American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci.

, 12 (7): 835-841, 2012

ISSN 1818-6769
IDOSI Publications, 2012
DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aejaes.2012.12.07.1794

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) A Prophetic Food Mentioned in

Ahadith and its Ethnobotanical Importance
Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, 2Mohyuddin Hashimi, 3Khalid Usman Khan,
Muhammad Aslam Khan, 3Muhammad Shoaib and 5Fazal-ur-Rehman

1
4

University WENSAM College, Gomal University,

Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
2
Faculty of Arabic & Islamic Studies, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
3
Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
4
Department of Islamic and Religious Studies, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan
5
Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK, Pakistan
1

Abstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop plant belonging to family
Poaceae. In the present paper an attempt has been made to compile an up-to-date knowledge on Barley
(known Shaeer in Arabic), covering its various aspects particularly its ethnobotanical importance. Barley was
liked by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) very much. He used its bread, talbina and sattu (powdered barley).
Barley is easily digestible (due to low gluten contents) and has superior nutritional qualities due to presence
of beta-glucan (an anticholesterol substance), acetylcholine (a substance which nourishes our nervous system
and recovers memory loss), high lysine, thiamin and riboflavin. Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for
diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, diabetes, hepatitis, bladder inflammation and
enema. Hot water extract of dried plant and fruit is used for beriberi, cough, influenza, measles, syphilis,
nephritis, jaundice, dysentery, abortion, common cold, for kidney diseases, skin diseases, hemorrhoids and
infected ulcers. Barley is more tolerant (to salinity, drought and frost) than wheat and hence is more productive
under adverse conditions. Therefore, barley can play an important role in conservation agriculture and can help
in reducing the pressure on the use of natural resources. There is a scope for the development of food barley
varieties with higher and stable yield and higher nutritional values in addition to their resistance potential
against insect pests and diseases. Hence more applied and basic research needs to be conducted in this regard.
Key words: Shaeer

Poaceae

Ethnomedicinal uses

Prophetic food

INTRODUCTION

Hadith

annually on about 56 million hectares [4]. Due to hardy

nature, superior nutritional and medicinal importance,
barley is being considered as highly needed crop in
the present era. It has superior nutritional qualities due
to
presence of beta-glucan (an anticholesterol
substance), acetylcholine (a substance which nourishes
our nervous system and recovers memory loss), easy
digestibility (due to low gluten contents) and high
lysine, thiamin and riboflavin. Barley food product
provides cooling and soothering effect in body
sustained for a longer time. Its alternate uses in malt and
beer industry and health tonics have proved that
barley is an important crop of the present era [5]. Barley
has also been mentioned in numerous Ahadith (Table 1).

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) belongs to the grass

family, Poaceae (Gramineae). It is the fourth most
important cereal crop after wheat, maize and rice and is
among the top ten crop plants in the world [1].
Barley is classified as spring or winter types,
two-rowed or six-rowed, hulled or hulless by presence
or absence of hull tightly adhering to the grain and
malting or feed by end-use type [2]. Six rowed barley can
produce 25-60 grains, while two-rowed barley produces
25-30 grains per spike. Wild barley is two-rowed and most
cultivated barley is of the six-rowed type [3] Globally,
over 136 million tones of barley are produced

Corresponding Author: Dr. Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, University WENSAM College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan,
KPK, Pakistan. Tel: +966-710531. Fax: +966719782.

835

Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 12 (7): 835-841, 2012

Table 1: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mentioned in various Ahadith.
S.#
Text of Hadith
1.
Aayeshah Radiyallahu Anha says, "Till the demise of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam,
his family never ate a full stomach of bread made of barley for two consecutive days".
2.
Abu Umaamah Al-Baahili Radiyallahu Anhu says, "Bread made of barley was never left over in the
house of Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam."
3.
lbn 'Abbaas Radiyallahu Anhu reports that Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam and his family
spent many consecutive nights without food, because there would be no supper. The bread of
Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam was mostly made of barley.
4.
Someone asked Sahl bin Sa'd Radiyallahu Anhu "Did Rasulullah Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam ever
eat bread made of white (fine) flour? He replied: White flour may not have come before Rasulullah
Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam till his last days". The questioner then asked, "Did you people use
sieved flour in the time of Rasulullah Sallailahu Alayhi Wasallam? He replied: "No, it was not".
The questioner then asked, "How was bread from barley prepared?" (because it has more particles in it).
Sahl Radiyallahu Anhu replied, "We used to blow into the flour and the big particles flew out.
The rest was made into dough".
5.
Aayeshah Radiyallahu Anha says, "Rasulullah Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam never filled his stomach with
bread made of barley for two consecutive days till he passed away".
6.
Aisha (Radiyallahu Anha) used to recommend Talbina for the sick and for those grieving over a dead person.
Whenever one of her relatives died, women would assemble and then return back to their homes except for her
relatives and close friends. She would then order for a pot of Talbina to be cooked. Then Tharid (a dish prepared
from meat and bread) would be prepared and the Talbina would be poured on it. Aisha would say (to the women),
Eat, for I heard the Messenger (peace be upon him) saying, The Talbina soothes the heart of the patient
and relieves him from some of his sadness.
7.
Hishams father said, Aisha would recommend Talbina and used to say,
It is disliked (by the patient) although it is beneficial.
8.
The Messenger (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) said, I encourage you to use (Talbina) which is disliked,
but is beneficial. By the One in whose Hand Muhammads soul is,
it cleans your stomach just as water cleans dirt from the face.
9.
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) used to recommend Talbina for the sick and or one who was grieving
over a dead person. She (may Allah be pleased with her) said, "I heard the Messenger saying, ' The
Talbina gives rest to the heart of the patient and makes it active and relieves some of his sorrow and grief.'
10.
Another narration is found on record from Hazrat Aisha Siddiqua (R.A). Whenever anyone complained of loss
of appetite to the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) he ordered to use Talbina and stated By Allah
who holds my life, this removes the dirt of your abdomen as one of you removes the dirt of your face by washing it.
11.
Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated, "If any of the Messenger's family became ill,
the Messenger would say, 'It (talbina) soothes the grieving heart and cleanses the ailing heart just as one of
you cleans dirt off his face with water."
12.
Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Messenger said, "You should eat the beneficial thing
that is unpleasant to eat (Talbina), meaning broth. If any member of the Messenger of Allah's y family was sick,
the cooking pot would remain on the fire until one of two things happened, either the person recovered or died."
13.
Yousuf Bin Abdullah Bin Salam (Radiyallahu Anhu) states that I saw the Prophet taking a piece of barley bread
and put a date on it and stated that was breads vegetable.
14.
Whenever a person of the family of Rasullulah (sallallahu alaiyhi wassallam) fell sick, it was ordered that barley
gruel should be prepared for him. He stated it removes the grief of the patients heart, removes its weakness as
any of you removes the dirt from your face after washing it.
15.
Hazrat Ummul Manzar (Radiyallahu Anha) states that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam)
along with Hazrat Ali came to our house, we had the dates and those were presented to them. Both of them
ate from those dates. When Hazrat Ali (R.A.) consumed a little of those, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam)
said You recently recovered from illness, hence you are weak, dont eat more. Therefore, that lady prepared a dish from
barley and beet root. Then, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) told Hazrat Ali (Radiyallahu Anhu )
eat from it, it is better for you.
16.
Narrated Anas bin Malik (Radiyallahu Anhu): A tailor invited the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) to a meal
which he had prepared and I went along with the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam). The tailor presented barley
bread and soup containing gourd and cured meat. I saw the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) picking
the pieces of gourd from around the dish and since then I have kept on liking gourd.
17.
Powdered barley (Sattu) was very much liked by the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam). At the time of
victory of Khaibar, the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam) agreed to marry to Hazrat Safia, the very next day
he directed to Hazrat Anas Bin Malik to invite the people to attend the Dawat-e-Walima of Hazrat Safia. According
to the narrations of Tirmizi and Ibn Majah the walima comprised of dates and sattu, but according to Bukhari a
confection was prepared from dates, barley and sattu and served before the guests.

836

Reference
21
21

22

21
21

23,24
24,25

24

25

24

7
24,26

26

25

27

25

JAES

The Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)

used barley as bread, talbina (dalia of barley) and sattu
(powdered barley) [6]. Talbina is made by adding one or
two tablespoon of barley flour (must be 100 percent
wholegrain barley flour) to one-and-a-half cups of water
and placed on low heat for 10-15 minutes (optional: add
milk or yoghurt and sweeten with honey) [7]. Sattu is the
Urdu name for Barley's roasted flour (whole with husk),
which is called Saweeq in Arabic. It is one of the
important ingredients in many of Tibb-e-Nabawi blessed
foods [8] Barley is more tolerant (to salinity, drought and
frost) than wheat and hence is more productive under
adverse conditions. Therefore, barley can play an
important role in conservation agriculture and can help in
reducing the pressure on the use of natural resources.
There is a scope for the development of food barley
varieties with higher and stable yield and higher
nutritional values in addition to their resistance potential
against insect pests and diseases. Hence more applied
and basic research needs to be conducted in this regard.

for athletes, who attributed much of their strength to their

barley-containing training diets [11]. The ancient Greeks
used the mucilage derived from cereals (known as pisane)
for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation [12].
Roman athletes continued this tradition of honouring
barley for the strength that it gave them [11]. Roman
Physician Gaius Plinius Secundus (known as Pliny the
elder, 23-79) used barley as a part ritualized cure for boils
[12]. Gladiators were known as hordearii, which means
"eaters of barley." [11]. They ate barley for strength and
stamina [12]. Barley was also honoured in ancient China
as a symbol of male virility since the heads of barley are
heavy and contain numerous seeds [11].

Barley History: Barley (Hordeum vulgare) has been used

as food by man since time immemorial. Its use in the
religious ritual of ancient Hindus as well as ancient Greeks
furnishes strong argument in favour of the great antiquity
of its cultivation [9]. Locating the origin of cultivated
barley has not been without controversy [10]. Remains of
barley grains found at archeological sites in the Fertile
Crescent of the Middle East indicated that about 10,000
years ago the crop was domesticated there from a wild
species H. spontaneum. Indeed, the archeological data
gathered from the large project where 367 barley
accessions were obtained from the FAOs Middle Eastern
International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry
Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria and from similar national
centers in the Old and New World allowed researchers to
conclude that the Fertile Crescent is the place of origin of
cultivated barley [9]. This is the most prominent and
accepted theory regarding origin of cultivated barley.
There is, however, compelling evidence of the
possibilities of multicenters of origin of barley, initiating
in the Iberian Peninsula, extending across North Africa,
southwestern Asia and into eastern and southern Asia
[10]. Barley is a crop with a very wide range of adaptation.
Its commercial value is, however, far less than that of
wheat, which it replaces in the dry regions in areas in
which rainfall is too low and erratic to ensure satisfactory
wheat yields. It is more tolerant to salt than wheat and can
still thrive in conditions that are too cold even for rye [9].
Barley played an important role in ancient Greek culture as
a staple bread-making grain as well as an important food
837

Taxonomic Aspect
Botanical name:
Tribe:
Family:
Arabic:
Beng:
English:
Pashto:
Persian:
Urdu:

Hordeum vulgare L.
Triticeae
Poaceae (Gramineae)
Shaeer
Jau, Jav, Jab, Jao
Barley Hindi: Jav, Jawa, Suj, Jau.
Arbasy, orbashay
Jav
Jau

Description: Plants annual erect, 50-100 cm tall, smooth,

glabrous with flaccid, linear leaves; leaf sheath usually
glabrous; auricles present; ligule 1-2 mm, membranous;
spike hexastichous, dense; rachis flexible; spikelets all
sessile, arranged in threes on two sides of the rachis, all
fertile or lateral one barren and similar; glumes linearlanceolate at base, puberulent; awn 8-14 mm.; fruit an
elliptic short pointed grooved caryopsis. Fl. and fr. MarMay [13].
Distribution: Historically, Barley has been an important
food source in many parts of the world, including the
Middle East, N. Africa and northern and eastern Europe
(mainly Iran, Morocco, Ethiopia, Finland, England,
Germany, Denmark, Russia and Poland) and in Asia
(Japan, India, Tibet and Korea) [14]. Now it is cultivated
worldwide in all non-tropical countries and in montane
areas of tropics [13].
Chemical Constituents: Barley grain is an excellent
source of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber (DF) and
other bioactive constituents, such as vitamin E (including
toco-tri-enols), B-complex vitamins, minerals and phenolic
compounds. Barley is also a rich source of tocols,
including tocophenols and toco-tri-enols, [14]. Barley
contains 3-11% dietary fibers made up of pentosans, betaglucan and cellulose. Beta-glucan is highly viscous
soluble polysaccharide, with a linear, unbranched
structure composed of 4-O-linked beta-D-glucopyranosyl

JAES
Table 2: Medicinal Uses of various parts of Hordeum vulgare.
Diseases

Part Used

Abortion.

Fr

Ancyclostomiasis
Anti-cough
Beriberi
Bladder inflammation,
Blood glucose level

Pl
Sd
Sd
Pl
Sd
Sd

Blood pressure
Blood sugar
Boils
Cataract
Cholera

------Lf
Sd

Cholestrol
Common cold
Contraception
Contraceptive
Cough, influenza
Dermatitis
Diabetes
Diabetes

--Fr
Fl
Fr
Pl
Sd
Fr
Sd

Diarrhea

Fr

Digestive complaints:
Digestive System Disorders

Dysentery
Enema
Erysipelas
Fever

Pl
Sd
Sd
---

Galactogogue
Gout
Gout and rheumatism

Sd
Sd
F

Hemorrhoids and
infected ulcers
Hepatitis
Inflammations
Internasal inflammation

Sd
Sd
Sd
Sd

Jaundice
Jaundice and hepatitis

Pl
Sd

Treatment
Hot water extracts of fruit and dried seeds are taken orally by pregnant
women to induce abortion in S. Korea.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Ancyclostomiasis in Korea.
Decoction of H. vulgare seeds with apples, dried figs and pears.
Decoction with Malva sylvestris L.is used against cough.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Beriberi in Korea.
A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for bladder inflammation in Iran.
Seeds of H. vulgare 125 gram are roasted and mixed with each of 50 gm of
Cicer arietinum and Elettaria cardamomum and used @ half teaspoon with water
thrice a day to control blood glucose level
Barley is used for lowering blood pressure
Barley is used for lowering blood sugar.
Barley is applied to the skin for treating boils.
Leaf juice is useful for cataract.
Powdered flower of Calotropis procera, fruits of Piper nigrum,seed ash of
H. vulgare and rose water are taken orally for cholera in India.
Barley is used for lowering cholesterol.
Decoction of the fruit is taken orally for common cold in Turkey.
Flowers are taken orally by female for contraception in Afghanistan.
Hot water extracts of fruits is taken orally by female as a contraceptive in S. Korea.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for cough, influenza in Korea
Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for Dermatitis in Guatemala.
Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for diabetes in China.
Equal quantity of seeds of Cicer arietinum, Daucus carrota, Hordeum vulgare,
Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum and Zea mays (yellow variety) are ground and
made into powder. The bread is cooked from this mixed flour and taken as
breakfast with fresh butter of cow for 2-month. This remedy is used as dietary
supplement to control diabetes.
Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for diarrhea in Argentina.
Decoctionof dried seeds is used orally for diarrhea in Iran.
It is also used for digestive complaints including diarrhea,
stomach pain and inflammatory bowel conditions.
The barely brew (is prepared by boiling one-quarter cup of all Natural pearled barley
in about 2.5 litres of water. When the water has boiled down to about 1.25 litres,
it should be strained carefully). has a demulcent or soothing response and relieves
the burning digestive actions. It has also a mucilaginous response and helps to protect
the abraded mucous membrane
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for dysentery in Korea.
Decoction of dried seeds is used orally for enema in Iran.
Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for erysipelas in Guetamla.
Barley is also useful in fever and all inflammatory conditions on
account of its soothing properties.
Infusion of the dried seeds is used as a galactogogue in Italy.
Decoction of dried seeds is used orally for gout in Iran.
Barley flour can be used externally for gout and rheumatism
by putting on joints like a plaster.
Decoction of dried seeds is used externally as an emollient and applied on
hemorrhoids and infected ulcers in Iran.
A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for hepatitis in Iran.
Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for inflammations in Guatemala.
The decoction of the seeds is also applied to the nose to reduce the internasal
inflammation in Iran.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for jaundice in Korea.
Dried seeds are grounded. Powder is mixed with water andsugar is taken orally
thrice a day for a month

838

Reference
28
28
29
28
28

30
31
31
31
32,33
28
31
28
28
28
28
28
28

30
28
28
31

28
28
28
34
28
28
35
28
28
28,36
28
28
17

JAES
Table 2: Continuer
Diseases

Part Used

Treatment

Kidney diseases
Kidney pain
Measles
Measles

Sd
Sd
Pl
Fr

Nephritis
Nephritis
Renal inflammation
Respiratory tract infections

Sd
Pl
Sd
Fr

Rheumatic and joint pains.

Schistosomiasis
Scorbutism
Skin diseases
Stomach heat

Sd
Fr
Sd
Sd
Sd

Syphilis
Urinary antiseptic.
Urinary Disorders

Pl
Sd

Hot water extract of dried seeds is taken orally for renal inflammation and kidney diseases
Seeds are boiled in water and decoction is taken for kidney pain.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for measles in Korea.
Hot water extract of dried fruit used externally for measles and as an emollient and
taken orally as a diuretic in Peru.
A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for nephritis in Iran.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Nephritis in Korea.
Hot water extract of dried seeds is taken orally for renal inflammation and kidney diseases
Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for treatment of respiratory tract infections
(RTI) in Argentina.
Compresses of boiled seeds are used to soothe rheumatic and joint pains in Italy
Dried fruits are smoked as a treatment for schistosomiasis in Egypt
A decoction of dried seeds is used orally for scorbutism in Iran.
Hot water extract of dried seeds is also used externally for skin diseases in Guetamla.
The seeds of plant are roasted, crushed with sugar to make juice for relief of
stomach heat and fever, particularly in summer.
Hot water extract of dried whole plant is taken orally for Syphilis in Korea.
Seeds are eaten as a urinary antiseptic in Italy
Barley gruel with butter milk and lime juice is an excellent diuretic carbohydrate food.
It is highly beneficial in the treatment of urinary disorders like nephritis and cystitis.
Decoction of the dried fruit is taken orally for treatment of urinary tract
infections (UTI) in Argentina.
Barley is used for promoting weight loss

Urinary tract infections (UTI Fr

Weight loss

----

Reference
28
37
28
28
28
28
28,36
28
28
28
28
28
38
28
28
34
28
31

Key: F= Flour, Fr = Fruit, Lf = Leaves, Pl= Whole Plant, Rt = Roots, Sd = Seeds

units and 3-O-glucopyranosyl units. Beta-glucan is

associated with the plant cell wall and is distributed
through out the kernel, with a slightly higher
concentration in the outer portion [15,16]. Arginine,
histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,
cystine, methionine, threonine, leucine, isoleucine, valine
and glycine have also been reported to be present in it
[17].Although some essential amino acids found in the
outer layers of the seeds are lost during pearling process.
Pearl barley is rich in B-group vitamins and is a good
source of trace elements including iron, magnesium, zinc,
selenium and copper [12]. Other components that have
been associated with health benefits include tocotrienol,
lignan, phytoestrogen, phenolic compounds and phytic
acid [18, 19].

Table 3: Use of barley for food consumption in 2002.

Country/Region

Consumption
(thousand tonnes)

Share in total food

consumption (%)

Algeria
China
Ethiopia
Germany
India
Republic of Korea
Morocco
Poland
Ukraine
USA

480
661
887
170
1108
220
1071
205
161
149

06.7
09.2
12.3
02.4
15.4
03.1
14.9
02.8
02.8
02.0

World Total

7207

100.0

Source: [20].
Table 4: Top ten barley producers (million metric tones).
S.#

Country

2009

2010

1.

Germany

12.3

10.4

2.

France

12.9

10.1

3.

Ukraine

11.8

08.5

4.

Russia

17.9

08.4

5.

Spain

07.4

08.2

6.

Canada

09.5

07.6

7.

Australia

07.9

07.3

8.

Turkey

07.3

07.2

9.

United Kingdom

06.8

05.3

10.

United States

World Total

05.0

03.9

151.8

123.7

Uses of Barley
Medicinal Uses: On the basis of scientific research barley
is considered to be most useful grain. As it is easily
digestible compared to wheat, therefore, it is the best diet
for patients or those cured persons which are still weak.
In Europe pearl barley is considered to be best medicine
[26].
Prophet Muahmmad (Sallallahu Alaiyhi Wassallam)
liked barley very much and used it in various forms such
as barley bread, Talbina and Sattu [6]. The medicinal uses
of barley have been summarized in Table 2.

Source: [39]

839

JAES

Other Ethnobotanical Uses: Barley is the fourth most

important cereal crop in the world after wheat, maize and
rice [1]. Originally, barley was mainly cultivated and used
for human food, but it is now used primarily for animal
feed [4]. It is estimated that about two-thirds of the barley
crop has been used for feed, one-third for malting and
about 2% for food directly [2]. Barley is also used for the
production of starch, either for food or for the chemical
industry [4]. Barley is a valuable grain for finishing beef
cattle in the United States and is also used in swine diets
particularly in geographic regions where maize cannot be
economically produced, thus it competes with wheat as a
feed in those climates. In some countries, such as
Morocco, India, China and Ethiopia, barley is used as an
important food crop in daily diets (Table 3). Furthermore,
'barley tea' has a longer history of use than green tea in
Japan. 'Barley tea' is consumed in many Asian countries.
Six - rowed barley, two - rowed barley and six - rowed
naked barley are processed to barley tea in Japan. Modest
quantities of non-alcoholic drinks based on barley and
malt are consumed in various parts of the world [20]. In
addition, barley has some useful by-products, the most
valuable being the straw which is used mainly for bedding
in developed countries, but also for animal feed in
developing and under-developed countries. Barley malt
can be added to many food stuffs such as biscuits, bread,
cakes and desserts [1]. Food barley is generally found in
regions where other cereals do not grow well due to
altitude, low rainfall, or soil salinity [4]. In Western
countries, barley is increasing in popularity as a food
grain and is used in flours for bread making or other
specialties such as baby foods, health foods and
thickeners [1].

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

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