13 Drill Shaft

GLOSSARY
OF TERMS
Adhesion
The property of a substance (in our case, cohesive soil) to

stick, cling, or adhere to a solid structural element
such as a concrete pier or pile, and thus establish a
resistance to shearing movement between the soil mass and
the structural element.
ADSC
Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors (The International

Association of Foundation Drilling Contractors), Address
P. O. Box 75228, Dallas, TX 75228.
Aggregate
The stone used in making concrete. Fine aggregate is

sand; coarse aggregate, gravel or gravel-size crushed
stone.
Air Lift
A device used to clean material from the bottom of a fluidfilled shaft, usually constructed using an open-ended steel
pipe into which compressed air is injected near the bottom
in an upward direction.
Allowable Load
The load which cannot be exceeded without incurring (in

the opinion of the designer) risk of damaging structural
movement.
Anchor Pier
A pier designed to resist uplift or lateral forces.
Artesian Water
Subsurface water underlying a confining bed which has

sufficient pressure to rise above existing ground (or water
surface) when encountered in cased holes during drilling.
Attapulgite
A clay mineral consisting of complex magnesium

aluminum silicates. It occurs naturally near Attapulgus,
Georgia where it is mined as Fullers earth. Also made into
commercial drilling mud useful in salt or brackish water
environments.
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
Auger
A helical rotary tool for drilling a cylindrical hole in soil

and/or rock.
Axial Load
That portion of the load on a pier or pile which is in the

direction of its axis.
Backfill
Any material placed in an excavated area, for the purpose

of raising the grade in the area.
Bailing Bucket
A bucket-like tool for removing water from the hole during

drilling or in preparation for concrete placement.
Batter
Angle with the vertical, normally expressed as a ratio of

horizontal to vertical (i.e., 1:4= 1 horizontal to 4 vertical).
Bearing Stratum
A soil or rock stratum that is expected to carry the drilled

shaft load (either by end bearing or by sidewall friction, or
by a combination of the two).
Bell
Enlargement of the lower end of a shaft excavation, to

increase the bearing area of the drilled shaft (Also called
underream).
Belling Bucket
Underreaming Bucket
A drilling bucket tool with expanding cutters that can

enlarge the bottom of the drilled hole, to form a bell or
underream. See Bucket Auger, Drilling Bucket.
Bentonite
The mineral, sodium montmorillonite, a highly expansive

colloidal clay; the basis for a type of commercial drillers
mud
Boulder
A rock, usually rounded by weathering and abrasion,

greater than 200 mm in size.
Bucket Auger
(or Drilling Bucket)
A cylindrical rotary drilling tool with a hinged bottom

containing a soil cutting blade; spoil enters the bucket
and is lifted out of the hole, swung aside, and dumped by
releasing the latch on the hinged bottom.
Cage
Reinforcing bars preassembled for quick placing in a

drilled shaft.
Cake (Filter Cake)
A layer of clay or clayey soil, built up on the wall of a

boring drilled with slurry (drilling mud, bentonite, etc.),
having the effect of forming an impermeable lining to
prevent (or diminish) loss of water from the hole, and
maintain slurry pressure against the wall of the hole.
Calcarenite
Mechanically deposited carbonate rocks consisting of sand

size carbonate grains (1/16 to 2 mm diameter)
Calcilutite
Refers to a rock composed of more than 50% silt and clay

size carbonate particles.
Calyx (or Shot) Barrel
A core barrel without hard-metal cutting teeth, with which

the rock is cut (or ground up) by chilled steel shot which
roll and are ground up under the rotating steel edge of the
barrel.
Capillarity
The upward movement of water, due to effects of wetting

and surface tension, that occurs through the very small void
spaces that exist in a soil mass.
Carbonate Rocks
Rocks composed of more than 50% by weight, of carbonate

minerals.
Casing
An open-end steel pipe installed by drilling, driving or

vibrating; to support the wall of a hole; to seal out
groundwater; or to protect the concrete of the shaft from
contamination by sloughing of the sides of the hole.
Caving (or Sloughing)
A soil that tends to fall into an uncased hole, during or after

the drilling. Usually a cohesionless soil.
Changed Conditions
Job conditions, which differ, substantially from conditions

as represented in the plans and specifications, and/or the
contract documents.
Chert
A hard, dense microcrystaline sedimentary rock, consisting

chiefly of interlocking crystals of quartz. It may contain
amorphous silica (opal). Chert occurs principally as
nodular or concretionary segregations, or nodules, in
limestone and dolomite, and less commonly as layered
deposits, or bedded chert. The term flint is equally
synonymous.
Clay
A mineral particle of any composition having a diameter

less than 0.002 mm.
Cleanout Bucket
A cylindrical tool used for removing cuttings from the

shaft bottom. The bucket typically has a bottom that opens
up when turned clockwise and closes when turned
counterclockwise.
Coarse-Grained Soil
The soil types which have particles large enough to be seen

without magnification. The coarse-grained soils include
the sand and gravel (or larger) soil particles.
Cohesion
The bonding or attraction between particles of certain finegrained soils that enhances shear strength and is
independent of confining pressure.
Cold Joint
Surface where concrete placement was interrupted then

later resumed.
Concrete Pump
A truck mounted pump specially designed to transfer fluid

concrete through lines (hoses and pipes) to deliver ready
mix to locations not readily accessible otherwise.
Continuous
Flight Auger
A string of helical augers and a cutting head, used to bore a

hole in the earth, into which a pile section may be set,
concrete cast in place, or tieback grouted.
Coquina
A soft, porous limestone made up largely of shells, coral,

and fossils cemented together.
Core Barrel
A cylindrical rock-drilling tool, designed to cut an annular

space around a central cylindrical core of rock, which can
then be removed to classify the material or in the case of a
drilled shaft removed to deepen the hole.
Crane Carrier
A specially built truck for mounting a drill rig or for

carrying a crane.
Crowd
The soil types which have particles large enough to be seen

without magnification. The coarse-grained soils include
the sand and gravel (or larger) soil particles.
Cuttings
Particles of soil or rock resulting from the cutting action of

drilling or augering a hole. See also Spoil.
Dense
Compact
Desander
A specially designed piece of equipment consisting of a

series of screens and hydrocyclones which remove sand
and silt particles from the slurry used in constructing a
fluid-filled excavation.
Dewatering
(1) The removal of water from a construction area, as by

pumping from an excavation or location where water
covers the planned working surface. (2) Lowering of the
groundwater table in order to obtain a dry area in the
vicinity of an excavation which would otherwise extend
below water.
Diatomaceous Earths
Silts containing large amounts of diatoms-the siliceous

skeletons of minute marine or freshwater organisms.
Dolomite
A carbonate rock composed of more than 50% by weight,

of the mineral dolomite.
Downdrag
A downward force exerted on a drilled shaft, pile, or other

structural element by settling soil. Sometimes called
negative
skin friction.
Drilled Pier/
Drilled Shaft
A reinforced or unreinforced concrete foundation element

formed by drilling a hole in the earth and filling it with
concrete. Also called a caisson, or a large-diameter
bored pile.
Drilling Bucket
A closed rotary boring tool with its cutting edge at its base.
Spoil is removed from the bucket by lifting it out, swinging
it to one side of the hole, and releasing the hinged bottom
of the bucket.
Drilling Mud,
Mud, or Slurry
A fluid mixture of water and clayey soil, or commercial

drillers mud which may be bentonite or attapulgite.
Elastic Movement
Movement under load which is recoverable when the load

is removed.
Elephants Trunk
A collapsible conduit of fabric or plastic which, when

coupled to the bottom of a concrete hopper, directs the
concrete to a point near the center of the reinforcing cage to
prevent concrete from striking the cage or the sides of the
shaft.
End Bearing
The portion of load carrying capacity a shaft or pile has due

to the end area bearing on the material below.
Extractor
A device for pulling piles or casings out of the ground. It

may be an inverted steam or air hammer with yoke so
equipped as to transmit upward blows to the pile body, or a
specially built extractor utilizing this principle. Vibratory
hammers/extractors may be especially effective.
Fill
Any man-made soil deposit. Fills may consist of soils that

are free of organic matter and that are carefully compacted
to form an extremely dense, incompressible mass, or they
may be heterogeneous accumulations of rubbish and debris.
Fine-Grained
Refers to silt and clay-sized particles which exist in a soil.
Fixed-Head Pier
A pier whose top, when deflected laterally with application

of lateral force, is so restrained that the pier axis at the top
must remain vertical during such movement.
Friction/
End-bearing Pier
A pier that achieves support from the combination of side

friction and tip (end) bearing.
Friction Shaft
A pier that derives its resistance to load by the friction or

bond developed between the side surface of the pier and the
soil or rock through which it is placed.
Fullers Earth
Soils having the ability to absorb fats or dyes. They are

usually highly plastic, sedimentary clays.
Full-Scale Load Test
A load test made on a full-scale shaft or other structural

element, with the load carried at least to the structural
design load, and preferable to twice (or more) the design
load.
Geotechnical Engineer
An engineer with specialized training and knowledge of

structural behavior of soil and rocks, employed to do soil
investigations, to do design of structure foundations, and to
provide field observation of foundation investigation and
foundation construction.
Grains
Discrete particles larger than 0.074 mm. They may form

the rock framework, similar to sand grains in a sandstone,
or they may be subordinate to smaller particles in the rock.
Grain Size
A term relating to the size of grains. (See above)
Gravel
Small stones or fragments of stone or very small pebbles

larger than the particles of sand, but often mixed with them.
Generally 4.76 to 75mm in size. (Stones 75 to 300 mm are
usually called cobbles.
Ground Loss
Subsidence of surface of ground adjacent or close to a shaft

excavation, caused by soil moving into the excavation
laterally during drilling, or during dewatering after drilling
is complete. Common in soft organic soils or clays, and
cohesionless soils below the water table.
Groundwater Level
A shallow pit, excavated adjacent to a boring location, used

to contain drilling mud (slurry) during drilling.
Hardpan
A term that should be avoided by the engineer. Originally,

it was applied only to a soil horizon that had become
rocklike because of the accumulation of cementing
minerals. The name implies a condition rather than a type
of soil.
Head
Shortened form of the phrase pressure head, referring to

the pressure resulting from a column of water or elevated
supply of water.
Hollow-Stem Auger
An earth auger with an end bit on a hollow center shaft.
Hydraulic Pump
The hydraulic pump is the same and performs the same

functions as the electric submersible pump except it is
hydraulic.
Impervious
Impervious soil is soil in which the spacing of the soil

particles is so close as to allow only very slow passage of
water. For example, movement of water through a typical
clay (an impervious soil) may be only 1/1,000,000 as fast
as through a typical sand.
Kelly bar (or Kelly)
The kelly bar transfers the rotary and pull-down force to the
drilling tools. The kelly bar is also used to raise and lower
the tools in the shaft. It may be solid or hollow with two or
more bars telescoping inside each other. The ability of the
bar to telescope, allows excavation to greater depths than
the boom height would otherwise allow.
Laitance
A fluid mixture of water, cement, and fine sand that

appears at the top of concrete soon after pouring
Lateral Load
That portion of load that is horizontal, or at 90 to the axis

of a pier or pile, or of the supported structure.
Limestone
A carbonate rock composed of more than 50%, by weight,

of the mineral calcite.
Load Cell
A device for measuring the pressure exerted between the

soil (or rock) and a structural element (e.g., the bottom or
side of a pier); used with a hydraulic or electrical indicating
or recording instrument at ground surface.
Matrix
The natural material in which any fossil, pebble, crystal,

etc., is embedded.
Micrograined
A grain-size term pertaining to carbonate particles smaller

than 0.0625 mm and larger than .004 mm diameter.
Mud
See Drilling Mud
Mud Pit
A shallow pit, excavated adjacent to a boring location, used

to contain drilling mud (slurry) during drilling.
Mudding-In
The technique of stirring soil and water by and auger;

sometimes with the addition of commercial drillers mud,
to form a slurry as the hole is advanced by auger drilling.
Multiple
Underreams
Additional underream cut in a bearing soil, at elevations

above the bottom underream, to force shearing resistance in
the soil into a larger peripheral surface.
Moisture Content
The reduction in diameter in a section of a drilled shaft.
Natural
Moisture Content
Moisture content in-situ, at the time of measurement or

investigation. May be subject to seasonal variation.
Necking
Negative Skin Friction
The reduction in diameter in a section of a drilled shaft.

Effect of settling soil that grips a pile or pier by friction and
adds its weight to the structure load. Also called
Downdrag.
NX Core
Rock core taken with an NX core barrel, which cuts a

core 60mm in diameter.
Oolite
Small spherical or subspherical carbonate accretionary

grain generally less than 2.0 mm in diameter.
Over Reaming
Enlarging the diameter of the shaft to remove any slurry

cake build up.
Piezometric Head
Plasticity
Rebar
Reverse Circulation
Rig, Drilling Rig
(See Artesian Pressure)

Term applied to fine-grained soils (such as slays) which
when moist can be remolded without raveling or breaking
apart.
A bar of reinforcing steel.
A counterflow method of circulating drilling fluid and spoil
in a drill hole. In the direct circulation method, drilling
fluid is pumped down a hollow drill pipe, through the drill
bit, and back to the surface in the annular space around the
drill pipe; and the cuttings are carried to the surface by the
flow. In the reverse-circulation or counterflow system,
drilling fluid is pumped out of the drill stem at the top
circulated through a pit where cuttings are removed, and
returned to the annular space around the drill stem.
Circulation is upward inside the drill stem and downward
outside it.
A machine for drilling holes in earth or rock.
Rock
A naturally occurring mineral substance cohesively bound

by chemical bonds and forming the basic structure of the
earths crust.
Rock Auger
An auger-type drilling tool, equipped with hard-metal teeth

to enable it to drill in soft or weathered rock.
Rock Socket
That portion of a shaft, which penetrates into a rock

formation beneath less competent overburden.
Rotary Boring
A method of boring using rotary (as opposed to percussive)

means of excavation.
Rotary Drill Rig
A rotary drilling machine powered hydraulically,

pneumatically, electrically or mechanically to bore
exploratory holes or for installation of drilled shafts,
caissons, or in-situ piles. The equipment may use a
continuous-flight auger or a rotary table and Kelly bar with
various attachments and tools to perform the work.
Sand
Cohesionless soil whose particle sizes range between 0.074

and 4.76 mm in diameter.
Seepage
Small quantities of water percolating through a soil deposit

or soil structure.
Segregation
Separation of poured concrete into zones of coarse

aggregate without fines, and sand-water-cement without
coarse aggregate.
Settlement
(1) The amount of downward movement of the foundation

of a structure or a part of a structure, under conditions of
applied loading. (2) The downward vertical movement
experienced by structures or soil surface as the underlying
supporting earth compresses.
Shaft Inspection
Device (S.I.D.)
The shaft inspection device is an instrument that allows the

inspector to see the bottom of the drilled shaft. It has a
video camera that is lowered to the bottom of the drilled
shaft. It can also measure the thickness of sediment on the
bottom of the shaft and sample sidewall soils.
Sidewall Grooving
The cutting of circular or spiral grooves in the walls of a

drilled shaft hole in rock or soil, with the objective of
improving sidewall support.
Sidewall Shear
Frictional resistance to axial movement of a pier or pile,

developed between the soils surrounding the shaft and the
peripheral surface of the shaft. (Does not include resistance
to movement of an enlarged base, due to development of
shearing strains within the soil below the base).
Silt
A fine-grained nonplastic soil; often mistaken for clay, but

quite different in its behavior. (Particle sizes ranging from
0.002 to 0.074 mm).
Skin Friction
Resistance to shearing motion between the concrete of the

shaft and the soil or rock in contact with it.
Slurry
See Drilling Mud
Soil Auger
The soil auger is used for cutting and removing the soil
from the shaft volume. It typically has several flights of 30
degrees or less.
Sonotube
A cylindrical form of treated cardboard, for forming round

columns of concrete; a commercial product.
Spacers
Spacers are used to keep the steel cage centered in the

drilled shaft and insure proper concrete cover. The spacers
should be concrete wheels o other approved non-corrosive
spacing.
Spoil
Soil or rock removed from an excavation; to be wasted or

used elsewhere as fill.
Squeezing Ground
A soil formation, usually of clay, silt, or organic material,

which tends to bulge or squeeze into the hole during
drilling, or afterward if the hole is left uncased.
Standard
Penetration
Test (SPT) (N)
The number of blows required to drive a 2-inch O.D., 1-3/8

inch I.D., 24-inch long, split soil sampling spoon 1 foot
with a 140 pound weight freely falling 30 inches. The
count is recorded for each of three 6-inch increments. The
sum of the second and third increments is taken as the N
value in blows per foot. (This is ASTM Designation D
1586).
Strain Gauge
An instrument or device for measuring relative motion

(compression, elongation, or shear) between two points in a
mechanism or in a structural member such as a drilled shaft
Swelling Soil
A soil subject to volume increase caused by wetting,

oxidation, buildup of crystals, or relaxation after load
removal.
Telltale
A strain indicator, usually comprised of a sleeved freestanding rod cast in place in a drilled pier or pile to measure
relative movement between the anchored (embedded) tips
of two or more rods or between the rod anchor and the top
of the pier or pile.
Template
A fixed template is required during all excavation and

concreting operations when drilling from a barge. This is
to maintain shaft position and alignment. A template is not
required on land if the contractor can satisfactorily show
that he can maintain proper position and alignment without
it.
Temporary Casing
Casing left in place until concrete has been placed, or

casing placed as protection for workmen or inspector.
Test Hole
With the test hole, the contractor must demonstrate that his
construction methods will work. A test hole is typically the
same size as the shafts to be constructed.
Tremie
(1) (verb)To place concrete below water level though a

pile, the lower end of which is kept immersed in fresh
concrete so that the rising concrete from the bottom
displaces the water without washing out the cement
content. (2) (noun) The hopper and drop pipe used to place
the concrete underwater.
Tremie Pipe
The tremie pipe is used to place concrete in the drilled

shaft. In shafts constructed by the wet method, the tremie
pipe must extend to the bottom of the drilled shaft. In
shafts constructed by the dry method, the tremie pipe must
extend to within five feet of the shaft bottom. The tremie
pipe serves several purposes. It transports the concrete
through the slurry. It keeps the concrete from segregating
during placement. Also, it helps keep the concrete from
mixing with the drilling slurry at the slurry/concrete
interface.
Twisting Bar
A tool attached to the kelly, used for screwing down

casing through caving or squeezing soil. Sometimes used
for pulling casing.
Underream
Enlargement of the lower end of an augered or drilled pier

hole to increase its bearing area. Also called bell.
Underreamer,
Belling Tool
See Belling Bucket.
Unit Weight
The weight per unit volume of a material such as soil,

water, concrete, and so on. Typically expressed as pounds
per cubic foot, rams per cubic centimeter, or kilograms per
cubic meter.
Uplift
An upward force exerted on a pier, pile, or other structural

elements, by expanding soil or rock, hydraulic pressure, or
structural loading.
Vibratory Driver/
Extractor
A pile-driving and extracting machine which is

mechanically connected to a pile or casing and loosens it
while driving or pulling by oscillating it through the soil.
Power source may be either electric or hydraulic.
Vug
A small cavity in a vein or in rock.
Walking Off
Tendency for a rotating bit to deflect laterally when

encountering harder, deflecting layer of rock or irregular
surface.
Water Content
The ratio of the quantity (by weight) of water in a given

volume of soil mass to the weight of the soil solids,
typically expressed as a percentage.
Water Table
The subsurface elevation at which free water will usually

be present. Also called groundwater.
VOLUMES OF A SHAFT
EQUATIONS
EXAMPLES
SHAFT VOLUME
D
Shaft diameter= D
Shaft length= L
= 3.142
V=
D2
xL
25
V=
D2
4
V=
3.142 x 9
x 25
4
xL
28.28
4
V=
x 25
V= 7.07 x 25
V= 176.75 ft3 or
176.75/27= 6.55 cyds
SHAFT VOLUME EXERCISE 1
4
Shaft diameter= 4
Shaft length= 30
= 3.142
30
V= D2 x L
4
30
D2
4
V=
V=
V=
V=
V=
V=
SHAFT VOLUME EXERCISE 2
42
42
Shaft diameter= 42
Shaft length= 30
= 3.142
30
V= D2 x L
4
xL
30
V=
ft3 or
cyds
D2
4
xL
V=
V=
V=
V=
V=
ft3 or
cyds
CI9RCUMFERENCES
CIRCUMFERENCE OF SHAFT/REINFORCING CAGE

Reinforcing
cage
D = diameter = 2 times R (radius)

= 3.142
CIRCUMFERENCE OF SHAFT (C) = D
CIRCUMFERENCE OF CAGE
Concrete
cover
C = (D 2 x Reqd Concrete Cover)
SI CONVERSION FACTORS
APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNIT
Symbol
When You Know
Multiply By
To Find
Symbol
inches
feet
yards
miles
in
ft
yd
mi
LENGTH
mm
m
m
km
millimeters
meters
meters
kilometers
0.039
3.28
1.09
0.621
AREA
mm2
m2
ha
km2
square millimeters
square meters
hectares
square kilometers
0.0016
10.764
2.47
0.386
square inches
square feet
acres
square miles
in2
ft2
ac
mi2
VOLUME
ml
l
m3
m3
millimeters
liters
cubic meters
cubic meters
0.034
0.264
35.71
1.307
fluid ounces
gallons
cubic feet
cubic yards
fl oz
gal
ft3
yd3
MASS
g
k
kg
grams
kilograms
kil
0.035
2 205
2.205
ounces
pounds
d
oz
lb
Fahrenheit
0F
p
poundforce/cubic
foot
poundforce/cubic foot
pcf
p
pcf
poundforce
poundforce
poundforce
tons (force)
lb
lb
lb
t
TEMPERATURE
0C
Celsius
1.8 C + 32
WEIGHT DENSITY
g
g/cc
g
grams
p
per cubic centimeter
kN/m3
kilonewton/cubic meter
62.4
6.36
FORCE and LOAD
N
kN
kg
MN
newtons
kilonewtons
kilogram (force)
meganewtons
0.225
225
2.205
112 4
112.4
PRESSURE and STRESS*
kPa*
kilopascals
kPa
kilopascals
MPa
megapascals
kg/cm2 kilograms per square cm
0.145
20.9
10.44
1.024
poundforce/square inch
poundforce/square inch
tons per square foot
tons per square foot
psi
psi
tsf
tsf
*Notes: 1 kPa = kN/m2 = one kilopascal = one kilonewton per square meter.
For dimensionless graphs and equations, a reference stress of one atmosphere can be used, such that a = patm = 1 bar
= 100 kPa 1 tsf 1kg/cm2.
734-2604
734-2597
734-2603
734-2598
734 2126
734-2126
734-3474
Drilled Shaft Excavation Log
Drilled Shaft Concrete Placement Log
Drilled Shaft Concrete Volumes
Drilled Shaft Inspection Report
C tifi t off Materials

Certificate
M t i l O
Origin
i i (CMO)
General Daily Progress Report
Shaded forms are contractors responsibility.
734 2625
734-2625
Form No.
Drilled Shaft Inspector

Inspectors
s Checklist
Description
May 2012
S t 2006
Sept.
Aug. 2009
Feb. 2006
Nov. 2011
Apr. 2005
Dec 2012
Dec.
Eff. Date
ODOT Drilled Shaft Inspection Form
Inspector Quality Assurance Program
Drilled Shaft Inspector Training
DRILLED SHAFT EXCAVATION LOG

PROJECT
BENT
STATION
DRILLED SHAFT CONTRACTOR
BRIDGE NO.
CONTRACT NO
SHAFT NO.
SHAFT DIAMETER
INSPECTED BY
CERTIFICATION NO.
DATE/TIME EXCAVATED
START
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
DRY
FINISH:
ELEVATIONS
DIMENSIONS
Reference Elev.
Soil Auger Dia.
Grd. Surface Elev.
Soil Shaft Length

Rock Auger Dia.
Top Shaft Elev.
Rock Socket Length
Msd Top Rock Elev.
Construc. Shaft Length
Casing (Temp / Perm)
Type
Type
Type
OD (in.)
OD (in.)
OD (in.)
Thickness
Thickness
Thickness
Top Elev.
Top Elev.
Top Elev.
Length:
Length:
Length:
INSPECTOR SIGNATURE
NOTES:
734-2604 (4-2005)
3
4
Record and describe all materials encountered during drilled shaft excavation, water
table information, depths of seepage and seepage rates, obstructions encountered,
equipment used and equip. breakdowns (use additional sheets if necessary).
FINISH
BOTTOM INSPECTION
Visual
Tape/Probe
Record 5 depths to the bottom of finished shaft:
CASING INFORMATION (if applicable)
START
DRILLING SLURRY
Slurry Meets Specifications?

Y
CLEANOUT METHOD
Bucket
Airlift
Pump
Other:
Msd Avg. Shaft Bot Elev.
ELEVATION
WET
Slurry Type & Manufacturer :
Water Table Elev.
DEPTH
DATE
Ave. Shaft Bottom Elev.:

Meet Cleanout Specification?
Meet Alignment Specifications?
SOIL OR ROCK MATERIAL DESCRIPTION AND NOTES
DATE
Y
Y
N
N
LOG
DRILLED SHAFT CONCRETE PLACEMENT LOG

PROJECT
BENT
STATION
REFERENCE ELEVATION
SHAFT TOP ELEVATION
DEPTH TO WATER OR SLURRY
SHAFT BOTTOM ELEVATION
TOP OF ROCK ELEVATION
SHAFT LENGTH
BRIDGE NO.
CONTRACT NO
SHAFT NO.
SHAFT DIAMETER
INSPECTED BY
CERT. NO.
DATE
AT START
AT FINISH
REBAR CAGE TOP ELEVATION:

REBAR DESIGN ELEV.
WITHIN SPEC?
YES
NO
REBAR CAGE CENTERED WITHIN SPEC?
YES
NO
SHAFT CONCRETE INFORMATION

Placement Method
Volume in Lines
Free Fall
ID
Length
Volume
Tremie
cy
De-Airing Method
cy
Tremie Plug
Truck
No.
Relief Valve
Estimated Waste Concrete (VW)
cy
Start
Time
Finish Time
Tremie
Depth
End Pour:
Date:
Time:
Shaft Completion Time:

(including casing removal)
Total Concrete Volume In Shaft; cy

(=TVD-VL-VW)
cy
Arrival
Time
Time:
Total Concrete Volume Delivered (TVD)
Total Volume in Lines (VL)
Slump
Date:
cy
Tremie Cap
Concrete
Volume
Begin Pour:
Depth To
Concrete
NOTES
(delays, additives, breaching, casing removal)
INSPECTOR SIGNATURE
DATE
NOTES:
CASING REMOVAL
OD
Permanent Casing
734-2597 (11-2011)
Top Elev.
Bot. Elev.
Start
Finish
DRILLED SHAFT CONCRETE VOLUMES

PROJECT
BENT
STATION
BRIDGE NO.
CONTRACT NO
SHAFT NO.
SHAFT DIAMETER
INSPECTED BY
CERT. NO.
DATE
CONCRETING CURVE
Prior to pouring concrete, a plot should be made showing the theoretical concrete surface (by depth or elev.) vs. concrete volume
placed. During concrete placement the actual concrete surface vs. the actual concrete volume placed is then plotted.
DEPTH/ELEVATION (mete
Shaft Top
Shaft Bottom
CONCRETE VOLUME PLACED (cubic meters)
VOLUME CALCULATIONS
TVD
m3
VL
VW
m3
Volume Placed
VP
m3
Theoretical Volume
VT
m3
OP
m3
Volume Delivered
Volume in Lines
Wastage
(= TVD-VL-VW)
2
((D /4)(Shaft Length,m))
Overpour (VP-VT)
734-2603 (2-2006)
Notes/Comments:
DRILLED SHAFT INSPECTION REPORT

BRIDGE NAME
BRIDGE NO.
PROJECT:
BENT
STATION
SHAFT NO.
SHAFT DIAMETER
CONTRACT NO.:
INSPECTED BY
CERTIFICATION NO.
DATE
PRIME CONTRACTOR
Time Excavation Started:
TOP
STOPPED
BOTTOM
Date/Time Bottom Inspected:
STOPPED
Date Concreting Started:

Plan
Measurements
"As-Built"
Measurements
Mark Deviation from Plan
Top Elevation
As-built location within tolerances?
Bottom Elevation
Reinforcement
Shaft Diameter
Elev. Before Conc.

Elev. After Conc.
Ref. Elev.
Rock Socket Diameter

(if appl.)
Shaft Length*
Ground Surface or
*Was longer shaft approved for payment?
Yes
Mudline Elev.
No
Concrete Volume (cy)
Casing
OUTER (Perm/Temp)
Diameter
Concrete Mix Design

Concrete Placement Method
Tremie
Groundwater
Elev.:
Free Fall
Concrete Slump @ time or pour
Top Elev.
Length
MIDDLE
Water Inflow Rate
gal/min (est.)
Yes
Bottom of Shaft Cleanliness Meets Specification?
Diameter
No
Top Elev.
Proper reinforcement and CSL tubes installed:
Length
Description of bottom of shaft:
INNER
Diameter
COMMENTS (Obstructions Encountered, etc.):
CSL Test Performed:
Yes
CSL Test Results Approved:
Top of Rock
Elevation
Length
Bottom of Shaft
Elevation
No
Yes
Top Elev.
No*
*If not approved, describe results and resolution
Shaft Approved by:

INSPECTOR SIGNATURE
DATE
Note: Forward completed reports to ODOT Bridge Section.

http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/CONSTRUCTION/HwyConstForms1.shtml
734-2598 (8-2009)
CERTIFICATE OF MATERIALS ORIGIN

PROJECT NAME (SECTION)
BID ITEM NO.
CONTRACT NO.
BID ITEM NAME
DOMESTIC MATERIALS SOURCE (NAME AND ADDRESS)
DOMESTIC MATERIALS DESCRIPTION
FOREIGN MATERIALS SOURCE INCLUDING MATERIAL OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN (NAME AND ADDRESS
FOREIGN MATERIALS (OR OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN) DESCRIPTION AND VALUE OF IRON OR STEEL PRODUCT AS IT IS DELIVERED TO THE PROJECT
This certification is made for the purpose of establishing materials acceptance under the Contract Special Provisions titled 00160.20(a) Buy
America. All iron or steel manufacturing processes, including protective coatings, for the domestic materials described above occurred within
the United States of America.
Manufacturers' certificates verifying the origin of the above described domestic materials will be kept on file for three years following final
payment. Copies will be furnished to the Engineer upon request.
I declare under penalty of perjury under Oregon and Federal laws that the foregoing is true and correct.
AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE*
COMPANY* NAME AND ADDRESS:
NAME:
TITLE:
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
Submit a new certificate for subsequent shipments if any of the above information changes.
734-2126 (9-2006)
Original to Project Manager
*May be Contractor, Sub-Contractor or supplier

Construction Forms Website: http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/Hwy/Construction/ConstForms1.shtml
Soil and Rock Classification for Inspectors

Soil and rock classification is typically the duty of the geologists during the subsurface investigation. However, during
construction, the inspector is tasked with verifying the subsurface conditions by classifying the materials encountered
during excavation. Basic information can easily be collected by the inspector to validate (or possibly not) the
foundation investigation. Included here are basic guidelines for filling out the Soil or Rock Material Description and
Notes section on the Drilled Shaft Excavation Log.
For more details on soil and rock classification, consult the ODOT Soil and Rock Classification Manual available at
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/GEOENVIRONMENTAL/geology_geotechnical1.shtml .
The first challenge in the classification process is the determination of whether the material is rock or extremely
weathered, partially cemented or altered material which is more like a soil. Extremely soft or decomposed rock that is
friable and can be reduced to gravel size or smaller by normal hand pressure should be classified as a soil, although
geologically such material may be recognized as a rock formation.
Any material contacts, whether inferred or observed should be noted on the Drilled Shaft Excavation Log, along with
the inference which lead to the conclusion like change in drilling sound or drilling speed.
Basic Soil Classification

The three soil properties that can be readily recorded include soil name, color and plasticity. Table 1 provides soil
names and descriptions.
Table 1. Soil Constituents and their Definitions
Soil Name
Boulders
Cobbles
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Size
> 12 inches
12 inches to 3 inches
3 inches to
to greater than material
retained on a #200 sieve
Material passing the #200
sieve
Material passing the #200
sieve
Description
Rock
Rock
Rock
Rock
particles
particles
particles
particles
Soil that is nonplastic to very slightly plastic and that exhibits little
or no strength when air dried
Soil that can be made to exhibit plasticity (putty-like properties)
within a range of water contents, and that exhibit considerable
strength when air dried
Oftentimes, more than one soil constituent is present. The processes for naming fine grained (silts and clays) and
coarse grained (sands and gravels) soil types with multiple components are included in Tables 2 and 3. Soil names
include a description (secondary constituent) followed by the primary constituent with the additional constituent last.
An example of a fine- grained soil description is Clayey Silt with some Sand. An example of a coarse-grained soil is
Sandy Gravel with trace of Silt.
Table 2. Fine-Grained Soil Subclassification
Terms
Percent (by weight) of Total Sample
SILT, CLAY
PRIMARY CONSTITUENT
Clayey, Silty
Secondary fine-grained Constituents
w/some silt, some clay
Additional fine-grained Constituents
Sandy, Gravelly
30 50%: Secondary coarse-grained Constituents
w/some sand, some gravel
15-30%: Additional coarse-grained Constituents
w/trace sand, trace gravel
The relationship of clay and silt Constituents is based on plasticity and normally determined by performing
index tests. Refined classifications are based on Atterberg Limits laboratory tests and a Plasticity Chart.
Table 3. Course-Grained Soil Subclassification

Terms
GRAVEL, SAND
Gravelly, sandy
w/some (gravel, sand)
w/trace (gravel, sand)
Silty, Clayey
w/some (silt, clay)
w/trace (silt, clay)
Index tests and/or plasticity
Percent (by weight) of Total Sample

PRIMARY CONSTITUENT
30 50%: Secondary coarse-grained Constituents
12-50%: Secondary fine-grained Constituents
5-12%: Additional fine-grained Constituents
<5%: Additional fine-grained Constituents
tests are performed to determine whether the term silt or clay is used.
SOIL COLOR: From the ODOT Soil/Rock Classification Manual:
Soil color is not in itself a specific engineering property, but may be an indicator of other significant properties such as
soil chemistry, ground water (e.g., mottling indicating wet/dry cycles), alteration/weathering, or relative natural
moisture. Color may also be an aid in subsurface correlation.
Common color names should be used; do not use ish or unusual colors.
PLASTICITY: Plasticity is a significant indicator for silts and clays, typically measured by determining the plasticity
index. The plasticity index (PI) is the range of water contents where the soil exhibits plastic properties. That is, the
water content where it starts as a crumbly thread (Plastic Limit) to the water content where it starts as a flowable
material as determined by the Liquid Limit test.
The PI is the difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to contain
more clay, those with a lower PI tend to contain more silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or
no silt or clay. The table below provides a list of terms that can be used to describe plasticity.
Table 4. Degree of Plasticity
Term
Plasticity
Index, PI%
0-3
Dry Strength
Field Test (approximation)
Very low
Low Plasticity
3-15
Low
Medium
Plasticity
15-30
Medium
Dry specimen ball falls apart easily. Cannot be rolled at any

moisture content.
Dry specimen ball easily crushed with fingers. 1/8 thread can
barely be rolled within its plastic range.
Difficult to crush dry specimen ball when dry. 1/8 thread is
easy to roll.
30 or more
High
Nonplastic
High Plasticity
Impossible to crush dry specimen ball with fingers. 1/8

thread takes considerable time to roll/knead to reach plastic
limit. Can be rerolled several times without breaking after
reaching plastic limit.
Basic Rock Classification

The two rock properties that can be readily recorded include rock color and hardness. Rock names can be provided if
the inspector is so inclined.
ROCK NAME: Rocks are classically divided into three general categories: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.
Actually determining the rock name is beyond the expectation for the drilled shaft inspector. For more detailed
information on naming rocks, see the ODOT Soil/Rock Classification Manual.
ROCK COLOR: From the ODOT Soil/Rock Classification Manual:
Rock color is not in itself a specific engineering property, but may be an indicator of other significant properties such
as ground water (e.g., mottling indicating wet/dry cycles), and alteration/weathering. Color may also be an aid in
subsurface correlation.
Color should be determined from the wet samples. Common color names should be used; do not use ish or unusual
colors.
ROCK HARDNESS: Rock hardness is a measure of rock strength. Besides characterizing one rock unit as a whole any
changes in hardness, in some cases witnessed by the speed of the excavation process, should be noted by the
inspector. Table 5 below presents the Scale of Relative Rock Hardness.
Table 5. Scale of Relative Rock Hardness
Term
Extremely soft
Hardness
Designation
R0
Very Soft
R1
Soft
R2
Medium Hard
R3
Hard
R4
Very Hard
R5
Field Identification
Can be indented with difficulty by thumbnail. May be
moldable or friable with finger pressure.
Crumbles under firm blows with point of a geology
pick. Can be peeled by a pocket knife. Scratched with
finger nail.
Can be peeled by a pocket knife with difficulty. Cannot
be scratched with fingernail. Shallow indentation made
by firm blow of geology pick.
Can be scratched by knife or pick. Specimen can be
fractured with a single firm blow of hammer/geology
pick.
Can be scratched with knife or pick only with difficulty
Several hard hammer blows required to fracture
specimen.
Cannot be scratched by knife or sharp pick. Specimen
requires many blows of hammer to fracture or chip.
Hammer rebounds after impact.
Approx.
Strength*
< 100 psi
100-1000 psi
1000-4000 psi
4000-8000 psi
8000-16000 psi
>16000 psi
*Unconfined compressive strength.
October 20, 2011
Working Safely During Installation of Drilled Shaft Foundations

What are Drilled Shafts?
Drilled Shafts are used worldwide as deep foundation elements for the support of buildings,
parking decks, bridges, overpasses, power lines, cellular towers, and similar structures. As with
any type of construction activity, there are numerous hazards assoc iated with the installation of
drilled shaft foundations. Employers that recognize and address the hazards associated with
the installation of drilled shaft foundations will improve workplace safety and health
What are some of the hazards?
Some the most dangerous hazards an employees faces when working on a drilled shaft project
include:
Falls
Struck by and caught in between situations
Heavy equipment operation
Contact with overhead and underground utilities
How can you reduce or eliminate hazards in drilled shaft foundation construction?
The following safe work practices may reduce or eliminate the risk of injury or illness for drilled
shaft foundation workers:
Equipment Many drilled shaft accidents and fatalities involve equipment such as drill rigs,
cranes, front end loaders, and ready-mix concrete trucks. Proper equipment inspection and
maintenance according to manufacturers recommendations, clear hand signals, back up
alarms, keeping within the recommended load ratings, and using trained and authorized
operators, can help prevent accidents.
Personal Protective Equipment Using personal protective equipment (PPE) such as
personal and passive fall protection, high visibility vests, eye and hearing protection, hard hats,
gloves, boots, goggles, and face shields could significantly reduce drilled shaft installation
injuries.
Utility Location All above ground utilities such as power lines must be located and a
minimum clearance distance of 10 feet shall be maintained at all times, for voltages up to
50,000V. Greater distances shall be maintained as the voltage increases. Notify the local
power company BEFORE of any activity that must take place closer than the minimum 10 foot
clearance, and either de-energize, move, or at the minimum insulate the line(s) so contact is
prevented.
Underground utilities such as electric, natural or petroleum gas, water, communication, sewers
must be located using the local Call Before You Dig system prior to any drilling activity begins.
The utility must be physically located and then protected from contact (support, re-locate, or
removal) to avoid any accidental contact.
Falls Drilled shafts greater than 30 inches in diameter and deeper than six feet require the
use of fall protection for all employees exposed to potentially falling into the open shaft during
installation operations or after completion of the shaft.
Entry into a Drilled Shaft
Entry into a drilled should be avoided whenever possible. However entry may be required for
inspection, cleaning, tool retrieval, or rescue purposes. No one is to enter a drilled shaft unless:
the person is trained on: air quality monitoring, fall protection, PPE, communication,
entry methods, has a trained topside observer and
the shaft itself is properly cased to prevent cave-in.
Additional Ways You Can Improve Drilled Shaft Safety
You can start by increasing your awareness of drilled shaft installation hazards and making a
conscious effort to prepare for emergency situations including fires, equipment accidents,
electrical shocks from equipment and wires, and chemical exposures.
Minimize hazards by carefully selecting the products you buy to ensure that you provide good
tools and equipment.
Insure that equipment operators read and follow instructions in equipment operators manuals.
Inspect equipment routinely for problems that may cause accidents.
Educate your employees on drilled shaft installation hazards and train them on safe behaviors
and emergency procedures.
Conduct daily Pre-Task meetings to reinforce positive safety behavior and correct negative
behaviors or conditions.
Hold weekly tool box safety talks to continue employee safety education and training.
Install and use fall protection systems around the opening of a drilled shaft. Create a danger
zone and keep un-authorized people away from the drilling activities.
Review and follow instructions in material safety data sheets (MSDSs) and on labels that come
with chemical products and communicate information on these hazards to your workers.
Use the free OSHA Consultation Program. For more information about OSHA and the
Consultation Program, call 1-800-321-OSHA or visit www.osha.gov.
Drilled Shaft Installation Safety Tips

For the Employer
1.
The employer must establish a competent person for each project. This is typically the
Superintendent, Foreman or perhaps the drill rig operator.
2.
The competent person must insure that all employees are trained in the safe methods of
drilled shaft operations as specified in the company safety manual and OSHA
requirements.
3.
Transport drilling equipment on the road and jobsite properly. Perform pre-trip
inspections, load and unload equipment correctly, know weights and heights of
equipment, secure the load, and insure safe access and work area stability.
4.
A competent person must inspect all equipment prior to its use. Damaged or otherwise
faulty equipment must be repaired or replaced before drilling activity begins.
5.
Select and provide employees with appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., hard
hats, eye and ear protection, gloves). Train employees on the proper use and care of
their PPE and enforce its use.
6.
Locate all overhead and underground utilities BEFORE work begins. Identify shaft
location and establish a danger zone around the area. Determine which direction the rig
will swing to cast off cuttings, and inform all workers. Coordinate all auxiliary equipment
operations during shaft installation to avoid struck by accidents.
7.
Shafts 30 inches or greater in diameter and 6 feet or greater in depth require some form
of fall protection at the surface of the shaft. A fall protection plan, including a rescue
plan, must be in place prior to drilling any shaft.
8.
No employee is to enter a drilled shaft for any reason until they have been trained and
authorized to do so. Air quality monitoring shall be performed prior to and during shaft
entry. For all drilled shaft entries, observe ADSC Recommended Procedures for the
Entry of Drilled Shaft Foundation Excavations.
9.
Insure the concrete truck has adequate access to the shaft. Do not allow adjusting the
chute while the truck is in motion. Have the signalperson guide reversing vehicles.
Employees must wear eye protection when pouring concrete. Have eyewash available
at all times. If pumping the concrete, make sure all hose connections are sound, safety
pinned, and have whip checks in place. One person shall signal the pump operator.
10. Conduct daily pre-task safety and production meetings. Maintain employee safety
education with weekly safety meetings. Never allow your employees to become
comfortable with the hazards associated with drilled shaft installation.
Drilled Shaft Installation Safety Tips

For the Employee
1.
The employer must designate a safety supervisor/competent person for each project.
Make sure you are aware of who this person is so you know who to ask safety related
questions.
2.
Make sure you are trained in the safe methods of drilled shaft operations using the
company safety manual and attend all safety orientations and daily or weekly safety
meetings. Ask questions if you are unsure of any procedures.
3.
Use caution when assisting with the loading and unloading of drill rig equipment. Be on
the lookout for low clearance, soft soils, or any unsafe conditions when moving the drill
rig on the jobsite.
4.
All equipment must be inspected and repaired prior to its use by a competent person.
You may assist the competent person in this task. Help inspect ground conditions to
insure adequate and level support for the drill dig.
5.
Wear the personal protective equipment that you have been issued. Hard hats, eye and
ear protection, and gloves will protect you from injury, but only if you wear them
correctly.
6.
Before any drilling begins, ask if the underground utilities have been located. Keep a
watchful eye out for overhead power lines and keep the equipment and yourself at least
10 feet away from them at all times.
7.
Determine which direction the rig will swing to cast off cuttings. It may be different for
each shaft you drill. Watch out for auxiliary equipment such as assist cranes, loaders,
backhoes, skid steers, or others that may be working near the drilled shafts. The
operator may not see you due to poor visibility from the equipment. Use properly sized
rigging for all loads. Do not work under a suspended load. Use tag lines whenever
possible.
8.
Shafts 30 inches or greater in diameter and 6 feet or greater in depth require some form
of fall protection at the surface of the shaft. Set up the fall protection device around the
shaft and work from the outside. The drill operator is not to drill the shaft without the fall
protection device in place. Erect barricades or place a cover over any open shaft that is
not completed.
9.
Make sure the concrete truck has adequate access to the shaft. Do not adjust the chute
while the truck is in motion. Signal all backing trucks. Wear eye protection when
pouring concrete and wash eyes immediately if splashed with concrete. If pumping the
concrete, make sure all hose connections are sound, safety pinned, and have whip
checks in place. One person shall signal the pump operator.
10. Do not enter a drilled shaft for any reason until you have been trained and authorized to
do so. The shaft must be cased, and air quality monitoring shall be performed prior to
and during shaft entry. There are no exceptions to this rule.
Drilled Shaft Inspectors Training

Homework #1
Multiple Choice: For each of the following questions, circle the letter of the answer that
best answers the question.
1. At the time of concrete placement for a 3-foot diameter drilled shaft, a dry shaft is _____
A. A shaft that requires casing for excavation to its design depth.
B. A shaft that requires slurry to stay open.
C. A shaft with no more than 3 inches of water present in the bottom of the excavation at the
beginning of the pour.
D. A shaft with 12 inches or more of water.
2. Auger bits are generally classified as ____
A.
B.
C.
D.
Button bits
Earth or Rock
Flighted or unflighted
None of the above.
3. In determining RQD, core pieces equal to or over ___ in length from the recovered core
are used.
A.
B.
C.
D.
1
2
4
6
True or False: For each statement, circle True or False.

True
False
4. The Contractor must submit a detailed report specific to the project prepared
by a qualified slurry consultant if they propose to use a mineral slurry.
True
False
5. Slurry is sometimes used in the Casing construction method.
True
False
6. A soil described as Silty Gravel could contain up to 50% silt.
7. Soil properties that can be identified in the field include:

A. Size, Color, Plasticity
B. Size, Color, Hardness
C. Texture, Hardness, Plasticity
Page 1
11/22/13
8. Rock properties that can be identified in the field include:

A. Size, Color, Plasticity
B. Color, Hardness
C. Texture, Hardness, Plasticity
9. The Engineer has how many calendar days to approve or reject the drilled shaft
installation plan after receipt of all submissions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
5 days
10 days
15 days
21 days
10. If the Contractors key personnel change or the Contractor proposes a significant
revision of the approved shaft installation plan, what must be done?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Continue with work as normal

Explain to Contractor they have to have only those people described in plan can be there
Hold an additional meeting with the key people before any more work is done
Call Project manager and let contractor continue work
11. On a Drill Log, the drilling abbreviation LW represents which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lost Water
Low unit weight of material
Saturated sands
None of the above
12. On which of the following plan set sheets will you find the Hydraulic Data Table?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Foundation Data Sheet

Bridge Plan and Elevation Sheet
Footing Plan Sheet
None of the above
13. What is the circumference of an 8-foot diameter drilled shaft?

__________________________
14. What volume of concrete can be placed in an 8-foot diameter shaft that is 40 feet deep?
__________________________
Page 2
11/22/13
Using the Plan Set Handout, Special Provisions and the Geotechnical and
Foundation Report for the Calapooya Creek Bridge Replacement, answer the
following questions.
15. What length of 8-foot diameter drilled shaft (in feet) is planned for this project?
________________________
16. What is the design shaft tip elevation of the 8-foot diameter drilled shaft?
________________________
17. At what depth can the driller expect to encounter the mudstone (Calapooya Unit-5) in
the drilled shaft?
_________________________
18. How many crosshole sonic log (CSL) tubes are required?
__________________________
19. What length of permanent casing is required for the drilled shaft?
__________________________
True or False: For each statement, circle True or False.
True
False
20. The required minimum length for testing mechanical splices for a #8 bar is
72 inches.
True
False
21. The estimated quantity of drilled shaft reinforcement for Structure 20861 is
10,000 pounds.
Page 3
11/22/13
Drilled Shaft Inspectors Training

Homework #2
Problem Number 1
Page 1
11/22/13
Problem Number 2
The plans for a bridge show that the drilled shaft diameter is to be 96 and
that all concrete cover is to be 6. The length of the drilled shaft is 50.
Determine the total number of side spacers required based on the
specification below. Also, draw and dimension the location of the spacings
on the shaft below.
00512.45(d) Concrete Cover - Maintain the required concrete cover shown by placing
concentric spacer bars or other approved devices around the reinforcing cage. Place spacing
devices on minimum 10 foot vertical spacings the full length of the shaft. At each 10 foot level,
place spacers on a minimum 30 inch circumferential spacing with at least three spaces per level.
Do not use wood spacers or concrete dobies.
50
Page 2
11/22/13

PROJECT
BRIDGE NO.
Homework #1 Drilled Shaft

BENT
STATION
CONTRACT NO
12345
CON10000
SHAFT NO.
206+12.22 LT
SHAFT DIAMETER
#2
8 feet
INSPECTED BY
Diggin Deep Drilled Shaft Construction

REFERENCE ELEVATION
CERT. NO.
Abby Normal
SHAFT TOP ELEVATION
241.62
30.9 ft
AT FINISH
245.5
246.9
REBAR DESIGN ELEV.
REBAR WITHIN SPEC?
YES
NO
YES
NO
245.8
174.9
7/22/2013
AT START
242.8
DATE
41071
SHAFT LENGTH
179.3

Placement Method
Volume in Lines
NO Free Fall
X
Tremie
ID
3
Length
8 inch
Volume
20 feet
cy
De-Airing Method
NO
Tremie Cap
NO
Relief Valve
Concrete
Volume
Date:
7/22/2013 Time:
7:00 AM
End Pour:
Date:
7/22/2013 Time:
12:00 PM

12:45 PM
cy
YES Tremie Plug
Truck
No.
Begin Pour:
Slump
Arrival
Time
Start
Time
Finish Time
Tremie
Depth
cy
cy

(=TVD-VL-VW)
cy
Depth To
Concrete
1 10 cyd
9.8
6:50 AM
7:10 AM
7:15 AM 66 ft
63.2
2 10 cyd
9.5
8:00 AM
7:20 AM
7:28 AM 66 ft
59.9
3 10 cyd
10
8:15 AM
7:35 AM
7:45 AM 66 ft
54.1
4 10 cyd
9.1
8:45 AM
7:55 AM
8:05 AM 66 ft
47.2
5 10 cyd
9.6
8:50 AM
8:10 AM
8:15 AM 66 ft
42.2
6 10 cyd
8.7
8:10 AM
8:35 AM
8:45 AM 42 ft
36.8
7 10 cyd
9.9
8:25 AM
9:15 AM
9:25 AM 42 ft
30.1
8 10 cyd
8.6
9:10 AM
9:35 AM
9:50 AM 42 ft
24.6
9 10 cyd
9.6
9:40 AM 10:00 AM
10:15 AM 42 ft
19.1
10 10 cyd
9.2 10:10 AM 10:45 AM
10:50 AM 20 ft
13.6
11 10 cyd
7.9 10:40 AM 11:05 AM
11:15 AM 20 ft
12 10 cyd
8.1 11:10 AM 11:35 AM
11:40 AM 10 ft
2.2
13 10 cyd
9.9 11:30 AM 11:50 AM
12:00 PM 10 ft
NOTES
INSPECTOR SIGNATURE
DATE
NOTES:
CASING REMOVAL
OD
6.3 ft
Permanent Casing
734-2597 (11-2011)
N/A
Top Elev.
316.5
Bot. Elev.
289.5
Start
10:35 AM
Finish
11:00 AM

PROJECT
BRIDGE NO.
Homework #1 Class Drilled Shaft

BENT
STATION
CONTRACT NO
12345
CON10000
SHAFT NO.
206+12.22 LT
SHAFT DIAMETER
#2
8 feet
INSPECTED BY
CERT. NO.
Abby Normal
DATE
41071
7/22/2013
CONCRETING CURVE
20
30
40
MEASU
URED DEPTH (Feet)
10
50
60
70
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CONCRETE VOLUME PLACED (cubic yards)
VOLUME CALCULATIONS
Volume Delivered
Volume in Lines
Wastage
Volume Placed
TVD
cy
VL
cy
VW
cy
VP
cy
VT
cy
(= TVD-VL-VW)
Theoretical Volume
2
((D /4)(Shaft Length,ft)/27)
Overpour (VP-VT)
OP 0.0 cy
Notes/Comments:
160
180
200
220

PROJECT
BRIDGE NO.
Homework #2 Extra Drilled Shaft

BENT
STATION
CONTRACT NO
12345
CON10000
SHAFT NO.
300+00
SHAFT DIAMETER
#3
8 feet
INSPECTED BY

REFERENCE ELEVATION
Abby Normal
SHAFT TOP ELEVATION
315
15
2/3/2013
AT START
AT FINISH
309
309.5
REBAR DESIGN ELEV.
WITHIN SPEC?
YES
NO
YES
NO
309
245
DATE
41071
310
CERT. NO.
SHAFT LENGTH
N/A

Placement Method
Volume in Lines
NO Free Fall
ID
Length
YES Tremie
25
Volume
cy
De-Airing Method
Truck
No.
Date:
7/18/2013 Time:
8:00 AM
End Pour:
Date:
7/18/2013 Time:
10:35 AM

11:00 AM
cy
NO
Tremie Plug
NO
Tremie Cap
NO
Relief Valve
Concrete
Volume
Begin Pour:
Slump
Arrival
Time
Start
Time
Finish Time
cy
cy

(=TVD-VL-VW)
cy
Tremie
Depth
Depth To
Concrete
NOTES
Initial QCT concrete test - passes
1 10 CY
9.8
7:50 AM
8:00 AM
8:15 AM
65
60.3
2 10 CY
9.5
8:00 AM
8:20 AM
8:28 AM
65
55.6
3 10 CY
10
8:15 AM
8:35 AM
8:50 AM
65
50.9
4 10 CY
9.1
8:45 AM
8:55 AM
9:05 AM
65
46.2
5 10 CY
8:55 AM
9:10 AM
9:30 AM
50
41.5
6 10 CY
8.8
9:05 AM
9:40 AM
10:10 AM
50
36.8
7 10 CY
7.5 10:15 AM 10:40 AM
10:50 AM
50
32.1
8 10 CY
10 11:05 AM 11:20 AM
11:30 AM
40
27.4
9 10 CY
10 11:30 AM 11:40 AM
12:00 PM
40
22.7
10 10 CY
10 12:05 PM 12:20 PM
1:30 PM
30
18
11 10 CY
1:45 PM
1:50 PM
2:10 PM
30
13.3
12 10 CY
9.5
2:15 PM
2:40 PM
3:10 PM
30
9.16
INSPECTOR SIGNATURE
DATE
NOTES:
CASING REMOVAL
OD
N/A
Permanent Casing
734-2597 (11-2011)
N/A
Top Elev.
N/A
Bot. Elev.
N/A
Start
N/A
Finish
N/A

PROJECT
BRIDGE NO.
Homework #2 Extra Drilled Shaft

BENT
STATION
CONTRACT NO
12345
CON10000
SHAFT NO.
300+00
SHAFT DIAMETER
#3
8 feet
INSPECTED BY
CERT. NO.
DATE
Abby Normal
2/3/2013
CONCRETING CURVE
Where is the top of the concrete?

EXTRA CREDIT: What is the ACTUAL diameter of the shaft?
EXTRA CREDIT: Assuming the same rate of use, how
much more concrete will the contractor need to order?
0
20
30
40
MEA
ASURED DEPTH (Feet)
10
50
60
70
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CONCRETE VOLUME PLACED (cubic yards)
VOLUME CALCULATIONS
Volume Delivered
Volume in Lines
Wastage
Volume Placed
TVD
cy
VL
cy
VW 2.0 cy
VP
cy
Theoretical Volume
VT
cy
Overpour (VP-VT)
OP 0.0 cy
(= TVD-VL-VW)
((D2/4)(Shaft Length,ft)/27)
Notes/Comments:
160
180
200
220

13 Drill Shaft

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13 Drill Shaft

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GLOSSARY

The property of a substance (in our case, cohesive soil) to

Association of Drilled Shaft Contractors (The International

The stone used in making concrete. Fine aggregate is

The load which cannot be exceeded without incurring (in

A pier designed to resist uplift or lateral forces.

Subsurface water underlying a confining bed which has

A clay mineral consisting of complex magnesium

American Society for Testing and Materials

A helical rotary tool for drilling a cylindrical hole in soil

That portion of the load on a pier or pile which is in the

Any material placed in an excavated area, for the purpose

A bucket-like tool for removing water from the hole during

Angle with the vertical, normally expressed as a ratio of

A soil or rock stratum that is expected to carry the drilled

Enlargement of the lower end of a shaft excavation, to

A drilling bucket tool with expanding cutters that can

The mineral, sodium montmorillonite, a highly expansive

A rock, usually rounded by weathering and abrasion,

A cylindrical rotary drilling tool with a hinged bottom

Reinforcing bars preassembled for quick placing in a

Cake (Filter Cake)

A layer of clay or clayey soil, built up on the wall of a

Mechanically deposited carbonate rocks consisting of sand

Refers to a rock composed of more than 50% silt and clay

Calyx (or Shot) Barrel

A core barrel without hard-metal cutting teeth, with which

The upward movement of water, due to effects of wetting

Rocks composed of more than 50% by weight, of carbonate

An open-end steel pipe installed by drilling, driving or

Caving (or Sloughing)

A soil that tends to fall into an uncased hole, during or after

Job conditions, which differ, substantially from conditions

A hard, dense microcrystaline sedimentary rock, consisting

A mineral particle of any composition having a diameter

A cylindrical tool used for removing cuttings from the

The soil types which have particles large enough to be seen

Surface where concrete placement was interrupted then

A truck mounted pump specially designed to transfer fluid

A string of helical augers and a cutting head, used to bore a

A soft, porous limestone made up largely of shells, coral,

A cylindrical rock-drilling tool, designed to cut an annular

A specially built truck for mounting a drill rig or for

The soil types which have particles large enough to be seen

Particles of soil or rock resulting from the cutting action of

A specially designed piece of equipment consisting of a

(1) The removal of water from a construction area, as by

Silts containing large amounts of diatoms-the siliceous

A carbonate rock composed of more than 50% by weight,

A downward force exerted on a drilled shaft, pile, or other

A reinforced or unreinforced concrete foundation element

A fluid mixture of water and clayey soil, or commercial

Movement under load which is recoverable when the load

A collapsible conduit of fabric or plastic which, when

The portion of load carrying capacity a shaft or pile has due

A device for pulling piles or casings out of the ground. It

Any man-made soil deposit. Fills may consist of soils that

Refers to silt and clay-sized particles which exist in a soil.

A pier whose top, when deflected laterally with application

A pier that achieves support from the combination of side

A pier that derives its resistance to load by the friction or

Soils having the ability to absorb fats or dyes. They are

Full-Scale Load Test

A load test made on a full-scale shaft or other structural