeyboardorthemouse.
Anymodificationthroughthemousewillinstantlyreflectonthevisualizationor
thesummarystatistics.
Warning:thechangethroughthekeyboardmustbeactivatedbypressingthe
Enterkey.
4.2.2Histogram
The histogram toolcreatesavisualoutputofthefrequencydistribution,anddis
plays some summary statistics, such as the mean and variance of the selected
variable.The histogram toolisactivatedbyclicking DataAnalysis Histogram.
Althoughtheprogramwillautomaticallyscalethehistogram,theusercansetthe
histogramlimitsintheParameterPanel.Themainhistograminterfaceisgivenin
Fig.4.7,andtheparametersoftheDatapagearelistedbelow.
86
DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools
Figure4.7Histograminterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;
[3]:StatisticsPanel
Parametersdescription
1ObjectACartesiangridorapointsetcontainingthevariablesunderstudy.
2PropertyThevariabletostudy.
3Bins Thenumberofclasses.Theusercanchangethisnumberthroughthe
keyboard,orbyclickingthescrollbar.Anyvaluechangewillbeinstantly
reflectedonthehistogramdisplay.
4ClippingValues Statisticalcalculationsettings.AllvalueslessthanMin
andgreaterthanMaxareignored,andanychangeofMinandMaxwill
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools
affectthestatisticscalculation.ThedefaultvaluesofMinandMaxarethe
minimum and maximum of the selected Property.After modifying Min
and/orMax,theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingbyclickingReset.
1Plot type The user can choose to plot a frequency histogram (pdf), a
cumulativehistogram(cdf)orboth.
4.2.3QQplotandPPplot
TheQQplotcomparesequalpquantilevaluesoftwodistributions;thePPplot
compares the cumulative probability distributions of two variables for equal
thresholdvalues.Thetwovariablesneednotbeinthesameobjectorhavethe
same number of data. The QQ plot and PP plot are combined into one
program,whichcanbeinvokedfromDataAnalysisQQplot.ThisEDAtool
generatesbothagraphintheVisualizationPanel andsomesummarystatistics
(meanandvarianceforeachvariable)intheStatisticsPanel,seeFig.4.8.The
parametersintheDatapagearelistedbelow.
Parametersdescription
1AnalysisTypeAlgorithmselection.TheusercanchooseeitheraQQplotor
aPPplot.
2Variable1ThevariableselectionfortheXaxis.Theusermustchoosefirstan
object,thenthepropertyname.
3Clipping Values for Variable 1 All values strictly less than Min and
strictlygreaterthanMaxareignored;anychangeofMinandMaxwill
affectthestatisticscalculation.Theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingby
clickingReset.
4Variable2ThevariableselectionfortheYaxis.Theusermustchoosefirstan
Object,thenthePropertyname.NotethatVariable2andVariable1might
befromdifferentobjects.
5Clipping Values for Variable 2 Remarks similar to those for Clipping
ValuesforVariable1.
4.2.4Scatterplot
Thescatterplottool(executedbyclickingDataAnalysisScatterplot)isused
to compare two variables by displaying their bivariate scatter plot and some
statistics.Allavailabledatapairsareusedtocomputethesummarystatistics,
suchasthecorrelationcoefficient,themeanandvarianceofeachvariable(see
part[C]inFig.4.9).ToavoidacrowdedfigureintheVisualizationPanel,only
upto10000datapairsaredisplayedinthescatterplot.Theparametersinthe
Datapagearelistedbelow.
88
DatasetsandSGeMSEDAtools
Figure4.8QQplotinterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;[3]:
StatisticsPanel
Parametersdescription
1Object ACartesiangridorapointsetcontainingthevariablesunderstudy.
ThisObjectmustcontainatleasttwoproperties.
2Variable1ThevariablepropertylistedintheObjectabove.Thisvariableis
associatedwiththeXaxis.
3ClippingValuesforVariable1 AllvaluesstrictlylessthanMinandstrictly
greaterthanMaxareignored,andanychangeofMinandMaxwillaffect
thestatisticscalculation.Theusercangobacktothedefaultsettingbyclicking
Reset.IfVariable1hasmorethan10000data,thentheResetbuttoncanbe
4.2TheSGeMSEDAtools
Figure4.9Scatterplotinterface[1]:ParameterPanel;[2]:VisualizationPanel;
[3]:StatisticsPanel
usedtogenerateanewscatterplotwitharesampledsetofdatapairs
containingupto10000data.
1Variable2ThevariablepropertylistedintheupperObject.Thisvariableis
associatedwiththeYaxis.
2ClippingValuesforVariable2RemarkssimilartothoseforVariable1.
3OptionsThechoiceofvisualizingtheleastsquarelinefitinthescatterplot.
TheslopeandtheinterceptaregivenbelowcheckboxShowLeastSquare
Fit.Thisoptionisvalidonlywhenthetwovariablesaredisplayedwiththe
arithmeticalscale.
5
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
Computingexperimentalvariogramsandmodelingthemarekeystepsoftra
ditional geostatistical studies. Fitting an analytical model to an experimental
variogramachievestwopurposes.
1Itallowsonetocomputeavariogramvalue (h)foranygivenlagvectorh.
Indeed,geostatisticalestimationandsimulationalgorithmsrequireknowledge
ofthevariogramatarbitrarylags.
2Amodelisawaytofilteroutthenoisefromtheexperimentalvariogram.
Noiseintheexperimentalvariogramistypicallyaconsequenceofimperfect
measurementsoralackofdata.
=1 =1
g(u u ) 0
undertheconditionn=1=0.
SGeMSsupportsfourbasicanalyticalvariogrammodels,andanypositivelin
earcombinationofthesevariograms.Thefouranalytical(semi)variogramsare
asfollows,intheirisotropicform.
Nuggeteffectmodel
(h)
0 ifh=0
(5.1)
= 1 otherwise.
ApurenuggeteffectmodelforavariableZ(u)expressesalackof(linear)
dependencebetweenvariablesZ(u)andZ(u+h).
90
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
91
Sphericalmodelwithrangea
(h)
3h
2a
= 1
Exponentialmodelwithpracticalrangea
(h) = 1 exp
Gaussianmodelwithpracticalrangea
(h)
1
ifha
a)
exp
(5.2)
otherwise.
3h
(5.3)
(5.4)
a
2
3h
2
=
a
Allthesemodelsare
monotonously increasing
andbounded by1:
0 (h)1,h.InthecaseoftheexponentialandGaussianmodels,theupper
bound(thesill)isreachedasymptotically,andthedistancehatwhich95%ofthe
sillisreachediscalledthepracticalrange.
Thecovariancecounterpartoftheabovefourmodelsisgivenby
C(h)=C(0) (h),
InSGeMSavariogrammodel: (h) =
withC(0)=1.
(0)
(h)
izedbythefollowingparameters: c0
+ l=1
(0)
1anuggeteffectc0 withnuggetconstantc00;
(l)
c (h)is
character
l
2thenumberLofnestedstructures.Eachstructurecl(l)(h)isthendefinedby:
avariancecontributioncl0,
thetypeofthevariogram:spherical,exponentialorGaussian,
ananisotropy,characterizedbyanellipsoidwiththreedirectionsandthe
rangesalongeachdirection,seeSection2.5.Notethateachnestedstructure
canhaveadifferentanisotropy.
(0)
(1)
(2)
1 (0)(h) apurenuggeteffectwithsill0.3;
2 (1)(h) ananisotropicsphericalvariogramwithmajorrange40,mediumrange
o
5,andangles=45 (azimuth),=0(dip),=0(rake);
3 (2)(h) anisotropicexponentialvariogramofrange200.
20andminorrange
92
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
SGeMSwouldsavethatmodelasthefollowingXMLfile:
<Variogram nugget="0.3" structures_count="2" >
<structure_1 contribution="0.4" type="Spherical" >
5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS
Although the text only refers to variograms, SGeMS can also compute
covariances, correlograms and crossvariograms (see Goovaerts (1997) for
definitionsofthesecorrelationmeasures).
TobringuptheSGeMSvariogrammodule,selecttheVariogramentryfrom
theDataAnalysismenu.Variogramcomputationisdoneinthreesteps.
1. Selecttheheadandtailvariableswhose(cross)variogramwillbecomputed
(Fig.5.1).Thecomputedvariogramwillmeasurethevariabilitybetweenthe
twovariablesZhead(u+h)andZtail(u).Tocomputetheautovariogramofa
variableZ,selectthesamevariableforboththeheadandthetail.
2. Inputthenecessaryparameters,suchasthedirectionsinwhichthevariogram
shouldbecomputedandthenumberoflagstouse(Fig. 5.2aandFig. 5.2b).
Theparametersrequiredwilldiffer,dependingonwhethertheheadandtail
variables are defined on a set of points (i.e. with no predefined spatial
structure)oronaCartesiangrid.
3. Displaytheresults(Fig. 5.3).Atthatpoint,itisalsopossibletomodelthe
computedexperimentalvariograms(seeSection5.2).
Aftercompletingeachstep,clicktheNextbuttontogotothenextstep.
5.1.1Selectingtheheadandtailproperties
Figure 5.1 shows the interface to select the head and tail variables whose
(cross)variogram (Zhead(u+h),Ztail(u))willbecomputed.
Bothheadandtailvariablesmustbelongtothesameobject(i.e.tothesame
set of points or the same Cartesian grid). Use menu item Objects Copy
Propertytotransferapropertybetweentwoobjects.
5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS
Figure5.1Interfacetoselecttheheadandtailvariablesforthevariogramcomputation
Descriptionoftheinterface
5.1.2Computationparameters
Thissteppromptsforthenumberoflagsatwhichtocomputetheexperimental
variogram,andthedirectionsalongwhichtocomputethatvariogram.Itisalso
possibletoconsideratypeofcorrelationmeasuredifferentfromthevariogram,
forexampleacovarianceorcorrelogram.Thelagsanddirectionsalongwhichto
computethevariogramareinputdifferently,dependingonthetypeoftheobject
(setofpointsorCartesiangrid)thatholdstheheadandtailproperties.
Parameters canbesavedandloadedusingthe LoadParameters and Save
buttonsvisibleatthetopofFig. 5.2b.
94
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
3
4
5
10
11
12
aParametersforpointset
14
15
16
17
18
bParametersforCartesiangrid
Figure5.2Parametersforthevariogramcomputation
Parametersfordatadefinedonasetofpoints
13
GivenanumberLoflags,alagseparationaandasetofKunitvectorsv1, . . . ,
vK,SGeMSwillcomputethefollowingexperimentalvariogramvalues.
5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS
19
20
21
22
23
24
Figure5.3Variogramplotsdisplayandmodelinginterface
(av1) . . . (a Lv1)
.
(avk ) . . . (a Lvk )
Inapointsetobject,datadonotnecessarilyfollowaregularspatialpattern.
Becauseof that lack of structure, it is unlikelytofindenoughpairs of data
separatedbythesamevectorh.Hencetheneedforatoleranceonthenormofh
anditsdirectiontocomputeavariogramonapointsetobject.
Thetoleranceonhischaracterizedbythreeparameters:
1alagtolerance,
2anangle0tol<90,
3abandwidthw,
suchthattwopointsA,Bcontributetothecomputationof (h)if:
ABh
and,calling=(h,AB)theanglebetweenhandAB,
96
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
w
A
Figure5.4
Variogram
tolerance.IfBis
inthegrayzone,
thepair(A,B)
willcontributeto
thecomputation
of (h)
t
o
l
a
n
d
5.1VariogramcomputationinSGeMS
Ifcomputinganindicatorautovariogram,i.e.ifthe
headandtailvariablesarethesame,theheadandtail
indicatorcutoffsmustbethesame.
Note Categorical indicator variogram should be
calculateddirectlyfrominputindicatordata.
Parametersfordatadefinedona
Cartesiangrid
GivenanumberLoflags,alagseparationaandasetof
Kvectorsv1, . . . ,vK,(thesevectorscanhaveanorm
different from 1) SGeMS will compute the following
experimentalvariogramvalues.
(a
(av1) . . .
Lv1)
.
.
.
(a
.
.
Lvk )
(avk ) . . .
h the same number
Contrarytothepoint
15. N hi
oflags.Eachvector
c
setcase,thereisnoneed u
h
vkisspecifiedbyits
tospecifyadistanceand m
integer coordinates
to
direction tolerance: be
in the grid
c
since all data locations r
coordinate system,
o
followaregularpattern, of
seeitems16,17and
m
18,andFig.5.5.
multiple pairs are di p
16.
x TheXcoordinate
guaranteed to be re ut
available,unlessalotof cti e
of vector vk . It is
on
dataaremissing.
th expressedinnumber
s
e of grid cells. So if
Th
Inter ex thegridcellsare10
pe m long in the X
e
face
ri direction, x = 3
nu
descr
m means 30 m in the
m
iptio
en Xdirection.
nbe
ta
l17. y TheYcoordinate
Theparametersrequired r
va of vector vk . It is
tocomputeavariogram K
ri expressedinnumber
on a Cartesian grid are of
o of grid cells, see
dir
entered through the
gr item16.
ec
interfaceshownonFig.
a18. z The Z coordinate
tio
m
5.2b.
ns
s, of vector vk . It is
ea expressedinnumber
14. Number of lags al
on
ch of grid cells, see
Thenumberoflags
w item16.
g
L.
it
w
.
F
ig
u
r .5Avectoringrid coordinatesofv
e cellcoordinates.Thearex=1,y=3
5
98
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
5.1.3Displayingthecomputedvariograms
OncetheparametersareenteredandNextisclicked,SGeMScomputesanddis
playsthevariograms(seeFig. 5.3).Thereisoneplotperrequesteddirection,
plusanadditionalplotshowingalldirectionstogether(upperleftplotonFig.
5.3).Arightclickonaplotwilltogglethedisplayofthenumberofpairsusedto
computeeachvariogramvalue.Clickingonthesquareiconatthetopofaplot
willmaximizetheplot,i.e.theplotwilloccupythemaximumspace,hiding
the other plots. In maximized mode, use the Ctrl + Tab key combination to
togglebetweentheplots.Ifaplotisclosedbyclickingonitscrossicon,itcan
notbereopenedwithoutrecomputingthevariograms.
Abovetheplots,threemenusprovidemeanstorearrangetheplots,modify
theirscale,andsavethemasimagesorastext.
FileSaveExperimentalVariogramsSavethecomputedexperimentalvari
ogramvaluestoafile.Thatfilecanbeloadedlaterfromthefirstscreenof
thevariogramtool(seeitem1,p.93).
FileExportPlotsAsImagesSavetheplotstoimagefiles.Itispossibleto
selectwhichplotswillbesaved.
EditPlotSettingsModifytheaxisscaleofallorsomeplots.
WindowTileArrangetheplotssothattheyoccupyalltheavailable
space.WindowCascadeDisplaytheplotsincascade.
5.2VariogrammodelinginSGeMS
SGeMSprovidesaninterfacetointeractivelyfitavariogrammodeloftheform
N
(h) = c00(h) +cnn(h)
n =1
NoticethatwhileSGeMScancomputeothercorrelationmeasuresthanvari
ogramssuchascovariancesandcorrelograms,itcanonlymodelvariograms.
ThevariogrammodelinginterfaceisshowninFig. 5.3 andisaccessedafter
eithercomputinganexperimentalvariogramorloadinganexistingexperimental
variogram(Section5.1).Therighthandsidepanelallowstoenteravariogram
modelofformEq.(5.5)whichwillbeoverlaidontheexperimentalvariogram
plots.Theparametersofthemodelcanthenbeinteractivelymodifiedtofitthe
experimentalvariogram.
5.2VariogrammodelinginSGeMS
Inputofavariogrammodel
TheinterfaceusedtoinputavariogrammodelisshownonFig.5.3,righthand
sidepanel.
Descriptionoftheinterface
19. NuggetEffectThecontribution to the sill of the nuggeteffect, c0
inEq.(5.5).
20. Nbofstructures ThenumberNofnestedstructures.
21. SillContribution Contribution to the sill of the nthstructure, cn
inEq.(5.5).
22. TypeThetypeofvariogramforthatstructure.Thethreepossibletypesare:
spherical,exponentialandGaussian.
23. Ranges Therangesofthevariogram.Rangescaneitherbechangedman
ually by entering the value, or by dragging the corresponding slider. A
sliderallowstocontinuouslychangetherangevalue,between0andafixed
maximum.Ifthedesiredrangeisgreaterthanthepresetmaximumofthe
slider,itmustbeinputinthetextfield.Themaximumofthesliderwillbe
increasedaccordingly.Usethe Reset buttontoresetthemaximumofthe
slidertoitsdefault.
24. Angles Theanglesdefiningthevariogrammodelanisotropyellipsoid.The
firstangleistheazimuth,thesecondthedip,andthethirdtherake,seeSec
tion 2.5.Allanglesmustbeenteredindegrees.For2Dmodeling,thedip
andrakeshouldbesetas0.
Savingthemodel
Onceamodelhasbeenfittotheexperimentalvariogram,itcanbesavedtoafile
usingtheFileSaveVariogramModelmenuitem.Thatfilecanthenbeused
tospecifyavariogrammodeltogeostatisticalalgorithms.
Modelingacoregionalization
Modelingthecoregionalizationoftworandomfunctions Z1(u) and Z2(u) callsforthe
computation and joint modelingof four experimental variograms 1,1, 1,2, 2,1,
2,2.Thefourexperimentalvariogramscannotbemodeledindependentlyfromone
anothersincethevariogrammatrix
1,1
=
mustbeconditionallynegativedefinite(i,jmodelsi,j).
2,1
1,2
2,2
100
Variogramcomputationandmodeling
SGeMSdoesnotprovidespecifictoolstomodelacoregionalization.Each
experimental(cross)variogramwouldhavetobecomputedandmodeledwithin
itsownvariogrammodelingwindow.Itisthentheresponsibilityoftheuserto
ensurethatthefinalmodelisapermissiblemodel;seeGoovaerts(1997,p.117)
onhowtofitalinearmodelofcoregionalization.
NotethatmanySGeMSalgorithmssupportmodelsofcoregionalizations,such
astheMarkovModels1and2,thatalleviatetheneedtojointlymodelallfour
variograms1,1, 1,2, 2,1, 2,2(seeSection3.6.4formodeldetails).