07 Mobility Management

Mobile Cellular Networks
Reference
Pahlavan Chapter 6, Sect 6.3
Mobility Management in Current and Future Communications

Networks," I. Akyildiz, J. McNair, J. Ho, et. al., IEEE Network
Magazine, July/August 1998, pp.39-49.
Outline
Review Generations (1G 4G) of wireless networks
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer
Location management in Telephone Networks

Location registration
Location update and paging
Location Management in the Internet (Mobile IP)

Mobile IP
Micro-Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
EEL6591 Wireless Networks
Generations of Wireless Systems: 1G
First Generation:
Analog voice service
Small coverage areas
Low quality
Examples
AMPS (North,Central,South America, etc.)
TACS (Europe)
NMT (Scandinavia)
NTT (Japan)
McNair, Spring 15
Second Generation:
Digital services (paging, messaging, fax)
Larger coverage areas
Cellular mobility
Digital transmission and switching
Personal Communication Systems (PCS)
Examples
IS-54, IS-95 (North America)
GSM (Europe)
PDC (Japan)
McNair, Spring 15
Base Station
Mobile
Terminal
4

Third Generation:
Higher bandwidth
multimedia digital services
(email, limited internet, PCS)
Even larger coverage areas
Greater mobility / roaming
Heterogeneous services
(voice, video, data)
Examples
IMT 2000 (USA, Korea)
UMTS (Europe, China)
McNair, Spring 15

Global
mobility/roaming
More bandwidth,
more multimedia
Internet-based
packets switching
Heterogeneous
(WWAN, WMAN, WLAN, WPAN, sensors,
deep space, etc.)
Example - LTE
McNair, Spring 15
Evolution From 2G to 4G
2G
2G to 2.5G
2.5G to 3G
GPRS
EDGE
GSM
3G
4G
Wcdma
LTE
PDC
cdma2000
cdmaOne
Cdma2000
w/ EVDO
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
(IS-136)
McNair, Spring 15
2G to 4G The GSM Path

(WiMax could
also have been
the 4G choice)
EDGE
Wcdma
UMTS
LTE
Pre-3G
3G
4G
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
DS-CDMA
OFDMA
Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying (GMSK)
(1/8) PSK, 32QAM
GSM
2G
20Kbps
Circuit-based
McNair, Spring 15
GPRS
2.5G
60-100Kbps
100Kbps 1Mbps 2Mbps-100 Mbps 1 Gbps
Circuit and packet based

packet-based
8
2G to 4G The IS-54 Path

(WiMax could
also have been
the 4G choice)
IS-54/136
digital AMPS
IS-95
cdma2000
cdma2000
+ EVDO
LTE
2G
2G
3G
3G
4G-ish
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
DS-CDMA / FDD DS-CDMA / TDMA OFDMA
DS-CDMA
(Pi/4) DQPSK
50Kbps
QPSK
QPSK
1Mbps
2Mbps
QPSK, QAM
EVDO adds
2.4Mbps (fwd) /
150Kbps for Data
1 Gbps
Circuit and
packet based
Circuit-based
McNair, Spring 15
QPSK, QAM
packet-based
Outline
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer


Mobile IP
Micro-Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
10
Mobility Management
Mobility affects the quality of service
The offered load (Erlangs) in each cell changes
dynamically with aggregate user movement.
Causes many dropped calls when there are not
enough channels
Mobility affects network management

How do you maintain a call that is moving
between cells? Handoff Management
How do you find a roaming user to deliver calls?
Location Management
McNair, Spring 15
11
Intra-System, or Horizontal Handoff

Intra-cell
Mobile Node
changes channels
at the same base
station
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Inter-cell (Intra-switch)
Mobile Node
changes base
stations at the
same switch
Inter-switch (Intra-system)
Mobile Node changes
base stations and
switches
12
Inter-System, or Vertical, Handoff

LTE
LAN Router
MSC
McNair, Spring 15
13
Handoff Considerations
Operation
Initiation (Detection/Decision)
New connection generation
(Channel Assignment)
Data flow control (Radio Link Transfer)
Control
NCHO (Network-Controlled Handoff)
MAHO (Mobile-Assisted Handoff)
MCHO (Mobile-Controlled Handoff)
McNair, Spring 15
14
Phase 1: Handoff Initiation

Channel Measurements
Word Error Indicator (WEI)
Indicates whether the current data burst was received
properly
Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)

Measures the co-channel interference power and
noise
Quality Indicator (QI).

Reflects the signal to interference (S/I) ratio plus the
noise ratio
McNair, Spring 15
15
Relative Signal Strength Indication
BS 2 signal strength
BS 1
P
Pr1 = o
d1
McNair, Spring 15
BS 2
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
Distance from MT
to BS 1
16
RSSI with Thresholds (QI)
Po BS 1
Pr1 = BS 1 signal strength
d1
BS 2
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
T1
Distance from MT
to BS 1
McNair, Spring 15
17
RSSI with hysteresis

BS 2
Pr1 =
Po
d1
BS 1
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
McNair, Spring 15
18
Handoff Example
Consider the handoff initiation figure,
where a mobile is moving from BS1
toward BS2.
Assume Po = 6W, the distance between
the base stations in 300m, and alpha=2.
Label the point where handoff would
occur for RSS with a hysteresis of
0.1mW.
McNair, Spring 15
19
Example figure
BS 2
BS 1
P
Pr1 = o
d1
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
0
Distance from MT
to BS 1
McNair, Spring 15
20
10
Hard Handoff versus Soft Handoff

Hard Handoff
The mobile node stops communicating with the former
base station before beginning communication with the
target base station
Soft Handoff
The mobile node communicates with several candidate
base stations simultaneously, until one is chosen.
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21
Soft Handoff Active Sets using RSS
BS 1
P
Pr1 = o
d1
BS 2
Pr 2 =
MT communicates with
both BS1 and BS2
Po
d2
Tadd
Tdrop
MT drops
BS2
0
McNair, Spring 15
MT drops BS1
t drop [seconds]
t drop [seconds]
Distance from MT
to BS 1
22
11
Example
A mobile node samples signals from four BSs as a
function of time. The times and signal strengths (in
dBm) are given as follows:
Time
(s)
2.5
7.5
10
12.5
15
BS1
-47
-57
-55
-60
-62
-65
-64
BS2
-59
-56
-54
-52
-51
-60.5
-52
BS3
-70
-72
-70
-58
-50
-62
-75
BS4
-72
-71
-60
-55
-53
-49
-56
Show the set of candidate base stations for a mobile

node using soft handoff thresholds Tadd=-60dBm and
Tdrop=-70dBm
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23
Soft Handoff Advantages

Reduces the ping-pong effect.
Avoids the additional signaling delay.
No hysteresis margin
Avoids the additional delays and interference problems
associated with hysteresis.
Reduces dropping probability.

In hard handoff, a definite choice is made to go to the
new BS, according to RSSI.
In soft handoff, MTs can wait for a longer time (queued)
for a channel at a new BS.
McNair, Spring 15
24
12
Soft Handoff Disadvantages
Reduces available network resources

One MT uses up several channels.
Downlink interferers
Two BSs sending to one MT, adding two
interferers to the noise floor.
Must reduce soft handoff time to minimize the
impact of the added interference.
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25
Soft Handoff Complexity
Selecting Optimal Parameters

Add threshold
Drop threshold
Time to drop after drop threshold is crossed
Soft handoff window: difference between the
add threshold and the drop threshold, i.e.,
deciding how long a soft handoff is in effect.
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26
13
Phase 2: Channel Assignment
Terminated
Call
New Call
Handoff Out
Pr 2
Handoff In
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27
Channel Assignment (cont.)

Goal
Need to manage a fixed number of channels, while
minimizing the dropping and blocking probability.
Medium Access
Fixed channel assignment
Dynamic channel assignment
Call Admission Control

Guard channels
Handoff request queues
Priorities
McNair, Spring 15
28
14
Discrete Event Time Line: One Cell, 5 Channels
2 new calls
2 new calls
2 handoff calls (in) 2 handoff calls
1 new calls
4 handoff calls
Time
5 CHs
Avail.
3 CHs
Avail.
2 0 CHs
3 0 CHs
Avail.:
Avail.:
2 new calls
1 new call blocked/
blocked
2 handoffs dropped
2 handoff calls
1 handoff call
(out)
(out)
1 CH
Avail.
McNair, Spring 15
29
Phase 3: Radio Link Transfer

BACKBONE TELEPHONE
NETWORK
Resource Mgmt
Switch
Switch
Connection
establishment
Buffering Packets
Quality of Service
Mobile Terminal
(MT)
McNair, Spring 15
Some guarantees
and limited control
over delay, loss,
jitter, etc.
30
15
Outline
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer


Mobile IP
Micro-Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
31
Location Management in Telephone Networks
Enables telecomm networks to

Locate mobile nodes for call delivery
Authenticate mobile nodes (AAA)
On a limited basis, track mobile nodes as they
move through the network
McNair, Spring 15
32
16
Cellular Network Architecture
Mobile
Switching
Center
MSC
Location
Register (Database)
Base Station
Controller
Radio
Network
Backbone
Wireline Network
Mobile
Terminal
Base Station
McNair, Spring 15
Cell
33
Location Registration (GSM-MAP/IS-41)
McNair, Spring 15
34
17
Location Registration
Start
New LA is in under
same VLR. VLR
updates the LA ID #
for the MT.
MT enters a new LA, and

transmits location update to
new BS
BS forwards update to
MSC, which queries VLR
Yes
McNair, Spring 15
Does the MT have an

existing record?
VLR determines address

of HLR,
and sends location
registration message
HLR authenticates and

registers MT by
updating the VLR ID #
for the MT. Then, HLR
cancels former VLR.
No
35
Call Delivery
McNair, Spring 15
36
18
Call Delivery
Start
Incoming call for roaming

MT reaches an MSC
The calling MSC determines
the address of the MT s
HLR, and sends a location
request message to the HLR.
The HLR sends a route

request message to the VLR,
which forwards the message
to its MSC
McNair, Spring 15
The MSC gives the MT a temporary

local directory number (TLDN), and
forwards the TLDN back to the HLR
The HLR forwards this message to

the calling MSC, which sets up a
route to the MT at its current MSC.
Finally, the current MSC tells all of

the BSs in the MT s LA to send a
polling signal to page the MT. When
the MT responds, the call is
connected.
37
Paging Techniques
Selective Paging
Stepwise Paging
Paging under delay constraints
McNair, Spring 15
38
19
Paging
VLR
(MSC)
McNair, Spring 15
39
Location Area Design
Tradeoff
Location Updates versus Terminal Paging
Goal: Improvements to tradeoff

Geographical
Fixed versus Dynamic
User-based versus Global definition
Network-specific
McNair, Spring 15
40
20
Dynamic Location Update Schemes

Movement-based
The MT performs an update each time it crosses a
certain movement threshold, where one movement
is made by crossing a cell boundary.
Distance-based
The MT performs an update when its distance from
the cell where it performed its last update
surpasses a certain distance threshold.
Time-based
The MT performs an update at a constant time
threshold, deltaT.
McNair, Spring 15
41
Example
A MT is moving through the cellular
network (R= km) as shown in the
3 of 30km/hour.
figure at a rate
Label the cell ID s where the MT will
perform its updates for:
Movement-based (T=3)
Distance-based (T=6km)
Time-based (30 minutes)
McNair, Spring 15
42
21
Example Figure: Movement Based
K
F
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
43
Example Figure: Distance based
K
F
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
44
22
Example Figure: Time Based
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
45
Example
A MT is moving through the cellular
network (R= km) as shown in the
figure at a rate
3 of 30km/hour.
Show the paging area, i.e., how many
cells will the network page to find the MT
for:
Movement-based updates (T=3)
Distance-based updates (T=6km)
Time-based updates (30 minutes)
McNair, Spring 15
46
23
Example Figure
Paging Area for Movement-based (T=3)
McNair, Spring 15
47
Outline
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer


Mobile IP
Micro-Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
48
24
Location Management in Internet

The Telephone network is no longer the
basis for most forms of communication.
The Internet is
Commercially viable
Available worldwide
Designed for a multi-network environment
What are the implications for a seamless

global network based on the Internet?
McNair, Spring 15
49
Circuit Switching to Packet Routing
Circuit-switched Network
Packet Network
PATH ROUTE
Determined and fixed at

time of call set up
Determined for each packet

at transmission time
Call Setup
Required
Not needed
PATH
Dedicated
Shared
BANDWIDTH
ALLOCATION
Fixed
Dynamic
QUALITY
Guaranteed
Best Effort
Internet Mobility = Changing IP Address

McNair, Spring 15
50
25
Review: IP v4 Packet
0
Version
IHL
16
Type of Service
Identification
Time to Live
19
31 bits
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options + Padding
Data Field
McNair, Spring 15
51
Review: IPv4 Addresses
McNair, Spring 15
52
26
Mobile IP Architecture
BACKBONE INTERNETWORK
Correspondent
Node (CN)
Home
Agent Router
Foreign
Router Agent
Mobile
Node (MN)
McNair, Spring 15
53
Mobile IP Location Management

When the mobile moves from its home location to a new
location, it must maintain two addresses:
A Home address, an IP address with the home agent
A Care-of-Address, which is an IP address from its new location
(foreign agent).
Location Update:
Binding updates are sent to the home agent to notify it of each new
Care-of-Address.
Call delivery:
All incoming packets are sent to the mobile node at its home (IP)
address.
Then the home agent tunnels all incoming packets to the mobile
node at the foreign agent using its Care-of-Address.
McNair, Spring 15
54
27
Mobile IP Example (1)
A mobile node has a home address of

136.142.117.21 and a Care-of-Address of
130.216.16.5. It listens to agent
advertisements periodically.
The agent advertisement indicates that the
Care-of-Address is 130.220.45.3. What
happens? Why?
McNair, Spring 15
55
Subnet Mask Routing

Local Router on LAN recognizes
IP address and delivers packet
to host.
Outside networks
forward all packets
with Network IP Router applies
address
subnet mask
192.228.17.x
255.255.255.224
to determine
which LAN should
receive the packet.
Host 1
192.228.17.33
LAN X (Subnet 1)
192.228.17.32
LAN Y (Subnet 2)
192.228.17.64
Host 1
192.228.17.97
LAN Z (Subnet 3)
192.228.17.96
McNair, Spring 15
Host 25
192.228.17.57
Host 2
192.228.17.98
56
28
Mobile IP Example (2)

A mobile node has a home address of
130.216.16.5. The new network has the
following subnet mask: 255.255.240.0.
It listens to agent advertisements
periodically.
happens? Why?
McNair, Spring 15
57
Mobile IP Shortcomings
BACKBONE INTERNETWORK
?
Resource Mgmt?
Home
Agent Router
Router
Foreign
Agent
Triangle Routing
Waste of Bandwidth
Quality of Service?
What kind of
guarantees?
Security
Mobile
Terminal
(MT)
McNair, Spring 15
Firewalls?
Authentication?
58
29
Improvements to Mobile IP
Route Optimization
Rerouting the connection between the CN
and the MN
Fast Mobile IP
Predicting/Anticipating next access router
Micro-mobility
Reducing the need for signaling to the home
agent
McNair, Spring 15
59
Mobile IP - Micromobility
Distinguishes between
Change in network ID
Change in subnet ID
Micro-mobile IP attempts to
Reduce delay and packet loss
Achieve fast, seamless, scalable handoff
Current protocols
Cellular IP, Hawaii, Hierarchical Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
60
30
Micro-Mobile IP Example
In a micro-Mobile IP network, a mobile

node has a home address of
130.216.16.5. It listens to agent
advertisements periodically.
happens? Why?
McNair, Spring 15
61
31

07 Mobility Management

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07 Mobility Management

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Mobile Cellular Networks

Mobility Management in Current and Future Communications

Location management in Telephone Networks

Location Management in the Internet (Mobile IP)

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Generations of Wireless Systems: 1G

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Generations of Wireless Systems: 2G

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Generations of Wireless Systems: 3G

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Generations of Wireless Systems: 4G

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

2G to 4G The GSM Path

(1/8) PSK, 32QAM

100Kbps 1Mbps 2Mbps-100 Mbps 1 Gbps

Circuit and packet based

2G to 4G The IS-54 Path

DS-CDMA / FDD DS-CDMA / TDMA OFDMA

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Location management in Telephone Networks

Location Management in the Internet (Mobile IP)

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Mobility affects network management

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Intra-System, or Horizontal Handoff

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Inter-System, or Vertical, Handoff

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Phase 1: Handoff Initiation

Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI)

Quality Indicator (QI).

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Relative Signal Strength Indication

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

RSSI with Thresholds (QI)

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

RSSI with hysteresis

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Hard Handoff versus Soft Handoff

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Soft Handoff Active Sets using RSS

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Show the set of candidate base stations for a mobile

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Soft Handoff Advantages

Reduces dropping probability.

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Soft Handoff Disadvantages

Reduces available network resources

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Soft Handoff Complexity

Selecting Optimal Parameters

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Phase 2: Channel Assignment

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Channel Assignment (cont.)

Call Admission Control

EEL6591 Wireless Networks

Discrete Event Time Line: One Cell, 5 Channels