Class#9

- Continuous-time periodic signals: the Fourier series (3.5)

- Review for Midterm#1
* Time t=0, n=0 (HM: P2.57)

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 1

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (1)

Homogenous solution: transient dynamics
Particular solution: steady state
General solution: transient dynamics plus
steady state

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Slide 2

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (1.1)

Complete response = transient response
(homogeneous solution) + steady-state
response (particular solution)
Complete response = natural response (due to
initial conditions) + forced response (due to
the input)
But natural response transient response
(homogeneous solution), and forced response
steady-state response (particular solution)
due only to the
initial condition
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due only to the input signal, assume zero initial

condition. initial conditions needed to be translated to
non-negative time values.
Slide 3

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (1.2)

If c1,,cN are determined using homogeneous solution: natural response

If c1,,cN are determined using complete solution: transient response
will die out eventually
# refer to and compare examples 2.17, 2.22, 2.24, 2.27
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Slide 4

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (2)

a0 y[n] a1 y[n 1] aN y[n N ] b0 x[n] b0 x[n 1] bM x[n M ]
Homogenous solution

a0 y[n] a1 y[n 1] a N y[n N ] 0

a0 r N a1r N 1 a N 1r a N 0

y [ n] c r c r c r
(h)

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n
1 1

Slide 5

n
2 2

n
N N

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (3)

Particular solution:

General solution:
1.
2.

3.

Find the form of the homogeneous solution y(h) from the roots of the
characteristic equation.
Find a particular solution y(p) by assuming that it is of the same form
as the input, yet is independent of all terms in the homogeneous
solution.
Determine the coefficients in the homogeneous solution so that the
complete solution y = y(h) + y(p) satisfies the initial conditions.

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Slide 6

Chengbin Ma

Review of Previous Lecture (4)

Frequency responses: more insight and
convenient for discussing high-order systems.
Four classes of signal: FS, DTFS, FT, DTFT
Fundamental frequency
FS

x(t )

FT

A[k ]e

jk0t

1
x(t )
2

DTFS

N 1

x[n] A[k ]e
k 0

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jt

X ( j )e d

DTFT

jk0n

1
x[n]
2
Slide 7

X (e j )e jn d
Chengbin Ma

Class#9
- Continuous-time periodic signals: the Fourier series (3.5)
- Review for Midterm#1

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 8

Chengbin Ma

This Lecture
Concepts:
DC component, fundamental frequency, harmonic
component

Solution of Fourier Series Coefficients

Dirichlet conditions: judge if a continuoustime periodic signal x(t) can be represented by
the Fourier series
Exponential FS and Trigonometric FS

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Slide 9

Chengbin Ma

The Fourier Series

The Fourier series is periodic with period
T=2/0 (continuous-time periodical signal).
It is a linear combination of a set of
harmonically related complex sinusoids.
Each of these complex sinusoids having a
fundamental frequency that is a multiple of 0 .
x(t )

jk0t
X
[
k
]
e

FS coefficients
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Slide 10

Chengbin Ma

Meanings of k
The term for k=0 is a constant and is referred to as the dc
component of x(t).
The terms for k=+1 and k=-1 both have fundamental
frequency equal to 0 and are collectively referred to as the
fundamental components or the first harmonic components.
The two terms for k=+2 and k=-2 are periodic with twice the
frequency of the fundamental components and are referred
to as the second harmonic components.
More generally, the components for k=+N and k=-N are
referred to as the Nth harmonic components.

x(t )

X [k ]e

jk0t

k
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Slide 11

Chengbin Ma

FS Coefficients (1)
Assuming that a given signal x(t) can be
represented with the Fourier series, lets
determine the FS coefficients X[k].
x(t )

X [m]e

jm0t

x(t )e

jk0t

X [m] e

j ( m k )0 t

Why? e

j ( m k )0 t

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j ( m k )0 t
X
[
m
]
e

x(t )e jk0t dt
T

j ( m k )0 t
X
[
m
]
e
dt

dt

Integration in a single period is zero!

X [m]T [m k ] TX [k ]

dt T [m k ]

x(t )

jk0t
X
[
k
]
e

Slide 12

Chengbin Ma

FS Coefficients (2)
So we have the FS coefficients or the spectral
coefficients (the signal x(t) and its fundamental
frequency 0).

1
jk0t
X [k ] x(t )e
dt
T T

x(t )

X [m]e

jm0t

x(t )e

jk0t

j ( m k )0 t
X
[
m
]
e
dt

X [m] e j ( m k )0t dt

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j ( m k )0 t
X
[
m
]
e

x(t )e jk0t dt
T

X [m]T [m k ] TX [k ]

Slide 13

Chengbin Ma

Dirichlet Conditions
A continuous-time periodic signal x(t) can be
represented by the Fourier series if the Dirichlet
conditions are satisfied:
1. x(t) is bounded. (x(t) is absolutely integrable over one
period)
2. x(t) has a finite number of maxima and minima in one
period.
3. x(t) has a finite number of discontinuities in one period.

At each discontinuity the Fourier series converges to

the midpoint of the left and right limit of x(t).
provided that the Dirichlet conditions are satisfied and the signal is not CONTINUOUS.

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Slide 14

Chengbin Ma

Example: Violation of Condition 1

x(t )

w(t n)

1
Where, w(t ) , 0 t 1
t
Periodical? If it is, what is the
period?
x(t) is bounded. (x(t) is
absolutely integrable over one
period)
Class9_wt.m
UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 15

Chengbin Ma

Example: Violation of Condition 2

Class9_wsin.m

x(t )

w(t n)

2
Where, w(t ) sin
t

, 0 t 1

as t approaches 0 from

Periodical? If it is, what is the

period?

the right side, the value

of 1/t increases rapidly,
and the sin function will
have infinitely many
maxima and minima
during the process.

x(t) has a finite number of

maxima and minima in one
period.
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Slide 16

Chengbin Ma

Example: Violation of Condition 3

The signal of a period 8 is composed of an
infinite number of sections, each of which is
half the height and half the width of the
previous section.

x(t) has a finite number of

discontinuities in one period
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Slide 17

Chengbin Ma

Square Wave (1)

x(t )

jk0t
X
[
k
]
e

2T0
Duty cycle: D
T

1
jk0t
X [k ] x(t )e
dt
T T
Example 3.13, p221

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Slide 18

Chengbin Ma

Also:

For k = 0, we have:

Also by L'Hopital's Rule:

Thus, we write:

Square Wave (2)

(a) To/T = 1/4 . (b) To/T = 1/16. (c) To/T =
1/64.

Class9_square1
UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 19

Chengbin Ma

Trigonometric FS
Exponential FS:

x(t )

jk0t
X
[
k
]
e
X [k ]

1
jk0t
x
(
t
)
e
dt

T
T

Trigonometric FS: useful for real-valued signals

x(t ) B[0] B[k ] cos(k0t ) A[k ] sin( k0t )

k 1

1 T
B[0] x(t )dt (time - average value)
T 0
2 T
B[k ] x(t ) cos(k0t )dt
B[k ] X [k ] X [k ]
T 0
2 T
A[k ] j ( X [k ] X [k ])
A[k ] x(t ) sin( k0t )dt
T 0
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Slide 20

Chengbin Ma

Example
Derive B[k] for the below square wave
supposing T=1 and To=0.25.

x(t ) B[0] B[k ] cos(k0t ) A[k ] sin( k0t )

k 1

1 T
x(t )dt (time - average value)

0
T
2 T
B[k ] x(t ) cos(k0t )dt
T 0
2 T
A[k ] x(t ) sin( k0t )dt
T 0
B[0]

Class9_square2
UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 21

Chengbin Ma

Class#9
- Continuous-time periodic signals: the Fourier series (3.5)
- Review for Midterm#1 (class#1-8)

UM-SJTU Joint Institute

Slide 22

Chengbin Ma

Midterm Exam#1

Closed book.
One A4 size SINGLE-sided slide of notes allowed.
Calculators Needed and Allowed. No devices with full alphanumeric keyboards are
permitted.
Exam is given under the JI Honor Code principles and practices.
No communications of any kind are allowed. Use of cellphones, cameras, personal
data assistants, computers, or any other electronic devices, besides approved
calculators, will be treated as an Honor Code violation.
Work to be done in Exam booklet. Turn in all pages of the exam. Do not unstaple
the pages.
DO NOT WRITE ON THE BACK OF PAGES (Work on backs of pages will NOT
be graded).
Show your work and briefly explain major steps with necessary FIGURES. NO
CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN IF NO WORK IS SHOWN.
WRITE YOUR FINAL ANSWERS IN THE AERAS PROVIDED.

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Slide 23

Chengbin Ma

Guideline-Syllabus

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Slide 24

Chengbin Ma

General Scope
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Signals and operations

Properties of systems
Convolution integral
Convolution sum
Interconnection
Differential equation
Difference equation
Fourier representations

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Slide 25

Chengbin Ma

Homework
None (carefully review textbook/PPTs/HM
and well prepare for the Midterm#1)

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Slide 26

Chengbin Ma